Chinh phu da doan kit, tap hgp nhan tai, nhieu nhan sT tri thuc timg phuc vu chi do cu dugc Dang trgng dung, giij trgng trach trong Chinh phii.. Luat su Phan Anh, nguyen Bg truong Bg[r]
Trang 1SU' NGHIEP VA TU' TU'ONG HO CHi MINH
QUAN DIEM CUA CHU TjCH HO CHI MINH
VE XAY DUNG DOI NGO TRJ THUTC
ThS NGL^ EN THANG LOI
1 Ngay tir nhirng nam 20 cua
thS k>- XX H6 Chi Minh da chi
ro vai tro quan trgng cua tri thirc
doi \oi sir thanh bai cua each
mang Trong tac pham Duong
Kdch menh (1927) Nguoi chi ro
nguyen nhan Cach mang Phap
that bai la: "Trong 3 Ian each
menh 1789 1848 1870 diu vi
dan can dam nhieu nliimg //•/ thirc
it (TG nhan manh) cho nen de tu
ban no Igi dung"' va Nguoi khang
dinli lai luan diem ciia Lenm
"khong CO ly luan each mang thi
khong the co phong trao each mang"
Ho Chi Minh chi ro trgng trach cua doi
ngii tri thirc trong each mang dan tgc dan
chu la: "Ngoi but cua cac ban ciing la
nhirng M! khi sac ben trong sir nghiep pho
chinh trir ta ma anh em \an hoa \ a tri thirc
phai lam ciing nhu la nhiing chien sT anh
dung trong cong cuoc khang chien de gianh
lai qii>en thong nhat va dgc lap cho To
Bdi Ho den du cuoc hop mat mifng Xudn \d chuc mCmg nam m&i cac nhan si
tri thuc van nghe sTnhan dip Tei (ngdy 3 - 2 - 1962)
quoc"- Do vay theo Nguoi tri thirc phai guong mau di dau tren cac mat tu\en truyen pho bien duong loi chinh sach va lam guong de phat dong phong trao thi dua thuc hien duong 16i cua Dang va Nha nuoc:
"Cac ban la bac tri thirc cac ban co trach nhiem ve \ ang \ a nang ne la lam cai guong cho dan trong mgi \ iec Dan la da dSu tranh mot each rat diing cam le tat nhien gioi tri thirc phai dau tranh dung cam bon nira de Hgc \ len CT-HC Quoc gia Ho Chi Minh lam guong cho nhan dan .,3
Trang 2SU" NGHIEP VA TU' lUOUG HO CHi MINH
Trong each mang XHCN nhan thirc ro
nhung kh6 khan thach thirc ciia mot nuoc tir
nen san xuat nho di len CNXH Nguoi chi ro
\ai tro cua tri thirc: "tri thirc phuc vu nhan dan
bay gio Cling can khang chien kien quoc cung
can lien len CNXH cang can tien len cong
san chu nghia lai cang can" , "Muon xay dung
CNXH phai co hgc thirc"^
Nguoi khang dinh: "Tri thirc la von quy
bau cua dan tgc 6 nuoc khac nhu the o Viet
Nam cang nhu the"^ Tir diic ket lich sir
Nguoi neu luan diem c6 tinh quy luat: "
cdch mang rdt can tri thirc vd chinh ra chi co
cdch mang mai biet trong tri thirc"
Theo Ho Chi Minh, thanh to quyet dinh
cau true nhan each tri thirc la pham chat dao
dire, chinh tri y thirc trach nhiem xa boi, gan
bo voi dan tgc Chinh vi the Nguoi luon
khang dinh dao dire la goe Ho Chi Minh
khong CO sir so siinh "dire do" va "tiinh do",
de cao hay coi nhe giii:a dire va tai ma thuong
xuyen gan chat hai thanh to "tai - dire", "co tai
- CO dire" Neu co dire ma khong co tai thi lam
