Mpt tac gia chuyen nghien cQu ve ngUdi Hoa cl Viet Nam va Dong Nam A da nhan xet: "Trong thdi ky Ddng DUdng thupc Phap, ngUdi Hoa da ddng mpt vai trd khd quan trpng trong cae li[r]
Trang 1QUAN HE THl/dNG MAI VIET NAM
(Tii'p theo vd hit)
NGUYfiN VAN KHANH*
5 Quan h e thiftfng mai vdri P h i l i p p i n e s
Trong sud't nhQng ndm 1930, tri gia
hang Ddng DUdng nhap khfiu tQ
Phlippines chUa bao gid dat ngUdng 2 tripu
F va tri gia xua't khau eua Ddng DUdng
hiem khi vUdt qua 30 trieu F
Cac mat hdng chfnh ma Ddng DUdng
nhdp khfiu la xi ga, thQng, chao, may, song
Tri gia hang nhap khfiu thfip: nam 1935 la
0,2 trieu F; nam 1936 la 0,1 trieu; nam 1937
la 2 tripu F va nam 1938 la 1,1 tripu F
Trong thdi gian tQ 1932- 1934 va
1942-1945, Ddng DUdng khdng cd quan he giao
thUdng vdi Philippines (22)
Ddng DUdng xufit khfiu sang Philippines
nhQng mat hang chii yeu nhQ gao, than da,
xi mdng, ngdi Tri gia hang xufit khfiu eua
Dong DUdng nhU sau: nam 1937 la 5 tripu
F; nam 1936 la 29 trieu F; ndm 1937 la 20
trieu F va 1938 la 16 tripu F
TQ ndm 1913- 1941, can can thUdng mai
ludn nghieng ve Ddng DUdng, gia tri hang
xufit cua Dong DUdng ldn hdn so vdi eiia
Philippines (23)
6 Quan he thiftfng mai vdi Singapore
Quan he thUdng mai vdi Singapore vfin
dUdc duy tri vd phat trien kha manh
NhQng mat hang chfnh ma Singapore xufit sang Ddng DUdng la sap ong thd, bd, trai cay, cau khd, r a u tUdi, thie'e, sdi day, thOng, chao, tui day Tong gia tri hdng jcufit khfiu cua Singapore vao Ddng DQdng nam
1935 la 33.400 tan, tri gia 102 tripu F; nkm
1936 la 22.000 ta'n, tri gia 109 tripu F; ndm
1937 la 22.000 tfin, tri gia 58 tripu F; ndm
1938 la 16.000 ta'n, tri gia 64 tripu F (24) Singapore la mpt thi trUdng xufit khau quan trpng cua Ddng DUdng Nhiing mdt
hang xufit khfiu chfnh cua Ddng DUdng la
bd va bd sQa, ldn, trQng gia cfim, ca khd (Qdp mudi, hun khdi), tdm khd, gao vd cac chiet xufit khac tQ gap, cao su, gd tech, xi mdng, than da, quang thidc
Nam 1936, Ddng DUdng xufit sang Singapore 92.000 tfin hang, tri gia 109 trieu F; ndm 1937 Id 156.000 tfin, tri gia
196 tripu F; nam 1938 Id 141.000 tfin, tri gia 277 trieu F (25)
So sanh cfin can xufit nhap khfiu, lpi thd xufit khfiu ludn ludn nghieng ve Dong DUdng Trong giai doan tQ 1926- 1930, 1937- 1941, chenh lech xufit khfiu giQa
Ddng Dudng vd Singapore \k kha ldn TQ
nam 1942- 1945, quan hp thUdng mai giQa Ddng DUdng va Singapore bj gian do^n do chien tranh (26)
"GS TS TrQdng Dai hpc KHXH&NV-DHQG HN
Trang 2Quan he thuang mai Viet Ram - chau A 27
Bang 2: Phan gao ciia Dong DUcfng xuat khau vao
thi triidng chau A tQ 1913-1943) (27)
Nam
1913
1918
1923
1928
1933
1938
1943
Tdng xua't khau (trieu tan)
1,3 1,6 1,3 1,8 1,3 1,1 1,0
