nhat tri vdi quan didm chia cat nude Dire. Tdng thdng F.Rudoven va Bd tnrdng Tai chinh My H.Morgentau la nhung ngudi. img hd tu tudng chia cat Due. He nam 1944,[r]
Trang 1QUAN DIEM QUA CAC NUdC DONG MINH
W^ mt^
VE VAN DE CHIA CAT NUOC DUC
TS Pham Ngoc Tan
Trirffng Dai hoc Vinh
C h i n h sach ciia eae niide Ddng minh vd Soesin khdng chi chia xe quan diem nay ma van de Diic duge thao luan tai Hdi nghi Bd edn mudn sap ,xdp lai ban dd chau Au eho trudng Ngoai giao d Matxeova thang phii hgp vdi quyen lgi ciia minh bang each 10/1943, tai cac Hdi nghj Nguyen thu ba thanh lap mot Lidn hiep Chau Au do Anh cudng qudc Anh My Lidn Xd o' Teheran, lanh dao
lanta Pdlxdam va ea trong nhiinu cudc trao ^ • TU » A u ^ u u
-b - • Soesin - Thu tuong Anh da the hien y
ddi thu tir thdng qua eae CO'quan ngoai aiao • r^ •• u
-_ , t ^ JQ ^-[^13 y;^ [3^j trong euge noi chuyen voi
Ironsi thdi gian Chien tranh the aidi thir Hai r^ • • i - v - • A i - u- i i / m n
, , " , Dai su Lien Xo tai Anh vao thang 11/1941
From; dd eae van de lidn quan den cudc - ~, x , , , ,i , i - r i n n •
^ ' • va mgt lan khae vao dau thang 12/1941 tai chien tranh duoe giai qu\ct tren tinh than • - r-.- A - i ; ,x ,
^ \' Luan Don Ong ta eung dua van de nay ra
thanu than vdi nuuNcn tae can bang qu)cn , , , , , ; ,
^ ^ • , lrong euge hgi dam \o\ long thong My
loi cac bdn tham uia TUN nhien da xuat hien • ,, , ,\ • \, u- n / i o i i
^ ' , l-.RudoAen o Oasmhlon vao thang 12/1941 nhung bat ddng tren mdt sd viin de khdniz ehi ,•> A i , , i- i-»- u-,, U , , A „
^ ^ • - () Anh tu tuong chia xe uuc nham ha nuoc
giira Lidn Xd vdi Anh Mv mil ea uiira Anh ; -, - , i •
i-^ - - Due xuong mgt cuong quoe hang hai da
^^ - • dugc sy ung hg eua Chinh phu vii Qude hdi
Sd phan nude Dire sau ehien tranh vdi lrong nam 1942 ehinh phu Anh da thiinh eau hdi: Dire se lii mdt qude gia thdng nhiit lap Ll) ban Nghien ciru van dd chia cat Dire hay cdn thidt phai chia xe nd thanh nhieu thude Be) Ngoai giao dirng dau la cd van luat qudc gia nhd la mgt trong nhirng van de phap U Mankin Ngoai ra Uy ban eiia phirc tap nh.it duge thiio luiin tir nam 1 9 4 3 - Chinh phu ve Ke hoach kinh te va edng khi cudc Chidn Iranh thd gidi thir Hai dang nghiep do M Rdbeexon dirng dau cimg dien ra ac Met nghien ciru van de niiy He nam 1943 Phd
Lhu tudng Anh K iTli dugc aiao trach
nhiem ehuan bj ke hoaeh quan he vdi Dire sau khi Dire dau hang
My \a Anh lii hai nude dau lien dua ra
viin dd can chia cat nude Dire Gidi cam
quyen My eho rang can thii lidu Dire nhu lii
Id lira thudng xu)en eua eae cudc chidn tranh Ndu o Anh ed sy thdng nhat cao quan
thd gidi va la kc ddi djch vdi My tren trudng didm chia cat Dire, thi a My da) la van dd qude te Cdn chinh phu Anh dirng dhu lii ga) biTl dong ldn trong ndi eiie Rudoxen
