Song, mdt trong nhQng nguyen nhan quan trgng dUa tdi sii phdn thinh trong quan he budn ban giQa Dang Trong va ngQdi Hoa ehinh la nhQng ehinh sach eua chua Nguyen dd'i vdi viec giao t[r]
Trang 1OUAN HE THl/ClNC MAI CUA DANG TRONG
V6l NGl/dl HOA THE KY XVI-XVIII
NGUYilN TRONG VAN' MAI PHITONG NGOC"
nghiep tren vung T h u a n Hoa, mdt
vung da't "O chau ac dia", t r e n mdt dien
tieh nhd hdn ra't nhieu so vdi hg Trinh, vdi
nhQng cQ dan cd truyen thd'ng van hoa
mang nhieu diem khac biet so vdi ngQdi
Vidt The nhUng, chinh trong bdi canh a'y,
hg Nguyin khdng ehi ton tai dUde tren
vung da't mdi, day lui dUde nhQng cugc ta'n
edng cua hg Trinh trong suo't g i n nQa the
Id, ma cdn md rdng lanh thd' xudng phia
Nam, p h a t trien kinh te, xa hdi Cd dUdc
dien mao dd, chua Nguyen da liia chgn mdt
eon dudng ma chinh eac chua N g u y i n eung
ehua ed nhieu kinh nghiem: dat cUdc the
che' eua minh vao sil h u n g vong cua kinh te
ngoai thudng (1) Trong sd'cae thUdng n h a n
de'n budn ban d Dang Trong cae the ki XVI
- XVIII, ngudi Hoa va ngUdi N h a t ddng vai
trd chinh ye'u Song sU giao thUdng vdi
ngUdi N h a t ehi dien r a m a n h me cho de'n
g i n giQa the ki XVII, khi N h a t Ban thUc
thi ehinh sach ddng cQa da't nUdc, cdn ddi
vdi ngudi Hoa, viee budn b a n cua hg khdng
ehi keo dai ma edn de lai da'u a'n dam net
dd'i vdi sU p h a t trien eua vung da't Dang Trong sud't cac t h e ki sau nay
1 Sach Phu bien tg.p luc cua Le Quy
Ddn ed ghi lai ldi ke ciia rngt Hoa thUdng hg
T r a n cho biet: "Pham hoa v a t san xua't d cac phu T h a n g Hoa, Dien Ban, Quang Ngai, Qui Nhdn, Binh Khang va dinh Nha Trang, dudng t h u y dudng bg, di thuyen di ngUa, deu hdi t a p d phd' Hgi An, vi the ngUdi khaeh phQdng B i c deu de'n t u tap d da'y de m u a ve nudc" (2) Dieu dd cho tha'y luong budn b a n ta'p n a p giQa Dang Trong vdi cac t h u y e n buon ngQdi Hoa ma tam diem budn b a n tai Hgi An Thd'ng ke sd thuyen ngudi Hoa tQ cac nudc Ddng Nam A de'n N h a t vao cae n a m tQ 1647 de'n 1720 cho tha'y cd 203 thuyen, chiem khoang 30%,
la thuyen de'n tQ Q u a n g N a m (3) NhU vay, Dang Trong da trd t h a n h ndi t r u n g chuyen trong viee giao thUdng giQa Trung Hoa va
N h a t Ban Trong cac t h a p nien 1740
-1750, so' t h u y e n T r u n g Hoa budn ban vdi Dang Trong da t a n g len 80 thuyen moi
n a m , khdng ke cae t a u tQ Macao, Batavia
va P h a p De'n ndi, S a p m a n phai thd't len
• PGS.TS Dai hge Vinh
" Dai hoc Vinh
Trang 2Quan hg thtfcmg mai ciia Bang Trong
rang: "Nhu vay, tQ lau nam nay, Trung
Qudc da t h u hiit ta't ca cac tien hac tren
ddi, ngudi Au Tay eung nhu A Dong Sd
thuyen hang nam di de'n Dang Trong
chQng td ra't nhieu la san vat eua sd nay ra't
dQdc Ua chudng d Trung Qud'c" (4)
Ve cac thQ hang mua d Quang Nam dem
