ke Ihira nhieu Ihanh luu cung nhu Iri Ihirc kinh te, chinh trj ma cac boat dgng giao ihuong Ihe ky XVl- XVII dem lai(40). Nhd sir giao liep Ihdng qua mdi Irudng kinh le bien ma hai n[r]
Trang 1QUAN HE GIAO THirONG GlffA CAC QUOC GIA DONG A THE KY XVI - XVII
NGUYiN VAN Km*
Fdi quan niem coi khu vuc Ddng A la
sir hgp thanh eiia hai viing Ddng Bac
A va Ddng Nam A, viec thiet lap td chirc
hgp tac Ddng A Irong nhiing nam gan day la
su the hien mdi lien kel va linh than hgp lac
giira cac qudc gia khu vuc Trudc xu the khu
vuc hoa, loan eau boa da va dang dien ra
manh me, quan he giira cac qudc gia Ddng
Bac A vdi Ddng Nam A cung ngay cang
dugc lang cudng, chai che Xu Ihe hgp tac
dd khdng chi gdp phan dem lai nen hoa binh
dn djnh, su hieu biet lan nhau giira cac dan
ldc ma cdn thiic day sire lang Irudng kinh le
cung nhu sir pbdn vinh ciia loan the khu vuc
Mac dii mdi quan he giu'a cac qudc gia
Ddng A hien nay cd nhirng ndi dung, muc
lieu va dac diem khac biet so vdi quan he da
lirng dien ra Irong ljch sir nhung, neu nhu
coi ljch su la mdi ddng chay mang tinh tiep
ndi thi mdi bang giao, giao luu kinh te, van
hoa giu'a cac qudc gia Ddng A da dugc thiet
lap tir rat sdm Thdng qua cac mdi quan he
dd y Ihirc ve mdi cdng ddng khu vuc da
xual hien Trong rat nhieu trudng hgp, quan
he giao thuong da trd Ihanh muc lieu va la
ddng lire thiic day sir hgp tac, phai trien mdi
quan he khac giiia cac qudc gia trong nhieu
the ky qua
1 Nhung moi quan he giao thtfOTig
truyen thdng
Cac ket qua nghien ciru khao cd hgc, cd sinh hgc, sir hgc cho Ihay, tir rat sdm, do sir gan gui ve vj tri dja ly va de bii lap nhirng Ihieu hut ve tai nguyen lu nhien giu'a cac nen kinh le khu vuc da cd mdi giao luu trao ddi vdi nhau Den ihdi da mdi dac biet la thdi dai kim khi, mdi quan he giira cac nen van hda ngay cang trd nen rdng md, manh me ban He qua la, ciing vdi cac nhan Id ndi
sinh {endogenous factors), nhirng tac nhan ngoai sinh {exdogenous factors) ludn cd y
nghTa vd ciing quan trgng Irong viec thuc day sir phai Irien kinh le, van boa cua cac dan ldc Dd la ddng lire ehinh yeu Ihiic day sir hinh thanh, phai Irien cua cac nha nudc so
khai {early states)
Cd the dua ra nhieu vi uu sinh ddng ve sir giao luu van hoa giu'a cac qudc gia Ddng Bac A trong ljch sir Ciing vdi van hoa Trung Hoa, nhii'ng anh hudng ciia van hoa tir Ban dao Trieu Tien(l) cung da sdm truyen den Quan dao Nhat Ban theo cac ddng di cu, giao luu van hoa, truyen ba ky thual Vao thdi so ky da mdi ciia Trieu Tien, nhieu hien vat gdm san xuat tai Ban dao cd nien dai 6.000-5.000 nam TCN cung da duge tim thay d Man Chau va dao Tsushima, Nhat Ban(2) Ngudi ta cung da tim dugc nhung cdng cu danh ca cua cu dan mien Nam Trieu Tien tuong tu nhu cdng cu cua ngudi Jomon (10.000-300 nam TCN) Cd the thiy mac dii
cd sir khac biet ve vj tri dja ly nhung khdng
• Pho giao su, Tien si, Trudng Dai hoc Khoa hoc Xa hoi &
Nhan van- Dai hpc Qudc gia Ha Ndi
J
Trang 2Nghien cuu khoa hoc
gian van boa eiia ngirdi liln su va so sir ludn
rdng md Ky ihuat ehi tac cung
nhu nhu cau sir dung cdng cu ciia eon
ngudi Ihdi biy gid cung cd nhilu diim
chung Viec phai hien ra cac ihanh kilm,
mu ao giap sal thdi ky van hoa Kofun (thi
ky lII-Vll Nhai Ban) rat gan vdi cac di vat
ciing Ihdi dai dugc lim ihay d Trilu Tien,
Man Chau Nhirng chudi irang sire bing
vang eiing eho Ihay ngudn gdc san xual la lir
vuong qudc Shilla (Trieu Tien) Cd the
khang djnh rang: "Viec di cu cua ngirdi
Trieu Tien den Nhai Ban cd vai trd rai quan
Irgng Hg Iruyen ba ky Ihual san xual gdm
bang Id nung Ihual cudi ngua va nhieu cdng
cu khac nira lir nhung vat dung Ihudng ngay
den che pham xa xi cho gidi ihdng trj deu
dugc du nhap lir Trieu Tien"(3)
Vdi lu each la nhung Irung lam van minh
hinh Ihanh phai IricMi sdm ddng Ihdi sdm dat
den Irinh do phai Irien cao van minh Trung
Hoa, An Do da cd nhieu iinh hudng ddi vdi
cac qudc gia khu vuc Trong cac mdi quan
he da dang, da chieu dd vai trd kinh le ludn
ed y nghTa quan Irgng Do vay sire manh
eiing nhirng gia Irj lan toa ciia cac nen van
minh nay khdng ehi la cac gia trj van hoa su
