Tuy nhien, cd mdt thuc tl la trong sudt quan niem ciia Manh lir khdng phai chi la mdt thdi ky ljch sir rat lau dai da qua, ten hgc nhu the nao, hieu cai gi, ma quan trgng ludi Lao tir [r]
Trang 1QUAN NIEM VE TRI TUE TRONG TRIET HOC TRUNG QUOC THOI TIEN TAN
LAI QUOC KHANH*
T^/ghien ciru thdi Tien Tan trong ljch
1 1 six triet hgc Trung Qudc, ngudi ta
tap trung vao thdi ky Xuan Thu - Chien
Qudc Day la thdi ky ma nhirng mam mdng
lu tudng triet hgc vdn xuat hien va tdn lai
Irong sudt mdt thdi ky Ijch sir lau dai trudc
dd da duge "tap dai thanh", hinh thanh nen
cac lu tudng, hgc thuyei, trudng phai Iriel
hgc luong ddi cd he thdng, md dau cho ea
mdt Ihdi ky phai rue ro cua tu ludng - van
hda Trung Qudc, cd anh hudng sau rdng den
nhieu qudc gia lang gieng den tan ngay nay
Trong cac kinh dien triet hgc Trung Qudc
thdi ky Tien Tan, khai niem "tri tue"[l3 M]
it duge sir dung, thay vao dd la pham trii
"tri"[ ^ ' ] Vi the, hudng nghien ciru ciia
chiing tdi la lam rd quan niem ve "tri tue"
Irong triet hgc Trung Qudc Ihdi Tien Tan
thdng qua nghien ciru quan diem cua mdt sd
nha triet hgc lieu bieu thudc cac trudmg phai
Idn la Nho gia, Dao gia, Phap gia, va Binh
gia ve pham trii "Iri"
Cac phuong phap nghien ciru chu yeu
duge chiing tdi sir dung la Ihdng ke - dinh
lugng, phan tich, tdng hgp va he ihdng hda
* Quan niem eiia Nho gia ve "tri tue "
Khao cuu ve mat van ban hgc ddi vdi Tu
thu, Ngu kinh - he Ihdng kinh dien chuyen
tai tu ludng triet hgc cua Nho gia Ihdi Tien
Tan, chiing ldi thu dugc ket qua la trong Tir
thu, chir "tri" khdng thay xual hien trong cac
Tien si, Bp mon Khoa hpc Chinh tri, Trudmg Dai hpc
Khoa hpc Xa hpi v^ Nhan vSn - Dai hpc Qu6c gia Ha Npi
sach "Dai hgc", "Trung Dung", "Luan ngii'" Rieng Irong sach "Manh tir", chii' "Iri" xuat bien lat ea 27 lan Trong Ngii kinh, ehii "Iri" chi xual hien 2 lan trong Kinh Thu, I lan Irong Kinh Le va khdng thay xuat hien Irong cac kinh khac
Nhu vay, de lam rd quan niem eiia Nho gia ve "tri tue", can tap trung vao Manh tir
va sach "Manh lir"
Manh lir (372-289 Ir.CN), ten chir la Kha,
tu Tir Du ngudi ap Trau, nudc Ld Ong la thudc hgc phai Tang lir, la hgc trd cua Tir Tu, chau dich tdn cua Khdng tir Day la hgc phai dich truyen Khdng hgc Manh tir ciing vdi cac hgc trd la Van Chuong, Cdng Tdn Siru, Nhac Chinh Khac soan sach "Manh tir" Sach "Manh lir" cd tat ca 7 quyen Sau nay Chu Hy phan mdi quyen Ihanh hai chuong thugng va ha, tdng cdng cd 14 quyen
Nghien ciru loan bg nhirng doan van trong
dd Manh lir de cap den chir "tri", la ed the khai quat quan niem cua Manh tir va cua Nho gia ve "tri tue"
Thir nhdt, Manh tu quan niem "Iri tue" la ndng lire hoc tap khong biet met moi Hgc
khdng biet met mdi la mdt pham chat quan trgng eiia ngudi quan lir Ban than Khdng lir
da thudmg tu van xem ba pham chat "mac nhi thirc chi", "hgc nhi bit yem" va "hdi nhan bat quyen" cd hdi du trong minh hay khdng Trong sach "Manh tir" ed dan lai Idi ciia Tir Cdng ndi: "Hgc chang chan la tri, day dd khdng mdi met la nhan Da nhan lai tri, Phil tu la Thanh rdi vay"[Cdng Tdn Siru
Trang 2Nho gia, "hgc khdng biet met mdi" vira la co
sd hinh thanh, vira la mdt bieu hien ciia "tri
tue" va "tri tue" la pham chat ciia Thanh
