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Quan điểm của Phùng Hữu Lan về triết học và lịch sử triết học.

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Tu duy khoa hpc ciing Id tu duy ly luan, the nhung, triet hpc Id su phan tu cua tinh than nhdn loai ddi vdi mdt boat ddng tinh than - nghien ciru khoa hpc, cho nen, la sir phat trien[r]

Trang 1

QUAN DIEM CUA PHUNG H O U LAN VE TRIET HOC VA LICH SUf TRIET HOC

LAI QUOC KHANH'

y j h u n g Hiru Lan la mdt trong nhirng

A ngudi cd ddng gdp to ldn cho su phdt

triln cua trilt hpc va nghien ciiu trilt hpc

Trung Qudc trong thi ky XX Ong la ngudi

cd cdng ldn trong viec hinh thdnh Tdn Ly

hpc, cung vdi Tan Tam hpc vd Tan Khf hpc

cau thanh ba ddng tu tudng trilt hpc co bdn

d Trung Qude hien dai vdi dac trung co bdn

Id tiep ndi, dung hop nhung tinh hoa ciia trilt

hpc truyen thdng Trung Qudc vdi tinh hoa

ciia triet hpc the gidi*'^

Trong sd cdc cdng trinh triet hpc cua

Phiing Htru Lan, nhiing cdng trinh nghien

ciru ve lich su triet hpc Trung Qudc cd mot

vi tri rat quan trpng Trong sd cdc bd lich sir

triet hpc Trung Qudc duong thdi ciia cdc tdc

gid nhu Hd Thich, La Trdn Vii, Hdng Khiem,

V.V., vd cdc tdc gid sau ndy nhu Nhiem Ke

Du, Truang Dai Nien, v.v cdc bd lich sir

triet hpc ciia Phimg HiJu Lan dupe gidi

nghien ciru lich sir triet hpc Trung Qudc vd

the gidi ddnh gid cao

Phiing Hiru Lan da xdy dung nhieu bd

lich sir triet hpc Trung Qudc Trong nhirng

nam 3 0 - 4 0 ciia the ky XX, Phiing Hiru Lan

da viet khd nhieu ve lich sir triet hpc vd triet

hpc Trung Qudc, trong dd cd bp Trung Quoc

triet hpc sd (Thupng Hai 1930 - 1933) da

dupe Derk Bodde dich sang tieng Anh vdi

Thac sT, Bo mon Khoa hpc Chinh tri, Truang Dai hoc

Khoa hoc xa hoi va nhan van, Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi

'" Truong Lap Van: Hoa liap hoc vay thuc Dong A Nxb

Dai hoc Su pham Floa Dong, 1999 (Tieng Trung), tr.70

khoang 1000 trang Trong nhimg nam

1946-1947, khi dang gidng day tai trudng dai hpc Pennsylvania, Phiing Hiru Lan dd viet cudn

A Short History of Chinese Philosop/iy (Dai

cuong Hch su triet hpc Trung Qudc) bang tieng Anh (bdn dich ra tieng Viet cua Nguyen Van Duong, Nxb Thanh nien, Trung tam nghien cuu Qudc hpc, Tp Hd Chi Minh, 1999) Sau khi each mang Trung Qudc thdnh cdng (thdng 10 nam 1949), Phiing Hiru Lan

da nghien ciru triet hpc vd lich sir triet hpc theo quan diem ciia chu nghTa Mac, tir dd dir

dinh xdy dung mot bd Trung Quoc triet hoc

su tdn bien, nhung cdng viec khdng hodn

thdnh do Dai each mang van hod nd ra Sang nhirng nam 70, mong mudn ciia Phiing Hiru Lan lai mdt ldn nira khdng dupe thuc hien nhu y bdi dng bj cudn vdo phong trdo cue doan "binh Phdp phe Nho" Nhirng ldn thdt bai nay da giiip dng xdy dung mdt lap trucmg triet hpc thuc sir cua minh Tren tinh thdn:

"chi viet nhirng gi minh hieu dupe tren ca sd trinh dp hieu biet chu nghla Mdc ciia minh , khdng dua vdo cdch hieu cua ngudi khdc",

dng da tien hanh xay dung lai bd Trung

Quoc triet hpc su tdn bien va cdng viec dupe

hodn thdnh vao dau nhirng nam 80 ciia the kyXX

Nghien ciru lich sir triet hpc ciia nhan loai

Id mdt phuang thirc dac biet quan trpng dc xdy dung tu duy ly ludn Nhung dieu ndy chi