trudng Ihanh sdm ve y Ihirc Ihe che ehinh In
ma cdn la sire manh kinh le cua ca chung de
che cung nhu ciia rieng mdi viing trong de
che dd Ndi each khac, neu nhu coi Trung
Qudc lirng giu vai trd trung tam Irong cac
hoai ddng kinh te khu vuc Ddng A Ihi ben
canh nhung giao luu anh hudng chung,
quan he giira Trieu Tien, Nhai Ban vdi
Irung Qudc ehii yeu dien ra d khu vuc phia
Bac va Ddng Bac Irong khi dd mdi giao
thuang giira Ddng Nam A vdi 1 rung Qudc
lai chu yeu dien ra vdi cac linh phia Nam ma
tieu bieu la: Van Nam, Quang Tay, Quang
Ddng va Hai Nam Trong quan niem ciia cac nha nghien ciru ljch sir hai thuang ihi Quang Ddng ma Irung lam la Quang Chau trong mdi lien ket vdi viing Hai Nam, Phuc Kiln,
da Ird Ihanh cira ngd, khu vuc dai dien cho nen kinh le va lam nhin khu vuc ciia Trung Qudc Trong ljch sir, cac linh miln Nam Trung Hoa cd vai trd hel sire quan irgng Irong viec tiep giao vdi cac nen kinh le khu vuc Ddng Nam A \ a xa ban nira la vdi Nam
A - Tay Nam A(4)
Mai khac, cac linh Nam Trung Hoa khdng chi la cac trung lam kinh le ddi ngoai ma cdn
cd the Ihay mat cho chinh quyen Irung uong Irong viec dua ra nhieu quyel sach quan Irgng vdi cac qudc gia phuang Nam Ndi each khac Trung Hoa va An Do la nhirng the gidi rdng Idn nen nhin chung cac qudc gia khu vuc chi cd the liep can Ihudng xuyen vdi mdi bd phan ciia cac de che ddng ihdi la cac nen van minh dd Nhu vay, vdi Trung Qudc viing Quang Chau Phiic Kien Irong mdi lien he vdi vjnh Bac Bg (bien Giao Chau) da sdm trd ihanh diem den eiia nhieu doan ihuang Ihuyen, sir doan cac nudc(5) Tuong tu nhu vay mdi quan he duge thiet lap sdm va mat Ihiel giira Ddng Nam A vdi
An Do cung chii yeu la lir viing Ddng Nam Thdng qua cac luyen giao ihuang Iren dai lien va Iren bien ma dac biel la vj ihe ciia vjnh Bengal, lir nhirng the ky trudc, sau Cdng nguyen cac thuang nhan, Ihg Ihii cdng, nha Iruyen giao An Do da den Ddng Nam A(6) Do vay, bien Ddng Nam A da sdm trd Ihanh nai hdi giao eiia cac nen van minh Idn
Ihudc "The gidi phuang Ddng" {Oriental
world) lei Trung Hoa va An Do
La qudc gia cd vj Iri dja ly giap vdi mien Nam Trung Hoa, Irong ljch sir Dai Viet vira
cd nhieu ca hgi nhai so vdi cac qudc gia
Trang 3Nghien cuu khoa hpc
Ddng Nam A khac Irong viec ddn nhan
nhumg anh hudng ciia van minh Trung Hoa
vira phai chju ap lire manh me ciia de che
nay Trong quan he bang giao giira cac qudc
gia Ddng Nam A vdi Tay Nam A, viing bien
Giao Chau tirng cd vai Ird quan Irgng Tir the
ky I-II den the ky IX, nhieu nha Iruyen giao,
sir than lir cac qudc gia Ddng Nam A, An
Do, Ba Tu da den Giao Chau de budn ban,
xac lap mdi bang giao va hoang duang Phat
phap(7) Trong Lugng thu, phan Chir phien
truyen quyen 54 viet: "Ddi Tan sd nudc di
lai vdi Trung Qudc rat il do dd khdng chep
Irong sir Den ddi Tdng, Te, den Trung Qudc
cd ban 10 nudc, do dd mdi viel truyen ve
cac nude ay Tir khi ddi Luang ddi van sd
nudc chju nghTa vu cdng nap, hang nam
vugl bien den nhieu ban eae trieu dai
lrude"(8) Din Ihdi Dudng (618-907) khi
''Con dudng to lua tren bien'' (Maritime silk
route) ngay cang trd nen nhdn nhjp Ihi vj Iri
CLia Giao Chau cung ngay mdi quan Irgng
bdi vai trd ndi kel giiia hai khu vuc Ddng
Nam A vdi Ddng Bac A
Vdi Nhat Ban va Trieu Tien, tir Ihdi
Dudng, Trung Hoa da ed quan he giao
thuang kha mat thiet Trong Ihdi gian dd,
Hoa thuong da den nhieu thuang cang mien
Tay Nam Nhai Ban nhu Fukuoka de budn
ban, thilt lap mdi quan he thudng xuyen
Dilu chic chin la, nhirng anh hudng van
hoa, kinh tl cua Irieu dai nay den cac qudc
gia khu vuc la rat manh me Viec md rdng
boat ddng kinh te dd da tao nen nen tang
quan Irgng cho sir phai trien quan he giao
thuang giu'a cac qudc gia khu vuc Ddng A
nhieu the ky sau Dieu cd the thay dugc la,
cac khai niem nhu "Dudng nhan" {Tojin),
"Dudng nhan phd" {Tojin machi), "Dudng
thuyen" {Tosen) cQng bat dau xual hien va
trd thanh quan niem chung ciia cu dan, gidi doanh thuang khu vuc Ve sau, cac khai niem dd khdng ngirng dugc md rdng va su dung chung de chi cac nhdm hay cdng ddng
ngudi Hoa a hai ngoai cho dii hg la ngudi