di Quang Ddng, Le Quy Ddn chep: 'ThQ
bao ndi cho biet ten cac hang va gia binh
thudng v i n mua thi h i n ndi: "Tue d Quang
Nam ggi 100 can la 1 ta, cau thi 3 quan 1
ta, ho tieu thi 12 quan 1 ta, dau kha'u 5
quan, td mdc (go vang) 6 quan, h a t sa nhan
12 quan, thao qua 10 quan, d mdc (gd mun)
6 quan, hong mdc 1 quan, hoa le mdc (gd
trac) 1 quan 2 tien, te giac 500 quan, yen
sao 50 quan, gan hudu 15 quan, vay ea 40
quan, tdm khd 6 quan, rau bien 6 quan, de
hUdng 12 quan,d6i mdi 180 quan, nga voi
40 quan, ba la ma 12 quan, dudng phen 4
quan, dudng t r i n g 2 quan, edn cac thQ boat
thach, sat, phan kem, hai sam va ma'y tram
vi thudc nam khdng the ke xiet De'n nhu ki
nam hUdng thi 120 quan 1 lang, vang thi
180 quan 1 bd't, td lua thi 3 quan 5 tien 1
ta'm Cdn nhuc que, t r i m hUdng, tran chau
ra't tdt, gia cao ha nhieu khdng nhat dinh
Go tQ dan cung ed, nhUng khdng td't bang
cua Xiem La" (5) Cac lai buon Trung Qud'c
da tim tha'y d Dang Trong ngudn hang dap
iing cho nhu c i u cua sU giao thUdng, dd la
dieu da kich thich hg tham gia trao ddi,
budn ban: "tQ Quang Nam ve thi eac hang
khdng mdn gi khdng ed, cac nUde phien
khdng kip dUdc du tram chie'c tau to chd
cung mdt luc cung khdng het dUdc" (6) San
vat cua Dang Trong phong phu thuan tien
cho viec trao dd'i va phat trien thudng
nghiep Poavdrd trong chuyen di de'n Dang
Trong vao giQa the' ki XVIII da ra't hQng
thu vdi td lua d day Theo dng thi so vdi
Trung Qud'c, td lua Dang Trong hdn b i n ve
p h i m cha't va do tinh te, ngudi Trung Qud'c thu mua ra't nhieu va cd the thu lai dUdc tQ
10 de'n 15% Nghe lam dudng eung ra't phat trie'n d Dang Trong Dudng trd thanh mdt hang hoa ban dUdc ra't nhieu va ngUdi Trung Qud'c ed the thu dUdc lai tQ 30 de'n 40% khi ban mat hang nay (7)
Ve cac mat hang Trung Qud'c dem de'n
Dang Treng, Phu bien tgp luc ghi 'Lai hdi:
"Cae thQ hang tQ Trung Qud'c mang de'n the nao? De'n day gian hoac cd e hang khdng?" H i n ndi: "Ban di chay lam, hang ban nhieu ldi, khdng cd e dgng Hang mang de'n thi sa, doan, ga'm, vdc, vai, cae vi thud'c,
gia'y vang bae, hUdng vdng, cac thQ do giay,
kim tuyen, ngan tuyen, cae thQ pham, y phue, giiy tdt, nhung, dd ra, kinh, pha le, quat gia'y, but, miic, kim, cue ao, cac thQ ban ghe, cae thQ den long, cae thQ do ddng, eac thQ dd sQ dd sanh; dd an udng thi cae loai nhu la che, cam, chanh, le, tao, hong, banh, mien, hot mi, tram mud'i, d i u thai, trQng mudi, tUdng gQng, tQdng nggt, dau phu, rau kim cham, mdc nhi, nam hUdng,
ke cd ngUdi khdng, cung nhau dd'i chae, khdng ai la khdng thoa dUdc sd thich" (8)
Le Qui Ddn eung ghi lai, do Dang Trong khdng ed md ddng nen phai mua ddng eua Trung Hoa va Nhat Ban: "Hai xQ Quang Nam va Thuan Hoa khdng ed md dong, nudc Nhat Ban xua't ddng dd, moi nam thuyen hg de'n thi khien thu mua, moi 100 can gia tien 45 quan Cdn nhu cac tau ThUdng Hai, Phuc Kien, Quang Ddng ed chd ddng dd sang thi eung phai khai bao de theo gia ma mua, sau khi nha nUde mua mdi cho eac tau mua ban" (9)