cd the duoc thuc hien neu cd dupe phuang phap luan va nhiing phuang phdp nghien

Trang 2

ciru dung dan Chu nghla Mdc-Lenin da dua

lai nhii:ng nguyen tac phuang phdp ludn khoa

hpc cho viec nghien ciru lich su triet hpc

Tuy nhien bdn than nhirng nguyen tac

phuang phdp ludn ndy khdng phdi dupe xdy

dung nen mdt cdch tu bien, rdi cd the dp vdo

mpi ddi tupng khdc nhau, md ngupc lai Id

nhu'ng ndi dung khdch quan dupe nit ra tir

bdn thdn qud trinh van ddng cua lich sir triet

hpc - qud trinh van ddng cua mdt hinh thdi y

thirc xa hdi Nhu thi, cd thi thdy rang, viec

nhdn thiic vd van dung cdc nguyen tac

phuang phdp ludn lich sir triet hpc khdng the

tdch rdi khdi nhdn thirc co the tu nhien cua

nd - lich su trilt hpc Day Id mot qud trinh

nhdn thirc kep Vdi quan niem nhu vdy,

chiing tdi mudn tim hieu mdt sd quan diem

CO ban ciia Phimg Hiru Lan ve trilt hpc vd

Hch sir trilt hpc vdn dupe due ket nen tir

nhiing nghien ciru ciia dng ve lich sir triet

hpc Trung Qudc, thi hien trong bd Tnmg

Quoc triet hpc su tdn bien (1980) Id trudc

tdc d giai doan chin mudi nhdt trong tu duy

trilt hpc sir cua dng Trong tdc pham ndy,

Phiing Hiru Lan da d l cap din mdt loat vdn

dl rdt CO bdn trong nghien ciru triet hpc vd

lich sir trilt hpc nhu: phdn biet lich sii khdch

quan vd Hch sir vilt, sir thdng nhdt giifa

Idgich vd lich sir, v.v

/ Lich su khdch quan vd lich su viet

Phiing Hiiu Lan pnan biet hai Idp nghTa

cua khdi niem lich su Theo lap nghTa thir

nhdt, "Hch sir Id ten chung ciia nhQ-ng sir viec

phdt sinh trong qua khir eua xa hdi loai

ngudi"*'' Lich su theo nghTa ndy la lich sii

khdch quan vdn cd Lich sir khdch quan

'-' I'hung Hull Lan; Tnmg Qudc triSl hoc sir Idn hien, tap

1, Nxb Nhan Dan, BJc Kinh, 1998 (Tieng Trung), tr 1

dupe Phimg Hiiu Lan md td mdt cdch hinh tupng nhu mdt ddng sdng ddi bj ddng ket

Ddng sdng ndy vdn trong trang thdi dpng,

cudn chdy khdng ngirng, nhung hien tai nd

da bdt dpng, trdi ddi tTnh lang, dudng nhu

thdi gian khdng cd bdt cu dnh hudng ndo den nd, nd vd thdi gian khdng cd bat cir quan

he ndo Vi du nhu sir dai bien ddng, dai cai

td thdi Xudn Thu - Chien Qudc, sir thdng nhdt Trung Qude thdi Tdn Hdn va sir thiet lap chinh quyln thdng nhdt ciia che dp chuyen chi tap quyln trung uong la nhirng sir thuc lich sir, da Id sir thuc vd vTnh vien Id sir thue lich sir, khdng thi thay ddi dupe Sir bdt ddng cua lich sir dupe ndi tdi d tren khdng cd nghTa Id xa hdi lodi ngudi khdng

cd biln ddi, md chi cd nghTa Id nhiTng gi da

Id su thuc lich su thi khdng the bien ddi, nd

da thodt ly quan he vdi thdi gian

Bdt cir sir vat ndo cung deu cd lich sir, the nhung ndi chung khdi niem lich sir dupe dung dl chi xa hdi loai ngudi Sir gia nghien ciru sir viec ciia \ a hdi lodi ngudi da phdt sinh trong qud khir, trinh bdy nhirng ket qud nghien ciru, md td Hch sir khdch quan vdn cd, 1dm cho nhirng cdi vdn da thude ve qud khir lai hien ra trudc mdt mpi ngudi Day chinh

Id lich su viit Id Idp nghTa thir hai cua khdi

niem Hch sir ma Phung Hiru Lan ndi den Lich sir khdch quan vd lich sir viet theo Phiing Huu Lan khdng phdi Id mdt Lich sir vilt la hinh dnh ciia lich sir khdch quan, lich sir khdch quan Id nguyen bdn Quan he giu-a

chiing Id quan he giira nguyen hinh vd dnh

phdn Lich sir khdch quan tdn tai khdch quan

cdn Hch sir vilt Id nhdn thirc chii quan Nhan thirc chu quan khdng thi hodn loan phii hpp vdi ddi tupng khdch quan ciia nd cung nhu lich sir vilt khdng thi hodn todn phii hpp \ di