Tdng (960-1279), ngudi Nguyen (1206-1368) hay Minh (1368-1644), Thanh (1644-1911) ' Vdi tu each la mot trung lam kinh te,
chinh trj Idn cua Chau A, vao thdi Tuy (581-618), Dudng khdng ehi cd thuang nhan, sir doan cac nudc Champa, Srivijaya ma "chinh Ihuang nhan Phii Nam ciing da den Trung Qudc de trao ddi hang hoa tir Dja Trung Hai,
An Do, Trung Ddng va Chau Phi"(9) La
nhirng The che bien, hinh thanh giiia hai dai
duong lai gan ke vdi van minh An Do, Tay
A, cac vuang qudc Phii Nam, Srivijaya da ddn nhan duge nhieu dieu kien thuan lgi phai Iriln Khoang lir the ky V-VI trd di, do sir lien bd ve Iri ihirc va ky Ihuat hang hai eo bien Sunda, Malacca da dan thay the vai Ird cua Kra va Ird Ihanh cac luyen giao Ihuang huyel mach ndi ket Thai Binh Duang vdi An
Do Duang, giira Ddng Nam A vdi cac the gidi An Do, Tay A De rdi, nhu ljch sir da cho thay, lir trong Iruyen thdng xa hdi, van hoa va gan vdi qua trinh hinh thanh, phat Irien cua cac qudc gia Ddng Nam A, cac nudc Irong khu vuc deu chju anh hudng manh me ddng thai tiep nhan nhieu gia trj van hoa, chinh Irj, kinh te tir cac nen van minh Idn nay(lO)
Trong dieu kien di bien thdi bay gid, chac chan cac Ihuang thuyen Champa, Phii Nam
va nhieu qudc gia Ddng Nam A khac phai di qua vimg bien Giao Chau tOrc viing duyen hai Bac Bg ma ve sau la lanh hai cua qudc gia Dai Viet Thdng qua tuyen hai thuang
dd, nhirng anh hudng cua van hoa Trung
14 NGHIEN ecru D d N G B^C fl Sd 1(107) 1-2010
Trang 4Nghien ciru khoa hpc
Hoa rihu Flan (206TCN-220), Dudng da lan Revolution) Irong ljch sir Trung Qu6c(12)
toa den cac qudc gia khu vuc Sir xuit hien Theo dd, d Ddng Nam A da din hinh thanh
eiia guong ddng va nhieu vai dung Han hay hai luyin giao thuang ehinh ylu la "Dong
mang phong each Han trong van hda Viet Duong cham lo" va "Tdy Duong chdm lp"\
truyen tbdng cung nhu van hoa Sa Huynh, TuyIn hai Irinh "F^y Duong chdm /p" xuit
Champa eho Ihay rd dieu dd Den thdi phat tir cac cang mien Nam Trung Qudc nhu
Dudng, viing bien Giao Chau van cd vai trd Quang Chau, Phuc Kiln, Hai Nam., chay
quan Irgng trong quan he giao thuang khu qua viing bien Giao Chau den Champa, cac
vuc Trong ban tau trinh cua LTnh Nam Tiet qudc gia viing vjnh Thai Lan (Siam gulf), eo
do Kinh luge sir giri len vua Dudng ed doan bien Malacca rdi ndi ket vdi viing Tay Nam
viel: "Gan day ed nhieu thuyen qua An Nam A Trong khi dd, tuyen ''Dong Duong chdm
mua vat dung de dang len vua, cdng viec Idn /p" hay edn ggi la luyen Dai Duong, cung
lao, sg dd cung cap khdng du Nay tdi mudn chu yeu khdi dau lir cac cang vimg Ddng
sai phan quan qua An Nam thu mai vai Nam Trung Qudc den Luzon, Manila
hang Thiet nghT nhii'ng ke budn ban nude (Philippines) va lir dd tien ve phia Nam qua
ngoai ehi cau mdi lgi, dugc yen vd Ihi den, quan dao Indonesia, Malaysia va cudi eiing
bj quay nhieu Ihi di Quang Chau la noi dd hdi nhap d Malacca Vdi ea hai luyen hai
hdi trgng ylu, cd tieng dan ddng, cua nhieu Irinh nay, cac ihuang cang mien Nam Trung
Chi vi bgn giao djch xam khac qua chirng, Qudc deu cd vai trd quan Irgng Dd ehinh la
mil ca y nghTa lam cho ngudi xa cam diem dcMi ddng Ihdi cung la noi xual phat eiia
mln"(ll) Qua dd, cd ihl thiy vimg bien cac sir doan, luyen giao thuong Viec hinh
Giao Chau khdng chi la mdt viing kinh tl thanh hai luyen giao Ihuong hang hai dd da
pbdn thjnh ma d mire do nao dd cdn cd sire thiic day quan he giira cac qudc gia trong
canh Iranh vdi Quang Chau, trung lam kinh lam giac kinh le Ddng Bac A vdi Ddng Nam
tl Idn nhit miln Nam Trung Qudc Vdi lilm A va Tay Nam A Tren co sd dd, mdi quan
nang va vj thi chiln luge viing biln Giao he giira cac qudc gia Ddng Bac A ma lieu
Chau - Dai Viet da ddn nhan dugc nhilu bilu la Trung Qudc, Ryukyu (Luu Cau) va
dilu kien thuan Igi cua mdi trudng kinh ll, viing Kyushu (Nhat Ban) vdi Trilu Tien va
xa hdi khu vuc Ddng Nam A tilp tuc dugc cung cd, md
Tren co sd "Con dudng to lua tren biin'" rdng Ngudn lai nguyen phong phu eiing sue
duge thilt lap thdi Dudng, din thdi Tdng hip din eiia thj trudng Ddng A cung eudn
(960-1279) ehinh quyln Trung Qudc da tilp hut nhilu Ihuong nhan Tay A din budn ban