Xuat khau sang chau A trieu tan
0,9
1,5 •
1,0 1,1 0,6 0,3 1,0
trieu F
370
490
680
930
210
270
1.200
Ty le (%)
69
93
77
61
46
27
100
7 Mot so m a t h a n g xuat khau c h i n h
Trong sud't thdi ky Phap thupc, gao luon
la mat hang xuat khau cd gia tri cao nha't b
Viet Nam Viet Nam da trd thdnh mot
trong nhQng nUdc xuat khau gao ldn nha't
tren the gidi, trong dd chau A chiem thi
phfin ldn nhat
Hdng Kong, Nhat Ban, Trung Quo'e va
Singapore la nhQng nUdc va vung lanh tho
nhap khau gao ldn nha't ciia Viet Nam,
trong dd Hdng Kong tiep nhan chii yeu
lUdng gao xua't khau gao tQ Bfic Ky Thang
12 nam 1901, sdlUdng xuat khau gao b Bfic
Ky tQ cang Hai Phdng la 25.043 tan Chi
rieng ngay 5 thang 5 ndm 1902, lUdng gao
xua't sang Hdng Kong la 1.876 tan (28)
Tdng san lUdng gao Viet Nam xua't sang
Trung Qudc va Hdng Kong dat 775.000 tan
trong nhQng ndm 1922-1926, va dat
530.000 tan trong thdi ky 1933-1937
Nam 1919, tdng sd gao xuat tQ Ddng
DUdng, chu yeu la Nam Ky la 967.000 tan;
nam 1924, tdng len 1.230,000 tan, den ndm
1928 da len tdi 1,798.000 tfin Tfnh chung
tQ 1919-1929 cd gfin 16 tripu tan gao va cac
san pham tQ gao da xua't cang tQ Dong
DUdng Ludng gao xua't khfiu vao Hdng
Kong chiem tdi 40,3%, tiep theo la
Inddnexia 9,8%, Trung Qudc 8,7%, Nhat Ban 8,2% va Singapore 5,9% Ndm 1930, sd lUdng gao cua Ddng DUdng da chiem tdi 30-40% tdng lUdng gao nhap khfiu cua Trung Quo'e, bang 1/4 so' gao xua't khau cua the gidi (29)
Den nhQng nam 1925-1933, do tac dpng cua cupe khiing hoang kinh te the gidi, gao Viet Nam khdng xua't khau dUdc nen bi sut gia nghiem trpng Ngoai ra, gao Viet Nam eon phai chju sUc dp canh tranh rat ldn tQ gao Thai Lan va Mien Dien Viet Nam mat dan thi phan xufit khau gao d Nhat Ban, Philippines, Malaixia va Inddnexia
Hoa thUdng vfin lung doan thi trUdng xuat khau gao d Viet Nam: "Gidi dai tU ban ngUdi Hoa d Chd Ldn, chu ciia bdn nghiep doan chi'nh thQc va hdng chuc hpi kinh doanh ft nhieu bf hiem, dac biet Id hpi day quyen iQc eua nhQng ngUdi buon ban thdc (80 hpi vien nam 1930) Khoang 40 ngUdi Hoa va 11 nha budn Phap da dam nhan hdn 80% lUdng gao xua't khau" (30) Nam
1938, gidi chii ngUdi Hoa sd hQu 25 tren tdng sd 27 nha may gao chay bfing hdi nUdc
ed cdng sua't hdn 100 C.V va gfin nhU toan
bp thuyen chd thdc tren cac kenh raeh Nam
Trang 328 Rghien cihi Ljch sit s6 4.2009
Bang 3 Phan xuat khau than da ciia Dong Dvtdng vao chau A
trong tdng so than xuat khau (1913-1943) (31)
Nam
1913
1918
1923
1928
1933
1938
1943
Tong xuat khau (trifu tan)
0,4 0,3 0,7 1,1 1,3 1,6 0,2
Xuat khau sang chau A trieu tan
0,3 0,3 0,6 1,0 1,2 1,3 0,2
trieu F
22
30
55
96
43
76
21
Ty le (%)
75
100
86
91
92
81
100
Ky Hp dam n h a n cac khau tQ budn ban