viec gi cung kho; pham chat dao dire klio the
hien dugc Iren thuc te Nhimg co nang lire ma
khong CO pham chat dao dire each mang thi co
the mat phuong huong, lam nhiing dieu co hai
cho dat nuoc Nguoi khang dinli: "Tri thirc
dang trgng la tri thirc bet long phuc vu each
mang phuc vu nlian dan"''
Pham chat dao dire ciia "tri thirc moi" "tri
thirc tien bg" "tri thirc tien hen" la y thirc
thai d(i va the hien tren hanh dong: can R^iem,
liem chinh, trung thuc hieu thuc lien, co trach
nhiem xa hoi y ihirc ve Igi ich ciia dan tgc va
giui gui nhan dan lao dong Trong do, pham
chat hang d^u la: "can co lap truong tu tuong diing""^, dii tri thirc khong phai la mot t ^ g lop giai cap dgc lap nhung "Mot nguoi trong xa hoi khong the ngoai giai cap "sieu giai cap" dugc"" ma phai dung \'e giai cap nhat dinh
2 Mot trong nhirng cong viec dau lien cua lanh tu Nguyen Ai Quoc khi tro ve Quang Chau (Trung Quoc) la mo cac lop huan luyen cho thanh nien (trong d6 phan Ion tri thirc) Nguoi lira chgn mot so thanh nien di hgc cac lop ve ly luan chinh tri quan su a Lien X6, Trung Quoc dao tao thanh nhiing nha lanh dao xuat sac ciia each mang Viet Nam
Ngay sau Cach mang thang Tam 1945, Nguoi da chi dao Chinli phu mo lai cac truong dai hgc va mo mot so truong moi Truong Dai hgc Y - Dugc va mot so trucmg chuyen nghiep a Phii Thg, Dai hgc du bi Van khoa a Thanh Hoa
Cuoc khang chien chong thuc dan Phap ket thiic thang Igi, de dap img yeu cau nhiem vu thai ky moi giao due dai hgc dugc phat trien voi quy mo Ion Nliieu truong bo tiic van hoa cong nong va pho thong lao dong dugc mo tao nguon de ngay cang co dong cong nong va bg doi dugc vao dai hgc a trong nuoc va dugc giri
di dao tao 6 nuoc ngoai Tir nam 1960, cong tac dao tao dugc mo rgng voi qu>' mo Ion Nam hgc 1964 - 1965, nuoc ta co 16 truong dai hgc, voi 26.100 sinh vien; 128 truong trung hgc voi 95.400 hgc sinh'^ De dap img yeu cau phuc vu khang chien, Viet Nam da dao tao bang van can
bg chinh tri, can bg khoa hgc quan su
Ciing voi phat tnen dao tao a trong nuoc, viec dao tao o nuoc ngoai dugc chu trgng va dat nhieu ket qua qucin trgng Ngay sau khi
TAP CHi LICH SU D A N G - SO 7/2009 13
Trang 3SU' NGHIEP VA TU" TU'ONG HO CHi MINH
nuoc nha dgc lap, Chii tich Ho Chi Minh co
chu truong giri hgc sinh ra nuac ngoai hgc
tap Nguofi giri thu cho Bg truong Bg Ngoai
giao Hoa Ky (1- 11 - 1945) trong thu viet:
"Nhan danh Hoi Van boa Viet Nam, toi xin
dugc bay to nguyen vgng ciia Hoi, dugc giri
mot phai doan khoang nam muoi thanh nien
Viet Nam sang My voi y dinh mot mat thiet
lap nhung moi quan he van boa than thiet voi
thanh nien My va mat khac de xiie tien viec
tiep tuc nghien cim ve ky thuat, nong nghiep
cung nhu cac hnh vuc chuyen mon khac"'^
Vi nhieu ly do Chinh phu Hoa Ky luc do da
