Ha Tien la mdt diem s i n g dac biet: "Sud't vflng duyen hai n i m trong vinh T h i i Lan, cho den eudl the ky XVII, trung tam thfldng mai ndi tieng nha't la mdt cing sdng cfl[r]
Trang 1Quan he Ha Tien - Thuan Hoa
thdi ky khai thiet dong bang mien Tay (tCr dau den nura sau the ki XVIII)
D A N G HOANG GIANG*
Tfl the ky XVI, chinh quyen Thuan
Hoa bat dau day manh chien Ifldc
Nam tie'n Vao eudl the ky XVII, ngfldi
Viet da cd mat tai mien Ddng Nam Bd
ngay nay Nam Mau D i n (1698), ddi chfla
Nguyen Phfle Chu, thd'ng sua't Nguyen
Hflu Canh vae kinh Iflde da't Nam Bd, lap
hai dinh Phien Tran (Gia Dinh) va Tran
Bien (Bien Hda)
Sfl kien 1698 trd thanh cdt md'c quan
trpng tren bflde dfldng Nam tien cua hp
Nguyen Sau hanh trinh g i n 100 nam, cfl
dan Viet da xie lap dfldc chd dflng tren
vflng Ddng Nam Be Vdi mdt the lflc dang
tren da ldn manh, chfla Nguyen han cdn
mud'n vfldn xa tdi nhflng vflng da't bd ngd
eua ddng b i n g mien Nam Va lai, sfl suy
theai eua he thd'ng thfldng mai ven bien
mien Trung cang thuc day ngfldi Viet
chiem linh vflng ddng b i n g mdi d phia
Nam, nha't la khi chflng dem ve q u i nhieu
ngudn ldi: "Tfl d i u the'ky 18, mdt sd'Ifldng
ldn thde gad da bat d i u dfldc s i n xua't tai
ddng b i n g nay va sdm trd thanh mat
hang trad ddi chinh cua vflng S i n xua't
thde gao vdi muc dich thfldng mai chac
chin la mdt trong nhflng giai doan quan
trpng nha't cua Dang Trong vao the ky
XVIII va la mdt bie'n cd' cd y nghia trong lich sil Viet Nam Nd da trd thanh ddng
cd thflc day bflde p h i t trien xa hdn nfla xud'ng phia Nam eua ngfldi Viet Nam va tae ed hdi day trpng tam kinh te xud'ng phia Nam Ta't ea nhflng thfl dd eflng du
de che dp hp Nguyen gia tang nd lflc dfla
ddng b i n g sdng CvLu Long vao trong he
thd'ng chinh tri va kinh te cua hp"^^^
• Ha Tien:
Lich sfl Ha Tien b i t dau sang trang khi Mae Cflu, mdt thfldng nhan Q u i n g Ddng
ti nan d Cad Mien, td chflc dan "tfl chieng" khai p h i xfl nay Sfl kien dd dien ra vao nhflng nam 70 the ki XVII Tai lieu Nguyin ghi nhan: Mac cflu "md phd x i , chieu tap dan cfl trfl k h i p ndi den d Phfl Qud'e, C i n Bdt, Rach Gia, Lung Ki, Hfldng fle va c a Mau, lap t h a n h 7 thdn xa" D i u the ki XVIII, sau khi Mac C i u tfl Xiem trd'n ve, Ha Tien trd nen phdn thinh Ba'y gid Ha Tien la mdt diem s i n g dac biet: "Sud't vflng duyen hai n i m trong vinh T h i i Lan, cho den eudl the ky XVII, trung tam thfldng mai ndi tieng nha't la mdt cing sdng cfl: Banteay Meas trong tieng Khmer, Kang Kou (cang khau) trong cich gpi eua ngfldi Trung Qudc Mpt vai Dang Hoang Giang, Dai hoc Quo'c gia Ha Noi
Trang 2cang k h i c tflng tdn t a i hoac da p h a t trien
trong t h e ky XVIII d p h i a Tay N a m bd,
nhfl R a c h G i i , H d n Da't va K a m p o t ,
nhflng k h d n g mdt c i n g n a o [trong sd' cac
c i n g vfla neu] cd t h e lien k e t dfldc vdi sdng
Bassack ( H a u Giang) Chi ed B a n t e a y
Meas, va H a Tien n a m d cfla sdng ay, la cd