Dieu kien trUdc tien eiia sU budn ban ehinh la hang hda NgUdi Hoa khdng chi tha'y d Dang Trong mgt ndi cung ca'p ngudn hang giau cd ma edn tim dQdc d dd mdt thi trUdng tieu thu ldn do ngUdi Dang Trong
Trang 342 Rghien cijru Lich si3r sg 9.2009
cung Uu thich nhQng san p h a m Hoa thUdng
dem lai Nhd dam bao yeu c i u d i u tien dd
nen sU trao ddi budn ban h a n g hoa da dien
ra nhdn nhip giQa Hoa thudng va Dang
Trong trong cae the'ki XVI - XVIII
2 Thudng n h a n ngudi Hoa la nhQng
ngudi gidi budn ban, de'n do M.De la
Bissachire phai thQa nhan: "Hg khdn kheo
va tieh cQc de'n ndi hg lam giau n h a n h
chdng hdn b a n thUdng n h a n ban xQ" (10)
Khdng ehi t h a m gia vao viee triic tie'p trao
ddi hang hoa, Hoa thUdng cdn ddng vai trd
"md'i lai" trong eac cudc buon ban vdi
thudng n h a n ngUdi Viet va ngUdi nUde
khac Vi the, sau khi chinh quyen Edo thiie
hien ehinh sach ddng cQa da't nUde nam
1639, thuyen budn eiia N h a t Ban khdng
the xua't dUdng tie'n h a n h giao thUdng thi
viec budn ban d Dang Trong hau nhu n i m
trong tay ngUdi Hoa Sd lUdng Hoa thUdng
d Dang Trong k h a ddng dao Ngay tQ cud'i
the ki XVI, d i u the ki XVII, d vQng Thuan
Quang da hinh t h a n h nhieu khu phd ciia
ngudi Hoa s i m ua't, nhdn nhip: Thanh Ha d
Phu Xuan, phd Khaeh d Hdi An Thi'ch Dai
s a n , mdt nha sU Trung Qud'c da viet ve khu
phd cua ngudi Hoa vao cud'i the ki XVII:
"Hdi An la mgt ma d i u (ben tau) ldn, ndi
tap hgp eua khaeh h a n g cac nUdc chu phd'
thay deu ngUdi Phue Kien, v i n an mac thee
Id'i tien trieu (nha Minh)" (11)
Cd mgt diem eung phai ehu y rang, do
nhQng bie'n ddng cua tinh hinh ehinh tri d
Trung Quo'c, dac biet vao giQa the ki XVII,
khi nha Man Thanh lat dd' trieu Minh,
thd'ng tri Trung Qud'c, ra't nhieu ngQdi Hoa
Nam da bd chay sang nQdc ta d ca Dang
Trong l i n Dang Ngoai Liic lUdng di dan nay
sau khi luu tru da t h a m gia chu ye'u lam
nghe budn ban Hg la nhQng ngUdi da cd
ddng gdp trong viec kien tao dien mao cho
nhieu phd' xa Cd the ke de'n Ndng nai dai phd' ma T r i n ThUdng Xuyen va thudc ha eua dng xay diing nen - dd la mdt thi tran
" t h u i n tuy tinh cha't thUdng nghiep" - 'Thd' ldn Ndng Nai O dau phia Tay bai Dai Phd' Khi mdi khai thac Tran ThUdng Xuyen tudng quan chieu tap lai budn ngUdi Trung Qud'c lap ra phd' xa, nha ngdi tudng vdi l i u cao vdt ma'y t i n g , nic rd ben sdng dudi anh mat trdi, lien tue nam dam, md vach ba dudng phd' Phd' ldn lat dudng da trang, phd ngang lat dudng da ong, phd nhd lat dudng
da xanh, dQdng bang n h u da mai, khaeh budn hgp ddng thuyen bien thuyen sdng,