nhan
Thir hai, "tri tue" la ndng lire nhgn thire
diing vd hdnh dpng diing dan trudc eae van
de cua eon ngudi va xa hdi Khi Te Tuyen
vuong hdi Manh tu rang: Giao thiep vdi cac
nudc lang gieng eiing ed qui tac chang? Ong
da Ira Idi: "Cd! Chi cd ngudi nhan mdi biet
phep ddi dai vdi nudc nhd, nhan danh la
nudc Idn Dd la trudmg hgp vua Thanh
Thang ddi dai vdi vua nudc Cat, Van Vuong
ddi dai vdi rg Cdn Chi cd ngudi tri mdi biet
phep thd nudc Idn, nhan danh la nudc nhd
Dd la trudmg hgp Thai vuong thd vua nudc
Huan Due, Cau Tien thd vua nudc
Ngd"[Luomg Hue Vuong ha, 3] Quan niem
nhu tren ve "tri tue" dugc Manh lu lam rd
them nhu sau: "Ldng trac an la dau mdi cua
dieu nhan, Idng tu d la dau mdi cua dieu
nghTa, ldng lir nhugng la dau mdi eiia le,
Idng thj phi la dau mdi cua tri"[Cdng Tdn
Siru Ihugng, 6] "Thj" va "phi" tire la "dung"
va "sai", la "chan ly" va "sai lam" Nhan
Ihirc va phan biet rd "thj" va "phi", "diing"
va "sai", "chan ly" va "sai lam", de tir dd
chgn each hanh xu hgp ly nbal, dd la bieu
hien eiia ngudi ed "tri tue"
Thir ba, "tri tue" la ndng lire nhdn thire vd
hdnh dpng phii hgp vdi "dgo tu nhien"
Quan niem nay the hien qua nguyen tac
"hieu va noi theo tien vuong, thanh nhan"
Khi danh gia ve tri tue ciia cac bac tien Nho,
Manh lu da ndi: "Cac dng Te Nga, Tir Cdng,
Hiru Nhugc deu du tri de hieu rd thanh nhan,
dau ed thap kem den do hiia theo sd thich
ciia minh (ma khen qua ldi)"[Cdng Tdn Suu
thugng, 3] Hieu va noi theo tien vuong,
thanh nhan la mdt nguyen tac can ban ciia
Nghieu, Thuan, Van Vuong, Vu Vuong, Chu Cdng, v.v., la cac bac thanh nhan Mudn xir ly tdt viec ddi nay, can phai hieu va noi theo tien vuong, thanh nhan Ngay Khdng tii ciing da nhieu lan bay td nd lire hieu va noi theo lien vuong, thanh nhan cua dng Nguyen tac nay dugc ggi la "phap lien vuong" Nhieu ngudi ddi sau phe phan Nho
gia chinh a diem nay, coi Nho gia la nhirng
ngudi ne co Da la "phap tien vuong" thi diing la cd sac thai ne cd, song neu danh gia mdt each cdng bang thi trong quan diem
"phap tien vuong" cdn cd yeu cau tdng ket kinh nghiem cua thuc tien thanh cdng va that bai trong qua khir, lay dd lam diem tua de giai quyet nhiing van de cua thdi hien tai Hon the, khi di sau vao quan diem ciia Manh lir ve "phap tien vuong" chiing ta se thay rang, dng quan niem "dao tien vuong" la bieu hien cua "dao tu nhien" Nhu vay, hieu
va noi Iheo tien vuong, thanh nhan chinh la hieu va noi theo "dao lu nhien" Manh tOr ndi:
"Vi the mdi ndi: Mudn len cao phai nuong theo gd ddng, mudn xudng thap phai nuong theo sdng rach Lam viec chinh trj, ma khdng theo dao cua tien vuong, cd the ggi la tri duge chang? Vay nen, chi cd bac nhan gia mdi dang d ngdi cao Ke bit nhan d ngdi cao chi gieo rac dieu xau trong dan chung thdi "[Ly Lau thugng, I] 6 day, Manh tu
da quan niem "tri tue" chinh la bilu va hanh ddng phii hgp vdi quy luat khach quan (ca quy luat tu nhien va quy luat xa hgi) Khdng phai ngiu nhien ma Manh tir da mugn mdt cau ndi cua ngudi nudc T I de trinh bay tu tudmg ciia dng: "Dau cd tri tue ching bing thira the; ed du dung cu lam rudng ching bing chd thdi"[Cdng Ton Sim, 1] "Thira thi", hay "chd thdi" chinh la nuong theo quy luat tu nhien