the tiep xflc dfldc q u a c i c Id t r i n h thee
mfla vdi eac n h a n h h a lflu Mekong g i n
Chau Dd'c b a n g c i c h xudi theo ddng eua
nd, sau dd vfldt q u a mdt vflng n i m d
quang dfldi nfla, vflng m a thfldng ngap
sau dfldi nflde t r d n g mfla mfla"^^^
Tuy nhien, vi t h e k i n h te' ndi b a t da
khien H a Tien sdm "hi qui beach" trong
chien Ifldc b a n h trfldng eua cac qud'e gia
lang gieng, nha't \a Xiem La Ndi k h a c di
Ha Tien khdi hflng dflng vao giai doan
nhay c i m cua cac nflde luc dia Ddng N a m
a: hp d a n g hdi h i tie'n ve bien, ve eac ddng
b i n g phfldng N a m mdi me, m a u md va
khai phdng Dd vay, yeu c i u bflc thiet eua
Ha Tien, vae d a u t h e ki XVIII, la kiem
tim mdt the' lflc c h i n h tri de l a m chd dfla
can b i n Trong bdi e i n h dd, T h u a n Hoa
trd t h a n h lfla ehpn eudl eflng cfla hp
Quan h e D a n g Trong - H a Tien khdng
chi la q u a n he tdm - bien ddn t h u i n Thfle
te, true q u a n h e n a y m a n g hdi hfldng cua
md hinh q u a n h e trieu cd'ng (tribute
rela-tion), mdt md-tip q u e n thude trong t r u y e n
thd'ng van boa - chinh tri Nho giao phfldng
Ddng Tai lieu the ki XIX ghi chep ve cudc
hpi ngd gifla chfla N g u y e n va hp Mae vao
nam 1708 dfldm mfli Nhd gia, gdi lien
tfldng den h a n g leat sfl kien d a n g bieu
-phong t h i n t r o n g e h i n h sfl c i c nflde a
Ddng, dac biet la T r u n g Hoa: "Hien Tdng
hoang de, n a m thfl 17 M a u Ty (1708), mfla
thu, Cflu cflng thude h a la bpn Trfldng
Ciu, Ly Xa m a n g ngpc lua den t a n cfla
khuyet d a n g bieu xflng t h i n , xin lam Ha
Tien trfldng Chfla t h a y Cflu tudng mao khdi ngd ky liet, tien lui cung kinh, can
t h a n , k h e n la t r u n g t h a n h , ben ban sac cho lam thude qud'e, dat ten t r a n ay la t r a n
Ha Tien, t r a o Mac Cflu lam chflc Td'ng binh, b a n cho a n va thao Lai sai ndi t h i n tien dfla Cflu r a ngoai cfla t h a n h Ai cung
cho la vinh dd"'^\
Mdt mieu t i k h i e : "Khi ay, cd mdt mflu
si hp Td den ndi vdi T h a i Cdng (chi Mac Cflu) r a n g : ngfldi Cao Mien khdng the nao dfla cay lau dai dfldc Chi b a n g hay xin h a n g nflde Viet, xin n h a n chflc va xflng t h i n de l a m chd can ban, neu van nha't cd x i y r a dieu gi thi cung ed ngfldi giflp dd T h a i Cdng lien che la p h i i ben
s a m sfla t h u y e n be, m a n g thee thude ha
va td bieu van, r a den t a n cfla khuyet de xin lam phien t h i n Dd la mfla thu, t h a n g
8 n a m Giap Ngp(4) Le Trieu Tien T h a n h Hieu M i n h H e a n g De n a m thfl hai mfldi tfl N a m t r i e u Tien Vfldng tha'y Thai Cdng tfldng mao khdi ngd, d a n g ve kiet biet, cfl ehi k i n h can, k h e n la ngfldi cd ldng t r u n g
t h a n h , ben h a ehi che l a m thude qud'e, dat ten da't T h a i Cdng cai tri la t r a n Ha Tien, phong (cho Thai Cdng) chflc Tong Binh,
b a n a n tin va sai ndi t h i n tien Thai Cdng den t a n cfla i i Thfle la mdt vinh dfl dae
biet hiem tha'y" ^^\
