Ban hanh va thuc hien quy dinh dd xit ly thich dang, diing phdp ludt ngudi ditng dau ca quan, dan vi, noi nay ra tham nhung, lang phi, gay hau qua nghiem trgng, Tich thu sung cdng ta[r]
Trang 1PHONG CHONG THAM NHUNG, LANG PHI:
KINH NGHIEM QUOC TE vA VIET NAM
Tham nhung, lang phi da trd thanh
van dd loan edu, la qud'c nan d mdi
qudc gia Trong nhirng nam qua, dau tranh
phdng chdng tham nhung, lang phi dugc
Dang, Nhd nudc vd nhdn ddn la rdi quan tdm
Cdng lac nay da thu dugc nhitng ket qua
budc ddu nhung cdn nhidu khd khdn, trd
ngai Nhdn thite diing ddn the nao la tham
nhQng, lang phi; nhitng dac didm vd tdc hai
cua chiing cQng nhu kinh nghiem ciia qud'c
te vd Viet Nam trong nhiing ndm qua la
nhung van dd cdn thiei nhdm gdp phdn ddu
tranh phdng chdng tham nhung cd hieu qua
I KHAI NIEM, DAC DIEM, TAC
HAI CUA THAM NHUNG, LANG PHI
I Khai niem va dac diem ciia tham
nhung
Theo lit didn tieng Viet "tham nhiing la
Igi dung quydn hiin dd nhung nhieu ddn va
lay cua"'
Theo Tir didn Phdp - Viet, trong tieng
Phap tir Corruptional cd hai nghla, nghla
den: "Ld su thdi nla, sU tu phd huy, sU ddi
bai, su muc ndi lit trong bdn the" va nghla
bdng: "Ld mgt logi tdi pham dien ra irong
viec sit dung cdng vii vd quyen life nhd nUdc
mot cdch bip bcfm, tdn bao vd cue doan
nhdm thu lai cho bdn thdn, gdy thiet hgi cho
Nhd nudc vd cdng ddti'^
Theo Tir didn Anh - Viet, trong tieng
Anh tir Corruption cd nghla la "hu hdng, ddi
bai, thdi ndi, phd hogi v.v."'\
"" PGS.TS Luat hoc, Vien Nha nudc va Phap luat Hoc
vien Chi'nh tri - Hanh chinh qudc gia Hd Chi Minh,
' Vien Ngdn ngu' hoc: TCr dien tieng Viet, N.xb Da
Nang - Trung tam tir di^n hoc, 2005, tr.910
' Trung tam Khoa hoc xa hdi va nhan van qudc gia
-Vien Ngdn ngir hoc: Tir dien Phap - Viet, Nxb Tp.Hd
Chi Minh, 2000, tr.406
' Tir didn Anh - Viet, Nxb Dai hoc qudc gia Ha Ndi,
1997,tr.370
Nguyin Vdn Manh'
Dieu 1 Luat Phdng chdng tham nhung
cua Viet Nam xac dinh: Tham nhung Id hdnh
vi ciia ngudi cd chitc vu, quyen han dd lai dung chiic vu quyen han dd vi vu led, trong dd
vu lai Id led ich veil clid't, tinh tlidn md ngudi
cd chifc vu, quyen han dat duac fiodc cd the dat difcfc tlidng qua hdnh vi tham nhiing
Didu 13 Ludt Phdng chdng tham nhung cua Viet Nam cung xdc dinh tham nhung bao gdm cdc hdnh vi sau ddy:
- Tham d tai san;
- Nhdn hdi ig;
- Lam dung chii:c vu, quydn han chiem doat tai sdn;
- Lgi dung chiic vu, quydn han trong khi thi hanh nhiem vu, cdng vu vi vu lgi;
- Lam quydn trong khi thi hanh nhiem
vu, cdng vu vi vu lgi;
- Lgi dung chiifc vu, quydn han gay anh hudng vdi ngudi khdc de tnic lgi;
- Gid mao trong cdng tdc vi vu lgi;
- Dua hdi Id, mdi gidi hdi Id dugc thuc hien bdi ngudi cd chii'c vu, quydn han dd giai quyet cdng viec cila ca quan, td chiic, don vi hoac dia phuong vi vu lgi;
- Lgi dung chu:c vu, quydn hiin sit dung trai phep tai san ciia Nha nudc vi vu lgi;
- Khdng thuc hien nhiem vu, cdng vu vi
vu lgi;
- Lgi dung chitc vu, quydn han de bao che cho ngudi cd hanh vi vi pham phap ludt
vi vu lgi, can trd, can thiep trdi phdp ludt vao viec kiem tra, thanh tra, kiem todn, didu tra,