Trang 3

Nghien cicu khoa hpc

Hch sir khdch quan Ciing vi thi ma lich sir

viet mai mai phdi vilt lai, vilt tilp, va vi thi

cdng viec cua nhd su hpc khdng bao gid kit

thiic chirng ndo con ngudi cdn tdn tai

2 Su thong nhdt giita logich vd lich su

Theo Phiing Hiru Lan, muc dich ciia lich

sir viet la tdi hien lai lich sir khdch quan, nd

khdng can vd cung khdng thi tdi hien ddy dii

tat cd cac chi tiet ciia lich sir khdch quan

"Dieu quan trpng trong nghien curu lich su Id

phdt hien ra nhung vdn d l cd tinh then chdt,

nhiing vdng khau quan trpng vd nhirng quy

luat phdt trien trong qud trinh Hch sii khdch

quan"*"'' Day chfnh Id yeu cau ve sir thdng

nhat giira Idgich vd lich sir trong nghien cuu

lich sii triet hpc

Phiing Hiiu Lan da chi ra rang, bdn than

cdc nhd kinh dien ciia chu nghTa Mdc-Lenin

da quan triet sdu sac nguyen tac thdng nhdt

giira Idgich vd lich sir trong cdc nghien ciiu

lich sir triet hpc ciia minh Cdi Idgich - theo

quan diem mac-xit Id tinh tdt nhien ciia qua

trinh lich sii, cdn cai lich sir Id qud trinh thuc

te cua lich sir, vd chiing thdng nhat vdi nhau

Ong khang dinh sir thdng nhdt giira Idgich vd

lich sir Id sir thdng nhat cua mau thudn Cdi

Idgich trong lich su bieu hien tinh tat nhien

ciia quy luat phat trien lich sir Bieu hien ndy

khdng tdch rdi khdi tinh ngdu nhien Sir

thdng nhat giiia tinh tat nhien vd tinh ngdu

nhien Id d chd tinh tat nhien chi cd the bieu

hien ra trong tinh ngdu nhien, ciing nhu cdi

chung phdi bieu hien thdng qua cdi rieng

Khdng cd cdi mang tinh ngdu nhien trong

lich sir thi khdng the cd cdi mang tinh tat

nhien trong lich sii

Su quan tdm cua Phimg W\m Lan ddi vdi

van de thdng nhat Idgich va Hch sir Id dl di tdi xdc djnh nhiem vu cu the ciia khoa hpc Hch sir triet hpc Phimg Hiru Lan da so sdnh khoa hpc lich sii ndi chung vdi cdc khoa hpc

xa hdi khac Theo dng, nhiem vu ciia cdc khoa hpc xa hdi khac Id "rut ra cdi chung tir cdi rieng, riit ra cai tat nhien tir cdi ngdu nhien"*'*' Phan tfch luan diem ndi tilng cua Mdc trong Ldi bat viet cho lan xudt bdn thir hai cua Bd Tu bdn: "Cd nhien, ve mat hinh thirc, phuang phdp trinh bay phdi khdc vdi phuang phdp nghien ciru Nghien cim thi phdi nam lay vat lieu vdi tat cd nhung chi tiet cua nd, phar phan tfch cdc hinh thdi phdt trien khac nhau ciia nd vd phdi tim ra duoc mdi lien he ben trong cua nhung hinh thdi do Chi sau khi hodn thdnh cdng viec dd rdi mdi

cd the md td su van ddng thuc te mdt cdch thich dang dupe Mdt khi da 1dm dupe nhu the vd khi ddi sdng ciia vat lieu da dupe phdn dnh vao trong y niem rdi, thi ngudi ta

cd the tudng tupng dd Id mdt kit cau tien nghiem"*"^', Phiing Hiru Lan khdng dinh, cdi gpi Id "ket cdu" dupe ndi den d day chinh la ket cdu ly luan cua khoa hpc, muc dich ciia

nd Id phdn anh vdo trong y niem qua trinh phdt trien lich su ciia su vat Vf du nhu nhiem vu cua chii nghTa duy vat Hch sir la bdn ve qua trinh phdt trien ciia Hch su, nhung khdng phai Id qua trinh phdt trien ciia mdt ddn tdc ndo dd, mdt xa hdi ndo dd, md Id qua trinh phdt trien ciia Hch sii ndi ehung, dii rang nd ciing phai lay qud trinh phdt trien cua dan tdc ca biet, xa hdi ca biet lam tdi lieu