Trong md hinh quan he ndi tren, Ddng Trong la nhd nUdc trung tdm, Hd Tien Id thuoc qudc - chU hau Ha Tien vfla chap
n h a n sd thude T h u a n Hoa, vfla dfldc trieu dinh t r u n g fldng b a n n h i e u dae an Dfldi thdi cae chfla N g u y i n Phfle Chu (1691 -1725), N g u y i n Phfle Chfl (1725 - 1738),
N g u y i n P h u c K h d a t (1738 - 1756),
N g u y i n Phfle T h u i n (1765 - 1776), Ha Tien ed dfldc mdt k h d n g gian tfl do de xay dflng va p h a t trien
- Ve k i n h te: Thdi Mae Thien Tfl, Ha
Trang 374 Nghien cdu Ddng Nam A 6/2010
Tien dfldc ca'p 3 chiee t h u y e n L e n g Bdi
mien t h u e de giao thfldng vdi l a n b a n g
U u ai hdn, chfla N g u y e n cdn cho p h e p Hd
Tien due tien rieng, 3 n a m r a H u e cdng
n a p mdt l i n Sfl chep: " N a m Dinh Mao
(1747), t h i n g 4, Mae T h i e n Tfl sai ngfldi
di t h u y e n L e n g Bai r a H u e d e m d a n g
chua N g u y e n ngpc k i m cfldng t h u y h o i ,
ngpc hae dinh, 20 con tri, 1 con ga tay, 1
con chd tay, 5 con vet biet ndi long ngfl
sac, n h i e u thfl chieu Chfla The' Tdng b a n
4 dao sac bd n h i e m Cai Dpi, Dpi Trfldng
lam viee d T r a n eflng g a m , d o a n va dd
dflng cho T h i e n Tfl, giao t h u y e n a'y chd
ve"(6) Ngoai r a , t h u y e n H a Tien den giao
dich d c i c c a n g thude D a n g T r o n g c u n g
dfldc mien t h u e k h a n h i e u so vdi t h u y e n
ndi khac*^\
- Ve ngdai giao: Hp Mac dfldc quyen
chu ddng giao t h i e p vdi ben ngoai Ddi
theo lich sfl m i e n T a y N a m Bd t r o n g
k h o a n g 50 n a m gifla t h e ki XVIII, d i n g
s a u cac sfl kien g a n lien vdi mdi q u a n h e
phfle t a p gifla D a n g T r o n g - Xiem - Cao
Mien, ludn ndi len vai trd "con thoi" n a n g
dpng cua Mac T h i e n Tfl T r o n g n h i e u
trfldng hdp, dng d i m n h a n vai trd la ngfldi
t h a y m a t c h u a N g u y e n giai quye't c i c vu
viec p h a t s i n h d vflng bien Mae T h i e n Tfl
eflng chd ngfldi m a n g thfl den T r u n g Hoa
va N h a t B i n de d a t q u a n h e thfldng mai
Trdng mdt bflc thfl gfli Sd-Gun N h a t B i n
viet b a n g tieng K h d m e r vao n a m 1742,
Mac T h i e n Tfl tfl gpi m i n h la "vua C h a n
L a p " (Reacea K r o n g K a m p u c e a Tiptei)
C a n cfl vao ehi tiet nay, Yumio S k u r a i va
T a k a k o K i t a g a w a cho r i n g tfl s a u t h a p
nien 30 t h e ki XVIII, H a Tien n e n dfldc
xem la m e t tieu qudc (Ha Tien kingdem),
mac dfl q u a n h e t r i e u cd'ng cua nd vdi
T h u a n H e a k h d n g dfldc deu ki chd lam^®^
- Ve q u a n sfl: H a Tien dfldc xay ddn
luy, l a p q u a n dpi r i e n g Ba'y gid, dfldi
q u y e n Mae T h i e n Tfl la m d t q u a n dpi da tpc ngfldi: Viet - H o a - K h d m e r - M a l a y Dfla vao h e thd'ng cdng sfl quy eu va each
td chflc bai bin^^\ q u a n dpi H a Tien da
t h a n h cdng t r o n g c i c b o a t ddng tieu phi
va d i n h c h a n c i c cudc Id'n chiem thfldng xuyen cfla lien q u a n C h a n L a p - Xiem