t r a n h gid bo neo, ldn nhd sat nhau la mdt ndi dai dd hgi Nha budn to giau ehi d day la nhieu" (12) Nghien cQu eua Tran Kinh Hoa eung ehi ra r i n g "Xa Minh hQdng la thdn xdm dac biet do ngQdi Minh thdi cudi Minh
d i u T h a n h di ve phia Nam tdi Hdi An (Faifd) Trung Ki lap nen Hg lap vao trUdc sau nam 1650 Mat khac ten xa Thanh Ha hien nhien la la'y theo Thanh Ha phd d bd sdng Hudng giang phia b i e t h a n h Thuan Hoa Phd' nay eung lap nen cho nhQng thudng n h a n ngUdi Minh di xudng phia Nam vao khoang trUdc sau nam 1640, la cang k h i u va khu thUdng nghiep eua Thuan Hoa the ki 17, 18 Cd ra't nhieu da'u tich khien ngudi ta suy ra r i n g nhQng khu mdi
md n h u Dong Nai, Sai Gdn da thu hut ciia Minh hUdng xa d Hgi An va Thanh Ha xa 5 Thusln Hoa r i t nhieu thUdng n h a n ngUdi Hoa va con ehau ngudi Hoa xudng phia nam budn ban hoac khai thac, cho de'n khi ehua Nguyin lap phu Gia Dinh, ben la'y nhQng ten eua que quan minh ma dat cho nhQng thdn xa mdi lap" (13) Dieu dd cho tha'y thUdng n h a n ngUdi Hoa di dan de'n vung d i t Dang Trong vdi mdt lUc iQdng kha ddng dao,
hg ddng gdp to ldn trong viec phat trien thUdng nghiep, khai thac vung dat mdi
Trang 4Quan h& Ihircmg mai ciia Bang Trong 43
3 XQ Dang Trong cd nhieu dieu kien
thuan ldi cho sU giao thudng 6 day, thd'
san ddi dao, "edn ve hai cang thi that la la
lung, chi trong khoang hdn mdt tram dam
mgt chut ma ngudi ta dem dUdc hdn sau
mUdi cang, ta't ca deu ra't thuan tien de cap
ben va len da't lien La vi d ven bd cd ra't
nhieu n h a n h bien ldn Hai cang dep nha't,
ndi ta't ca ngudi ngoai qud'c deu tdi va cung
la ndi ed hdi chd danh tie'ng chinh la hai
cang thudc tinh Quang Nam" (14) Ngudi
dan xQ Dang Trong vdi truyen thd'ng van
hoa mang nhieu net khac biet so vdi Dang
Ngoai: "hg de dang cho ngUdi ngoai qud'c
vao hai cang cua hg va hg thich thu tha'y
ngudi ta budn ban trong lanh thd' ciia hg"
(15) Vdi Hoa thudng, hg edn nhan tha'y vi
tri tien ldi ciia Dang Trong trong viec budn
ban: "tQ phu Quang Chau do dudng bie'n
de'n tra'n Thuan Hoa, dUdc gid t h u a n thi ehi
ba ngay ba dem, vao eiia Eo, de'n phd'
Thanh Ha d Phu Xuan, vao cQa Dai Chiem,
de'n phd Hdi An d Quang Nam eung the TQ
Quang Chau de'n tra'n Sdn Nam cdn g i n
hdn, chi 1 ngay 2 dem" (16) Vdi vi tri a'y
nen tQ khi vua Muc Tdng nha Minh sau
hdn 200 nam ddng cQa, cho thUdng nhan
dUdc xuat dUdng budn ban vao nam 1567,
nhung lai chi gidi ban trong pham vi vdi
cae nudc Ddng Nam A ma thdi, da bie'n
Dang Trong trd t h a n h mdt vi tri li tudng
cho vai trd trung chuyen trong md'i quan he
giQa ngudi Hoa va Nhat Ban
Song, mdt trong nhQng nguyen nhan
quan trgng dUa tdi sii phdn thinh trong
quan he budn ban giQa Dang Trong va
ngQdi Hoa ehinh la nhQng ehinh sach eua
chua Nguyen dd'i vdi viec giao thUdng ndi