khong thiet lap quan he ve van hoa giao due
voi Viet Nam
Tir nam 1950, sau khi dat quan he ngoai giao
voi cac nuoc, Viet Nam da giri nhieu hgc sinh
sang cac nuoc XHCN hgc tap Tir nam 1951
dn 1986, CO 207.020 luu hgc sinh tai Lien X6
Ho Chi Minh nhieu Ian viet thu tham hoi gap
go an can can dan luu hgc sinh Trong "Thu
giri cac chau luu hgc sinh Viet Nam a
Matxecrva" (19-7-1955) Nguoi can dan: "Cac
chau hgc ky thuat va hgc tieng Nga can nhan ro
minh hgc cot de phuc vu To quoc, phuc vu nhan
dan Hgc nganh nao ciing can phai can cir vao
nhu cau ciia To quoc, ciia nhan dan ma dinh
khong the tiiy theo so thich rieng cua minh"''*
Nguoi chii truong bo tuc chinh tri va dua
tri thirc tham gia khang chien, phuc vu nhan
dan de "anh em tri thirc ciing biet trgng lao
dong cung biet lam lao dong hgp thanh mot
khoi voi cong nong nang cao trinh do cong
nong ve van hoa ly luan"'^ Vi vay, tri thirc da
hang hai xung phong ra tien tuyen chidn dSu,
lao dong san xuat hgc tap xay dung y thirc
phuc vu cong nong, cai tao tu tuong, sira doi loi
lam viec, phk\ dki tra thanh tri thuc each mang
Chii trgng dao tao toan dien doi ngii tri
thuc H6 Chi Minh yeu cm thanh nien tri
thue phai xac dinh dong co hgc tap dung
din, tky trir 16i hgc "danh lai", hgc "cot de
dugc manh bang de lam ong thong, ong phan, linh luong nhieu, an ngon, mac dep ThS thoi, s6 phan dan tgc the nao, tinh hinh thi gioi biSn d6i th6 nao, khong hay, khong bi6t gi hit"'*' Voi tri thirc each mang,
"danh" va "Igi" phai gan voi phuc vu each mang, phuc vu nhan dan Nguoi an can chi bao thanh nien " can dat lai cau hoi:
- Hgc de lam gi?
- Hgc de phuc vu ai?
Do la hai cau hoi can phai tra loi dirt khoat "'^
3 Voi tu tuong cau hien tai ca trong nuoc
va ngoai nuoc, Nguoi tin tuong, thanh tam trgng dung va ton vinh nhiing tri thirc gan bo voi loi ich cua dan tgc Ngay sau khi Cach mang thang Tam thanh cong, Chu tich H6 Chi Minh hai Ian ra chieu cau hien "Nhan tai va kiln quoc" (14-11-1945) va "Tim nguoi tai - dire" (20-11-1946), moi ggi nhan sT tri thirc hiln ke, tham gia sir nghiep khang chiln, kiln qu6c Nhieu nhan sT da dugc Dang va Chinh phii trgng dung, bo hi vao nhieu cuong vi cong tac quan trgng trong cac co quan, to chirc, doan thi Chinh phu da doan kit, tap hgp nhan tai, nhieu nhan sT tri thuc timg phuc vu chi do cu dugc Dang trgng dung, giij trgng trach trong Chinh phii Luat su Phan Anh, nguyen Bg truong Bg Thanh nien trong Chinh phii Bao Dai - Tran Trgng Kim dugc cir lam Bg truong Quoc phong, Bg truong Ngoai
14 TAP CHi UCH SU D A N G - SO 7/2009
Trang 4SU" NGHIEP vA TU' TU'ONG HO CHi MINH
thuong Cu Hu> nh Thiic Khang giiir chirc Bg
truong Bg Noi vu dugc Chii tich Ho Chi
Minh tin can giao trgng trach dieu hanh
Chinh phu khi Nguoi sang Phap (1946)