'^' Phiing Hiru Lan: Trung Quoc triet hoc sir tdn bien, tap

1 Nxb Nhan Dan, B k Kinh, 1998 (Tilng Trung), tr.3

*'*' Phiing Htru Lan: Trung Quoc triet hoc sir tdn hien, tap

1 Nxb Nhan Dan, Bac Kinh, 1998 (Ti€ng Trung), tr.5

*'"' Cac Mac: Tir ban, tap thir nhat, phan 1, Nxb Tien bo, M

- Nxb Sy that, H, 1988, tr.27,28

Trang 4

Hay nhu Kinh te chinh tri hpc ciing vay,

nghien ciru ciia nd cung bat ddu tir nhirng su

vat ngdu nhien, nhung khi nd da nam dupe

mdu hinh chung ciia nhiing sir vat ndy, thi nd

da ru bd dupe tinh ngdu nhien 6 phuang

dien ndy, khoa hpc lich sii khac vdi cdc khoa

hpc xa hdi khdc Nhiem vu ciia khoa hpc lich

sir Id md td qud trinh phat trien cu the cua

mdt dan tdc, mot xa hdi ndo dd diing nhu nd

vdn cd Md trong qud trinh ndy ddy cdi ngdu

nhien Nguyen tac Id "Lich sii viet khdng ru

bd nhirng cdi ngdu nhien ndy, md phdi md td

qud trinh phdt trien cua chiing"*^' Nd duong

nhien khdng dirng lai d sir md td, md cdti

phdi tiln hdnh phdn tich nham phdt hien ra

quy luat phdt triln lich sii cua qua trinh nay

Nd duong nhien khdng phdi Id mudn thodt

khdi nhirng su viec cd biet mang tinh ngdu

nhien dl chuyen bdn ve nhirng quy luat

chung mang tinh tdt nhien, md Id tdi hien

nhiing quy luat bilu hien trong nhiing sir

viec nay Nd khdng phdi Id "phdn dnh vdo

trong y niem" nhiing quy luat ndy de rdi trd

thdnh mot kit cdu ly luan, bdi nhu the, nd se

khdng cdn Id mot bd sdch lich sir, md Id mdt

bp sdch triet hpc ve lich sii

Ljch sir trilt hpc ciing Id mdt bd mdn cua

khoa hpc Hch sir Do dd, nguyen tdc tren

cung dung vdi nd Theo Phimg Hiru Lan,

Hch sir trilt hpc vdn cd quy luat chung ciia

nd, dd chfnh Id sir chuyin hod vd ddu tranh

ciia cdc mat ddi lap giira chu nghTa duy vat

vd chii nghTa duy tam, giira phep bien chiing

vd phep sieu hinh vdi sir thdng Ipi khdng

ngirng ciia chu nghTa duy vat va phep bien

chirng Thi nhung, trong lich sir triet hpc ciia

nhimg dan tdc khdc nhau, hay d nhirng giai

'" Phiing HQu Lan: Trung Quoc triit hpc sir Idn bien, tap

I, Nxb Nhan Dan, BSc Kinh, 1998 (Tilng Trung), tr.6-7

doan khdc nhau trong Hch sir trilt hpc ciia mdt ddn tdc, sir ddu tranh vd chuyen hod ndy

cd nhu'ng ndi dung vd hinh thiic khdc nhau Dieu ndy ed nghTa Id nhimg quy luat chung cua lich sii triet hpc, khi d trong lich sii cu the, cd ndi dung cue ky phong phu vd hinh thirc bien do vd ciing Can phdi thdng qua nhirng ndi dung vd hinh thiic nay quy luat chung mdi cd the bieu hien ra ddy dii Cdn phdi nhdn thiic mdt cdch ddy dii nhiing ndi dung vd hinh thirc ndy mdi cd the hieu dung nhdt y nghTa cua nhirng quy luat chung Dieu ndy dat ra vdn de phdi cd thdi dp diing dan ddi vdi sii lieu

Lich su da qua khdng bao gid cd the trd lai, nhung ddu tich cua nd thi vdn cdn dd, trong sir lieu Chi cd can cir vdo sir lieu ddy

du mdi cd the nhdn thiic dupe qud trinh quanh co phirc tap cua sir phdt trien Hch sir Nhirng sii lieu tdt nhdt md nghien ciru lich sir trilt hpc cd thi dua vdo duong nhien la trudc tdc cua cdc nhd triet hpc trudc ddy Nhirng dilu md hp vilt ra chfnh Id tu tudng cua hp Nhung viec hiiu dupe nhii-ng gi md hp viel

ra lai khdng dl ddng Dieu nay dupe thuc hien thdng qua hai con duong Con dudng

thir nhdt Id thdng qua ngdn tu Nhung bdn

thdn ngdn tir ciing Id sdn phdm mang ddu dn ciia thdi dai, vi thi dl cd thi hiiu dupe ngdn tir ciing Id chuyen khdng de, hon nira, viec hiiu dupe ngdn tir khdng cd nghTa Id hieu dupe y nghTa md ngdn tir bieu dat Vi the khdng chi phdi thdng qua ngdn tir cdn phdi

thdng qua.y nghia, nghTa la.phdi hieu vd lanh

hdi dupe d mdt mire dp nhdt dinh y nghTa ciia cdc trudc tdc trilt hpc cdn nghien ciru

Theo Phiing Hiru Lan, hieu d ddy la nam

duoc kit cdu Idgich ciia he thdng triet hpc

cdn nghien ciru; lanh hoi a day la kinh

NGHIEN Cdru 0 6 N G BflC fl s6 1(95) 1-2009 57

Trang 5

Nghien cicu khoa hpc

nghiem dupe tren mdt trinh dp nhat dinh tdm

tu tudng md triet hpc ciia nhirng triet gia di

trudc da dat den, hay ndi each khdc la cd the

diing sir the nghiem ciia minh de kiem chiing

tu tudng triet hpc ciia \\o^^\ Chi cd nhu thi

mdi cd the dupe coi la hieu trilt hpc ciia mdt

nhd triet hpc

3 Triet hpc Id gi?

Neu lich sir viet dupe quan niem la dnh

phdn eiia lich sir khdch quan, vd nghien ciiu

Hch sir triet hpc chfnh la nghien ciiu triet hpc

trong sir phat trien lich sii ciia nd, thi cau cdu

hdi can bdn tiep theo can phai tra ldi la: Triet

hpc la gi?

Theo Phimg Hiru Lan, "triet hpc Id sir

phdn tu ciia tinh than nhan loai"*^' Phdn tu

Id tinh than nhdn loai quay trd lai lay chfnh

minh 1dm ddi tupng de tu duy Bd phdn chu

yeu trong ddi sdng tinh than cua nhan loai Id

nhdn thirc, cho nen cd the ndi rang, triet hpc

la nhan thirc ve nhdn thirc Nhdn thirc ve

nhan thiic Id nhdn thirc quay trd lai lay nhan

thirc 1dm ddi tupng nhdn thirc

Phimg Him Lan phdn biet triet hpc vd

nhdn thuc ludn Theo dng, nhan thirc luan vd

trilt hpc khdng phdi la mdt Cdi ma nhdn

thuc ludn bdn tdi Id hinh thirc chung ciia

nhdn thirc, trong dd bao gdm cdc van de

nang lire nhan thirc, ddi tupng nhan thure,

qud trinh nhan thirc, quan he giira chu quan

vd khdch quan, v.v., nhung khong bao gdm

ndi dung cua nhdn thuc Ndi dung cua nhan

thirc Id tri thirc vd sir phdn tu ve ddi sdng

tinh thdn nhan loai tat phdi bao gdm ndi

dung cua nhan thirc Triet hpc ciia mdi triet

"'' Phiing Hiru Lan: Trung Qudc trie! hoc sir Idn bien, tap

I, Nxb Nhan Dan, Bac Kinh, 1998 (Ti6ng Trung), tr.9

*'' Phiing Hiru Lan: Trung Quoc trie! hoc sir tdn bien, tap

I, Nxb Nhan Dan, Bac Kinh, 1998 (Tilng Trung), tr 10

gia ldn trong mdi thdi dai deu duoc xdy dung len tren can cii tri thirc ve nhieu phuang dien