46 NGHIEN Cdru DdNG BflC fl sd 1(107) 1-2010
Trang 3Nghien cdru khoa hpc
Thir tu, Manh tOr quan niem dao trong xa
hdi loai ngudi la dao "nhan"['f:i], vi the "tri
tue" la ndng lire nhgn thirc va thue hien dgo
nhdn Trong mdt sd Idi phat bieu, ta Ihay
Manh tir dat "tri" nhu la mdt pham chat ben
canh "nhan" Chang ban, trong chuong Ly
Lau Ihugng, Manh tir ndi: "Yeu ngudi ma
ngudi khdng than ai, hay xet lai long nhan
eiia minh Sai khien ngudi ma ngudi khdng
phuc, hay xet lai tri sang sudt eiia minh Giir
ll vdi ngudi, chang duge dap irng, hay xet
lai thai do ciia minh da du cung kinh chua
Lam bat eir viec gi khdng duge loai nguyen,
diu nen xet lai ban than Ban than ngay
thing, mgi ngudi deu theo ve"[Ly Lau
thugng, 4] 6 day, "nhan", " l l " va "tri" dugc
Manh lir coi la nhirng pham chat can ban cua
ngudi quan tu
Tuy nhien, can phai thay rang, trong quan
niem cua Manh tir, "tri" va "nhan" la hai
pham chat song khdng "ngang hang" va
khdng "ddc lap" vdi nhau Ong quan niem
"tri tue" ehinh la hieu va thue hien dao
"nhan" Hgc khdng biet met mdi chinh la de
dat ldi mue tieu hieu va thuc bien dao
"nhan" Ong ndi: "Cho Ihiet thuc cua dieu
nhan la thd cha me, chd thiet Ihuc cua dieu
nghTa la thuan timg cac bac huynh Irudng,
chd thiet thue eiia tri la biet rd va khdng bd
be hai dieu tren, chd thiet thuc cua le la sap
dat hai dieu tren cho van ve, chd thiet thuc
cua nhac la vui hda hai dieu tren"[Ly Lau
thugng, 27] "Tri" d day cd nghTa la "biet rd
va khdng bd be" hai dilu "nhan" va "nghTa"
"Nhan" la hat nhan ciia toan bd hgc thuyei
Nho gia va mue dich dao "nhan" cua Nho
gia khdng ehi la lam cho "nhan" trd thanh
mdt pham chat can ban trong mdi con ngudi,
ma cdn phai trd thanh mdt gia trj phd quat
tham sau vao mgi quan he, mgi the che trong
xa hdi Neu muc tieu cao nhat ciia Nho gia la
kien tao thanh cdng "con ngudi quan tir" va
"xa hdi dai ddng" thi xet v l thuc chit, dd
deu la nhirng hinh thirc the hien cua "nhan"
Cho nen, khi xac djnh "tri tue" tire la bilu va thuc hien dao "nhan", Manh tir da dua ra mdt yeu cau rat cao ddi vdi nhan Ihue va hanh ddng ciia cac chu the Quan niem nay ciia Manh tir la sir tiep ndi mach ngudn da bat dau tir Khdng tir Khdng tir da tirng ndi:
"Xdm lang chang lay nhan hau lam tdt dep Chgn nha de d ma khdng dac biel quan lam den dieu nhan, sao ggi la ed tri? Oi, nhan la ludc vj cao quy cua trdi ban eho, la can nha yen dn cho ngudi cu ngu vay Khdng ai ngan can, vay ma cir an d bat nhan, la ke bat tri vay Bat nban, bat tri, vd le, vd nghTa, ngudi nhu the chi lam day Id ngudi thdi"[Cdng Tdn SOru ihugng, 7]
Can ndi Ihem la "tri" cd quan he mat thiet vdi "nban", la mdi budc tren eon dudng di ldi "nhan", song nd khdng ddng nhat vdi
"nhan" Neu xep Iheo Ihir bac, nd thap hon, eiing gidng nhu "tri gia" d bac thap ban
"thanh nhan" Manh tir timg so sanh: "Tri gia vi nhu ngudi ban gidi, Ihanh nhan vi nhu ngudi ban manh Cung nhu trong mdt cudc Ihi bin each xa tram budc, ban tdi dich la nhd sire manh, ban Irung dich khdng phai nhd sue manh vay"[Van chuong ha, I]
Thir ndm, cd mdt dieu khdng the khdng
nhin manh trong quan niem cua Manh tir ve
"tri lue", dd la yeu cau phdi tgo nen nhimg sir nghiep vi dgi 6 Iren ta da ndi den yeu
