Tu duy khoa hpc ciing Id tu duy ly luan, the nhung, triet hpc Id su phan tu cua tinh than nhdn loai ddi vdi mdt boat ddng tinh than - nghien ciru khoa hpc, cho nen, la sir phat trien[r]
Trang 1QUAN DIEM CUA PHUNG H O U LAN VE TRIET HOC VA LICH SUf TRIET HOC
LAI QUOC KHANH'
y j h u n g Hiru Lan la mdt trong nhirng
A ngudi cd ddng gdp to ldn cho su phdt
triln cua trilt hpc va nghien ciiu trilt hpc
Trung Qudc trong thi ky XX Ong la ngudi
cd cdng ldn trong viec hinh thdnh Tdn Ly
hpc, cung vdi Tan Tam hpc vd Tan Khf hpc
cau thanh ba ddng tu tudng trilt hpc co bdn
d Trung Qude hien dai vdi dac trung co bdn
Id tiep ndi, dung hop nhung tinh hoa ciia trilt
hpc truyen thdng Trung Qudc vdi tinh hoa
ciia triet hpc the gidi*'^
Trong sd cdc cdng trinh triet hpc cua
Phiing Htru Lan, nhiing cdng trinh nghien
ciru ve lich su triet hpc Trung Qudc cd mot
vi tri rat quan trpng Trong sd cdc bd lich sir
triet hpc Trung Qudc duong thdi ciia cdc tdc
gid nhu Hd Thich, La Trdn Vii, Hdng Khiem,
V.V., vd cdc tdc gid sau ndy nhu Nhiem Ke
Du, Truang Dai Nien, v.v cdc bd lich sir
triet hpc ciia Phimg HiJu Lan dupe gidi
nghien ciru lich sir triet hpc Trung Qudc vd
the gidi ddnh gid cao
Phiing Hiru Lan da xdy dung nhieu bd
lich sir triet hpc Trung Qudc Trong nhirng
nam 3 0 - 4 0 ciia the ky XX, Phiing Hiru Lan
da viet khd nhieu ve lich sir triet hpc vd triet
hpc Trung Qudc, trong dd cd bp Trung Quoc
triet hpc sd (Thupng Hai 1930 - 1933) da
dupe Derk Bodde dich sang tieng Anh vdi
Thac sT, Bo mon Khoa hpc Chinh tri, Truang Dai hoc
Khoa hoc xa hoi va nhan van, Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi
'" Truong Lap Van: Hoa liap hoc vay thuc Dong A Nxb
Dai hoc Su pham Floa Dong, 1999 (Tieng Trung), tr.70
khoang 1000 trang Trong nhimg nam
1946-1947, khi dang gidng day tai trudng dai hpc Pennsylvania, Phiing Hiru Lan dd viet cudn
A Short History of Chinese Philosop/iy (Dai
cuong Hch su triet hpc Trung Qudc) bang tieng Anh (bdn dich ra tieng Viet cua Nguyen Van Duong, Nxb Thanh nien, Trung tam nghien cuu Qudc hpc, Tp Hd Chi Minh, 1999) Sau khi each mang Trung Qudc thdnh cdng (thdng 10 nam 1949), Phiing Hiru Lan
da nghien ciru triet hpc vd lich sir triet hpc theo quan diem ciia chu nghTa Mac, tir dd dir
dinh xdy dung mot bd Trung Quoc triet hoc
su tdn bien, nhung cdng viec khdng hodn
thdnh do Dai each mang van hod nd ra Sang nhirng nam 70, mong mudn ciia Phiing Hiru Lan lai mdt ldn nira khdng dupe thuc hien nhu y bdi dng bj cudn vdo phong trdo cue doan "binh Phdp phe Nho" Nhirng ldn thdt bai nay da giiip dng xdy dung mdt lap trucmg triet hpc thuc sir cua minh Tren tinh thdn:
"chi viet nhirng gi minh hieu dupe tren ca sd trinh dp hieu biet chu nghla Mdc ciia minh , khdng dua vdo cdch hieu cua ngudi khdc",
dng da tien hanh xay dung lai bd Trung
Quoc triet hpc su tdn bien va cdng viec dupe
hodn thdnh vao dau nhirng nam 80 ciia the kyXX
Nghien ciru lich sir triet hpc ciia nhan loai
Id mdt phuang thirc dac biet quan trpng dc xdy dung tu duy ly ludn Nhung dieu ndy chi
cd the duoc thuc hien neu cd dupe phuang phap luan va nhiing phuang phdp nghien
Trang 2ciru dung dan Chu nghla Mdc-Lenin da dua
lai nhii:ng nguyen tac phuang phdp ludn khoa
hpc cho viec nghien ciru lich su triet hpc
Tuy nhien bdn than nhirng nguyen tac
phuang phdp ludn ndy khdng phdi dupe xdy
dung nen mdt cdch tu bien, rdi cd the dp vdo
mpi ddi tupng khdc nhau, md ngupc lai Id
nhu'ng ndi dung khdch quan dupe nit ra tir
bdn thdn qud trinh van ddng cua lich sir triet