tuc md rdng anh hudng den cac qudc gia ngay mdt thudng xuyen hon( 13)
Phuang Nam Dugc hd Irg bdi hang loat ylu Theo quan diem cua chuyen gia nghieri
td ky thual ma tieu bilu la kha nang su dung ciru thuang mai Kenneth R.Hall thi den the
la ban trong cac hai trinh xa bd tir nam 1119, ky XIV, thi gidi da hinh thanh it nhit 6 viing
ngudi Tdng da cd the dan than manh me ban Ihuong mai {trade zones) Nhd cd boat ddng
vao cac tuyen giao thuong bien khu vuc va mdi lien kel giira cac viing thuang mai dd
Ddng A dl lam nen "Mpt cupc each mang ma hang hoa tir phuong Ddng (Trung Qudc)
thuang nghiep"" (The Commercial da dugc dua den chau Au Trong 6 viing dd
NGHIEN Cdru DdNG B^C ^ sd 1(107) 1-2010 I S
Trang 5Nghien citu khoa hpc
Ihi khu virc kinh Ic mien Nam Trung Hoa
vdi su hd trg cua cac cang ven bien Dai Viel
cd vj Ihe hel sire quan Irgng He Ihdng
ihuong cang ciia viing nay keo dai den vjnh
Siam, ban dao Malayu va mdi sd khu vuc
Ihudc Java de lir dd Ihuc su hinh ihanh nen
viing Ihuang mai ihir hai d cac qudc gia
Ddng Nam A hai dao( 14)
Ddi vdi Nhai Ban, vdi lu each la mdi
qudc dao sdm cd Iruyen Ihdng khai Ihac
bien, nhan Ihay nhung ngudn lgi va vai trd
cua ngoai Ihuang, lii- ihe ky Vll ben canh
viec md canh cira giao luu van hoa ma diem
cdt ldi la hgc lap md hinh phai Irien cua nha
Dudng, Nhai Ban ciing da Ihuc day quan he
ihuong mai vdi hai nudc Trung Qudc Trieu
Tien Cd ihe khang djnh rang, qua trinh liep
giao kinh le, van hoa dd khdng chi lam
phong phu ddi sdng xa hgi, van hoa Nhai
Ban ma cdn dua dai nudc nay hdi nhap vdi
nhirng phai Irien chung ciia khu vuc Sir xual
hien eiia nhung loa cung dien, ngdi ehiia ndi
tieng Chau A nhu Chiia Vang {Kinkakuji,
1397) Chiia Bac {Ginkakuji 1483) ciing
nhieu cdng Irinh kien iriic tdn giao khac lap
Irung d viing Kansai (Quan Tay) ludn gan
lien vdi nhung mdi giao luu kinh le, van hoa
mat ihiet vdi cac qudc gia khu vuc
Tir cudi ihe ky XV den cudi Ihe ky XVI
hon mdt the ky, do nhii'ng van ddng ndi lai
ljch sir Nhai Ban dien ra nhieu bien ddng sau
sac Trong dieu kien chinh quyen irung uong
luong ddi yeu khdng the kiem soal dugc
linh hinh d dja phuong cac lanh chiia
{daimyo) da vuon len, lu khang dinh quyen
lire ciia minh trong lanh dja Su Irdi day cua
cac Ihe lire dja phuong da day dat nudc den
linh trang hdn loan Ljch sir ggi dd la Thdi
chien qudc {Sengoku jidai) Nhirng dudng
nhu tuong phan vdi khung canh chinh Irj dd
ddi sdng kinh le van hoa xa hdi Nhat Ban deu dien ra nhieu bien chuyen sau sac Cimg vdi san xuat ndng nghiep cac nganh nhu khai md, giao ihdng, ky thuat, luyen kim, che tao vu khi, kinh te thuong nghiep da ed nhirng phat trien trdi vugl Cd the ndi, trong ljch sir Nhai Ban chua cd thdi ky nao ma vai Ird cua kinh te thuong nghiep cung nhu gidi cdng Ihuong lai dugc de cao nhu vay Su du nhap ciia gidi cdng ihuong vao ddi sdng chinh Irj dai nudc da dem lai sire manh cho nhieu lap doan vd sT va chinh hg da gdp phan dua lap doan vd sT mien Ddng (Kanlo)
do Tokugawa leyasu (1542-1616) dirng dau vuon len nam giir quyen lire chinh Irj Irung lam d Nhai Ban
0 Trung Qudc den ihdi Minh
(1368-1644) chinh quyln Nam Kinh (1368-1421) rdi Bac Kinh (1421-1644) rai coi trong cac luyen giao thuong hang hai La mdt de che Idn ciia Chau A, nha Minh da md rdng anh hudng den nhieu quan dao, dai bd bien xa xdi Pham vi anh hudng ciia nha Minh rdng Idn hon nhieu so vdi cac Irieu dai Irudc dd(15) Trong ihdi ky dd hd Dai Viel (1407-1427) ludng Minh la Truong Phu cho rang lir Kham chau thudc Quang Ddng Iheo dudng chau Van Ninh qua viing Ddng Trieu Chi Linh rdi den thanh Ddng Quan Dd van
la luyen giao Ihuong chinh ylu(16) Cung trong Ihdi gian dd hoang d l nha Minh la Minh Thanh Td (1403-1425) da chu truong
md rdng anh hudng din Ddng Nam A va Tay Nam A Trong 28 nam (1405-1433) nha Minh da phai 1 rjnh Hoa (Zheng He) Ihuc hien bay chuyen ha Tay Duong Sau cac chuyen di, nha Minh da the hien dugc "uy lire" CLia minh vdi cac quoc gia khu vuc Float ddng cua cac luyen thuong mai, trieu cdng vi the cung trd nen nhdn nhjp Din ddi
Trang 6Nghien cim khoa hpc
Thanh (1644-1911) sir doan Dai Viet, Ddng