N a m Ki Mfli (1739), q u a n dpi H a Tien da
d i n h bai cudc gay ha'n cua v u a Cao M i e n
la Nae T h a m S a u chien tich nay, chfla
N g u y e n p h o n g M a e T h i e n Tfl chflc Dd dd'c tfldng q u a n , b a n cho ao bao dd, mfl, dai
Vd dng cflng dfldc chfla p h d n g l a m P h u
n h a n Ben c a n h dd H a Tien cdn dfldc
T h u a n Hoa hd trd q u a n sfl k h i c i n thiet Bdi vay, n a m 1771, k h i H a Tien t h a t t h u trflde cudc t a n cdng dfl dpi cfla ngfldi T h i i , chfla N g u y e n da g i i n g chflc N g u y e n C d u Khdi, t r i e t hdi N g u y e n Thfla M a n - h a i tfldng trieu d i n h ddng gifl d d i n h Long Hd
vi da k h d n g kip thdi flng cflu hp Mae<^^'
- Ve v a n hda: C h a eon hp Mae lfla ehpn
md h i n h " H i n hoa" de p h i t trien Mac Thien Tfl cho l a p den thd K h d n g Tfl, md trUdng day chfl Nho O n g cdn mdi cae Nhd gia ddng hfldng s a n g t h a m b a n d d a n h v a xfldng hoa thd v a n ca ngdi c a n h t h i i binh Ban t h a n Mac T h i e n Tfl Id mdt ngfldi dfldc dad tao giao II N h o gia ra't bai b i n Xem thfl ddi dap gifla dng va N g u y i n Cfl T r i n h , mdt tfle Nho cua T h u a n Hoa t h e ki XVIII,
cd t h e t h a y r i n g : con ngfldi M a e T h i e n Tfl
la sfl hda q u e n gifla eai p h d n g k h o i n g , md mdng eua mdt t h i si vdi cai hflng t a m ,
t r a n g khi cfla mdt vi thfl linh^^O,
T r o n g bdi c a n h D d n g N a m A va N a m
Bd t h e ki XVIII, sfl tdn tai cfla mdt md
h i n h q u a n h e m a n g t i n h c h a t niidc ldn
-chu hau la mdt h i e n thflc lich sil ddc d i o ,
mpt lfla ehpn k h i di cho chieu hfldng p h i t
t r i e n cila ea T h u a n H o a l i n H a Tien
Trang 4DUa vdo mdt md hinh cd dien de xdy
diing quan he, ehinh quyin hp Nguyen cho
thay: hp cd y thde dinh vi minh nhU mot
thiic the thuoc vi truyin thd'ng vdn hod
chinh tri phUcfng Ddng d dd, q u a n he
quan - t h i n vdi chfl "Trung" l a m c h a t keo
ket dinh la mdt ndi d u n g q u a n trpng, du
sfle vfldt qua r a n h gidi tde ngfldi b a n hep
(Hoa - Viet) de m a n g mdt gia tri lien qudc
gia Chfla N g u y e n da tfl m i n h tai hien
hinh a n h cua mdt bae m i n h q u a n Nho
Giio t r u y e n thd'ng - mdt m i n h q u a n vfla
an vfla uy, vfla t h i t vfla md, vfla r a n g
budc vfla vd ve vdi chfl h a u Dd la h i n h
anh ma Mae Cflu v a r a t n h i e u n h a n vat
Trung Hoa dfldng thdi r a sfle cflu v a n
nhflng da t h a t bai Dd vay, cdch hdnh xd
cda hg Nguyen trd nen Ung hdp vcM, nhu
cdu npi tdm cua hp Mac vd cdng ddng Hoa
ddn, nhdng ngUcfi vdn ndng long hodi cUu:
khdt khao dUdc tdn tai vdi nhdng gid tri
vdn hod cua chinh hg
Hdn nfla, n g a y tfl budi d i u k e t ndi vdi
Thuan H o i , cdng ddng lflu d a n da dfldc
dinh hfldng p h a t t r i e n t r e n g k h u d n khd
cua mdt cdi H a T i e n gid day da dfldc "cdi
ndi" t h a n h mdt Tra'n Vi t h e H a Tien bdng
chdc ddi khde, k h d n g ehi vi nd vfla dfldc
khoac chiec ao c h i n h d a n h tfl c h u a