Phiing Him Lan ciing phdn biet triet hpc

vd khoa hoc Ong cho rang, triet hpc vd khoa

hpc tuy cung la nhirng bd phdn cdu thdnh ddi sdng tinh than ciia nhan loai, nhung dien mao ciia chiing khac ban nhau Sir khdc nhau ndy bat ngudn tir hai ly do, ly do thir nhdt la cdc khoa hpc chi de cap den mdt bd phdn cua su vat, cdn triet hpc de cap den sir vat trong tfnh chinh the Day Id ly do phu Ly do chfnh Id cdc khoa hpc la sir nhdn thirc the gidi, cdn triet hpc Id sir phdn tu ciia tinh than nhdn loai, la nhdn thirc ve nhdn thirc

Sir phdn tu cua tinh than nhan loai Id sdn phdm d trinh dp phdt trien rdt cao cua ddi sdng tinh than nhdn loai, la mdt dac trung phan biet con ngudi vdi cdc lodi ddng vat khdc Ddi sdng tinh than cua nhdn loai rdt rdng ldn Sir phdn tu ciia tinh than nhan loai tdt nhien phdi de cap den cac vdn de tren cdc phuang dien, phdi tien hdnh nhirng thdo ludn rdng ldn ve cac van de rdng ldn, trong do, khdi quat nhdt cd ba van de: Tu nhien, xa hoi

vd con ngudi Sir phdn tu ciia tinh thdn nhan loai bao gdm cd ba phuang dien tren vd moi quan he giira chiing Dd deu la ddi tuong ciia sir phan tu ciia tinh than nhdn loai, Id doi tupng cua triet hpc

4 Tu duy ly ludn vd tu duy hinh tuang

Triet hpc Id sir phan tu ciia tinh thdn nhan loai, tire Id gan lien vdi hoat ddng tu duy

Vdy tu duy Id gi? Day la cau hdi de cap den

vdn de phuang phdp cua triet hpc

Theo Phiing Hiru Lan, "ddi tupng ciia triet hpc la cue ky rpng ldn, vi the, khdi niem ma

nd sir dung cung cue ky triru tuong, dieu na>

Trang 6

quyet dinh phuang phap ciia triet hpc Id tu

duy ly ludn"***'

Tu duy ly luan khdng mang thdnh phdn

cdm tinh Cd the thdy dieu ndy qua vi du ve

nhiing nghich ly ciia Dendng ve van ddng

Nhdn xet ve nghich ly van ddng ciia Dendng,

V.l Lenin vilt: "Dendng hodn todn khdng

cd y nghi phii nhdn van ddng coi nhu "tfnh

xdc thuc cdm tfnh"; vdn de chi la van de ve

"nach ihrer (cua van ddng) Wahrheit"

-(tinh ehdn ly ciia van ddng)"*^' Tilp sau dd,

nhdn xet v l giai thoai do Heghen neu ra ve

viec Diogien (nhd trilt hpc theo phdi Xinfeh

d thdnh phd Xindpo) da ddnh hpc trd khi

ngudi hpc trd ndy d l ddng chdp nhan cdch

dng diing mdt hinh thirc van ddng la di bd de

bdc bd nghich ly cua Dendng, Lenin da vilt:

"Vdn dl khdng phai la sir van ddng cd tdn tai

khdng, md Id thi hien nd nhu the ndo trong

Idgich ciia nhirng khdi niem"*'°' Todn bd

nhirng tranh bien, nhan djnh neu ra d tren

ndi ien rdng, "van ddng" md Dendng chirng

minh rdng khdng thi cd dupe Id mdt vdn de

cua ly tinh Id vdn d l nang lire phdn dnh the

gidi ciia tu duy, tire Id 1dm thi ndo de bieu

dat sir van ddng trong Idgich cua khdi niem,

vd vi thi, sir bdc bd nd khdng thi bdng cdch

phdn tich nhirng hinh thirc "van dpng" cdm

tinh Cdch bdc bd nhu thi thuc chat khdng

nhdm vdo dung ddi tupng, vd vi the, khdng

thi thuc su bdc bd dupe nghich ly cua

Dendng Tu duy theo each cua Dendng Id

mot hinh thirc cua tu duy ly ludn Dd Id tu

duy sir dung Idgich cua khdi niem

Tu duy ly ludn gan lien vdi triru tupng hod, "bat cii ly ludn ndo cung deu khdng the tdch rdi trim tupng, tdch khdi triru tupng thi khdng nhiing khdng the cd ly ludn, md ngay

cd viec ndi ve mdt dieu gi dd ciing khdng the thue hien dupe"*"' Nhdn thirc cua con ngudi di tir nhdn thirc cdm tinh den nhdn thirc ly tinh, ciing tire Id di tir cdm gide den khdi niem Dd Id bude phdt trien nhdy vpt, 1dm phong phii them ddi sdng tinh thdn cua eon ngudi - sir phong phii ve mat chdt lupng Platdng so sdnh budc phdt trien nay gidng nhu su thay ddi ciia mdt ngudi di ra khdi hang ddng tdi om, nhin thdy dnh sdng ciia mat trdi