Nam A sang Trung Qudc cd the di theo
nhieu eon dudng khac nhau nhung tuyen
chinh van la viing ven bien lire "Tdy Duong
chdm Id' Trong y nghTa dd, Ihuong nhan
eiing sir doan cac nudc Champa, Chan Lap,
Siam van thudng di qua viing bien Dai
Viel de den Trung Qudc
2 Cac moi quan he giao thuong da
chieu
Trong quan he giao luu kinh le, van hoa
giira cac qudc gia Ddng Bac A vdi khu vuc
Ddng Nam A, mdi sd nha nghien ciru cho
rang dudng nhu chi cd mdi ddng chay duy
nhit, don luyen lir Ddng Bac A den Ddng
Nam A Nhu da Irinh bay d tren, vdi tu each
la mdi Irung lam kinh te Idn, Trung Qudc da
sdm cd nhieu anh hudng vdi cac qudc gia
khu vuc va cang ngay cang td ra lan at vai
trd ciia An Do Irong cac mdi quan he kinh le,
giao luu van hda Trudc khi cd sir xual hien
ciia cac doan Ihuyen budn phuang Tay, gidi
Hoa thuong lirng giir vai Ird quan trgng d
nhieu thj Irudng Ddng A Tuy nhien, tren
thuc tl, khdng it nen kinh te khu vuc cung
da cd boat ddng tich cue, chu ddng tham gia
vao he tbdng Ihuong mai Chau A va hon the
cung cd nhung lac ddng trd lai ddi vdi nen
kinh le Trung Qudc Dieu quan Irgng la, luy
chju nhieu ap lire nhung cac qudc gia Ddng
A van giir dugc chii quyen lanh ihd va chu
ddng ve ngoai giao
Tren co sd cac tuyen hai Ihuong dugc
thiel lap lir ihdi Duong va Ihdi Tdng, den the
ky XVl-XVII ca hai tuyen giao ihuong ndi
kel giira khu vuc Ddng Bac A vdi Ddng
Nam A deu ed nhirng phai Irien trdi vugt
Theo khao ciru ciia GS Leonard Blusse Ihi
Tuyin giao thuong phia Dong lire di qua cac
qudc gia Ddng Nam A hai dao cd khoang 46
diem dd edn tuyen thir hai tire Tuyen hdi
thuong phia Tdy dgc theo duyen hai cac
nude Ddng Nam A ban dao ed 125 cang hay cang lhj(17) Day dugc coi la khu vuc giau tai nguyen lu nhien, lich hgp duge ngudn luc ciia bai vimg kinh te dien hinh d Ddng Nam
A la bien va luc dja Trong bdi canh dd, Ddng Nam A vira la diem xual phai vira trd ihanh cira ngd, dja ban Irung chuyen eiia cac tuyen giao Ihuong khu vuc Dieu dd ly giai
vi sao Irong sd cac Ihuyen manh {junk)
Trung Floa den Nhai Ban the ky XVII ed ldi 30-40% la thuyen den lir Ddng Nam A Cac thuyen nay Ihudng dem huong lieu, cac loai dac san cua cac xir nhiet ddi den lieu Ihu d Nhat Ban de rdi sau dd ddi lay ddng va bac den ban d Trung Qudc, Ddng Nam A Trung Qudc can ddng Nhai Ban de due lien tieu diing Irong nudc va lieu Ihu rdng rai d cac qudc gia khu vuc cdn cac nudc Ddng Nam A can kim loai quy ciia Nhat Ban de bao dam ngudn liii chinh ddng thdi diing ddng, luu huynh de che lao vu khi nhat la loai siing Idn than cdng(18)
Sau khi nam giir duge quyen lire chinh trj
d Trung Qudc nam 1368 chi 3 nam sau, tire nam 1371 vi nhieu nguyen nhan, chinh quyen Nam Kinh da chii Iruong ihuc ihi
chinh sach hai cim {Haichin) Tren thuc te
Ihdng qua viec ihuc hien chinh sach dd nha Minh muon nam quyen kiem soal ciia nha nudc vl ngoai ihuang ddng ihdi bao dam an ninh kinh ll ddi ngoai Cung gidng nhu
chinh sach sakoku ma Nhai Ban Ihuc ihi trong giai doan 1639-1853, haichin (haijin)
cua irilu Minh khdng phai la mdi chinh sach loa qudc luyet ddi(19) Chinh sach nay dugc thuc hien din nam 1567 khi Irieu dinh Bac Kinh Ihiy khdng ihl liep luc iheo dudi chinh sach ddi ngoai lieu cue Nha Minh da ndi
Trang 7Nshien cdni khoa hpc
Idng chu Iruong cam hai de thuong thuyen
dugc den Ddng Nam A budn ban Tuy
nhien, Trung Qudc van han che sd thuong
thuyen din Nhat Ban vi lo ngai su xam nhap
cua gidi Ihuong nhan eiing nhu cac loan
cudp bien ciia nude nay Trong vdng gan 2
thi ky nha Minh thuc thi chinh sach cam hai,
nhilu qudc gia khu vire da tranh Ihu khai
thac "khoang trdng quyen lire" de chiem ITnh
thj Irudng khu vuc Cac qudc gia nhu Dai
Viel, Siam da chu ddng san xuat mdt sd
mat hang vdn la ngudn thuong pham chu
dao cua Trung Qudc nhu to lua, gdm sir vi
muc tieu xuil khiu(20) Tuy nhien, sau nam
1567, vdi sir xuit hien trd lai ngay cang
thudng xuyen ciia cac doan thuyen Trung
Hoa d Biln Ddng, dieu kien thuan Igi trong
viec md rdng quan he giao Ihuong cua gidi
thuong nhan Ddng Nam A da bj suy giam
nghiem trgng
Vdi Nhat Ban, vao thi ky XVII, mac dii