hpc - qud trinh van ddng cua mdt hinh thdi y
thirc xa hdi Nhu thi, cd thi thdy rang, viec
nhdn thiic vd van dung cdc nguyen tac
phuang phdp ludn lich sir triet hpc khdng the
tdch rdi khdi nhdn thirc co the tu nhien cua
nd - lich su trilt hpc Day Id mot qud trinh
nhdn thirc kep Vdi quan niem nhu vdy,
chiing tdi mudn tim hieu mdt sd quan diem
CO ban ciia Phimg Hiru Lan ve trilt hpc vd
Hch sir trilt hpc vdn dupe due ket nen tir
nhiing nghien ciru ciia dng ve lich sir triet
hpc Trung Qudc, thi hien trong bd Tnmg
Quoc triet hpc su tdn bien (1980) Id trudc
tdc d giai doan chin mudi nhdt trong tu duy
trilt hpc sir cua dng Trong tdc pham ndy,
Phiing Hiru Lan da d l cap din mdt loat vdn
dl rdt CO bdn trong nghien ciru triet hpc vd
lich sir trilt hpc nhu: phdn biet lich sii khdch
quan vd Hch sir vilt, sir thdng nhdt giifa
Idgich vd lich sir, v.v
/ Lich su khdch quan vd lich su viet
Phiing Hiiu Lan pnan biet hai Idp nghTa
cua khdi niem lich su Theo lap nghTa thir
nhdt, "Hch sir Id ten chung ciia nhQ-ng sir viec
phdt sinh trong qua khir eua xa hdi loai
ngudi"*'' Lich su theo nghTa ndy la lich sii
khdch quan vdn cd Lich sir khdch quan
'-' I'hung Hull Lan; Tnmg Qudc triSl hoc sir Idn hien, tap
1, Nxb Nhan Dan, BJc Kinh, 1998 (Tieng Trung), tr 1
dupe Phimg Hiiu Lan md td mdt cdch hinh tupng nhu mdt ddng sdng ddi bj ddng ket
Ddng sdng ndy vdn trong trang thdi dpng,
cudn chdy khdng ngirng, nhung hien tai nd
da bdt dpng, trdi ddi tTnh lang, dudng nhu
thdi gian khdng cd bdt cu dnh hudng ndo den nd, nd vd thdi gian khdng cd bat cir quan
he ndo Vi du nhu sir dai bien ddng, dai cai
td thdi Xudn Thu - Chien Qudc, sir thdng nhdt Trung Qude thdi Tdn Hdn va sir thiet lap chinh quyln thdng nhdt ciia che dp chuyen chi tap quyln trung uong la nhirng sir thuc lich sir, da Id sir thuc vd vTnh vien Id sir thue lich sir, khdng thi thay ddi dupe Sir bdt ddng cua lich sir dupe ndi tdi d tren khdng cd nghTa Id xa hdi lodi ngudi khdng
cd biln ddi, md chi cd nghTa Id nhiTng gi da
Id su thuc lich su thi khdng the bien ddi, nd
da thodt ly quan he vdi thdi gian
Bdt cir sir vat ndo cung deu cd lich sir, the nhung ndi chung khdi niem lich sir dupe dung dl chi xa hdi loai ngudi Sir gia nghien ciru sir viec ciia \ a hdi lodi ngudi da phdt sinh trong qud khir, trinh bdy nhirng ket qud nghien ciru, md td Hch sir khdch quan vdn cd, 1dm cho nhirng cdi vdn da thude ve qud khir lai hien ra trudc mdt mpi ngudi Day chinh
Id lich su viit Id Idp nghTa thir hai cua khdi
niem Hch sir ma Phung Hiru Lan ndi den Lich sir khdch quan vd lich sir viet theo Phiing Huu Lan khdng phdi Id mdt Lich sir vilt la hinh dnh ciia lich sir khdch quan, lich sir khdch quan Id nguyen bdn Quan he giu-a
chiing Id quan he giira nguyen hinh vd dnh
phdn Lich sir khdch quan tdn tai khdch quan
cdn Hch sir vilt Id nhdn thirc chii quan Nhan thirc chu quan khdng thi hodn loan phii hpp vdi ddi tupng khdch quan ciia nd cung nhu lich sir vilt khdng thi hodn todn phii hpp \ di
Trang 3Nghien cicu khoa hpc
Hch sir khdch quan Ciing vi thi ma lich sir
viet mai mai phdi vilt lai, vilt tilp, va vi thi
cdng viec cua nhd su hpc khdng bao gid kit
thiic chirng ndo con ngudi cdn tdn tai
2 Su thong nhdt giita logich vd lich su
Theo Phiing Hiru Lan, muc dich ciia lich
sir viet la tdi hien lai lich sir khdch quan, nd
khdng can vd cung khdng thi tdi hien ddy dii
tat cd cac chi tiet ciia lich sir khdch quan
"Dieu quan trpng trong nghien curu lich su Id
phdt hien ra nhung vdn d l cd tinh then chdt,