ehung va vdi thUdng nhan ngUdi Hoa ndi
rieng
Cristophoro Borri khi de'n Dang Trong
vao the' ki XVII da n h a n xet rang: "Chua
Dang Trong khdng ddng cQa trUdc mdt qud'c gia nao, ngai de' eho tU do va md cQa cho ta't
ea ngudi ngoai qud'c PhUdng cham cua ngudi Dang Trong la khdng bao gid td ra sd mdt nude nao tren the gidi That la hoan toan trai ngUdc vdi vua Trung Hoa, dng nay
sd ta't ca, ddng cQa khdng cho ngUdi ngoai qud'c vao va khdng cho phep budn ban trong nudc dng" (17) Chinh sach cdi md dd cua ehua Nguyin da tao dieu kien rdng rai cho sii giao thudng Dd'i vdi thUdng nhan ngudi Hoa, ehua Nguyen cdn cd nhieu ehinh sach khuye'n khieh va bao trd budn ban
Ve le thue', so vdi tau phudng Tay va Nhat Ban thi tau Trung Hoa dUde giam
nhe hdn ra't nhieu Phu bien tgp luc chep:
"Xet le thue' do lenh sQ tau cu la Vo Chan Dai ke khai thi tau Thudng Hai le thue de'n
la 3000 quan, thue ve la 300 quan, tau Quang Ddng le thue de'n la 3000 quan, thue' ve la 300 quan, tau Phue Kien le thue de'n la 2000 quan, thue' ve la 200 quan, tau Hai Nam le thue' de'n la 500 quan, thue ve
la 50 quan, tau Tay Dudng le thue de'n la
8000 quan, thue ve la 800 quan, tau Ma Cao le thue' de'n la 4000 quan, thue ve la
400 quan, tau N h a t Ban le thue de'n la
4000 quan, thue ve la 400 quan" (18) Ngoai ra, ne'u "Thuyen gap gid bao bi pha hdng, thi xet xem sd khaeh, eai ba giao eho hdi quan trdng giQ, ca'p phat tien nha nUdc, lUdng thang moi ngUdi 5 tien, ddi khi thuan gid thi cho phu theo cac thuyen ma ve nUdo Dudng" (19) SQ cu cdn ghi lai sii kien thang 7 nam 1682, mgt thudng thuyen Quang Ddng khi rdi Cao Mien ve nude, qua mat be phu can Quang Nam da bi cUdp ma't
ea hang lan thuyen, thudng khaeh phai chay ve luu tru tai Hdi An Chua Nguyen
da tim each la'y lai chie'c thuyen va thUdng khaeh ed the trd ve Quang Ddng trong
Trang 544 Rghien cijru Ljch sJr, s6 9.2009
thang sau n a m sau Nam 1683, mdt ehiee
thuyen cua Hoa kieu gap nan tai q u i n dao
Nam Sa, thuyen bi ehim, ehi edn 76 thudng
khaeh va thuy t h u t h o a t dUdc ve tdi Quang
Nam Chua N g u y i n cung da ehe ho bae,
giup hg mua thuyen va trieu t a p thUdng
khaeh de thiic hien tie'p h a n h trinh (20)
Chua Nguyen cdn sQ dung ngUdi Hoa
trong vec quan li giao thudng Vi ngudi Hoa
ed kinh nghiem trong budn ban nen chua
Nguyin giao cho hg nhieu chQc quan trong
Tau vu ty n h u kiem soat ngoai thUdng, t h u
thue' thUdng thuyen, cQu giup thuyen ngoai
qudc hi gid bao trdi d a t hay nghiem xet can
ludng, dinh gia, lam thdng ngdn eho cac tau
Trung Qud'c va ngoai qud'c Chua Nguyen
da m i i n cho hg cac thQ sQu dich, sQu sai,
quet chd va t u i n dd Ben canh dd, nhQng
khu phd dQdc d a n h eho ngUdi Hda de hg
t h u a n tien treng budn b a n cung la mdt
trong nhQng minh chQng cho ehinh sach Uu