bj chinh quyln Edo kiem soal rai ngai ngheo
nhung vi nhumg mdi lgi Idn trong thuong
mai gidi Ihuong nhan Trung Hoa van lim
each din Nhai Ban budn ban, sinh sdng
Nam 1608, theo ude tinh mdi cd khoang 20
hd Hoa kilu djnh cu d Nagasaki nhung chi
10 nam sau sd Hoa thuong, gia dinh va gia
nhan ciia hg da tang len den khoang 2.000
ngudi Din nam 1689, mdt khu djnh cu
tuong ddi Idn ciia Hoa kilu da dugc thiet lap
d viing Ddng Bic Deshima Trong khu vuc
nay, ehinh quyln Edo da cho phep Hoa
Ihuong xay dung 22 nha kho va 3 ngdi den
cho thuang nhan va thuy thu ngudi Hoa tien
hanh cac sinh boat cdng ddng va hanh ll
Tai nhiimg thuong cang nhu Hirado,
Nagasaki (Nhat Ban), Pusan (Trieu Tien)
Hoa kilu chu ylu lam nghe budn ban, san
xuit thu cdng, chii'a benh Sau mdt thdi ky
quan he giira Trung Qudc va Nhat Ban ed phin cang thing, din thi ky XVII, trong xu thi hoa dju, thuyin budn cua Trung Qudc xuil hien d Nhat Ban ngay mot thudng xuyen Nam 1639, lire la nam ma chinh sach toa qudc cua Nhai Ban dugc chinh thue thi hanh vin cd tdi 93 Ihuyin manh Trung Qudc din Nhat Ban Hai nam sau, tuc nam 1641 van cd 97 chile din Nhat Gia trj budn ban cua Hoa thuong cung khdng ngimg tang len Nam 1640 budn ban lo lua bao gdm ca sd to
dua lir Ddng Nam A la 90.000 catties nhung chi 5 nam sau da len din 320.000 catties
(luong duong vdi 192.000 kg)(21) Ngudn
tu lieu Nhat Ban Kai hentai (Hoa di bien
thai) eiing xac nhan mot sd thuyen tir Ddng Nam A den Nhat Ban
Tren Ihuc tl, ciing vdi Trung Qudc, cac qudc gia Ddng Nam A cung tirng budc md rdng quan he vdi Nhat Ban, Trieu Tien Ciing can phai ndi them rang, Tokugawa leyasu la ngudi dugc hudng nhieu thanh qua cua Oda Nobunaga (1534-1582) va Toyolomi Hideyoshi (1536-1598) D I thi hien sire manh Irudc cac the lire chinh trj Irong nude, md rdng khdng gian kinh te, ehinh Irj sang luc dja Chau A ddng thdi lam suy giam ap lire chinh tri ciia cac cudng qudc phuong Tay, Hideyoshi da hai lan eho quan xam luge Trieu Tien vao nam 1592 va nam 1597-1598(22) Mac dii phai ganh chju that bai ve quan sir nhung tren phuang dien kinh te, ngudi Nhat da hgc dugc ky thuat san xuat gdm sir ciia Trieu Tien Den nam 1647, Nhat Ban da bat dau cd the xuat khau gdm sir ra nude ngoai(23) Thdi bay gid, gdm su,
to lua la nhiing mat hang quan trgng trong quan he giao thuong giu'a cac qudc gia Ddng Bac A Nhan thirc rd gia trj cua nhirng ngudn thuong pham dd Nhat Ban da quyet tam hgc
Trang 8Nghien citu khoa hoc
hdi ky thuat, kinh nghiem san xuit tir cac
nudc lang gieng Nhung, hanh ddng xam
luge cua Nhat Ban ciing tinh trang cudp doat
thg thu cdng, nghe nhan gdm sir dua ve nude
(tap trung d viing Kyushu) da gay nen tinh
trang suy thoai eiia nganh san xuat nay d
Trieu Tien trong sudt nira the ky sau dd
Ben canh dd, Nhat Ban cung bat dau chii
ddng eu nhieu doan thuyen budn ra nudc
ngoai budn ban Tir nhiing nam cudi the ky
XVI, ehinh quyen Toyotomi Hideyoshi da
Ihuc hien che do Chau an thuyen {Shuin
shen) Chu truong dd cua chinh quyen
Toyotomi khdng chi dua Nhat Ban tham
nhap vao thj trudng khu vuc, khang djnh chii
quyen cua chinh quyen trung uong Irong
viec quan ly ngoai Ihuong, pha the doe
quyen thuong mai ciia cac tap doan thuong
nhan qudc te ma edn ngan chan nan hai lac
dang hoang hanh d Bien Nhat Ban (Nihon
kai), viing duyen hai mien Nam Trieu Tien
va Ddng Nam Trung Qudc(24)
Trong thdi ky Chau an thuyen
(1592-1635) Ihuyen budn cua Nhat Ban da tham
nhap manh me den eae thuang cang Ddng
Nam A, budn ban va canh tranh quyel liet
vdi thuong nhan Trung Qudc cung nhu
thuong nhan phuong Tay Do cd ky nang
budn ban ddng thdi cd tiem luc kinh le
manh, Nhai Ban da mau chdng xac lap dugc
vj tri thuang mai a nhieu thuong cang Ddng
Nam A dac biet la d Siam (Ayutthaya), Hdi
An (Faifo), Tonkin (Dang Ngoai), Phnom
Penh, Balavia, Manila Ngudi Nhat da lap
nen eae khu phd Nhat {Nihon machi) de sinh
sdng, budn ban lau dai(25) Nhd cd che do
Chdu dn ma Nhat Ban da ngan chan dugc
tinh trang chay mau bac do phai nhap nhirng
san pham xa xi vdi gia cao nhu to lua, gdm
sir, huong lieu tir thj trudng Trung Qudc va