nhiing vdng khau quan trpng vd nhirng quy
luat phdt trien trong qud trinh Hch sii khdch
quan"*"'' Day chfnh Id yeu cau ve sir thdng
nhat giira Idgich vd lich sir trong nghien cuu
lich sii triet hpc
Phiing Hiiu Lan da chi ra rang, bdn than
cdc nhd kinh dien ciia chu nghTa Mdc-Lenin
da quan triet sdu sac nguyen tac thdng nhdt
giira Idgich vd lich sir trong cdc nghien ciiu
lich sir triet hpc ciia minh Cdi Idgich - theo
quan diem mac-xit Id tinh tdt nhien ciia qua
trinh lich sii, cdn cai lich sir Id qud trinh thuc
te cua lich sir, vd chiing thdng nhat vdi nhau
Ong khang dinh sir thdng nhdt giira Idgich vd
lich sir Id sir thdng nhat cua mau thudn Cdi
Idgich trong lich su bieu hien tinh tat nhien
ciia quy luat phat trien lich sir Bieu hien ndy
khdng tdch rdi khdi tinh ngdu nhien Sir
thdng nhat giiia tinh tat nhien vd tinh ngdu
nhien Id d chd tinh tat nhien chi cd the bieu
hien ra trong tinh ngdu nhien, ciing nhu cdi
chung phdi bieu hien thdng qua cdi rieng
Khdng cd cdi mang tinh ngdu nhien trong
lich sir thi khdng the cd cdi mang tinh tat
nhien trong lich sii
Su quan tdm cua Phimg W\m Lan ddi vdi
van de thdng nhat Idgich va Hch sir Id dl di tdi xdc djnh nhiem vu cu the ciia khoa hpc Hch sir triet hpc Phimg Hiru Lan da so sdnh khoa hpc lich sii ndi chung vdi cdc khoa hpc
xa hdi khac Theo dng, nhiem vu ciia cdc khoa hpc xa hdi khac Id "rut ra cdi chung tir cdi rieng, riit ra cai tat nhien tir cdi ngdu nhien"*'*' Phan tfch luan diem ndi tilng cua Mdc trong Ldi bat viet cho lan xudt bdn thir hai cua Bd Tu bdn: "Cd nhien, ve mat hinh thirc, phuang phdp trinh bay phdi khdc vdi phuang phdp nghien ciru Nghien cim thi phdi nam lay vat lieu vdi tat cd nhung chi tiet cua nd, phar phan tfch cdc hinh thdi phdt trien khac nhau ciia nd vd phdi tim ra duoc mdi lien he ben trong cua nhung hinh thdi do Chi sau khi hodn thdnh cdng viec dd rdi mdi
cd the md td su van ddng thuc te mdt cdch thich dang dupe Mdt khi da 1dm dupe nhu the vd khi ddi sdng ciia vat lieu da dupe phdn dnh vao trong y niem rdi, thi ngudi ta
cd the tudng tupng dd Id mdt kit cau tien nghiem"*"^', Phiing Hiru Lan khdng dinh, cdi gpi Id "ket cdu" dupe ndi den d day chinh la ket cdu ly luan cua khoa hpc, muc dich ciia
nd Id phdn anh vdo trong y niem qua trinh phdt trien lich su ciia su vat Vf du nhu nhiem vu cua chii nghTa duy vat Hch sir la bdn ve qua trinh phdt trien ciia Hch su, nhung khdng phai Id qua trinh phdt trien ciia mdt ddn tdc ndo dd, mdt xa hdi ndo dd, md Id qua trinh phdt trien ciia Hch sii ndi ehung, dii rang nd ciing phai lay qud trinh phdt trien cua dan tdc ca biet, xa hdi ca biet lam tdi lieu
'^' Phiing Hiru Lan: Trung Quoc triet hoc sir tdn bien, tap
1 Nxb Nhan Dan, B k Kinh, 1998 (Tilng Trung), tr.3
*'*' Phiing Htru Lan: Trung Quoc triet hoc sir tdn hien, tap
1 Nxb Nhan Dan, Bac Kinh, 1998 (Ti€ng Trung), tr.5
*'"' Cac Mac: Tir ban, tap thir nhat, phan 1, Nxb Tien bo, M
- Nxb Sy that, H, 1988, tr.27,28
Trang 4Hay nhu Kinh te chinh tri hpc ciing vay,
nghien ciru ciia nd cung bat ddu tir nhirng su
vat ngdu nhien, nhung khi nd da nam dupe
mdu hinh chung ciia nhiing sir vat ndy, thi nd
da ru bd dupe tinh ngdu nhien 6 phuang
dien ndy, khoa hpc lich sii khac vdi cdc khoa
hpc xa hdi khdc Nhiem vu ciia khoa hpc lich
sir Id md td qud trinh phat trien cu the cua
mdt dan tdc, mot xa hdi ndo dd diing nhu nd
vdn cd Md trong qud trinh ndy ddy cdi ngdu
nhien Nguyen tac Id "Lich sii viet khdng ru
bd nhirng cdi ngdu nhien ndy, md phdi md td