Trang 220 NGHIEN CQU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°2 (113).2010
Thang gieng nam 1942, theo lenh cua
F.Rudoven "Uy ban ed van vd van dd sau
chidn tranh" dugc thanh lap vdi sy tham gia
cua cac chuydn gia cao cap Bd Ngoai giao
Bd Qudc phdng va Bd Tai ehinh My Trong
qua trinh thao luan van de Dire da xuat hien
2 quan didm:
- Quan diem 1: De nghj chia eat Due
Nhung ngudi iing hd quan didm nay cho
rang chi cd bang nhung bidn phap kidn quydt
nhu thu tidu tidm lye cdng nghiep va phan
chia nude Dire mdi ngan chan dugc eae cudc
chien tranh xam lupc ciia Dire trong tuong
lai
- Quan diem 2: De nghj giu' nude Diic
thdng nhat chi can giai giap quan dpi Dire
va thidt lap sy kidm soat qudc td d Dire
Tai hdi nghi eiia Bd Ngoai giao My cudi
thang 1/1943 dudi sy chii tpa eiia Thii' tnrdng
X Uenlex, kd hoach chia xe Diic thanh 3
qude gia d ba vimg da dupe nhat tri cao Dd
la:
- Viing Tay bac vdi 26 trieu dan;
- Viing Nam vdi 23 trieu dan;
- Viing Ddng Bac vdi 18 trieu dan
Hdi nghj da thao luan nhirng tidu chi
lam CO sd cho sy phan chia bidn gidi: theo
chinh trj, kinh td, Ijch sir, dja ly, hay tdn
giao
Thang 3/1943, tai Oasinhton, trong cudc
gap ga giira F.Rudoven va Bp tnrdng Ngoai
giao Anh A Eden, vkn dd chia cat Dire la
mdt trong nhirng ndi dung trao ddi chii ydu
Rudo'ven va Eden da di ddn kdt luan vd sy can thidt phai chia xe Dire, trudc het la tach phan Phd ra khdi Dire Tdng thdng My cdn nhan manh den vide iing hd lye lupng ddi lap Dire, coi dd la nhiem vu quan trpng ciia van
dd chia cat Dire Den cudi thang 7/1943, Bp Ngoai giao My da chuan bj xong tap tai lieu day 55 trang vdi nhan dd "N24 - Due - Sy chia cat", trong dd trinh bay nhung luan cir
va cac phuong phap khae nhau ciia su chia cat nude Dire Nhung trong phan ket luan ciia tai lieu khdng de cap ddn vide iing hd hay ehdng lai vide chia cat ma chi vidt rang
Bd Ngoai giao My dirng dau la K.Hell khdng nhat tri vdi quan didm chia cat nude Dire Tdng thdng F.Rudoven va Bd tnrdng Tai chinh My H.Morgentau la nhung ngudi img hd tu tudng chia cat Due He nam 1944, Morgentau da vach xong kd hoach giai quydt van dd Dire Theo kd hoach nay, nude Due
se bj thii tidu ndn cdng nghiep nang va bi bidn thanh mdt nude ndng nghiep Ciing vdi
vide cat cua Diic hang loat dkt dai dpc bidn
gidi dd sap nhap vao Phap va Ba Lan, phan dat cdn lai ciia Diic se chia thanh hai qude gia: Nam Due va Bac Diic Ngoai ra, viing Rua va phy can, viing kdnh Kin va phia Bac
se dat dudi su kidm soat ciia qudc te
Trong nhung nam 1943 -1944, Bp Ngoai giao My da thanh lap Uy ban nghidn ciiu van dd Dire Uy ban nay da tidn hanh nhieu cudc thao luan dudi su chi dao cua Thii' trudng X Xtettiniuc Trong ban tdng kdt cac cudc thao luan dai 50 trang do Bd trudng Ngoai giao K Hell vidt the hien su