thdc gao, xay xat, van chuyen va xufit
khau
Chau A la thi trUdng xufit khfiu than da
ly tudng eiia Viet Nam, trong dd, Nhat Ban,
Hdng Kong va Trung Hoa la nhQng nUde
nhap khau nhieu t h a n nhfit
San lUdng than da trung binh hang nkm
eiia Ddng DUdng xufit sang Nhdt Ban la
44% Trung Quo'e cung la nUde nhap khfiu
than da rat ldn tQ thi trUdng Viet Nam,
chiem gfin mpt n^a tdng lUdng than da
xufit khfiu eiia Viet Nam va Ddng DUdng
trong thdi ky tQ 1913-1938 Tuy nhien, san
lUdng than da xud't sang thi trUdng Trung
Quo'e giam manh trong thdi gian diin ra
The chie'n thQ Hai Trong thdi ky
1913-1928, Hdng Kong cung nhdp khau khfi
nhieu than da tQ Ddng DUdng TQ
1933-1943, san lUdng than da xuat khau tQ thi
trUdng Ddng DUdng sang Hdng Kong bi suy
giam dfing ke (dat dudi 10% tren td'ng sd
than xufit khfiu)
Cao su dupe coi la mdt hdng "vang xanh"
ciia Ddng DUdng Sau The chien thQ Nhfit,
do nhu cfiu eua the gidi tdng cao nen dipn
tfch trdng cay cao su b Vipt Nam tdng
manh Mat hang cao su ngdy cang cd vi tri cao trong he thdng hdng xufit khfiu cua Ddng DUdng Chau A cung la mot trong nhQng thi trQdng nhap khfiu cao su ldn nha't eiia Ddng DUdng
Mat hang cao su xufit khfiu khdng chiem dupe ty le cao so vdi mdt hang gao va ;than
da tren thi trUdng chau A Nguyen nhan Id
do nhu cfiu cao su tren thi trUdng the gidi, ddc bipt la My vd Phap rfit cao Tuy nhien, ldi nhuan thu dUdc tQ viec xua't khfiu cao
su tren thi trUdng chau A vfin cd gia tri cao Nhat Ban la nha nhdp khfiu cao su ldn nhfit eiia Ddng DUdng
TQ nam 1913- 1943, gao, t h a n da vd cao
su ludn chiem khoang 80% tdng gia tri hang xufit khfiu ciia Ddng DUdng vdo thi trUdng chau A, trong dd gao luon Id mdt hdng xufit khfiu chu lUc, cd vai trd d i n dfit nen kinh te Ddng DUdng Ld mdt hang xufit khfiu chien lUdc, gao va cac san phfim tQ gao ludn thu hiit sQ quan tam ciia cac thUdng gia Viet Nam, Trung Qude, Phap vfi chau Au
NhQng nen kinh te cl chau A cd sii phy thupc dang ke vao thi trUdng gao ciia Vipt Nam la Trung Qudc, Nhat Ban, Hdng
Trang 4Quan he thircmg mai Viet Ram - chau A 29
Bang 4 Phan cao su xua't khau vao chau A trong tdng lUdng cao su xua't khau ciia Dong DUc(ng tQ 1913-1945 (32)
N a m
1913
1918
1923
1928
1933
1938
1943
T o n g s a n lifcJng xua't
k h a u (tan)
4.500
6.700 7.200 9.800
18.700 58.000 31.600
X u a t k h a u s a n g c h a u A
t a n 2.000
2.400 3.700
780
4.640 20.000 31.600
t r i e u F
7
9
12 3,2
13,3
65
82
T y le (%)
44
36
51
8
23
34
100
Kong, Singapore va An Do (trong thdi ky tQ
1913-1943, Hdng Kong nhap hdn 50% tdng
so gao xuat khau, Nhat Ban la 20%, An Dp
la 10%, Singapore la 8%o va Trung Qud'c la
7%) (33) ; thi trUdng than da Id Trung
Qud'c, Hdng Kong va Nhat Ban (tQ ndm