khu vuc Ihdng qua cac thuang nnhan trung gian nhu Trung Qudc, Dd Dao Nha, Tay Ban Nha, Ha Lan, Anh v.v Nhung dilu quan
trgng la, nhd ed ihue hien ehi do Chdu dn
ma ngoai "Thi gidi Trung Hoa" {Chinese
world) Nhat Ban cdn bilt them din "Thi
gidi Ddng Nam A" {Southeast Asian world)
vdi sir danh gia kha chinh xac v l lilm lire kinh te, the che ehinh Irj va vj Ihl cua timg qudc gia Qua dd, ehinh quyen Edo cung ed duge nhan Ihuc chung v l tinh hinh thi gidi Nhan Ihire dd rdng md, sau sac ban rat nhilu
so vdi Irudc khi Nhat Ban thuc hien chi do
Chdu dn thuyen
Vao thdi Chdu dn thuyen, Nhat Ban da ed
quan he vdi 18 qudc gia va khu vuc lanh tho nhung chii yeu la eae qudc gia Ddng Nam A Tir nam 1604 den 1635 da ed tdng sd 356
thuyen budn Chdu dn den Ddng Nam A, Dai
Loan Theo dd, da ed 87 chiec den Dang Trong, sd thuyen den Ayutthaya (Siam) va Luzon (Philippines) mdi noi la 56 chiec, den Campuchia la 44 chiec va Dang Ngoai (Tonkin) la 37 chiec(26) Nhung tir nhii'ng nam 30 cua Ihe ky XVII trd di, vi nhieu nguyen nhan, Nhai Ban da timg budc thuc thi chinh sach ban che hai thuang va cudi ciing den nam 1635 rdi 1639 da ehinh Ihirc thuc hien chinh sach nay Ljch su ggi dd la
thdi ky "loa qudc" {sakoku, 1639-1853)
Khdng it nha nghien cim cho rang, ehinh sach loa qudc ma chinh quyen Edo Iheo dudi
da diy xa hdi Nhat Ban den linh trang biet lap vdi the gidi ben ngoai ddng Ihdi chinh sanh dd ciing dan den nhii'ng hau qua hel sire tieu cue ddi vdi xa hdi ciing nhu nen kinh te Nhat Ban
Ngay nay nhin lai, mac dii sakoku cd gay
nen nhirng tac ddng tieu cue nhung dai trong bdi canh ljch su Nhat Ban thdi bay gid, dd la
NGHIEN cdru DdNG B^C fl, s 6 1(107) 1-2010 19
Trang 9Nghien citu khoa hpc
su lira chgn mdi giai phap tdi uu ciia chinh
quyen Edo Tren Ihuc le, ciing vdi nhii'ng
nguyen nhan ve chinh trj, Idn giao Iren
phuong dien kinh te ed the coi sakoku la
chinh sach ban che giao ihuong cd kiem soal
va la giai phap lira chgn ban ddng minh
chien luge Sakoku khdng day xa hdi Nhai
Ban den linh trang cd lap luyel ddi bdi le
Irong Ihdi ky loa qudc Nhai Ban van chinh
Ihirc duy tri quan he vdi Ha Lan (dai dien
duy nhai ciia phuang Tay), Trung Qudc
Ryukyu va Trieu Tien Dieu Ihii vj la, Irong
Ihdi ky sakoku, ciing vdi Ihuyen budn ciia
bdn nudc, cdn cd nhieu ihuyen budn tir cac
qudc gia Ddng Nam A den giao Ihuong vdi
Nhat Ban Nghien ciru boat ddng cua cac
doan Ihuyen budn dd se cd dugc nhan ihire
day du hon ve ban chai cua chinh sach loa
qudc cung nhu vai trd chu ddng cua nhieu
qudc gia Ddng Nam A Irong cac mdi quan
he khu vuc
Vdi chinh quyln Choson (1392-1910),
sau khi binh lira qua di, trieu dai nay chii
Iruong binh Ihudng boa quan he vdi Nhai
Ban, liep luc Ihuc hien bang giao Irieu cdng
vdi nha Minh, duy tri quan he than thien vdi
Man Chau Theo thoa thuan nam 1609,
thdng qua vai trd cua lanh chua So d dao
Tsushima, mdi nam cd 20 thuyen budn (tir
nam 1636 la 23 ihuyen) cua Nhai Ban den
Pusan budn ban Ngugc lai, Trieu Tien phai
cd Irach nhiem cung cap gao va dau cho lanh
chiia cua dao nay Trong vdng 188 nam (lir
1606 den 1793), ed 11 sir doan Trieu Tien
den Nhat Ban theo tuyen hai trinh tir Pusan
den Tsushima, qua Osaka rdi cudi ciing den
Edo C) Pusan, Nhai Ban da Ihiel lap mdt eo
quan dai dien da chirc nang de dieu hanh,
Ihuc hien cac boat ddng chinh trj, ngoai giao,
kinh le vdi Choson Thdng qua boat ddng
20
cua he Ihdng chg d viing Pusan, quan he kinh te giiia Trieu Tien vdi Nhat Ban lirng rat phai trien Thj trudng Nhat Ban ed dugc nhiing san pham dac sac cua Trieu Tien nhu gdm su, nhan sam, linh chi, da Ihudc
Trieu Tien cung nhap ve nhieu san pham ciia Nhai Ban Ddng Nam A va chau Au Iren ca :
sd phai trien quan he giao Ihuong vdi qudc j dao nay(27) Cung can phai ndi them la, j ngoai mdi quan he chinh thirc vdi Nhai Ban, Trieu Tien cdn cd nhieu mdi quan he quan ; phuang, phi quan phuong vdi mdt sd lanh ehiia vimg Tay Nam Nhat Ban dac biel la
Satsuma va vuong qudc Ryukyu(28) I
3 Vj the cua vimg bien phirong Nam
Vao the ky XVI-XVIl, ciing vdi ddng chay kinh te lir qudc gia Ddng Bac A xudng Ddng Nam A cung cd mot khuynh hudng ngugc lai do la mdi quan he Nam - Bac vdi sir hien dien cua nhieu doan thuyen budn lir Ddng Nam A den Trung Qudc va Nhai Ban