Trang 3ilntin itii'in ena eiie niiiie itdnij minh 21
khdng nhat tri ve ke hoach chia cat Dire
Xtimxon- Bd tnrdng Qudc phdng My cung
img hd quan diem nay Cudc tranh luan giua
hai quan didm dac biet gay gat sau khi ke
hoach chia cat Due ciia Morgentau duge dua
ra Ndi cac Rudoven xay ra bat ddng nghidm
trgng
Cd mdt giai doan dudng nhu quan diem
ciia Morgentau da thang thd Trong cudc gap
gd Rudoven va Sdesin, ban kd hoaeh ciia
Morgentau dupe hai nguydn thii cham chu
lang nghe va dupe nhan xet la "tdt"
Nhung l-lell va Xtimxon van khdng chju
ling hd kd hoach chia cat Dire Ndi cac
Rudoven chia re Hai vj bd trudng da tim
each thuyet phue Rudoven tir chdi img hd kd
hoach Sir bat ddng y kidn vd sd phan tuong
lai ciia Dire trong ndi eae da duge thao luan
rdng rai lrong gidi bao ehi vii Qude hdi My
Rudoven cd gang lam dju tinh hinh nay dd
chuan bj cho ky bau cir Tdng thdng sap tdi
ma dng lai mdt lan nira la irng cir vien Cudc
dau tranh nay cdn tiep didn ddn khi nude
Dire dau hang vd didu kidn
Tai Hdi nghj Ngoai truong ba cudng
qudc d Mat.xcova thang 10/1943, van dd chia
cat nude Dire da dugc thao luan Lap tnrdng
ciia Bd tnrdng Ngoai giao Anh Eden rat
eirng ran Ong luydn bd: "Chimg tdi mudn
chia xe nude Dire thanh nhimg qude gia
rieng le va tach Phd ra khdi Dire Chimg tdi
mudn khu)dn khich phong trao ddi lap d
Dire va diinh eho nd vj iri xirng dang sau
chidn tranh"' Vd phan minh Bd tnrdng Ngoai giao My K.Hell tuydn bd: "Trong gidi lanh dao cao cap ciia ehiing tdi cd hinh thanh
y tudng chia eat Due nhung van dd nay can tidp tyc nghien ciru" (Khi ndi ddn gidi lanh dao cao cap Hell mudn am chi ddn Rudoven
va Morgentau) Phia Lidn Xd eiing tuyen bd rang van dd nay can phai tidp tue nghidn ciru Tai Hdi nghi Nguydn thii ba cudng qude
d Tdhdran (Iran) tir ngay 28/11 ddn 01/12/1943 My ehinh thirc dua ra ban kd hoach chia cat Dire thanh 5 qudc gia Khi tra Idi vd thdi gian ra ddi eiia kd hoaeh nay, Tdng thdng Rudoven da ndi rang nd dugc soan thao 2 thang trudc Theo dd, nude Dire
se bj chia xe thanh 5 qudc gia ddc lap:
1 Phd (thu hep lanh thd);
2 Viing Hanndven va nhirng vimg thugc lay Bac Dire;
3 Viing Xaexdnhi va Lepdich;
4 Linh Hex.xen Darsmat Kaxxen va nhirng vimg nam phia Nam sdng Ranh;
5 Bavaria Baden Vuytenbudc
Ngoai ra edn tach viing kenh Kin va llambude dat dudi sy uy trj ciia Hdi Qudc lidn hay 4 cudng qudc Anh My Phap, Lien
Xd, vimg Rua va Xaar dat dudi sy uy trj ciia Hdi Qudc lidn hay chau Au
Tai Hdi nghi, Sdesin eho rang can gan viin de chia cat Dire vdi vide thanh lap "Lidn hiep Chau Au" Theo kd hoaeh eiia Anh cac