1913-1943, Nhat Ban va Trung Qudc da
nhap khfiu 4/5 tdng lUdng than xua't khau
cua Dong DUdng) (34); thi trUdng cao su la
Trung Quo'e, Nhat Ban va Singapore
Rieng ve gao, ngoai cae nUdc ndi tren,
Viet Nam cdn xua't khau sang ca
Inddnexia Ndm 1921, san lUdng gao xua't
khfi'u sang Inddnexia dat 30.000 tan, nam
1931 tdng len 337.000 tan Tuy nhien, den
nhQng ndm 1933-1937, lUdng gao xuat
khau sang nUde nay chi cdn 43.000 tfin
NgUdc lai, Ddng DUdng nhap khau tQ
Inddnexia mpt sd lUdng quan trpng
hydroeaebua (35)
rV MOT VAI NHAN XET
1 Quan he thUdng mai giQa Viet Nam
vdi cac nUdc khae ciia chau a, ddc biet la vdi
khu viic Dong a vd Dong Nam a dd dUde
thiet lap tQ sdm do cd vi tri dja ly gan ke va
nhieu ndt tUdng ddng ve vdn hoa Mdi quan
he truyen tho'ng dd bi kim ham va han che trong mpt thdi gian dudi trieu Nguyen nhUng rdi lai tiep tue dUdc duy tri va phat trien kha manh me vao thdi ky Phap thupc
La thupc dia ldn va mau md nhat eiia Phap, Viet Nam da trd thanh mieng mdi bdo bd eua cac nha tu ban thUc dan trong thdi ky thupc dia De phuc vu muc tieu ldi nhuan cua nha nUdc va cac cong ty tU ban, chfnh quyen thiic dan Phap da tim each md rpng cae quan he giao lUu vd budn ban giQa Viet Nam va eac nUde trong khu viic Dong
A va Ddng Nam A Su md rpng va phat trien manh me mo'i quan he giao thUdng dd vQa phu hdp vdi nhu cau phat trien eua nen kinh te Viet Nam va.eac nUdc trong khu viic, vQa cd dieu kien phat huy ldi the cua thi trUdng tU nhien de trao ddi kinh te nhfim dUa lai lpi nhuan to'i da cho cae nha
tu ban thiie dan Trong Chien tranh The gidi thQ Nha't, quan he thUdng mai giQa Viet Nam vdi chau A phat trien manh do Phap khdng cd kha ndng giQ vai trd doe chiem thi trUdng thupc dia, ma cdn phai lo tham chien d chien trUdng chau Au Den thdi ky Chien tranh The gidi thQ Hai, quan
he thUdng mai giQa Viet Nam, Ddng DUdng
Trang 530 Rghien curu Ljch si2r, sd 4.2009
vdi nude Phap va thi trUdng Ddng Nam A
bi suy giam nghiem trpng Thay vao dd,
Nhat Ban trd thdnh ddi tac thUdng mai dpc
quyen tai Viet Nam
2 Ve quan he ddi tfic, trUdc nhQng nkm
1920, ty trpng buon ban giQa Viet Nam vdi
chau A cao hdn so vdi Phap Trong dd,
Trung Qudc, Hdng Kong, Nhat Ban,
Inddnexia, Singapore, Philippines,
Malaixia va An Dp dUde coi la nhQng doi
tac thUdng mai ldn hang dfiu trong khu vUc
cua Viet Nam NhQng mdt hdng xufit khau
ehinh eua Viet Nam cl chau A la thiic phfim
va nguyen Ueu, trong dd gao, than da vd
cao su la nhQng mdt hang chie'n lUdc
Trong quan he thUdng mai giQa hai ben,
Viet Nam la thi trUdng xuat sieu, cdn chau
A la nhdp sieu Trong thdi ky tQ
1913-1932, hang tQ Ddng DUdng (chii yeu Id Viet
Nam) xufit sang thi trUdng Nhdt Ban bfing
5 Ifin so' hang Nhat Ban xufit sang Ddng