Nguyin; q u a n t r p n g hdn, vai trd eua nd
da dfldc n a n g ca'p t r d n g h e thd'ng mdi
Trong mdt tdm the nhU vay, hg Mac vd
Hd Tien khdng the khdng ddn minh len de
ddp dng nhdng ki vpng mdi td phia
Thuan Hod Tdt yeu, ndi niim hdi qudc,
tha hUdng se chuyen hod thdnh khdt vgng
xdy diing dd't mdi
C i n lflu y, bdi e i n h vfla n e u da tae mdt
hflng c i m sau sac trong t a m thfle Mae
Thien Tfl Ong khdng n g i n ngai thd Id y
thflc tpc ngfldi Mae tfl n h a n m i n h la ngfldi
Viet, va D a n g Trdng la "nflde n h a " eua dng:
Yeu nUdc nhd phdi gdi then ehdt/Du phdng khi nhay nhdt binh dao/Dem bdng canh trdng chuyen lao/Mien an ddt Chua quan ndo than tdi^^'^\
Thd Mae Cdng t r i u n a n g ndi niem ndn nflde, p h i n a n h t r i c h n h i e m cfla ngfldi
q u a n tfl trflde sfl a n nguy cfla qud'e gia:
Dao kha thitdc thu y nan dinh/Cqn ddng giao ddm: mdng dice lao/Thuy niem thien nhai minh vd lUpc/Kinh hoa tdng thd chdm di cao (Giang t h a n h
da cd) T a m dich: Xa khua ngdn thudc
nhdn khdng dn/Gdn dpng ddm giao mdng khd em/Mong tdi chdn trdi rung
vd lUpc/Kinh hoa td dd chdc yen
Xua't p h i t tfl n h a n thflc ay, bp Mae va cdng ddng lflu d a n da dan t h a n m a n h me cho sfl p h a t trien cua H a Tien va T h u a n Hoa
Dfldi thdi Mae Thien Tfl, Ha Tien trd
t h a n h t r u n g t a m n a n g ddng bac n h a t mien Tay, mdt xfl md m a n g ve phong boa
t r e n da't N a m Bd Cae dia chi Nguyen the
ki XIX da n h i e u l i n ndi den hdi q u a n g cua mdt dd thi ed Ha Tien thdi hp Mae Trinh Hcai Dfle chd ta mdt mieu t i sd'ng ddng:
H a Tien "dfldng s i giao n h a u , phd' xa ndi lien, ngfldi Viet, ngfldi Tau, ngfldi Cao Mien, ngfldi Cha Va (Java) deu hpp n h a u sinh sd'ng, ghe t h u y e n d sdng bien qua lai ndi day nhfl m i e efli, t h a t la ndi dai dd hdi
d ndi dpi bien vay" ^^^\ Tfl lieu mdi che biet them: ed sd d a n den sfl phdn t h i n h eua Ha Tien la tae ddng cua h e thd'ng thfldng mai
t r i i t r e n ba k h u vflc: H e a Nam, h a lflu
M e k e n g va the gidi Ma Lay, trong dd Ha Tien la mdt m i t lfldi n a n g dpng, mdt
"ngfldi chdi ldn"(i5)
Svi x u a t h i e n eua Ha Tien da gay nen met hieu flng dac biet ddi vdi qua t r i n h
Trang 576 Nghien cdu Ddng Nam A 6/2010
k i n h d i n h m i e n T a y cua ngfldi Viet Giai
d e a n nay, vai trd q u a n t r p n g nha't eua hp
Mac la trd t h a n h ngfldi b o a g i i i , dieu tiet
cae t i n h hud'ng c a n g t h a n g gifla C h a n L a p
va D a n g Trong Dfldi sfl s a p d a t kheo leo
cila hp Mae, " c i t da't t a dn", "eat da't
-chude tdi" trd t h a n h h i n h thfle d a n xep
giao t r a n h h e t sfle h i e u q u i , m a ngfldi
hfldng t d a n ldi la chfla N g u y e n Nhd dd,
chinh quyin Thuan Hod ngdy mpt lam
sdu vdo ha lUu Mekong N a m 1755, v u a
C h a n L a p nhfldng h a i p h u T i m Bdn va
Ldi L a p (mien Gd Cdng va T i n An n g a y
nay) H a i n a m s a u , Nac Tdn tiep tue c i t 5