iuxin lap lu lieu Malxecrx a Ir 1S1 -1X2 (lieng
Nga)
Trang 422 NGHIEN CCfU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°2 (113).201 ¥
tinh phia nam Due la Bavaria Baden,
Vuytembude Palatin cimg vdi vimg diit tir
Xaar ddn Xaexdnhi sc tach khdi Dire dd nhap
vao mdt qudc gia mdi - Lidn bang Dunai
I.V Xtalin bac bd kd hoach thanh lap
"Lidn hiep Chau Au" va hudng Hdi nghj den
vide thao luan nhimg hau qua khd ludng khi
Dire bi chia cat Ong khang djnh: "Khdng ed
trd ngai niio ed the gat bd kha nang thdng nhat
Dire"-
Do bat ddng y kidn Hdi nghj quyet djnh
chuydn van de nay eho Uy ban Tir van Chau
Au (EKK) xem xet"
Uy ban tu van Chiiu Au ehinh thirc lam
vide tir thang 12/1943 va da soan 12 dy thao
nhung hiep djnh quan trgng ciia Ddng minh
trong dd cd van ban vd nhirng ehinh sach co
ban ciia Ddng minh lrong quan he vdi Dire
sau khi dau hang va trinh ty quan ly nud'c
Dire sau chidn tranh Tat ca eae dy thao nay
ddu dugc cac chinh phii Ddng minh thdng
qua va la co sd hgp tac giua cac nude Ddng
minh trong tuong lai
Trong cac euge thao luan vd van dd Dire
d Uy ban tu van Chau Au dai didn Anh da
ydu ciiu dua van dd chia cat nude Dire thanh
ndi dung quan trgng ciia chuong trinh nghj
-Nt ir 165
l'\ han niiy duge thanh lap iheo (.|u\el dinh eua lloi
nghi Bo iruang Ngoai giao Anh My Lien X6 lai
Mal.\ea\a Ihang 10/1943 I'.r.(3u.\ep - [)ai sir Lien
Xd lai Anh D.CiA'ainani - Dai su M> o Anh \a
lJ Xler -I'ho lhu luong Anh dung dau eae phai doan
iham gia U\ ban na\
sy Tai phien hgp thu 2 ngay 27/01/1944, phia Anh dd nghj thanh lap Uy ban chia cat nude Dire va dua ra dy thao chuong trinh lam vide eiia Uy ban nay vdi nhan dd: "Tinh hinh edng vide ciia Uy ban chia cat Dire", trong dd dd nghj:
1 Thdng qua quyet dinh ve viec chia cdi
Dire Trong dd can xem xet:
- Nhirng co' sd dd chia cat Dire;
- Thdi gian tidn hanh chia cat;
- Nhirng bidn phap can thiet dd ngan chan sy thdng nhat ciia nhirng qudc gia mdi;
- Tac ddng ciia sy chia eat Dire ddi vdi Llgi Qudc lidn
2 Xem xel vdn de chia cell nirirc Dire
tren quan diem chinh Iri qudn sir, kinh le
Dai didn Lidn Xd F.T Guxep xuat phat tir quan didm ciia chinh phii Lien Xd da khdng tham gia thao luan van dd nay Cdn dai dien My, dng D.G.Vainant da thdng bao
ve Bd Ngoai giao My rang: Chinh phii Lidn
Xd va dng ta (tire D.G.Vainant) tir chdi thao luan van dd nay vi "khdng san sang de thao luan nd" Sau phidn hpp nay, dy thao nay eiia Anh khdng dupe dua ra thao luan d Uy ban
tu van Chau Au nira
Tai Hdi nghj cac Bd trudng Ngoai giao
d Matxeova thang 10/1943, dai didn Lidn Xd nhan xet rang, chinh phii Lidn Xd da "chain chan" lrong nghidn cuu viin dd chia cat Dire, nhung didu dd khdng cd nghTa rang cae nha