DUdng (36) Trung Qud'c la thi trUdng xufit
khfiu so' mpt eua Viet Nam So' hang cua
Ddng DUdng xufit sang Trung Qud'c chiem
tQ 4%-6% tdng so'hang nhap khau vao nUdc
ndy Tuy nhien, Viet Nam phu thupc qua
nhieu vao nhdm hang thiic phfim va
nguyen lieu, trong khi dd lai phai nhdp
khau nhQng mdt hang che bien tQ eac nQdc
khdc eua chau A Dieu nay eho thfiy sU kdm
coi trong linh vUe edng nghiep nhat la cdng
nghiep che bien cua Viet Nam Den cuoi
thdi Phap thupc, vai trd cua kinh te ndng
nghiep va san xufit thu edng vfin het sQc
ddm trdi b Viet Nam
3 Cae hoat dpng xuat nhap khau cua
Viet Nam tren thi trUdng chau a chu yeu
do tu san nUde ngodi kiem soat, trong dd
ndi bat len vai trd ciia Hoa thUdng Vdi ldi
the am hieu thi trUdng, vd'n vd kinh
nghiem, Hoa thUdng nhanh ehdng chiem
linh va chi phdi hfiu het cac quan he budn
ban ldn b Viet Nam Mpt tac gia chuyen
nghien cQu ve ngUdi Hoa cl Viet Nam va Dong Nam A da nhan xet: "Trong thdi ky Ddng DUdng thupc Phap, ngUdi Hoa da ddng mpt vai trd khd quan trpng trong cae linh viic hoat dpng kinh doanh vd hp cung
da xac lap dUdc vi tri cua minh trong nen kinh te thupc dia, ddc biet la trong eac Hnh vQc thUdng mai, dich vu va giQ dpc quyen trong xuat khfiu lua gao" (37)
The liic kinh te eiia tU san ngQdi Hoa ehdng kdm tU san ngUdi Phap la bao nhieu Chinh P.Riehard Feray, mpt s^ gia Phap cung da khdng dinh rfing: Nganh thUdng mai ndi chung, ngdnh xua't khfiu ndi rieng nfim trong tay thUdng nhan Hoa kieu Neu khdi lUdng hang hoa lUu thdng trong nganh thUdng mai tang tQ 525 tripu F ndm 1911 len 800 tripu F nam 1913 va 1 ty 800 tripu nam 1919 thi phfin thUdng mai do ngUdi Hoa nfim giQ cung tdng tUdng dUdng Id 400 tripu nam 1911, 600 tripu ndm 1913 va 1 ty
500 trieu nam 1919 (38)
s a i Gdn- Chd Ldn la ndi Hoa thUdng cd the lUe manh nhfit: 'Toan bp thUdng mai eua thupc dia vdi Singapore va Trung Hoa
d trong tay ngUdi Trung Hoa, ve nhap khfiu cung nhu xuat khfiu Chi cfin nhin vao chi tiet cac bang thdng ke cua cae phdng thUdng mai Sai Gdn cung n h a n thfiy rfing nhQng sd tien ldn tUdng Qng vdi cac san pham nhQ lua gao, thude phien, td lua, ehd, deu qua tay ngUdi Trung Hoa; chi cd khoang 25% ngoai thUdng thupc ve ngUdi Phap" (39)
Tu san Viet Nam eung ed nhQng cd gfing nha't dinh nhfim gianh quyen kiem soat thi trUdng xuat nhap khfiu Mpt sd" nha tU san Viet Nam da cd gfing kiem soat tuyen dUdng vdn chuyen hang hoa thuy npi dia (Ha Npi - s a i Gdn) vd qudc te (Vipt Nam-Hdng Kong), tieu bieu nhU Nguyen HQu
Trang 6Quan he thuong mai Viet Ram - chau A 31
Thu (d Xam Ky) va Bach Thai Budi (d Bfic
Ky) Mpt s d k h a c da thiet lap quan he budn
ban tnic tiep vdi Campuchia, Lao, Trung
Qudc, Hdng Kong, Singapore va Inddnexia