dai cua cae ehua N g u y i n
4 Chinh sii giao thQdng dd da dem lai
nguon ldi ldn chd cae chua N g u y i n va d i t
Dang Trong: "Chua t h u dQdc ldi n h u a n ldn
trong viec budn ban nay b i n g thue hang
hoa va thue' h a i k h a u ngai dat ra va ca
nQdc deu kie'm dQdc ra't nhieu md'i ldi
khdng the ta xiet" (21) Ghi chep cua sQ eu
cho tha'y: "Nam Tan Mao, t a u budn cac xQ
de'n Hdi An 16 chie'c, tien t h u e la 30 800
quan; nam N h a m Thin 12 chie'c, tien thue
la 1 van 4 300 quan; n a m Quy Ty 8 chie'c,
tien thue la 13 200 quan" (22) Chinh
nguon t h u nay da ddng p h i n chinh yeu de
lam eho Dang Trong ed the dugc n h u Le
Quy Ddn n h a n d^nh "dai khai t h u vao du
eung ehi ra" Cung nhd sii giad thQdng ma
ddi sd'ng eua ngUdi dan Dang Trdng dudng
nhu de chiu hdn r a t nhieu se vdi Dang
Ngoai va m a n h da't Dang Trong trd t h a n h
niem md Ude ciia nhQng cU dan dang xieu
t a n vi ddi ngheo Theo Le Quy Ddn ghi lai
"Quan vien ldn nhd khdng ai la khdng nha ciia cham ggt, tudng vach gach da, the man trudng doan, do dac ddng thau, ban ghe' gd dan, go t r i e , chen m a m dd sQ, dd hoa yen cUdng vang bae, y phuc gam vdc, chieu dem may hoa, phii quy phong lUu, dua n h a u khoe dep NhQng s i c mue d dan gian cung mac ao doan hoa b a t ty va ao sa, lUdng, dia lam do mac r a vao thudng, la'y ao vai ao mgc lam ho' then Binh si deu ngoi chieu may, diia qua tila hoa, dm Id hQdng cd', ham che hao hang, ud'ng chen sQ bit bae va nhd d'ng nhd' t h a u , dia b a t an udng thi khdng eai gi la khdng p h a i h a n g Bae, mdt bQa edm
ba bat ldn Dan ba con gai thi deu mac ao the va h a n g hoa, then hoa d ed trdn Coi vang bae n h u cat, thdc gao nhu bun, xa xi ra't miie" (23)
5 Lap nghiep t r e n vung da't mdi, chiia
N g u y i n da cd mdt iQa chgn chUa tiing ed trong lich sQ dan tgc Su lUa chgn dd da dua tdi sil phon t h i n h eua nen ngoai • thQdng trong mgt giai doan dac biet va
"Dieu dang ehu y la, qua t r i n h xay dung ehinh t h e eua c h u a Nguyen cung tQdng hdp vdi thdi ki hoang kim trong q u a n he hai thUdng ehau A Trong lich sQ Viet Nam, ehUa bao gid nen kinh te h a i thUdng lai cd quan he rgng md, da dang va p h a t trien cudng t h i n h nhU giai doan t h e ki XVI -XVII H a u h e t eac cudng qud'c kinh te b i y gid deu de'n va thie't lap q u a n he trao ddi, budn ban vdi Dang Trong" (24)
Cung e i n phai t h i y rang, ehinh sach ngoai thudng cua cae ehua N g u y i n van edn nhieu diem ba't cap, khi t h u tuc le bao tin trd t h a n h mdt nghi thQc q u a n trgng, rudm
ra khie'n cho nhieu t a u budn cam tha'y phien ha Roi chua Nguyen lenh mudn mua thQ gi thi ehi e i n phai cho q u a n cai t a u cQ chieu theo ban ke k h a i dem nop cho kho
Trang 6Q u a n h l fhtrong mai eiia Bang Trong 45
dem di trao dd'i Chi'nh sach trUng tap thg