" tap ehi Doi s6ng quoc le 1970 so 7 Ir 126-127 (tidng Nga)
Trang 5Qjilun itieni ena ede luide itdnq minh 23
lanh dao Lidn X d eho ddn liic niiy edn ehua
.\ac djnh nhimg nguyen lae giai quydt van dc
Dire Nhirng nguydn tae dd da hinh thanh va
thd hien lrong ban bao cao ngay 6/1 1/1942
nhan ky niem liin thir 25 Cach mang thang
Mud'i Nga trong dd ndi rang: "Lien Xd
khdng cd nhiem vii lhu lii'ii nirirc Dire nhirng
lieu diet nhd nuoc llille lhi cd the vii cdn
ihii'l Nhiem vii ddu lien eiia chiing ta la tieu
diet nha nude phat xit va nhung ke de xudng
ra n d " \ Lrong menh lenh ciia Llgi ddng Dan
iiy Qudc phdng nhan ky niem nga)' thanh lap
Hdng quan ngay 23/2/1943 ed viet: "Kinh
nghidm Ijeh sir ndi rang: be lii l l i t l e da ddn
va se phai ra di edn nhan dim Dire, nude
Dire thi cdn lai" vii " L i e n Xd khdng ed kd
hoach chia eat Dire"' Ve sau nay dai dien
Lidn Xd d U)' ban t u van Chiiu Au ed vidt:
"Chinh phii Lidn X d khdng chia se vdi Ddng
minh nhirng dd nghi chia eat Dire"^
Tai I Idi nghi Nguyen thii ba cudng qude
d lanta ( K r u m Lien Xd) tir ngay 4 den
1 1/2/1945 kd hoaeh quan sy dd diip tan hoan
loiin nude Dire phat xit va nhirng nguyen tae
CO' ban dd td chirc thd gidi sau chidn tranh da
dupe vach ra Nhirng ngudi dirng dau ba
cudng qude tuyen bd rang muc dich cua
^ I'hinh saeh doi ngoai eua LiC'n Xo Iroiig ihoi k\
Chien Uanh ihe gioi liai (1941 - 1945) Mal.\co\a
I94f> ir 70
'' l.ieli v(r eliinli sdeh ddi ngoai eua Lien \d
A.A.Cnonuceo (Chu bien) lap 1 Mal\eo\a 1981 ir
126
' Tap chi Doi song quoe le 1980 so 4 Ir 126 (lieng
Nga)
Ddng miinh la tidu diet chii nghTa quan phiet
va phat xit Dire, tao ra nhung nhan td de bao dam rang nude Dire se khdng edn la nguy eo'
de dga hoa binh the gidi Tai Hdi nghj nay doan dai bieu U d n X d tuyen bd mudn bidt y djnh eiia My Anh trong van de ehia eat nude Dire Rudoven va Soesin da eiing nhau khang dinh y kien cua minh vd van dd ehia eat Dire, nhung trong each tra Idi eiia hg nhat la trong bai phat bieu dai ddng cua Sdesin, chimg td lap trudng cua hg da cd sy thay ddi N d khdng cdn rd rang, dirt khoat nhu lai I Idi nghi Tdhdran
Sy tha) ddi lap trudng Anh My duge giai thich trude hdt do trude l l g i nghj lanta nhieu thiinh vien ehinh phii cac nude nay va edng luiin Ien tieng ddi giir sy thdng nhat va khdng can thidt phai ehia xe nude Dire Didu
dd da tae ddng den duirng Idi cua Chinh phu Nhirng ngudi ed quan diem nay eho rang mdt nude Dire thdng nhat sau chien tranh dudi sy kiem soat eua Anh M y se ed lgi hon
vi ed Ihd bidn nd thiinh tidn ddn ehdng phong trao each mang va lam tha)' ddi tuong quan lye lugng dehau A u
Tuy vay Hdi nghj lanta da thdng qua
bidn ban ed ghi d phSn III: Chinh phu Anh