ciu cua Manh tir ve "hgc khdng biet met mdi", v l hiiu va hanh xii diing vdi le "thj, phi", ve hieu va hanh xu phii hgp vdi dao cua lu nhien va dao eiia xa hdi, tire la trong quan niem ciia Manh tir ve "tri tue" thi "tri"
va "hanh" khdng tach rdi nhau Song can phai nhin manh them la Manh tir dae biet chu y din hanh ddng va hieu qua ciia hanh
Trang 4niem ciia Manh lir cho rang nhan, nghTa, le, va xa hdi Ong yeu ciu phai xay dung va tri la bdn dau mdi Idn cua con ngudi, thi d phat huy "tri tue" chan ehinh, nghTa la nang day can ndi rd them la Manh tir yeu cau phai lire nhan thirc va hanh ddng phii hgp vdi quy lam sao "khuech Iruong" bdn dau mdi ay de luat Ong ndi: "Ngudi ta cd ndi ve ban tinh lao nen nhirng sir nghiep 1dm Ong ndi: "He chi cdt xet tdi nhirng dieu san cd ma Ihdi
da cd bdn dau mdi dd d noi ta, ai cung biet Ma gdc cua dieu san cd la d chd thuan tien khuech Iruong chung len, cho thai sung man, Sd dT ngudi ta ghet tri, la ghet d chd xuyen nhu lua mdi nhum, nhu sudi mdi vgt ra Neu lac ma ihdi Neu ngudi Iri ma duge nhu vua
cd the khien chiing sung man, at du bao bgc Ha Vu khoi nudc chay, thi tri chang ed gi ngudi Irong bdn bien; neu khdng the khien dang ghet ca Vua Ha Vu (chi thuan theo ban chung sung iman, chang dii ihd cha tinh cua nudc) chang bay dat viec gi Neu me"[Cdng Tdn Siru thugng, 6] C) mdt chd ngudi tri ciing khdng bay dat viec gi, thi tri khac, khi ban ve mdt nhan vat ljch sir la Ba cung la to tat vay Trdi cao ldng long, cac
Ly He, mdt hinh mau cua bac tri gia thdi ngdi sao tren trdi xa til, nhung neu ta tim loan, Manh lir da ndi: "[Ba Ly He] biel rang bieu nhii'ng dieu san cd, thi ta ed the ngdi Ngu cdng la ngudi khdng the can ngan dng mdi chd ma linh diing ngay ddng chi, ngan
bd sang nudc Tan, liic dd da bay muoi ludi nam sau cung khdng he sai"[Ly Lau ha, 26] rdi Tirng ay tudi ma khdng hieu rang dua Chinh d diem nay, la thay rang Manh tu ndi vao viec nudi bd de tien than vdi Tan Muc rieng, Nho gia ndi chung thuc chat khdng cdng la d nhue, sao dang gg la ngudi tri? Vdi phai la ddi lap ma la cung quan diem vdi ngudi khdng the khuyen can, nen khdng Lao lir ve "Iri tue"
khuyen can, cd the bao la bat Iri dugc chang? * Quan niem ciia Dgo gia vi "tri tue "
Biel rang Ngu cdng sap mat, ma bd di tir Nghien ciru quan niem cua Dao gia ve "tri Irudc, khdng the bao la bat Iri \ ay Liic dugc lue", chiing ldi lap Irung vao trudmg hgp Lao cat nhac d nude Tan, biel rang Muc cdng la tu va "Dao dire kinh"
ngudi cd the ciing lam viec, nen lam tudmg Lao tir hg Li ten NhT, tu la Dam, ngudi giiip cho, cd the bao la bat tri dugc chang? lang Khiic Nhan, huong Le, huyen Ho, nudc Lam tudmg nudc Tan, khien cho vua hien Sd Tac pham ma dng de lai trudc khi di d danh trong thien ha, luu iruyen tdi ddi sau an la "Dao dire kinh" Thdng lin vl cudc ddi
ke kem tai nang cd the lam dugc sao?"[Van dng va lae pham cua dng cd nhilu diim tdn chuong Ihugng, 9] Rd rang, "tri tue" Irong nghi Tuy nhien, cd mdt thuc tl la trong sudt quan niem ciia Manh lir khdng phai chi la mdt thdi ky ljch sir rat lau dai da qua, ten hgc nhu the nao, hieu cai gi, ma quan trgng ludi Lao tir va tac pham "Dao dire kinh" da hon ca la hanh ddng va kien tao nen cai gi giir vai trd la linh hdn cua Dao gia