Trong nhirng nam thang khang chien chong
thuc dan Phap xam luge Ho Chi Minh da loi
cuon tap hgp dong dao tri thirc xung quanh
Dang va Chinh phii Nguoi luon chan thanh, coi
ma va an can chi bao tri thirc, thuong xuyen gap
go tri thirc de huan thi, lang nghe tam tu nguyen
vgng ciia tri thirc va tao dieu kien de tri thirc
hien ke cho su nghiep each mang
Nguoi yeu cau phai tap hgp tri thirc vao
cac to chirc de ren luyen va phat huy nang lire,
von hgc van ciia minh, nhat la nhirng nhan sT
tri thirc tieu bieu, dong vien hg cong hien
nhieu hon cho each mang "Lien Viet ra doi
da lien ket dugc cac tang lop nhan dan yeu
nuac, ca than si dia chii yeu nuac, Dong
thai Dang da khuyen khich va giiip do cac
nha tri thiic tien bg lap ra Dang xa hoi Viet
Nam, to chirc nhieu hinh thirc boat dong moi,
Doan thanh nien Viet Nam, Doan sinh vien
Viet Nam Hoi van boa lam cho Mat Iran co
them nhiing thanh phan moi""*
Trong khang chien, DNTT dugc bo sung
tir nhieu nguon khac nhau Nguoi da mofi ggi
tri thirc Viet kieu tro ve phuc vu To quoc
Nhieu tri thirc dugc dao tao duoi thai Phap
thugc hay du hgc nhu Ta Quang Bim, Phan
Anh, Nguyen Van Huyen, Tran Dai Nghia,
Pham Hu>' Tliong Dang Van Ngu Luong Djnh
Ciia Ky su Tran Dai Nghia da hgc dugc
nhieu bi mat ve che tao vu khi eiia Dire, bac sT
Tran HCru Tuoc co ban tay vang nhieu tri
thirc len chien khu ciing Dang lanh dao khang
chiea da cong hien tai nang khoa hgc von hgc van, dong gop co hieu qua cho dat nuoc
Din nam 1954, mien Bac da co tren 500 nguoi CO trinh do dai hgc va 3.000 co trinh do tmng hgc chuyen nghiep chu yeu lam trong cac linh vuc giao due y te, van boa''
Tiep tuc thuc hien chu truong phat trien giao due, xay dung DNTT gop phan xa>' dung CNXH, dau tranh thong nhat nuoc nha, DNTT tang ca ve so lugng va chat lugng Den nam 1964, so nguoi co trinh do dai hgc va tmng hgc chuyen nghiep la 30.709 nguoi tang gap 10 Ian so voi nam 1954
Trong khang chien chong My, ciru nuoc, a mien Nam duoi ach thuc dan moi ciia de quoc
My, phan Ion tri thirc van giii' viing tinh than yeu nuoc y thirc tu ton dan tgc tich cue dau tranh ve y thirc he nuoi duong tinh than dan tgc trong cac tang lop nhan dan, Tri thirc thuc sir la ngoi no ciia phong trao dau tranh chinh tri doi cac quyen dan sinh dan chii, Nhieu tri thirc yeu nuoc da dimg trong Mat Iran Dan tgc Giai phong mien Nam Viet Nan hoac co thai
do tnmg lap Chi co mot bg phan do hoan canh
ep bugc da tham gia chinh quyen tay sai
Dugc Dang giao due va giac ngg, nhieu tri thirc da gia nhap Dang Cong san, neu guong sang ve long trung thanh voi Dang, voi To quoc
va nlian dan Nhieu tri thirc tro thanh can bg lanli dao cao cap trong cac co quan ciia Dang va Nha nuoc trong cac thoi ky each mang Cac the