qud trinh phdt trien cua chiing"*^' Nd duong
nhien khdng dirng lai d sir md td, md cdti
phdi tiln hdnh phdn tich nham phdt hien ra
quy luat phdt triln lich sii cua qua trinh nay
Nd duong nhien khdng phdi Id mudn thodt
khdi nhirng su viec cd biet mang tinh ngdu
nhien dl chuyen bdn ve nhirng quy luat
chung mang tinh tdt nhien, md Id tdi hien
nhiing quy luat bilu hien trong nhiing sir
viec nay Nd khdng phdi Id "phdn dnh vdo
trong y niem" nhiing quy luat ndy de rdi trd
thdnh mot kit cdu ly luan, bdi nhu the, nd se
khdng cdn Id mot bd sdch lich sir, md Id mdt
bp sdch triet hpc ve lich sii
Ljch sir trilt hpc ciing Id mdt bd mdn cua
khoa hpc Hch sir Do dd, nguyen tdc tren
cung dung vdi nd Theo Phimg Hiru Lan,
Hch sir trilt hpc vdn cd quy luat chung ciia
nd, dd chfnh Id sir chuyin hod vd ddu tranh
ciia cdc mat ddi lap giira chu nghTa duy vat
vd chii nghTa duy tam, giira phep bien chiing
vd phep sieu hinh vdi sir thdng Ipi khdng
ngirng ciia chu nghTa duy vat va phep bien
chirng Thi nhung, trong lich sir triet hpc ciia
nhimg dan tdc khdc nhau, hay d nhirng giai
'" Phiing HQu Lan: Trung Quoc triit hpc sir Idn bien, tap
I, Nxb Nhan Dan, BSc Kinh, 1998 (Tilng Trung), tr.6-7
doan khdc nhau trong Hch sir trilt hpc ciia mdt ddn tdc, sir ddu tranh vd chuyen hod ndy
cd nhu'ng ndi dung vd hinh thiic khdc nhau Dieu ndy ed nghTa Id nhimg quy luat chung cua lich sii triet hpc, khi d trong lich sii cu the, cd ndi dung cue ky phong phu vd hinh thirc bien do vd ciing Can phdi thdng qua nhirng ndi dung vd hinh thiic nay quy luat chung mdi cd the bieu hien ra ddy dii Cdn phdi nhdn thiic mdt cdch ddy dii nhiing ndi dung vd hinh thirc ndy mdi cd the hieu dung nhdt y nghTa cua nhirng quy luat chung Dieu ndy dat ra vdn de phdi cd thdi dp diing dan ddi vdi sii lieu
Lich su da qua khdng bao gid cd the trd lai, nhung ddu tich cua nd thi vdn cdn dd, trong sir lieu Chi cd can cir vdo sir lieu ddy
du mdi cd the nhdn thiic dupe qud trinh quanh co phirc tap cua sir phdt trien Hch sir Nhirng sii lieu tdt nhdt md nghien ciru lich sir trilt hpc cd thi dua vdo duong nhien la trudc tdc cua cdc nhd triet hpc trudc ddy Nhirng dilu md hp vilt ra chfnh Id tu tudng cua hp Nhung viec hiiu dupe nhii-ng gi md hp viel
ra lai khdng dl ddng Dieu nay dupe thuc hien thdng qua hai con duong Con dudng
thir nhdt Id thdng qua ngdn tu Nhung bdn
thdn ngdn tir ciing Id sdn phdm mang ddu dn ciia thdi dai, vi thi dl cd thi hiiu dupe ngdn tir ciing Id chuyen khdng de, hon nira, viec hiiu dupe ngdn tir khdng cd nghTa Id hieu dupe y nghTa md ngdn tir bieu dat Vi the khdng chi phdi thdng qua ngdn tir cdn phdi
thdng qua.y nghia, nghTa la.phdi hieu vd lanh
hdi dupe d mdt mire dp nhdt dinh y nghTa ciia cdc trudc tdc trilt hpc cdn nghien ciru
Theo Phiing Hiru Lan, hieu d ddy la nam
duoc kit cdu Idgich ciia he thdng triet hpc
cdn nghien ciru; lanh hoi a day la kinh
NGHIEN Cdru 0 6 N G BflC fl s6 1(95) 1-2009 57
Trang 5Nghien cicu khoa hpc
nghiem dupe tren mdt trinh dp nhat dinh tdm
tu tudng md triet hpc ciia nhirng triet gia di
trudc da dat den, hay ndi each khdc la cd the
diing sir the nghiem ciia minh de kiem chiing
tu tudng triet hpc ciia \\o^^\ Chi cd nhu thi
mdi cd the dupe coi la hieu trilt hpc ciia mdt
nhd triet hpc
3 Triet hpc Id gi?
Neu lich sir viet dupe quan niem la dnh
phdn eiia lich sir khdch quan, vd nghien ciiu
Hch sir triet hpc chfnh la nghien ciiu triet hpc
trong sir phat trien lich sii ciia nd, thi cau cdu
hdi can bdn tiep theo can phai tra ldi la: Triet
hpc la gi?