Trilt hpc vdi tu cdch sir phdn tu ciia tinh thdn nhdn loai khdng chi chu y den hinh thirc chung ciia nhdn thirc, md cdn chii y den ndi dung cua nhdn thirc; khdng chi chii y den nhdn thirc vdi tu cdch la boat dpng, md cdn chii y din tri thirc vdi tu cdch Id sdn phdm cua boat ddng nhdn thirc Neu nhu gpi sir phdn tu ndy Id Idgich, thi nhu Heghen da ndi,

dd Id Idgich nhdm mang lai bdn chdt mang tinh phong phu, mang lai bdn tinh ndi tai ciia tinh thdn vd thi gidi; khdng chi Id cdi phd biln triru tupng, md cdn Id cdi phd bien tu thdn bao hdm tinh phong phii cua nhiing cdi dac thii Cdi phd biln ndy chinh Id khai niem hay Id edi "chung cu thi" theo cdch ndi cua Heghen Cdi chung cu thi Id sir thdng nhdt giira ndi hdm vd ngoai dien cua danh tir dai bilu cdi chung hoac khdi niem Ndi hdm cua danh tir chinh la cdi chung hay khdi niem md danh tir dai bilu, cdn ngoai dien cua danh tir

la toan bd nhirng ddi tupng ciing-loai ma

'" Phung HCfu Lan: Trung Qudc triit hoc sir tdn bien, tap

I, Nxb Nhan Dan, Bac Kinh, 1998 (Tieng Trung), tr 18

'•" V.L Lenin: Toan lap, tap 29, Nxb Tien bp, M, 1981,

tr.271

(10)

" " Phiing Hiru Lan: Trung Qudc triit hoc sir Idn hien tap

1, Nxb Nlian Dan, Bac Kinh, i 998 (Tiing Trung), tr.21

Sach din tren, tr.271

Trang 7

Nghien cicu khoa hoc

danh tir dd dh cap Su thdng nhdt ciia ndi

ham va ngoai dien tao nen cai chung cu thi,

vi the ndi dung cua nd cue ky phong phii,

khdng nhirng bao hdm toan bp nhiing ca thi

cua ddi tupng ciing loai, ma cdn ban chdt

ciia nhiing ddi tuong nay Vf du vat chdt vdi

tu each mdt cdi chung cu thi khdng nhiing la

tfnh chat ma tat ed tdn tai khdch quan dlu cd,

ma cdn Id ban than tdt ed tdn tai khdch quan

Phiing Hiiu Lan doi lap vdi tu duy ly ludn

vd tu duy hinh tuang Trong ddi sdng thudng

nhdt, tu duy ma con ngudi thudng diing Id tu

duy hinh tupng, nd tuong ddi dl bilu so vdi

tu duy ly luan Ong lay vf du, ed ngudi hi

ndi tdi khai niem "hdng" thi lap tiic cam

thay cd mot cdi gi dd hdng, hodn todn hdng,

khdng he cd tap sac, va cho rang khdi niem

"hdng" Id nhu the, rang dd Id tu duy ly luan

Thue ra dd khdng phdi la tu duy ly luan, md

Id tu duy hinh tupng "Hdng" vdi tu cdch Id

mdt khdi niem hodn todn khdng phdi Id mot

cdi gi dd hdng, vd ve mat y nghTa md ndi, nd

hodn todn khdng hdng Neu nhu hieu khai

niem "hdng" hodn todn khdng hdng, cung

nhu hieu khai niem "van dpng" hodn todn

khdng ddng, hieu khai niem "bien" hodn

todn khdng bien, v.v., the mdi la hieu khai

niem vd van ddng, hieu sir phdn biet giiia cdi

phd biln vd cai dac thii Khai niem "phd

biln cu the" ma Heghen phdn tich trong so

sdnh vdi khai niem "phd bien triru tupng"

chfnh Id su vuot bd cdi cd biet Ong cho rang,

"triru tupng cu the" la each ndi khd hieu, da

la triru tupng thi khdng Id cu the vd khdng

thi la cu the, lam sao lai cd the cd triru tupng

cu thi? Thuc ra, the gidi vdn la nhu the Sir

vat vdn la nhu the Triru tupng la cai chung,

cu thi la cdi ddc thii Cai chung ngu trong cai

dac thii, cai dac thii khdng the tdn tai neu rdi

bd cai chung dang ham chira trong nd, cai chung khdng thi tdn tai nlu rdi bd cai dac thii ham chiia nd Ndi tdi cai chung phdi chu

y den cdi dac thii ham chiia nd; ndi tdi cdi dac thu phai chii y den cai chung hdm chiia trong nd Ndi tdi cai chung ddng thdi lai chu

y den cai dac thii hdm chiia nd thi edi chung nay chfnh la cai "trim tupng cu thi"

5 Triet hpc vd the gidi quan

Theo Phiing Hiru Lan, tu duy triet hpc Id

tu duy ly ludn Tu duy khoa hpc ciing Id tu duy ly luan, the nhung, triet hpc Id su phan

tu cua tinh than nhdn loai ddi vdi mdt boat ddng tinh than - nghien ciru khoa hpc, cho nen, la sir phat trien cao nhat, la hinh thuc cao nhat ciia tu duy ly ludn