he tri thirc Viet Nam da dong gop ximg dang vao qua trinh hoach dinh duong loi, to chirc chi dao thuc hien duong loi each mang Viet Nam, gop phan quan trgng lam rang danh dat nuoc
(Xetn tiep trang 53)
TAP CHI LICH SU' OANG - SO 7/2009 15
Trang 5TRAO OOl
chuan hoa con thieu nhieu \ e dien lich d i t
phong hgc bg m6n phong thi nghiem thuc
hanh nha giao due the c h i t sin choi bai t ^ ;
Cong tic xay dung truong chuin qu6c gia con
gap phii nhifrig kh6 khan, ban che chu \ eu do
kho khin \ e dien tich nhit la a khu vuc noi
thanh Khu vuc ngoai thanh con qui nhilu
phong hgc cip 4 phong hgc tam vi long the
qui hoach xiy dung truong kh6ng d6ng bg
Viec thuc hien mo hinh chuyen d6i loai truong
mam non bin c6ng theo Luat Giio due chua
thuc hien dugc Che do chinh sich d6i voi giio
vien ciia Thinh pb6 (sau khi hgp nhat tinh Ha
Tay va mot s6 dia phuong ciia Hoa Binh) chua
dugc giii quyet hgp ly Viec d6i mc^i ve noi
dung va phuong phip day vi hgc con chim
Hien tucmg day them hgc them frin lan, cic
hien tucmg lieu cue khic vin con, giy du luan
khong t6t cho nganh Giao due TTiu d6 Chit
lucrng giao due dai tri ting chim chua d6ng
deu giira noi tlianh va ngoai thanh
Tuy con nhieu ban che kho khan, nhimg \'cri
fruyen lh6ng ngan nam vdn hien duoi su lanh
dao cua Thanh u\ Giio due Thii d6 vin dang
tiep tuc phit trien gop phin thuc hien thing Igi
su nghiep CNH HDH cua Tliu d6 \ a dit nircic
1 Dang Cong sin Viet Nam: I an kien Dgi
hoi dgi hieu todn quoc kin thir J 7, CTQG, H,
1997,lr.89-90
2 Dang Cong sin Viet Nam: Cuimg ITnh xdy
dimg ddt nude trong thai /a qud do len chu
nghia xd hoi, ST, H, 1991, fr 13
Q U A N D I E M C U A CHU TICH
HO CHI M I N H VE XAY D U N G
D Q I N G U TRI T H U C
(Tiep theo trang 15)
Phat huy vi tri, vai fro va nhiing dong gop qua cac chang duong lich sir cua din tgc, frong c6ng cuoc d6i moi, DNTT Viet Nam tiep tuc dong g6p nhieu bon nira cho sir nghiep cich mang ciia din tgc Quin triet siu sic tu tuong H6 Chi Minh ve xi>' dung DNTT, Dang, Nha nuoc ta frong nhirng nim qua thuc hien chien luge xi}' dung va phit huy ngu6n nhin luc, de cao \ai fro ciia tri thirc, chii frgng c6ng tic xi\ dung DNTT Do ciing la thanh qui to 1cm the hien qui trinh hien thuc boa quan diem Ho Chi Minh \'e xiy dung DNTT
1 Hd Chi Minh 'Todn tdp, CTQG, H, 2000,
T.2, tr 274
2,3 Sdd, T.5, lT.\3\,3S\
4.Sdd.J.S,lT.225
5, 8, 9, 14, 15, 16 Sdd T.7, tr 39, 33, 33, 25,
37, 398
6 Sdd, J.\0, IT 306
7, n.Sd'J T.4,tr.384, 80
\0,\\.Sdd 7:6, fr368, 204
12 19 Do Thi Thach: Phdt huy nguon lire tri
thirc nir Viet Nam trong sir nghiep cong nghiep hod hien dgi hod CTQG, H, 2005, fr 70, 69
17 Ho Chi Minh Todn tdp, CTQG, H, 2000,
T 9,tr 172-173
18 Dang Cong san Viet Nam: Vdn kien
Dang Todn tap, CTQG, H, 2001, T 12, tr 185
TAP CHi LICH SU' DANG - SO 7/2009 53