Hdng ndm cac cdng ty thUdng mai cua tU
san Viet Nam da nhap khau vao thi trUdng
trong nude tQ 3.000 tan den 7.000 tan hang
hoa (40) Hp eung xuat mot lUdng ldn cac
mat hang truyen thd'ng cua Viet Nam ra
thi trUdng khu viic nhU td so'ng, dUdng, che
udng, da trau, bd, gao vd dd theu Tuy
nhien, vai trd eua thUdng nhan ngUdi Viet
Nam van that la nhd be trUde sU nang dpng
va lan ludt ciia tU san nUdc ngoai
4 Viec md rpng quan he thUdng mai vdi
chau A.da mang lai cho Viet Nam nhieu
ldi fch dang ke TrUdc het, no gdp phan
tdng them ngudn thu eho nen kinh te Viet
Nam thdng qua viec xua't khau hang hoa,
ddc biet la hang hoa nong san va khoang
san, von la the manh cua Viet Nam ThQ
hai, nhd md rpng quan he giao thUdng vdi
khu vUc ma Viet Nam da day nhanh dUdc
tdc do hpi nhap vao thi trUdng the gidi
Thong qua cac hoat dpng budn ban tren
thUdng trUdng, ngUdi Viet Nam cd dieu
kien hoc hdi, trao ddi va chia se kinh
nghiem kinh doanh vdi ngUdi nUdc ngoai,
gdp phfin nang cao ndng lUc va sQc manh
canh tranh cua Viet Nam tren thi trUdng
qudc te, dUa Viet Nam chu dpng tham dU
vao nen thUdng mai qud'c te hien dai dang
ngay cang md rpng Ben canh nhQng ldi
ich ve kinh te, viec md rpng quan he giao
thUdng cua Viet Nam vdi cac nUdc trong
khu vUc cdn thuc dfi'y sU giao lUu vdn hoa,
tao dieu kien eho cac tu tUdng mdi, ldi song mdi du nhap vao Viet Nam, lam cd sd va tien de cho sU hinh thanh mpt nen vdn hoa mdi va mpt phong trao dan tpc mang mau sfic mdi d Viet Nam trong thdi ky can dai Tuy nhien, dudi thdi thuoc dia, cac ldi fch kinh te dem lai tQ hoat dpng thUdng mai chu yeu do ngUdi Phap thu hUdng NgUdi Viet Nam dUdc hudng ldi qua ft ngay
ca so vdi thUdng nhan Hoa kieu San pham gao vdn Id ldi the cua Viet Nam, nhUng san lUdng gao xuat khfiu cang ldn thi ddi sdng ciia ngUdi ndng dan cang khd'n khd Hang trieu nong dan Viet Nam bi thieu ddi va chet ddi Rd rang cd mpt sii bat binh dang
to ldn trong viec thu hUdng quyen ldi giQa thupc dia vdi chfnh quo'e, giQa ngUdi san xuat va nha xuat khau Su bat binh dfing
dd cho tha'y, mudn cd ldi fch thiic sU, tranh
sU bat binh dfing trong thUdng mai thi phai
cd dpc lap, tu do, tu chii,
5, Ngay nay, Viet Nam dang iiOn hanh cong cuoc cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda trong bdi canh khu vUc hod va qudc te hoa trd thanh xu the phat trien tat yeu ciia the gidi, Trong dieu kien d6, Viet Nam can duy tri, md rpng va tdng cUdng hdn nQa quan he hdp tdc kinh te va thUdng mai vdi cac nUdc, trUdc het
la vdi khu vUc Dong A va Dong Nam A, vd'n la cac doi tac truyen thdng va giau tiem ndng trong khu viic, Chi cd lam nhU vay, Viet Nam mdi cd the khai thae va tan dung dUdc the manh cua minh de nhanh ehdng hpi nhap vd phat trien trong the ky XXI,