Theo Phimg Hiru Lan, "triet hpc Id sir
phdn tu ciia tinh than nhan loai"*^' Phdn tu
Id tinh than nhdn loai quay trd lai lay chfnh
minh 1dm ddi tupng de tu duy Bd phdn chu
yeu trong ddi sdng tinh than cua nhan loai Id
nhdn thirc, cho nen cd the ndi rang, triet hpc
la nhan thirc ve nhdn thirc Nhdn thirc ve
nhan thiic Id nhdn thirc quay trd lai lay nhan
thirc 1dm ddi tupng nhdn thirc
Phimg Him Lan phdn biet triet hpc vd
nhdn thuc ludn Theo dng, nhan thirc luan vd
trilt hpc khdng phdi la mdt Cdi ma nhdn
thuc ludn bdn tdi Id hinh thirc chung ciia
nhdn thirc, trong dd bao gdm cdc van de
nang lire nhan thirc, ddi tupng nhan thure,
qud trinh nhan thirc, quan he giira chu quan
vd khdch quan, v.v., nhung khong bao gdm
ndi dung cua nhdn thuc Ndi dung cua nhan
thirc Id tri thirc vd sir phdn tu ve ddi sdng
tinh thdn nhan loai tat phdi bao gdm ndi
dung cua nhan thirc Triet hpc ciia mdi triet
"'' Phiing Hiru Lan: Trung Qudc trie! hoc sir Idn bien, tap
I, Nxb Nhan Dan, Bac Kinh, 1998 (Ti6ng Trung), tr.9
*'' Phiing Hiru Lan: Trung Quoc trie! hoc sir tdn bien, tap
I, Nxb Nhan Dan, Bac Kinh, 1998 (Tilng Trung), tr 10
gia ldn trong mdi thdi dai deu duoc xdy dung len tren can cii tri thirc ve nhieu phuang dien
Phiing Him Lan ciing phdn biet triet hpc
vd khoa hoc Ong cho rang, triet hpc vd khoa
hpc tuy cung la nhirng bd phdn cdu thdnh ddi sdng tinh than ciia nhan loai, nhung dien mao ciia chiing khac ban nhau Sir khdc nhau ndy bat ngudn tir hai ly do, ly do thir nhdt la cdc khoa hpc chi de cap den mdt bd phdn cua su vat, cdn triet hpc de cap den sir vat trong tfnh chinh the Day Id ly do phu Ly do chfnh Id cdc khoa hpc la sir nhdn thirc the gidi, cdn triet hpc Id sir phdn tu ciia tinh than nhdn loai, la nhdn thirc ve nhdn thirc
Sir phdn tu cua tinh than nhan loai Id sdn phdm d trinh dp phdt trien rdt cao cua ddi sdng tinh than nhdn loai, la mdt dac trung phan biet con ngudi vdi cdc lodi ddng vat khdc Ddi sdng tinh than cua nhdn loai rdt rdng ldn Sir phdn tu ciia tinh than nhan loai tdt nhien phdi de cap den cac vdn de tren cdc phuang dien, phdi tien hdnh nhirng thdo ludn rdng ldn ve cac van de rdng ldn, trong do, khdi quat nhdt cd ba van de: Tu nhien, xa hoi
vd con ngudi Sir phdn tu ciia tinh thdn nhan loai bao gdm cd ba phuang dien tren vd moi quan he giira chiing Dd deu la ddi tuong ciia sir phan tu ciia tinh than nhdn loai, Id doi tupng cua triet hpc
4 Tu duy ly ludn vd tu duy hinh tuang
Triet hpc Id sir phan tu ciia tinh thdn nhan loai, tire Id gan lien vdi hoat ddng tu duy
Vdy tu duy Id gi? Day la cau hdi de cap den
vdn de phuang phdp cua triet hpc
Theo Phiing Hiru Lan, "ddi tupng ciia triet hpc la cue ky rpng ldn, vi the, khdi niem ma
nd sir dung cung cue ky triru tuong, dieu na>
Trang 6quyet dinh phuang phap ciia triet hpc Id tu
duy ly ludn"***'
Tu duy ly luan khdng mang thdnh phdn
cdm tinh Cd the thdy dieu ndy qua vi du ve
nhiing nghich ly ciia Dendng ve van ddng
Nhdn xet ve nghich ly van ddng ciia Dendng,
V.l Lenin vilt: "Dendng hodn todn khdng
cd y nghi phii nhdn van ddng coi nhu "tfnh
xdc thuc cdm tfnh"; vdn de chi la van de ve
"nach ihrer (cua van ddng) Wahrheit"
-(tinh ehdn ly ciia van ddng)"*^' Tilp sau dd,
nhdn xet v l giai thoai do Heghen neu ra ve
viec Diogien (nhd trilt hpc theo phdi Xinfeh
d thdnh phd Xindpo) da ddnh hpc trd khi
ngudi hpc trd ndy d l ddng chdp nhan cdch
dng diing mdt hinh thirc van ddng la di bd de
bdc bd nghich ly cua Dendng, Lenin da vilt:
"Vdn dl khdng phai la sir van ddng cd tdn tai
khdng, md Id thi hien nd nhu the ndo trong
Idgich ciia nhirng khdi niem"*'°' Todn bd
nhirng tranh bien, nhan djnh neu ra d tren
ndi ien rdng, "van ddng" md Dendng chirng
minh rdng khdng thi cd dupe Id mdt vdn de
cua ly tinh Id vdn d l nang lire phdn dnh the
gidi ciia tu duy, tire Id 1dm thi ndo de bieu
dat sir van ddng trong Idgich cua khdi niem,
vd vi thi, sir bdc bd nd khdng thi bdng cdch
phdn tich nhirng hinh thirc "van dpng" cdm