Van hod cua mot dan tpc la sir ket tinh boat ddng tinh than eiia dan tdc ay Triet hpc ciia mdt dan tdc Id sir phdn tu ciia tinh than dan tdc ddi vdi boat ddng tinh thdn ciia nd Tren y nghTa ndy md ndi, triet hpc ciia mot ddn tdc la thdnh tuu cao nhdt cua van hod ciia mdt dan tdc, va cung la su phdt trien cao nhdt ciia tu duy ly ludn ciia nd

Tir do, Phimg Hiru Lan cho rang, hpc tap triet hpc la "tien hanh phdn tu ve hoat ddng tinh than ciia con ngudi, va trong sir phdn tu ndy, ren luyen nang lu: tu duy ly ludn ciia eon ngudi"" ^\

Trong hoat ddng phdn tu ndy, con ngudi

cd the cd dupe sir ly gidi ve tu nhien, xa hoi

vd con ngudi, md cd ly gidi, tiic Id cd quan diem; cd quan diem tiic Id cd thdi dp Ly gidi,

quan diem, thai dp, ndi tdm lai, chinh la the gidi quan cua bdn than con ngudi Con

ngudi ludn hanh dpng theo the gidi quan ciia

''"' Phiing Hiru Lan: Trung Qudc triet hoc sir tdn bien, tap

1, Nxb Nhan Dan, Bac Kinh, 1998 (Tiing Trung), tr.29

Trang 8

minh Neu nhu anh ta cd mdt the gidi quan

rd rdng, chinh xdc va tin tudng sdu sac vdo

no, thi the gidi tinh thdn cua anh ta se trd

nen phong phii, hdnh ddng ctia anh ta se trd

nen diing cdm Anh ta cd the "tam an ly dac"

md sdng Tuy cd khd khan, anh ta cung khac

phue dupe; tuy cd nguy hiem, anh ta ciing

khdng sp hai Cdnh gidi tinh thdn ndy quyet

khdng the cd dupe chi dua tren viec nhd

mdy ludn diem, thude may cdu each ngdn Y

nghTa ciia nhirng cdu each ngdn ndy cd the

rdt chinh xdc, ngudi nhae lai nd cd the hieu

nd rdt dung dan, nhung ddi vdi ngudi y lai

md ndi, dd van chi la nhQ-ng ldi trdng rdng,

khdng thi 1dm cho cdnh gidi tinh thdn cua

anh ta cd bdt cir bien ddi ndo

Hpc trilt hpc khdng phai la nhd ludn diem,

thude cdch ngdn Nd ddi hdi ngudi hpc phdi

cd su phdn tu ddi vdi boat ddng tinh thdn

ciia con ngudi Qua phdn tu md ITnh hdi,

tang cudng ly gidi, hieu them dao ly Chinh

dilu ndy se 1dm cho cdnh gidi tinh thdn ciia

anh ta tang ien, ndng len

Tir nhirng phdn tfch nhu tren, Phiing Hiru

Lan khdng dinh: trilt hpc cd hai tdc dung:

'•/npt la, phdt triln nang lire tu duy ly ludn

ciia con ngudi; hai Id, 1dm phong phii vd

ndng cao cdnh gidi tinh than cua con

ngudi"*'^'

6 Triet hpc vd lich su triet hpc

Phiing Hiiu Lan dinh nghTa van tdt: "triet

hpc sir Id Hch sir phdt trien ciia triet hpc"

Trill hpc sir da la lich sir phdt trien cua

trill hpc, cd nghTa Id khdng thi ddng nhdt nd

vdi trilt hpc Phiing Hii-u Lan phdn biet lich

( H )

(14)

Phiing Htfu Lan: Trung Qudc Iriil hoc sir tdn bien, tap

Nxb Nhan Dan, Bac Kinh, 1998 (TiSng Trung), tr.20 ^

' Phiing Htru Lan: Trung Quoc triit hgc sir Idn bien, tap

Nxb Nhan Dan, Bac Kinh, 1998 (Tiang Trung) tr.36

SU triet hpc khdch quan (nhu nd vdn cd) va lich sii triet hpc viet Lich sir triet hpc \ iet la ket qua nghien cim cua nhd nghien ciru \ e lich sii triet hpc khdch quan Id sir tdi hien lich sir triet hpc khdch quan

Cdc nhd triet hpc tien hdnh phdn tu \ e ddi sdng tinh than ciia nhdn loai, rdi lai diing ngdn ngtr cua tu duy ly ludn bieu hien sir phdn tu cua hp, hinh thdnh nen he thdng tu tudng Dd chfnh Id he thdng triet hpc ciia hp Vdy, hp nghi the nao, ndi the ndo, viet the ndo, he thdng cua hp hinh thanh nhu the ndo ddy chinh Id nhiing dieu ma nhd nghien ciru lich sir triet hpc phdi nghien cim ddu tien Phuang phdp md nha lich sir triet hpc cdn sir dung tuyet nhien khdng the Id chi dua vao ngdn tir cua nhd triet hpc rdi dodn djnh anh

ta ludn bdn ve cdi gi, vd cudi ciing Id phe phdn Ddy Id cdch lam '"chiip mu" phdn khoa hpc