khdo ciia chua Nguyin cung ban che sQ
phat trien eua cac nganh tieu thu cdng
nghiep, anh hQdng tdi sQ giao thQdng
Poavdrd da ra't b i t ngd khi tai sao td lua
ciia Dang Trdng vd'n ed c h i t lUdng r i t td't,
nhUng nhQng ta'm vai lai ed nhid'u ldi va
tham ehi cd khi edn thd cQng Hdi ra mdi
biet nhQng ngUdi thd "Dang Trong hoan
toan cd the lam theo nhQng m i u ma dep,
song hg da ed' tinh det nhQng ta'm lua cd loi
de chua khdng the trUng tap hg lam viee
phue vu cho rieng nha chua Dd'i vdi Hoa
thudng, sil Uu dai eua ehua Nguyin edn bao
gdm ea viee eho hg dUde quyIn t h u thuS' va
diic tien gia, khie'n Hoa thUdng ed the lung
doan thi trudng Dang Trong 'Vi vay tau
budn cac nUdc khae gap nhieu trd ngai
trong budn ban va hg d i n trd nen thUa thdt
qua lai Cung phai thQa nhan ring, mdt
trong nhQng nhan td' kich thich cae ehua
Nguyen tieh cUc thiic hien viee giao thUdng
la do nhu c i u eho cudc chie'n tranh vdi hg
Trinh d Dang Ngoai Bdi the ma sau cugc
chie'n tranh Trinh - Nguyin, chua Nguyen
khdng cdn mSn ma vdi eac cdng ty tU ban
nhu trudc, nen hai thUdng cQa Dang Trong
cung khdng edn rdng md nhu hdi the ki XVI
va nQa d i u the ki XVII Dieu dd cho t h i y
viec phat tridn ngoai thUdng khdng phai ehi
xuit phat tQ nhu c i u mang tinh chit ndi tai
eiia nen kinh te va cung nhQ vay, ed le
khdng b i n r i n g vi ehua Nguyin nao eung ed
dUdc " chu trUdng md rdng va day manh
quan h§ hai thUdng dd chd tha'y t i m nhin
chie'n lUdo cua cac chua Nguyen trdng vige
n i m b i t xu the phat trien eua thdi dai" (25)
Da danh la nhU vay, nhQng cung that
khd de ddi hdi cac chiia Nguyin cd the lam
dQdc nhieu hdn the Cac ehua Nguyin da la
nhQng ngUdi di d i u md ra nen ngoai thudng p h a t trien, mdt hien tUdng duy nha't cho de'n trUdc khi nUdc ta bi thilc dan phUdng Tay xam luge Tao gia Hu}>nh Cdng Ba da chi ra r i n g "cung khdng phai
n g i u nhien ma cac chua Nguyin lai cd tU tudng phdng khoang nhU the' Chinh la do
ca mdt trao luu hdi n h a p van hoa Viet -Cham tQ phia n h a n dan tac ddng tdi" (26) Manh da't Dang Trong, ndi Khd'ng giao khdng cdn giQ dUdc vi the ddc tdn eua nd,
da bQa hen r i t nhieu ddi vdi sU phat trien ciia nhQng iQe iQdng mdi, xu the mdi Sdng, eung khdng phai d l dang de cac ehua Nguyen, tQ ngUdi khdi nghiep la ehua Nguyin Hoang, vQdt qua dUde sQ
"giam ham eua nen van boa Thang Long, bdi eai khudn "md pham" ehinh thd'ng cua nd" (27) de vQdn len thilc thi mgt chinh sach rdng md vdi sQ giao thQdng Phai hieu bad sQ khdi dau gian nan mdi them
t r a n trgng cdng sQc eua nhQng cen ngQdi
da tad nen ki tieh a'y
Nhieu hge gia da chi ra r i n g tinh nang ddng va mem deo ciia cac chua Nguyin that thich hgp vdi viec phat trien xa hgi Dang Trong khi hg cdi md hdn trUdc cac cd hgi tQ ben ngoai va ed tinh hUdng ngoai hdn so vdi dd'i thu eua hg la hg Trinh d phUdng Bie Bdi the, "Dang Trong, ra ddi trong ndi chie'n, bie'n m i t trong ngi chien, nhUng Dang Trong