My Lieu Xd cho rang nhirng clieii kien de hiidc nirirc Dire phdi xii phai tidu himg cdn
cd sir ihay c1di vd ha cirirng i/iidc ddnh cho minh (/inchi Idi cao lrong (jiian he viri Dire Chinh quyin mdi a Dire do ha cuong qudc cai quan se giai gidp hodn loan qudn ddi
Trang 624 NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°2 (113).201(
^
Dire, phi qudn sir hod vd chia cat nude Dire,
do Id nhirng gi cdn ihiel iHe gin giir hod binh
vd an ninh cho lirong lai Hdi nghj quydt
djnh thanh lap tidu ban do Bd trudng Ngoai
giao Anh K.Eden lam chu tjch de nghien ciru
nhirng thii tyc chia cat Due
Ngay 9/3/1945 dai didn Anh trao eho
Guxep - Trudng doan Lien Xd tai Uy ban tu
van Chau Au ban dy thao ehia eat Dire,
trong dd vach ra kd hoaeh ehia eat Dire thanh
bao nhidu phan, bien gidi giira cac phan va
thdi didm tien hanh chia cat
Ngay 26/3/1945 trong thu tra Idi eiia
Trudng doan Lien Xd gui Phai doan Anh da
viet: "Chinh phu Lien Xd liii'ii qiiyel dinh cua
Hdi nghi laiiki ve ke liocich chia cat khdng
phai 1(1 ki' hoach hcii hiioc md Id kha ndng cd
lhi' di' i'p Dire viri muc dich giir gin an ninh ir
Dire ui'ii nhirng hien phdp khde khdng (hi"
Dai dien My d Uy ban tu van Chiiu Au trong
bao eao mat gui Bd trudng Ngoai giao My
da thdng bao ndi dung bire thu eua dai didn
Lien xd va cho rang can thidt phai xem ,\et
lai van dd ehia eat Dire Bao cao nay da ddn
tay Rudoven va Oasinhton da lenh eho
Vainan - dai dien My can tidp tyc nghidn
ciru van dd ehia cat Dire nhung tri hoan giai
quyet nd
Ngay 9/5/1945, trong Idi keu gpi nhan ngay Chidn thang phat xit ehinh phii Lidn
Xd da the hien rd rang quan diem vd chia cat
nude Dire khi tuydn bd: "Lien Xd gidnh
chien thdng oanh liet khdng phdi de ehia cdt hay lieu diet nirirc Dire M I O
My va Anh eoi tuydn bd nay nhu la sy bcic bd hoan toan cua Lidn Xd vd vide thao luan van dc chia cat Dire
Trong "Tuydn bd vd sy that bai eiia Dire" dupe ky bdi cac tdng tu Idnh quan dpi Lidn Xd, My Anh va Phap da khdng nhac den kha nang ehia cat Dire
Nhu vay tir cudi nam 1941 khi cudc chidn tranh xam luge Lidn Xd eua phat xii Dire ehi mdi trdn 5 thang, gidi ciim quyen Anh My da vach ra kc hoach ehia xe Dire sau chidn tranh nham phye vy cho chidn luge tuong lai eiia minh Chi ed Lidn Xd trudc sau nhu mdt van ehii truong khdng chia xc Dire, giir nude Dire vdi tu each la qudc gia thdng nhat va giai quydt hpp ly van dd Dire trdn tinh than dan chii Lien Xd khdng ehi ddng vai trd quydt djnh trong vide tieu didl nhit nude phat xit ma edn tieh cue ung hd lu tudng xay dyng mdt nude Dire mdi hda hinh thdng nhat va dan chii sau chidn tranh
'~ l.ieli \u ddi ngoai Lien \d lap 4 Mal\eo\ a 1975 Ir
563
•' Nl tr 564
'" I.V Xlalin Chien iranli ve qude vT dai eua /.ien \'d
Mat\co\a I946.tr 347