Trilt hpc sir dung tu duy ly ludn, vi the viec phe binh triet hpc ciia mot triet gia cung cdn diing tu duy ly luan

Chii nghTa Mdc da phdt hien ra phep bien chirng - quy luat chung nhdt ciia sir phdt triln tu nhien, xa hdi va tu duy con ngudi Quy luat ndy cung chinh Id phuang phdp nghien ciru tu nhien, xa hdi vd tu duy ciia con ngudi

Lich sir trilt hpc Id lich su chuyen ngdnh Ndi tdi lich su ciia mdt sir vat ndo dd Id ndi tdi sir phdt triln ciia sir vat dy Phdt trien cd quy luat nhdt djnh, khdng the rdi loan; lich sir cd dudng hudng nhdt dinh, khdng the lien hdu bdt nhdt Phdt triln tdt cd nhirng giai doan nhdt dinh, cd nhirng vdng khdu nhat djnh Sir phdt triln ciia mot su vat thudng khdng cd lap, nd tdt nhien phdi chiu anh hudng vd chi udc ciia nhung sir vat xung

NGHIEN Ciru O 6 N Q B^C fl S6 1(95) 1-2009 61

Trang 9

Nghien cicu khoa hpc

quanh va quay trd lai anh hudng vd chi udc

cac sir vat xung quanh Day la nhiing dilu

ma lich sir viet ve mdt sir vat can phai lam ro

Vdi lich sii triet hpc cung nhu thi Trilt hpc

bieu hien trong Hch sii thanh cac trudng phai

khdc nhau Nhirng trudng phdi nay bilu thi

dudng hudng phat trien eua trilt hpc Nhirng

trudng phai nay ciing vdi chfnh tri, kinh t l

duong thdi cd sir dnh hudng qua lai, chi udc

qua lai Theo Phiing Hiru Lan, "nhirng dnh

hudng qua lai, che udc qua lai la ndi dung

vdn cd ciia trong lich sir phdt trien khdch

quan ciia triet hpc Lich sii triet hpc viet deu

phdi viet ra dieu dd, dac biet Id phai ndi rd

vai trd cua nhirng trudng phdi triet hpc khdc

nhau la thuc ddy lich sii tien ien hay cdn trd

sir phat trien cua lich sir"*'^'

Tdm lai, cd the thdy, Phiing Htru Lan da

neu ra mdt loat cdc van de rat can bdn, cd

quan he chat che vdi nhau ve mat Idgfc,

ddng vai trd xudt phdt trong nghien ciru lich

sir triet hpc ciia dng Viec phdn bien nhung

van de ndy mdt each tudng minh cd vai trd

quan trpng trong viec dinh hudng tu duy ve

lich sir triet hpc

Mot each khai quat nhat, cd the thay,

Phiing HQ-u Lan da khang dinh rang, ndi

dung ciia triet hpc la sir phan tu cua tinh than

nhan loai Phuang phdp cua nd Id tu duy ly

luan, vai trd cua nd Id ren luyen, phdt trien tu

duy ly ludn cua con ngudi, lam phong phii

vd phdt trien canh gidi tinh than ciia con

ngirdi Tuy nhien, cdc triet gia trong lich sir

trilt hoc do chiu sir han che ve nhan thiic

' '^' Phimg HQ-u Lan: Trung Quoc trie! hoc sir Idn bien, tap

1, Nxb Nhan Dan, Bac Kinh, 1998 (Ti^ng Trung), tr.39

ciia giai cap, cua dan tdc, v.v., cho nen co cac quan diem khac nhau Hp da de xudt nhung the gidi quan khdc nhau, mang lai can cii ly luan cho nhirng hanh ddng khdc nhau cua nhan loai, tir dd tao nen cue dien bach gia tranh minh, dau tranh tu tudng trong lich sii triet hpc Lich sir triet hpc vdi tu cdch Id mdt lich su chuyen nganh cd nhiem vu tdi hien bang tu duy ly luan lich sir triet hpc khdch quan nhu nd vdn cd, bao gdm cd nhirng bude quanh eo phiic tap trong qua trinh van ddng cua triet hpc vd cd quy luat ndi tai ben trong qua trinh ay

Ddi vdi cdng cude ddi mdi tu duy nham thuc hien thdnh cdng cdng nghiep hod - hien dai hod dat nudc, xdy dung co sd vat chdt cho chu nghTa xa hdi d nudc ta hien nay, viec ddy manh nghien ciru Hch su triet hpc

cd mot vai trd rat quan trpng Trong tdng the cdng viec cdn thuc hien, viec nghien ciru cdc quan diem ve triet hpc vd lich sir triet hpc tren the gidi ciing ed mdt vj tri khdng nhd

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

1 Phiing Hiru Lan, Tnmg Qudc triet hoc su

tdn bien, tap 1, Nxb Nhan Dan, Bac Kinh, 1998

(Tieng Tmng)

2 Phung Hiru Lan, Dai cuang triet hpc su

Trung Qudc, Nxb Thanh Nien, Tp Ho Chi Minh,

1999

3 V.I Lenin, Todn lap, tap 29, Nxb Tien bo

M, 1981

4 Cac Mac, Tif hdn, tap thii nhat, phan 1

Nxb Tiln bo, M - Nxb Sir that, H, 1988

5 Truang Lap Van, Hod hap hoc vd y tln'cc

Ddng A, Nxb Dai hoc Su pham Hoa Dong, 1999

(Tieng Trung)

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