Hdi lu dii nhirng dau hieu nhu the mdi cd the Nghien cim van ban hgc lac phim "Dao coi la cd "iri lue" dire kinh" chimg ldi thiy chir "tri" xuit hien Cudi ciing, khi ban ve "tri lue", Manh tir tat ea 9 lan Nghien ciru cac doan van ma cung phe phan bien dang ciia "tri tue" la "tri chii' "tri" xuit hien trong dd, cd thi bilu xao", lire la lgi dung nang lire lu duy de dugc mdt phan quan trgng quan niem ciia xuyen lac su that, dao Idn diing sai, nguy tao dng ve "tri tue"
48 NGHIEN Cdru DdNG B^C fl sd 1(107) 1-2010
Trang 5Nghien cdru khoa hpc
Thir nhdt, Lao tir khdng danh gia cao vai
Ird ciia "tri" trong xa hdi Lao lir quan niem:
"Dao Idn bj bd rdi mdi cd nhan nghTa; tri tue
xual hien rdi mdi cd tra nguy; gia dinh bat
hda rdi mdi sinh ra hieu, lir; nudc nha rdi
loan rdi mdi cd tdi trung"[ehuong 18] Nhu
vay, tuy "tri lue" khdng true tiep gay hai,
song lir nd ma sinh ra "Ira nguy" la dieu cd
hai cho xa hdi Tren phuomg dien cai trj qudc
gia, Lao lir eho rang: "Dan sd dT khd Irj la vi
nhieu Iri Cho nen diing Iri de trj nude la cai
hga eho nude, khdng diing tri de trj nudc la
cai phiic cho nude"[chuong 65] Tir quan
niem nhu the, Lao lir chu truong chinh sach
cai trj phai ban che, tham chi loai bd Iri tue
Ong ndi: "Dirt thanh bd tri dan Igi gap tram;
dirt nhan bd nghTa, dan lai hieu lir; din xao
bd lgi, khdng cd Irdm giac"[chuong 19] Bd
tri tue thi dan dugc Igi Bd Iri tue thi ke cd tri
tue khdng dam ndi len Lao lir khang djnh
rang cai trj cua Thanh nhan la lam cho dan:
"ldng Ihi hu iTnh, bung thi no, lam chi thi
yeu, xuong cdt Ihi manh Khien cho dan
khdng biel, khdng mudn, ma bgn tri gia thi
khdng dam hanh ddng Theo chinh sach "vd
vi" thi mgi viec deu trj"[ehuong 3]
Nhu vay, qua that Lao lir chu Iruong eoi
thudng tri tue Nhung tri tue ma Lao lir coi
thudng, virt bd cd nghTa la gi?
Thir hai, de lam rd quan niem ciia Lao lir
vl "tri tue", cin phai bat dau lir quan niem
cua dng ve Dao Hgc thuyei ve Dao ciia Lao
tir rit tinh vi, tham chi ed eho huyen bi Ong
cho ring, Dao la "me cua van vai", nd ed
tinh "dai", tinh "Ihudng", nd "vd sic", "vd
thanh", "vd hinh", nd "chit phac", "lu
nhien" va "phan phuc" Tdm lai, trong tu
tudng ciia Lao tir, Dao la ban nguyen va la
quy luat van hanh cua vu tru Lao lir dae biet
siing bai Dao, siing bai ca cac dac tinh cua
Dao nhu chit phac, tu nhien Ong cho rang
lat ca nhii'ng gi eon ngudi lao ra deu trai vdi sir chat phac, lu nhien tire la deu trai vdi Dao, la danh mat Dao Ong ndi: "Cho nen Dao mat rdi sau mdi cd "dire", "dire" mat rdi sau mdi cd nhan, nban mat rdi sau mdi ed nghTa, nghTa mat rdi sau mdi ed le Le la bieu bien sir suy vi cua Irung bau Ihanh tin,
la dau mdi ciia sir hdn loan"[ebuong 38] Ngay ca ngdn lir, lu tudng - san pham tri tue eiia con ngudi - cung la sir xuyen tac Dao Ngay dau sach "Dao dire kinh" dng da ndi:
"Dao kha dao phi thudmg Dao; Danh kha danh phi ihudng Danh"[cbuomg 1] Nhu vay, thue chat Lao lir phan ddi va ddi virt bd tat
ca nhirng gi do con ngudi lao ra, ke ea ngdn lir, tu ludng, lire la Iri lue, trai vdi Dao, trai vdi lu nhien
Nhung dieu dd eiing ed nghTa khdng phai Lao tir virt bd mgi loai "tri tue"!