da dinh hinh lai Viet Nam trong mgi quy md
ed the" (28) Va nhU vay, viee nghien cQu ve nhQng mdi quan he giao thQdng ciia eac chua Nguyin edn de lai ehe ehung ta nhieu suy n g i m ve nhQng bai hge trong edng cudc xay diing da't nQdc hdm nay
(Xem tiep trang 79)
Trang 7Vien Vien Sdng Bae ed Phap 79
CHU THICH
(1) Philippe Papm Vien Viin B6ng Bde Co
Phdp vdi viec nghien cdu Viet Nam Tap chi Xda
vdNay, so 45, thang 11-1997, tr 7
(2) T r i n Duy EFEO - Trddng Viin Bong Bde
CdPhdp, H4 Noi, 2003, tr 4-5
(3) Din theo Nguyen Van TrUclng Ky niem
100 ndm ngdy thdnh tap Trddng Vien Bong Bde cd
Tap chi Xda vd Nay, so 78B (8-2000), tr 35
(4) D i n theo Nguyin Van TrUdng Ky niem
100 ndm ngdy thdnh lap Trddng Vien Bdng Bde cd Tap chi Xda vd Nay, so 78B (8-2000), tr 35 (5) Vien Vien Dong Bae Co Phap 90 ndm nghien cdu vi vdn hod vd lich sd Viet Nam, Nxb,
Khoa hoc xa hoi Ha Noi, 1995, tr 119
(6) T r i n Duy EFEO - Trddng Viin Dong Bde CdPhdp, sdd, tr 6
CHU THtCH
(1), (23), (24), (25) Nguyen Van Kim, Xd Ddng
Trong trong cdc mdi quan he vd tddng tdc quyin
lite khu vdc, trong cuon Khoa hge xd hgi Nam Bo,
Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi, H^ Noi, 2007, tr 173, 180,
181, 176, 175
(2), (5), (6), (8), (9), (16), (18), (19), (22) Le Quy
Don, Phu bien tgp tuc, Vi^n sQ hoc dich, Nxb VSn
hoa thong tin, H4 Npi, 2007, t r 295, 294, 296, 278,
291, 292
(3), (28) Li Tana, Xd Ddng Trong lich sd kinh
te xd hgi Viet Nam the ki 17 vd 18, ban dich cila
Nguyen Nghi, Nxb Tre, 1999, t r 100, 219
(4), (7) T h i n h ThS' Vy, Ngogi thddng Viet Nam
hii theky XVII-XVIII vd ddu theky XIX, Nxb Sil
hoc, Hk Noi, 1961, tr 243, 238
(10) Do Bang, Phdcdng vitng Thuan Qudng theki
XVII-XVIII, Nxb Thu4n Hoa, Hue, 1996, tr 125
(11), (20) Huynh Lfla, Gdp phdn tim hieu viing
da't Nam bg cdc theki XVII, XVIII, XIX, Nxb Khoa
(Tiep theo trang 45)
hoc xa hoi, Hk Noi, 2000, tr 245, 233, 234 (12) Trinh Hoai DUc, Gia Dinh thdnh thdng chi Do Mong KhUdng, Nguyen Ngoc Tinh dich,
Nxb Giao due Ha Noi, 1998, tr 194
(13) T r i n Kinh Hoa, T4n quan Trinh T h i n h Cong thdi Thanh sd di dan vao Nam ki, quyen
ha, n i t trong Tdn A hge bdo ky 2 quyin 8, tai li$u luu tai thu vign Khoa hoc xa hoi, Hk Noi, 1968,
tr 44
(14), (15), (17), (21) Cristophoro Borri, Xd Ddng Trong ndm 1621, Hong Nhud, Nguyen Khic Xuyen vk Nguyen Nghi dich, Nxb Thanh pho Ho
Chi Minh, 1998, t r 90, 91, 88, 92, 93
(26), (27) Huynh Cong Ba, Hieu them vi khdi niem "Nam tien" td trong cdng cugc khai khdn Thuan Hod hdi trung the ki, Tap chi Nghien cdu Lich sd, so 4 (323), Trich trong t4p Tap chi Nghien cdu lich sd, nam 2002, luu tai Thu vien Vien SOl
hoc, tr 85