tinh Cdch bdc bd nhu thi thuc chat khdng
nhdm vdo dung ddi tupng, vd vi the, khdng
thi thuc su bdc bd dupe nghich ly cua
Dendng Tu duy theo each cua Dendng Id
mot hinh thirc cua tu duy ly ludn Dd Id tu
duy sir dung Idgich cua khdi niem
Tu duy ly ludn gan lien vdi triru tupng hod, "bat cii ly ludn ndo cung deu khdng the tdch rdi trim tupng, tdch khdi triru tupng thi khdng nhiing khdng the cd ly ludn, md ngay
cd viec ndi ve mdt dieu gi dd ciing khdng the thue hien dupe"*"' Nhdn thirc cua con ngudi di tir nhdn thirc cdm tinh den nhdn thirc ly tinh, ciing tire Id di tir cdm gide den khdi niem Dd Id bude phdt trien nhdy vpt, 1dm phong phii them ddi sdng tinh thdn cua eon ngudi - sir phong phii ve mat chdt lupng Platdng so sdnh budc phdt trien nay gidng nhu su thay ddi ciia mdt ngudi di ra khdi hang ddng tdi om, nhin thdy dnh sdng ciia mat trdi
Trilt hpc vdi tu cdch sir phdn tu ciia tinh thdn nhdn loai khdng chi chu y den hinh thirc chung ciia nhdn thirc, md cdn chii y den ndi dung cua nhdn thirc; khdng chi chii y den nhdn thirc vdi tu cdch la boat dpng, md cdn chii y din tri thirc vdi tu cdch Id sdn phdm cua boat ddng nhdn thirc Neu nhu gpi sir phdn tu ndy Id Idgich, thi nhu Heghen da ndi,
dd Id Idgich nhdm mang lai bdn chdt mang tinh phong phu, mang lai bdn tinh ndi tai ciia tinh thdn vd thi gidi; khdng chi Id cdi phd biln triru tupng, md cdn Id cdi phd bien tu thdn bao hdm tinh phong phii cua nhiing cdi dac thii Cdi phd biln ndy chinh Id khai niem hay Id edi "chung cu thi" theo cdch ndi cua Heghen Cdi chung cu thi Id sir thdng nhdt giira ndi hdm vd ngoai dien cua danh tir dai bilu cdi chung hoac khdi niem Ndi hdm cua danh tir chinh la cdi chung hay khdi niem md danh tir dai bilu, cdn ngoai dien cua danh tir
la toan bd nhirng ddi tupng ciing-loai ma
'" Phung HCfu Lan: Trung Qudc triit hoc sir tdn bien, tap
I, Nxb Nhan Dan, Bac Kinh, 1998 (Tieng Trung), tr 18
'•" V.L Lenin: Toan lap, tap 29, Nxb Tien bp, M, 1981,
tr.271
(10)
" " Phiing Hiru Lan: Trung Qudc triit hoc sir Idn hien tap
1, Nxb Nlian Dan, Bac Kinh, i 998 (Tiing Trung), tr.21
Sach din tren, tr.271
Trang 7Nghien cicu khoa hoc
danh tir dd dh cap Su thdng nhdt ciia ndi
ham va ngoai dien tao nen cai chung cu thi,
vi the ndi dung cua nd cue ky phong phii,
khdng nhirng bao hdm toan bp nhiing ca thi
cua ddi tupng ciing loai, ma cdn ban chdt
ciia nhiing ddi tuong nay Vf du vat chdt vdi
tu each mdt cdi chung cu thi khdng nhiing la
tfnh chat ma tat ed tdn tai khdch quan dlu cd,
ma cdn Id ban than tdt ed tdn tai khdch quan
Phiing Hiiu Lan doi lap vdi tu duy ly ludn
vd tu duy hinh tuang Trong ddi sdng thudng
nhdt, tu duy ma con ngudi thudng diing Id tu
duy hinh tupng, nd tuong ddi dl bilu so vdi
tu duy ly luan Ong lay vf du, ed ngudi hi
ndi tdi khai niem "hdng" thi lap tiic cam
thay cd mot cdi gi dd hdng, hodn todn hdng,
khdng he cd tap sac, va cho rang khdi niem
"hdng" Id nhu the, rang dd Id tu duy ly luan
Thue ra dd khdng phdi la tu duy ly luan, md
Id tu duy hinh tupng "Hdng" vdi tu cdch Id
mdt khdi niem hodn todn khdng phdi Id mot
cdi gi dd hdng, vd ve mat y nghTa md ndi, nd
hodn todn khdng hdng Neu nhu hieu khai
niem "hdng" hodn todn khdng hdng, cung
nhu hieu khai niem "van dpng" hodn todn
khdng ddng, hieu khai niem "bien" hodn
todn khdng bien, v.v., the mdi la hieu khai
niem vd van ddng, hieu sir phdn biet giiia cdi
phd biln vd cai dac thii Khai niem "phd
biln cu the" ma Heghen phdn tich trong so
sdnh vdi khai niem "phd bien triru tupng"
chfnh Id su vuot bd cdi cd biet Ong cho rang,
"triru tupng cu the" la each ndi khd hieu, da
la triru tupng thi khdng Id cu the vd khdng
thi la cu the, lam sao lai cd the cd triru tupng
cu thi? Thuc ra, the gidi vdn la nhu the Sir
vat vdn la nhu the Triru tupng la cai chung,
cu thi la cdi ddc thii Cai chung ngu trong cai
dac thii, cai dac thii khdng the tdn tai neu rdi
bd cai chung dang ham chira trong nd, cai chung khdng thi tdn tai nlu rdi bd cai dac thii ham chiia nd Ndi tdi cai chung phdi chu