De lam rd them y nay, chiing la can chii y den thuyei "vd vi" ciia Lao lir Khi ndi ve Dao Liio tir dac biet nhan manh mdt dae linh ciia nd la "vd vi" Ong ndi: "Dao vTnb ciru thi khdng lam gi (vd vi), ma khdng gi khdng lam (vd bat vi); bac vua ehiia giir duge dao thi van vat se lu bien hda Trong qua Irinh bien hda, lu due eiia chiing phat ra tbi ta diing cai mdc mac vd danh ma Iran ap hien lugng dd, khien eho van vat khdng edn lu due niira Khdng cdn lu due ma tram iTnh thi thien ba se dn djnb"(cbuong 37) Nhu vay, Lao lir chu truong "vd vi", nhung la de hudng tdi "vd bat vi" Ndi each khac, Lao tir phan ddi "hii'u vi", nhung la phan ddi "lam" nhirng gi trai vdi tu nhien de hudng tdi
"lam" nhirng gi thuan theo lu nhien Lam nhirng gi thuan theo tu nhien tbi dudng nhu
la khdng lam, nhung lai la lam nhilu nhit -khdng gi -khdng lam
Vdi mach tu duy nhu the, nlu quan niem
"tri tue" cung la mdt hinh thirc ciia "vi", thi
Trang 6truong "vut bd tri tue", nhung la dl hudng
tdi "vd bat vi", tuc la hudng tdi "tri tue cao
nhat" Qua that, trong "Dao due kinh", Lao
tir da phan biet "tri" va "dai tri", "tri tue" va
"dai tri tue" Mot trudng hgp ciia "tri" dugc
Lao tir xac djnh: "Tri nhan gia tri, tu tri gia
minh", tire la: "Ke biet ngudi la ngudi ed tri,
ke tu biet minh la ngudi sang sudt"[ehuong
33] Cdn ve "dai tri", dng ndi: "Phac tan tac
vi khi, thanh nhan dung chi, tac vi quan
trudng, cd dai tri bat eat", tuc la: "Gd chua
deo, xe ra thanh do diing; thanh nhan giir
thuan phac ma dieu khien tram quan, cho
nen ke dai tri thi khdng chia eat chi
Ii"[ehuong 28]
Thir ba, nhu vay la ve thuc chat, Lao tir
chii truong vut bd thu tri tue khdng phii hgp,
tham chi xuyen tac Dao, nhung ddng thdi lai
de cao thu tri tue phii hgp, trung thanh vdi
Dao Lao tir khdng ban sau ve tri lue, nhung
rd rang, ta cd the thay dng mong mudn eon
ngudi phai dat tdi dgi tri tue Vdi ehii truong
"vd vi nhi vd bat vi", tire la ehii truong nhan
manh nhieu den hdnh dpng, ndi ham eiia "tri
tue" theo quan niem cua Lao tir ciing lap
trung nhieu hon vao hanh ddng phii hgp vdi
Dao, hon la nhan thuc phii hgp vdi Dao
Sinh thdi Lao tu phe phan nhieu quan
niem cua Nho gia, nhung vdi quan niem cho
rang tri tue cao nhat la nhan thire va hanh
ddng hgp vdi dao tu nhien, thi ve thuc chat,
Lao tir lai ed chung quan diem vdi Nho gia
* Quan niem eiia Phdp gia ve "tri tue "
Trong khudn khd bai viet nay, chiing tdi
chua cd dieu kien nghien cuu day dii quan
niem ciia cac nha tu tudmg thudc phai Phap
gia nhu Thuong UTdng, Than Dao, Than Bat
Hai va dac biet la Han Phi tu Chiing tdi chi
lira chgn nghien cuu trudng hgp Tuan tir
Ong la nha Nho, nhung tu tudng ciia dng lai
chinh la thay hgc cua Han Phi tu, ngudi da tap dai thanh tu tudmg Phap gia
Tuan tir (298-238 tr.CN), hg Tuan, ten Hudng, tu la Khanh, ngudi nudc Trieu Tu tudmg ciia dng dugc trinh bay trong tac pham
ed ten la "Tuan tu"
Trong sach "Tuan tu" cd tat ea 9 lan chir
"Iri" xuit hien Khai quat lai, ed the thay quan niem ciia Tuan tir ve "tri" nhu sau:
Thu nhdt, Tuan tu quan niem "tri tue" la
nang luc nhan thuc phii hgp vdi the gidi, sir vat Ong phan biet "tri" va "tri" de lam ndi bat ndi ham cua "tri": "Nang lire diing de nhan Ihue sir vat ma con ngudi vdn cd ggi la
"tri", nang luc nhan thuc cua con ngudi phii hgp vdi sir vat d the gidi ben ngoai ggi la
"tri" Nang lire diing de thich ung vdi ngoai vat ma con ngudi vdn cd ggi la "nang" (ban nang) Ban nang phii hgp vdi the gidi sir vat ggi la nang (tai nang)"[chuomg Chinh danh]