p h u : C i n Bdt ( K a m P d t ) , Vflng T h d m
(Hfldng fle, K d m p o n g s o m ) , C h a n Rflm
(Nam bd t i n h T r e a n g ) , Sai M a t (Bentey
Meas), L i n h Q u y n h Chfla N g u y e n cho H a
Tien q u i n l a n h 5 p h u mdi Mae T h i e n Tfl
xin lap t h e m dao Kien G i a n g d Rach Gia
va dao Long X u y e n d Ca M a u Tfl dd k h u
vflc tfl H a u G i a n g sdng Cilu Long r a den
bien p h i a Ddng va p h i a T a y deu thude
chfla N g u y e n H a n h t r i n h N a m tien den
day coi nhfl k h e p lai'^^^
Sfl tdn tai eua t r u e q u a n h e H a Tien
-T h u a n Hda la mdt ddng lflc q u a n t r p n g
cua lich sfl H a Tien va T h u a n Hda t r o n g
k h o a n g 5 t h a p n i e n cfla t h e ki XVIII Dfl
mdi r a n g budc ay cdn dfldc k e e ddi t r d n g
eac thdi ki tiep t h e e , nhflng k h e a n g thdi
gian vfla n e u la giai d o a n t h e h i e n rd r a n g
nha't ndi d u n g , b a n c h a t va h e q u i eua nd
Dac diem c h i n h eua mdi q u a n h e n a y la nd
dfldc td chflc t h e e md h i n h q u a n he t r i e u
cd'ng (tribute relation), m d t md h i n h tha'm
d a m s i c t h i i Nhd g i i d - phfldng Ddng
Nhd vay, H a Tien k h d n g nhflng trd t h a n h
mdt chu t h e q u a n h e dac biet cua T h u a n
Hda, m a cdn cd dieu k i e n t r i e n k h a i t o a n
bd n a n g lflc t r o n g bdi c a n h md coi cila
ngfldi Viet t r e n da't N a m Bd./
C H U T H I C H
1 Litana (1999), XUDdng Trong: lich sdkinh te
xd hdi Viet Nam thiki 17vd 18 (Nguyin Nghi
dich), Nxb Tre, Thanh pho'HCM, tr 218
2 D i n theo Yumio Sakurai Eighteenth-Century Chinese Pioneers on the Water Frontier of Indochina, tldd, p 46
3 Nhieu tae gia: Hd Tien dd't nUdc vd con ngudi, Nxb Mui Ca Mau, HCM, 1999
4 Cho nay Mac thi gia phd ghi sai Dung ra
la nam Mau Ty (1708), chfl khong phai nam Giap Ngo (1714) TrUdng Minh Dat
da dUa ra nhieu luan diem thuyet phuc de chflng minh nien dai 1708 mdi la thdi diem chinh xac Xem: TrUdng Minh Dat
(2001), Nhdn thde mdi vi dd't Hd Tiin,
Nxb Tre, Thanh pho'HCM
5 Vu The Dinh: Mac thi gia phd (Nguyen
Khic Thuan dich, gidi thieu va chu thich), Nxb Giao due, H, 2005,, tr 15
6 D i n theo Phan Khoang (2001), Viet sd xd Ddng Trong, Nxb Van hoe Ha Npi, tr 339
7 Le Quy Don (1977), Phu bien tap luc, Nxb
KHXH, tr 229-230
8 Yumio Sakurai va Takako Kitagawa, tldd,
p 160
9 Xem them: Dang Hoang Giang (2008),
Theo ddu dd thi cd Hd Tien, Tap chi
nghien cflu Dong Nam A, so' 10, Ha Noi
10 Phan Khoang, sach da d i n , tr 347
11 Phu biin tap luc, sach da d i n , (quyen V
-Nhan tai, thd van)
12 D i n theo: Nhieu tac gia (1999), Hd Tiin ddt nude vd con ngudi, Nxb Mui Ca Mau,
Thanh pho HCM
13 Phu bien tap lue, sach da d i n , tr 246
14 Dang Hoang Giang (2008), Theo ddu dd thi coHd Tiin, tldd
15 Li Tana va Paul A Vandyke (2007),
Canton, Cancao, and Cochinchina: new data and new light on eighteen-century Canton and the Nanyang, E-journal of
Chinese South diaspora studies, no 1,
16 Phan Khoang, tldd, t r 346