y den cdi dac thii ham chiia nd; ndi tdi cdi dac thu phai chii y den cai chung hdm chiia trong nd Ndi tdi cai chung ddng thdi lai chu
y den cai dac thii hdm chiia nd thi edi chung nay chfnh la cai "trim tupng cu thi"
5 Triet hpc vd the gidi quan
Theo Phiing Hiru Lan, tu duy triet hpc Id
tu duy ly ludn Tu duy khoa hpc ciing Id tu duy ly luan, the nhung, triet hpc Id su phan
tu cua tinh than nhdn loai ddi vdi mdt boat ddng tinh than - nghien ciru khoa hpc, cho nen, la sir phat trien cao nhat, la hinh thuc cao nhat ciia tu duy ly ludn
Van hod cua mot dan tpc la sir ket tinh boat ddng tinh than eiia dan tdc ay Triet hpc ciia mdt dan tdc Id sir phdn tu ciia tinh than dan tdc ddi vdi boat ddng tinh thdn ciia nd Tren y nghTa ndy md ndi, triet hpc ciia mot ddn tdc la thdnh tuu cao nhdt cua van hod ciia mdt dan tdc, va cung la su phdt trien cao nhdt ciia tu duy ly ludn ciia nd
Tir do, Phimg Hiru Lan cho rang, hpc tap triet hpc la "tien hanh phdn tu ve hoat ddng tinh than ciia con ngudi, va trong sir phdn tu ndy, ren luyen nang lu: tu duy ly ludn ciia eon ngudi"" ^\
Trong hoat ddng phdn tu ndy, con ngudi
cd the cd dupe sir ly gidi ve tu nhien, xa hoi
vd con ngudi, md cd ly gidi, tiic Id cd quan diem; cd quan diem tiic Id cd thdi dp Ly gidi,
quan diem, thai dp, ndi tdm lai, chinh la the gidi quan cua bdn than con ngudi Con
ngudi ludn hanh dpng theo the gidi quan ciia
''"' Phiing Hiru Lan: Trung Qudc triet hoc sir tdn bien, tap
1, Nxb Nhan Dan, Bac Kinh, 1998 (Tiing Trung), tr.29
Trang 8minh Neu nhu anh ta cd mdt the gidi quan
rd rdng, chinh xdc va tin tudng sdu sac vdo
no, thi the gidi tinh thdn cua anh ta se trd
nen phong phii, hdnh ddng ctia anh ta se trd
nen diing cdm Anh ta cd the "tam an ly dac"
md sdng Tuy cd khd khan, anh ta cung khac
phue dupe; tuy cd nguy hiem, anh ta ciing
khdng sp hai Cdnh gidi tinh thdn ndy quyet
khdng the cd dupe chi dua tren viec nhd
mdy ludn diem, thude may cdu each ngdn Y
nghTa ciia nhirng cdu each ngdn ndy cd the
rdt chinh xdc, ngudi nhae lai nd cd the hieu
nd rdt dung dan, nhung ddi vdi ngudi y lai
md ndi, dd van chi la nhQ-ng ldi trdng rdng,
khdng thi 1dm cho cdnh gidi tinh thdn cua
anh ta cd bdt cir bien ddi ndo
Hpc trilt hpc khdng phai la nhd ludn diem,
thude cdch ngdn Nd ddi hdi ngudi hpc phdi
cd su phdn tu ddi vdi boat ddng tinh thdn
ciia con ngudi Qua phdn tu md ITnh hdi,
tang cudng ly gidi, hieu them dao ly Chinh
dilu ndy se 1dm cho cdnh gidi tinh thdn ciia
anh ta tang ien, ndng len
Tir nhirng phdn tfch nhu tren, Phiing Hiru
Lan khdng dinh: trilt hpc cd hai tdc dung:
'•/npt la, phdt triln nang lire tu duy ly ludn
ciia con ngudi; hai Id, 1dm phong phii vd
ndng cao cdnh gidi tinh than cua con
ngudi"*'^'
6 Triet hpc vd lich su triet hpc
Phiing Hiiu Lan dinh nghTa van tdt: "triet
hpc sir Id Hch sir phdt trien ciia triet hpc"
Trill hpc sir da la lich sir phdt trien cua
trill hpc, cd nghTa Id khdng thi ddng nhdt nd
vdi trilt hpc Phiing Hii-u Lan phdn biet lich
( H )
(14)
Phiing Htfu Lan: Trung Qudc Iriil hoc sir tdn bien, tap
Nxb Nhan Dan, Bac Kinh, 1998 (TiSng Trung), tr.20 ^
' Phiing Htru Lan: Trung Quoc triit hgc sir Idn bien, tap
Nxb Nhan Dan, Bac Kinh, 1998 (Tiang Trung) tr.36
SU triet hpc khdch quan (nhu nd vdn cd) va lich sii triet hpc viet Lich sir triet hpc \ iet la ket qua nghien cim cua nhd nghien ciru \ e lich sii triet hpc khdch quan Id sir tdi hien lich sir triet hpc khdch quan
Cdc nhd triet hpc tien hdnh phdn tu \ e ddi sdng tinh than ciia nhdn loai, rdi lai diing ngdn ngtr cua tu duy ly ludn bieu hien sir phdn tu cua hp, hinh thdnh nen he thdng tu tudng Dd chfnh Id he thdng triet hpc ciia hp Vdy, hp nghi the nao, ndi the ndo, viet the ndo, he thdng cua hp hinh thanh nhu the ndo ddy chinh Id nhiing dieu ma nhd nghien ciru lich sir triet hpc phdi nghien cim ddu tien Phuang phdp md nha lich sir triet hpc cdn sir dung tuyet nhien khdng the Id chi dua vao ngdn tir cua nhd triet hpc rdi dodn djnh anh