Cd the ndi, Tuan tir la nha triet hgc da dua ra quan niem rd rang nhat ve "tri tue" Trong quan niem ay, tinh chat duy vat the hien kha
rd
Thir hai, de cd dugc tri tue, con dudng
duy nbal la hgc tap Tuan tu chia ket qua hgc tap thanh ba hang la ke sT, quan tur va thanh nhan Day ddng thdi ciing la nhumg trinh do bieu hien khac nhau cua tri tue Trong chuong Nho hieu, Tuan lir vilt: "(Cd ngudi hdi:) tdi mudn tir thip hen biln thanh cao quy, tir ngu xuin biln thanh thdng minh (tri tue), tir ban ban biln thanh giau sang, cd thi dugc chang? Tra Idi ring: dai khai chi cd dua vao hgc tap ma thdi Viec hgc tap nay:
da hgc dugc "dao" lai cd thi thuc hanh nd, ggi la ke sT; ddi vdi "dao" cd thi ngudmg md mgt each thanh thuc, ggi la quan tu; cd thi hiiu dugc thuc chit cua "dao", ggi la thanh nhan"
50 NGHIEN Cdru DdNG BflC fl sd 1(107) 1-2010
Trang 7Nghien cdru khoa hpc
Thu ba, tri tue cd vai trd rat quan Irgng
ddi vdi eon ngudi va xa hdi
Ddi vdi mdi ea nhan, neu khdng ed tri tue,
hoac hieu sai ve tri tue, thi hau qua that to
Idn Trong chuong Vinh nhue, Tuan tu ndi:
"Tat ea nhirng ngudi thich diu tranh nhit
djnh deu cho rang minh la diing, cdn ngudi
khac la khdng dung Neu nhu minh qua thue
la dung, ngudi khac qua thai la khdng diing,
nhu the tire la ndi rang minh la quan tir edn
ngudi khac la lieu nhan; dem "quan tu" va
"tieu nhan" ra ma lien hanh dau Iranh, lan
hai lan nhau Ddi vdi ben dudi da quen mat
sinh menh eiia minh, ddi vdi ben trong da
quen mat ngudi than ciia minh, ddi vdi be
tren da quen mat quan ehii eiia minh, nhu the
le nao khdng phai la thua mdt each tham hai
hay sao! cdn cd the eoi dd la minh tri duge
hay sao?"
0 quy md xa hdi, ciing vdi mdt sd pham
chat khac uu tu khac, tri tue dugc Tuan tir
eoi la diem lira de cd the thu phuc, binh thien
ha Ong ndi: "Trdi sinh ra biel bao ngudi,
mdi ngudi deu cd dugc dao ly ve dja vj cua
minh Tu tudng y thirc dac biel Idt dep, dao
dire pham hanh dae biet cao day, lu duy Iri
tue dae biet thdng minh man tiep, day la
nhirng diem tua ma thien tu dimg de thu
phuc thien ha"'
Nhin ldng the, tuy Tuan tu khdng di sau
ban luan ve tri tue, song nhirng quan diem
cua dng ve van de nay lai kha rd rang va
Idgic Day la co sd quan trgng de sau nay
hgc trd dng la Han Phi tir tiep tuc xay dung
nen hgc thuyll Phap tri mang linh duy ly sau
sac
* Quan niem cua Binh gia ve "tri tue "
Ndi din Binh gia, ngudi ta nghT ngay den
"Binh phap Tdn tu" Cac nha nghien cim
Tuan lit loan thich, Tam Ho^n xudt ban xS xuat ban,
1991, tr 46
tren the gidi deu nhat tri vdi nhau rang, Tdn tir binh phap la mdt bd binh thu, ddng thdi cung la mdt tac pham triet hgc - triet hgc thue tien, triet hgc quan sir, Iriel hgc img dung Ddng thdi, theo chiing tdi, day cung la tac pham phan anh nhihig quan diem co ban cua Binh gia ve tri tue
Trong "Binh phap Tdn tu", Tdn Vu xac djnh viec binh la viec 1dm ciia qudc gia, la chdn sinh tir, la dao tdn vong, bdi the khdng the khdng xem xet ky ludng Mue tieu cao nhat cua viec binh la gianh thang Igi, nhumg chinh vi tam quan trgng ciia nd, Tdn Vii cho rang, thugng sach la danh bang muu ke, thir den la danh bang ngoai giao, ke dd la danh bang quan lire va ha sach la danh pha thanh luy Mudn gianh thang lgi trong viec binh, khi ma thugng sach la danh bang muu ke, bang ngoai giao, thi rd rang "tri" ed vai trd dac biet quan trgng
Quan diem coi trgng chir "tri" ciia Tdn Vii the hien ngay trong chuong md dau cua