Dua vao cac ngudn tu lieu (ma chu yeu la cac bien ban ciia hai quan Nhat Ban) d Nagasaki dugc GS Yoi.eo Ishii tap hgp
trong cudn "The lunk Trade from Southeast \ Asia" {Tosen Fiisetsu-gaki 1674-1723){29) '
ket hgp vdi mdi sd ngudn tu lieu khac ma chiing la cd Ihe biel dugc boat dgng cua cac luyen hai thuong vj Iri ciia cac thuang cang
cac san pham trao ddi, che do hai quan va quan he bang giao giira cac quoc gia khu j vuc
Qua nghien ciru so sanh cac ngudn tu lieu
ed the Ihay thuyen tosen thudmg din Nhat
Ban thang 6 hay thang 7 hang nam, trd ve Trung Qudc thang Gieng hay thang 2 va cac nudc Ddng Nam A cung trong khoang thdi gian dd Thuyen Siam din Nhat Ban trung binh mai 54 ngay lir Pallani la 47 ngay trong
NGHIEN CUU DONG BflC fl SO 1(107) 1-2010
Trang 10Nghien citu khoa hpc
khi dd thuyen tir Balavia va Malacca mil
khoang 81 den 85 ngay(30)
Cac thuyen lir Malacca ihudng chd Ihilc,
hd lieu ldi Trung Qudc rdi lai nhap lo lua dl
dem den ban d Nhai Ban Nhin chung vao
Ihl ky XVl-XVII, thuong ihuyin tir Ddng
Nam A tren dudng den Nhai Ban thudng ghe
vao eae cang ciia Trung Qudc de budn ban,
cat them hang boa tranh bao hoac tiep Ihem
Ihuc pham, nudc nggl(31) Trong dieu kien
hang hai ihdi bay gid, vi nhieu nguyen nhan
va muc lieu khac nhau, tren dudng lien den
viing bien Ddng Bac A, cac doan thuong
thuyen Ddng Nam A thudng hay ghe vao
ihuong cang eiia nhieu qudc gia Iranh Ihii
khai Ihac cac ngudn Igi lir nhirng luyen budn
ban ngan Nhu vay, ciing vdi Ihuong cang
chinh, muc lieu Irung lam, Ihuong nhan
Ddng Nam A (Irong dd ed gidi 1 loa Ihuong
va ca cac thuong nhan ban dja An Do, Tay
A) da ludn cd each nhin nang ddng eho vice
lang cudng ngudn lgi trong giao thuong
qudc le Cd the ndi, ngudn lgi tir nhiing
luyen budn ban ngan da dem lai lgi ich
khdng nhd eho cac doan Ihuyen budn
Chung loai hang boa ma Ihuyen Ddng
Nam A dua den Irung Qudc, Nhai Ban la
cac loai gd quy, huong lieu (dac biet la hd
lieu, tram huong) va nhieu loai Ihd, hai san
quy hiem ma thj trudng Ddng Bac A rat
hiem hoac khdng cd Theo dd Ihuyen lir
Siam den Nagasaki thang 7-1658 da dem
theo 160.000 kin (khoang 96 lan) gd nhudm
vai (sappanwood), 26.550 kin (16 tan) hd
tieu, 2.670 bd da huou eiing 3.400 bd da ca
map Neu so sanh vdi mdt sd thuong Ihuyen
khac den tir Campuchia vao Ihang 6 ciing
nam chd theo 450 kin (270kg) lua Ddng
Kinh (Tonkin, Dai Viel), 300 kin (180kg)
Iram (aloeswood), 11.600 kin (7 tan) duimg
va 2.000 kin (1.2 tan) Ihudc chira benh ihi
Ihuyen lir Siam cd Irgng lai Idn hon nhieu Sau khi nha Thanh (1644-1911) lam chii dugc linh hinh chinh Irj d Dai Loan nam
1683 va bai bd lenh cam hai vao nam sau sd lugng Ihuyen budn lir Trung Hoa Ddng Nam A true tiep den Nhai Ban lang len mau chdng Hien lugng dd khien chinh quyen Edo phai cd bien phap han che thuyen budn Trung Qudc den Nhat Ban vao nam 1685 Sau khi cac ihinen Trung Qudc keo den Nhat Ban vdi sd lugng Idn len den 192 chiec vao nam 1688 chinh quyen Edo chi cho phep mdi nam 70 ihuyen den Nagasaki irong
dd cd 10 Ihuyen den lir Ddng Nam A Theo quy djnh sd Ihuyen den lir Quang Nam la 3 chiec lir Kelapa (Balavia), Siam la 2 chiec edn lai Dang Ngoai (Tonkin), Pallani va Campuchia mdi noi chi ed mdt Ihuyen den Nhat vdi lugng hang hoa khdng qua 20.000 toe/bac(32)
Tiidng ihudng sau khi den Nhai Ban, ehinh quyen Nagasaki lap lire phan chia cac thuyen manh ra lam ba loai bao gdm:
Thuyen gan {Kuchibune), Thuyen Irung
{Nakabune) va 'Thu)en xa {Okubune) Theo
dd Thuyen gan la nhung thuyen den lir cac vimg nhu Giang Td Cbiel Giang, Nam Kinh, Ninh Ba, On Chau Thuyen Irung den lir Quang Chau, Phiic Kien, Ha Mdn, Ddng Ninh (Dai Loan) Hai Nam, edn Thuyen xa den lir eae qudc gia Ddng Nam A nhu Dang Ngoai", Quang Nam (Dang Trong), Champa, Siam Pallani Malacca
Thdng ke cac loai Ihuyen den tir cac qudc gia khu vuc chiing la Ihay, Irong khoang thdi gian lir 1674-1724 sd Thuyen gan den Nhat Ban la 1.032 chile, chilm ly le 47,25%, Thuyen trung la 865 chien (39,61%), edn Thuyin xa la 287 chile (13,14%) Tong sd