ta ludn bdn ve cdi gi, vd cudi ciing Id phe phdn Ddy Id cdch lam '"chiip mu" phdn khoa hpc
Trilt hpc sir dung tu duy ly ludn, vi the viec phe binh triet hpc ciia mot triet gia cung cdn diing tu duy ly luan
Chii nghTa Mdc da phdt hien ra phep bien chirng - quy luat chung nhdt ciia sir phdt triln tu nhien, xa hdi va tu duy con ngudi Quy luat ndy cung chinh Id phuang phdp nghien ciru tu nhien, xa hdi vd tu duy ciia con ngudi
Lich sir trilt hpc Id lich su chuyen ngdnh Ndi tdi lich su ciia mdt sir vat ndo dd Id ndi tdi sir phdt triln ciia sir vat dy Phdt trien cd quy luat nhdt djnh, khdng the rdi loan; lich sir cd dudng hudng nhdt dinh, khdng the lien hdu bdt nhdt Phdt triln tdt cd nhirng giai doan nhdt dinh, cd nhirng vdng khdu nhat djnh Sir phdt triln ciia mot su vat thudng khdng cd lap, nd tdt nhien phdi chiu anh hudng vd chi udc ciia nhung sir vat xung
NGHIEN Ciru O 6 N Q B^C fl S6 1(95) 1-2009 61
Trang 9Nghien cicu khoa hpc
quanh va quay trd lai anh hudng vd chi udc
cac sir vat xung quanh Day la nhiing dilu
ma lich sir viet ve mdt sir vat can phai lam ro
Vdi lich sii triet hpc cung nhu thi Trilt hpc
bieu hien trong Hch sii thanh cac trudng phai
khdc nhau Nhirng trudng phdi nay bilu thi
dudng hudng phat trien eua trilt hpc Nhirng
trudng phai nay ciing vdi chfnh tri, kinh t l
duong thdi cd sir dnh hudng qua lai, chi udc
qua lai Theo Phiing Hiru Lan, "nhirng dnh
hudng qua lai, che udc qua lai la ndi dung
vdn cd ciia trong lich sir phdt trien khdch
quan ciia triet hpc Lich sii triet hpc viet deu
phdi viet ra dieu dd, dac biet Id phai ndi rd
vai trd cua nhirng trudng phdi triet hpc khdc
nhau la thuc ddy lich sii tien ien hay cdn trd
sir phat trien cua lich sir"*'^'
Tdm lai, cd the thdy, Phiing Htru Lan da
neu ra mdt loat cdc van de rat can bdn, cd
quan he chat che vdi nhau ve mat Idgfc,
ddng vai trd xudt phdt trong nghien ciru lich
sir triet hpc ciia dng Viec phdn bien nhung
van de ndy mdt each tudng minh cd vai trd
quan trpng trong viec dinh hudng tu duy ve
lich sir triet hpc
Mot each khai quat nhat, cd the thay,
Phiing HQ-u Lan da khang dinh rang, ndi
dung ciia triet hpc la sir phan tu cua tinh than
nhan loai Phuang phdp cua nd Id tu duy ly
luan, vai trd cua nd Id ren luyen, phdt trien tu
duy ly ludn cua con ngudi, lam phong phii
vd phdt trien canh gidi tinh than ciia con
ngirdi Tuy nhien, cdc triet gia trong lich sir
trilt hoc do chiu sir han che ve nhan thiic
' '^' Phimg HQ-u Lan: Trung Quoc trie! hoc sir Idn bien, tap
1, Nxb Nhan Dan, Bac Kinh, 1998 (Ti^ng Trung), tr.39
ciia giai cap, cua dan tdc, v.v., cho nen co cac quan diem khac nhau Hp da de xudt nhung the gidi quan khdc nhau, mang lai can cii ly luan cho nhirng hanh ddng khdc nhau cua nhan loai, tir dd tao nen cue dien bach gia tranh minh, dau tranh tu tudng trong lich sii triet hpc Lich sir triet hpc vdi tu cdch Id mdt lich su chuyen nganh cd nhiem vu tdi hien bang tu duy ly luan lich sir triet hpc khdch quan nhu nd vdn cd, bao gdm cd nhirng bude quanh eo phiic tap trong qua trinh van ddng cua triet hpc vd cd quy luat ndi tai ben trong qua trinh ay
Ddi vdi cdng cude ddi mdi tu duy nham thuc hien thdnh cdng cdng nghiep hod - hien dai hod dat nudc, xdy dung co sd vat chdt cho chu nghTa xa hdi d nudc ta hien nay, viec ddy manh nghien ciru Hch su triet hpc
cd mot vai trd rat quan trpng Trong tdng the cdng viec cdn thuc hien, viec nghien ciru cdc quan diem ve triet hpc vd lich sir triet hpc tren the gidi ciing ed mdt vj tri khdng nhd
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1 Phiing Hiru Lan, Tnmg Qudc triet hoc su
tdn bien, tap 1, Nxb Nhan Dan, Bac Kinh, 1998
(Tieng Tmng)
2 Phung Hiru Lan, Dai cuang triet hpc su
Trung Qudc, Nxb Thanh Nien, Tp Ho Chi Minh,
1999
3 V.I Lenin, Todn lap, tap 29, Nxb Tien bo
M, 1981
4 Cac Mac, Tif hdn, tap thii nhat, phan 1
Nxb Tiln bo, M - Nxb Sir that, H, 1988
5 Truang Lap Van, Hod hap hoc vd y tln'cc
Ddng A, Nxb Dai hoc Su pham Hoa Dong, 1999
(Tieng Trung)