"Binh phap Tdn lir" Ong xac djnh nam nhan
td Idn can can nhac trong chien tranh, dd la Dao, Thien, Dja, Tudng va Phap Dao la lam eho tren dudi ddng ldng, ciing sinh eiing tu; Thien la thdi tiet nhu ngay dem, ndng lai, V.V.; Dja la sir xa gan cua vj tri dja ly, du khd dl eiia dja hinh, v.v.; Phap la menh lenh,
ky luat, quan nhu, quan eu Tat ca xoay quanh nhan td trung lam la Tudmg Theo Tdn
Vu, Tudng phai la ngudi hdi du nam phim chat CO ban la tri, tin, nhan, dung, nghiem Nhu vay, "tri" ehinh la phim chit hang diu cua ngudi lam tudmg - la nhan td trung tam eiia viec binh Trong "Binh phap Tdn tu", ta thay xuat hien nhiimg khai niem nhu "tri ludng", "tri gia", "tri danh", v.v., tit ca diu duge diing de ehi vj tudmg cd "tri"
Trong "Binh phap Tdn tir", "tri" dugc Tdn Vii quan niem bao gdm hai cip do:
Trang 8la nang lire nhan thirc va hanh ddng phii hgp
vdi quy luat Quy luat ma Tdn Tir de cap den
trong "Binh phap Tdn lir" bao gdm lir cac
quy luat cua lu nhien va cac quy luat ciia
chien tranh Tat ca deu mang tinh bien
chimg sau sac Tdn Tir sir dung pham trii
"bien" de dien dat tinh bien chirng cua quy
luat lu nhien va quy luat chien tranh Cai ggi
la "phii hgp" vdi quy luat d day chinh la phii
hgp vdi ban tinh bien chimg khach quan nay
Thu hai, la "tri muu" tire la muu luge de
giang thang Igi cu the trong chien tranh Neu
d cap do thir nhat, "bien" la pham chat can
cd ciia "tri", thi den cap do thir hai, bieu hien
eu thi cua "bien" la "tra", "nguy" Tdn Vu
ndi: "Binh bit yem tra", va "Binh gia, nguy
dao da" Cai ggi la "tra", "nguy" d day thuc
chat la nang lire tu duy va hanh ddng a Irinh
do rat cao tren eo sd da nam chac linh hinh
thuc le cua hai ben va cac quy luat bien hda
ciia lu nhien va ciia chien tranh
Neu so sanh quan niem cua Binh gia "tri
tue" vdi quan niem ciia cac trudng phai khac
la cd the thay linh chat thuc le, Ihuc dung la
dac diem ndi bat
Nhumg luan diem cua cac nha triet hgc
ban ve "Iri" luy chua phai la can eir day dii,
song cung la can cir co ban, quan trgng de
khai quat nen quan niem cua hg ve "tri lue"
Vdi tinh than nhu the, cd the so bd xac djnh
ndi dung quan niem ve "tri tue" ciia cac nha
triet hgc lieu bieu Ihdi Tien Tan nhu sau:
Thir nhdt, tri tue la nang lire nhan thiic
chan Ihuc, den tan ban chat va quy luat cua
hien thuc khach quan ben ngoai con ngudi
va trong chinh ban than con ngudi
hgp vdi nhan thire chan thuc da cd ve hien thuc
Thir ba, tri tue the hien d nhiing ky tich
trong hien thuc (nhu thue hien dugc dao nhan, xay dung nen ngudi quan tii, xay dung nen xa hdi dai ddng, Ihu phuc dugc ca thien
ha, gianh thing Igi trong nhirng cudc chien Iranh, v.v )
Thir tu, tri tue hoan loan cd the bdi dap,
xay dung nen, chii khdng phai la nang lire san cd, bat bien
"On ed Iri tan" - nghien ciiu quan niem trill hgc truyin thdng gdp phan cung cap co
sd tu tudmg, ly luan cho viec nhan thirc va giai quyet van de xay dung, phat huy ngudn lire tri lue, phuc vu sir nghiep chan hung dat nudc hien nay
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1 Chu Hy: Tir thu tap chii, Nxb VHTT., Ha
Npi, 1998
2 Tu Ma Thien: Sir ky, Nxb VHTT, Ha Noi,
2003
3 Nguyen Hien Le: Lao tir - Dgo dire kinh,
Nxb VH, Ha Npi, 1994 ^
4 Vd kinh thdt thu, Nxb CAND, Ha Noi,
1998
5 Tudn tir todn thich, Tam Hoan xuat ban xa
xuat ban, Hd Nam, 1991
6 Phan Ngpc (dich): Hdn Phi tir Nxb VH,
Ha Ndi, 2001 ^
7 Mac tir, Trung Hoa phudng chiic xuat ban
xa, Bic Kinh, 2007
52 NGHIEN Cdru DdNG BflC fl sd 1(107) 1-2010