(Xem tiep trang 42)
Trang 742 Rghito curu Ljch sit s6 4.2009
phan biet vdi ngUdi khae NgUdi fiy keu van
xin thdi (chQc Cau dUdng), hdi lau mdi tha
cho; tQ dfi'y khdng ai dam den nhfi thfim
rieng nQa" (10)
Cau chuyen tren thi hipn tinh nghiem
khfic, cdng tam ciia Trfin Thu Dp ngUdi Ifim
quan giQ trpng trfich luc bfi'y gid Ong ludn
CHU THtCH
(1) Dai Viet sd ky todn thU (Toftn thu) Nxb
Khoa hoc xa hpi, Hft Npi, 1972 Tftp II, tr 18
(2) Dcxi Viet sd ky tiin biin Nxb Khoa hpc xa
hOi, Hft Npi, 1997, tr 503
(3) Xem PhCtng Vfin Cudng, Pham Vfin Kinh Mot
tdm bia ddi Trdn mdi diidc phdt hien Tap chi Nghiin
cdu Lich sU, so 156 thang 5-6 nfim 1974, tr 60- 69, 84
ludn dQng ra bao v§ quyen lOi ciia ngudi dan, tQ chdi quydn Idi bfi't chinh cho rieng minh Chinh vipe Ifim ciia Trfin Thii Dp da gdp phfin tao dUng dUdc niem tin gfin kdt ngay trong hfing ngu quan lai, trong nhfin dan vfi giQa dan vdi quan; tao nen sQc manh
vd dich ciia qudc gia Dai Vi^t thdi Trfin
(4) Le Tfic An Nam chi lUdc Nxb T h u | n
H6a Trung tfim vftn h6a ngon ngQ Dong Tfiy, tr
254
(5), (6) Todn thU, sdd, tr 15, 75
(7), (8) Todn thU, sdd, tr 26, 87
(9), (10) Todn thu, sdd, tr 121, 36-37
QUAN HE THl/dNG MAI VIET NAM CHAU A
(Tiep theo trang 31) CHU THICH
(22), (23) Xem Kham Voraphet, sdd, tr 605
(24), (25) Xem Kham Voraphet, sdd, tr 604
(26) C6 t h i chiing minh qua so lifu ciia Bang
91 trong Kham Voraphet, sdd, tr 607
(27) Din theo Kham Voraphet, sdd, tr 613
(28) Bien ban ghi cfic biic di^n gOli TheTng s<i
Bfic Kj^ (1900-1902), CAOM, Fonds RST, ho sd
1B2333, tr 427
(29) Pidrre Brocheux, Daniel H6mery, sdd
Ban djch luu t?ii khoa S i , TrUcing DH KHXH&NV,
DHQG HN, tr 138
(30) Pi6rr« Brocheux, Daniel H6meiy, sdd, tr 137
(31) Annuaire Statistique de I'Indochine
Resume retrospectif Din theo Kham Voraphet, sdd,
tr 616
(32) Kham Voraphet, sdd, tr 620
(33) Annuaire Statistique de I'Indochine
Resume retrospectif D i n theo Kham Voraphet,
sdd, tr 611
(34) Din theo sO'li^u ciia Kham Voraphet, add,
tr 622
(35) Ministdre de I'lnformation, La mise en
vcdeur de I'Indochine Francoise/ZNotes documentaires
et 6tudes, N° 95, 26 Juillet 1945, p 13
(36) Pidrre Brocheux, Daniel H6mery, sdd, tr
201
(37) Chau Thi Hai, NgUdi Hoa Vi$t Nam vA
Ddng Nam A Hinh anh h6m qua vd vi thi hdm nay, Nxb Khoa hpc xfi h$i, Hfi N$i, 2006, tr
234-235
(38) Pifirre-Richard Feray, Le Viitnam auXXi
siicle, Ed., Presses Universitaires de France, Paris
1979, p 45 Xem th§m Lich sd Vi^t Nam, t^p 2,
Nxb Khoa hoc xfi h^i, Hfi N^i, 2004, tr 99
(39) Jean - Pidrre Aumiphin, add, tr 152
(40) Nguyin C6ng Binh, Tim hiiu giai cdp tU
sdn Vi^t Nam diidi thdi Phdp thu^, Nxb Vftn Sii
Dia, Hfi N$i, 1959, tr 109