truy id, xet x\i, thi hanh an vi vu lgi
Nhitng khdi niem neu tren vd tham nhung tuy da dd cap den dac trung ca ban nhdi cua hanh vi tham nhung la lgi dung chu:c vu, quydn han vi vu lgi va md ta cac bidu hien cu the ciia hanh vi tham nhung nhung chua phan dnh het ban chdi cua nd vdi
tu each la mgt te nan xa hdi, khdng chi cd y
Trang 2HONG CHONG THAM NHUNG
1dm trdi phdp ludt ma cdn vi phiim dao due
cdng vu gdy thiet hai tai sdn cho ca Nhd
nudc, tap thd, xa hgi vd cdng dan, lam sai
lech hoat ddng dung ddn cua cac co quan
nha nudc Nhu vay, tham nhung phdi dugc
.xem xet dudi nhidu gdc dg, khong chi la
hanh vi lgi dung chiic vu quydn han dd vu lgi
ma cdn la hanh vi vi pham phdp lual, vi
pham dao diic va trdch nhiem cdng vu, xdm
pham hoat ddng dung ddn cua co quan nha
nudc vd cdc td chiic khdc trong xa hdi;
khdng chi gdy thiet hai vd lai sdn ma cdn de
dga gdy thiet hai den quydn vd lgi ich hgp
phdp CLia cdng ddn Tit su phdn lich tren cd
the hidu: 'Tham nhung Id le nan xd hdi cd
linh lich sif gdn vc/i sif ra ddi ciia Nhd nudc
duac the hien bdng hdnh vi lgi dung chifc vu,
quyen hgn vi vu lai ciia nlulng ngifdi cd chifc
VII quyen hgn dudi nhieu hinh ihifc, mite do
khdc nhau gdy thiet hgi tdi sdn ciia Nhd
nude, ciui lap the vd cdng ddn, xd.-u phgm
hoal ddng diing ddn ciia cdc ca quan id
chiic hoac de dga gdy thiei hgi quyen lai ich
hgp phdp ciia cdng ddn
Tir khdi niem tham nhiing phdn lich d
phan tren cd the khdi qudt nlulng dgc diem
ciia tham nhitng nhu sau:
Thif nhd't chu the tham nhung la nhirng
ngudi cd chirc vu, quydn hiin Theo dac didm
nay tham nhung la hdnh vi chi ciia nhu'ng
ngudi cd chire vu, quydn h;in Ngudi cd chirc
vu, quydn hiin la nhitng ngudi lam viec trong
bg mdy nha nudc, cdc td chiic chinh tri, id
chuc chinh tri - xa hgi do bd nhiem, do bau
cit, do hgp ddng hoac do nhung hinh thuic
khac, cd hudng luang hoac khdng hudng
luong, dugc giao thuc hien mgt cdng vu,
nhiem vu nhat dinh \a cd quydn han nhdi
dinh klii thuc hien cdng vu nhiem vu dd
Nhu vay, chii thd ciia hanh vi tham
nhiing khdng chi la nhirng ngudi cd chirc vu
ma bao gdm ca nhung ngudi khdng cd chirc
vu nhirng cd quydn hiin nhdi dinh, khdng chi
cd thd thuc hicn hdnh vi tham nhung trong
khi thi hanh cdng vu thudng xuyen dugc
giao ma ca khi thuc hien nhirng nhiem vu cu
the trong mgt thdi gian nhdi dinh
Thif hai tham nhung la hanh vi lgi dung
chufc vu, quyen han dd thu lgi bdi chinh Lgi dung chLi:c vu, quydn han dd thu lgi bdi chinh khdng nhdi thiet la thu dugc lgi bdi chinh do thuc hien mgt hanh vi lien quan true tie'p de'n chLi:c vu, quydn han dd md cd thd bao gdm viec lgi dung dnh hudng ciia chuc vu, quydn han, vi tri cdng tdc Vi vay, lgi dung chiic vu, quydn han Id viec ngudi cd chiic vu, quydn han sit diing chiic nang thdm quydn dugc giao, quan he egng tdc, danh nghla CO quan, td chitc hoac sit dung vi tri cdng lac, anh hudng ciia ngudi cd chiic vu, quydn han de thu lgi bdi chinh
Thif ba, tham nhiing cd muc dich vu lgi
nham thu lgi bat chinh: Ngudi cd hdnh \'i tham nhung ludn ludn nhdm muc dich vu Igi nghla la lugn ludn tinh todn den \ iec thu dugc lgi ich vat chai, tinh thdn cho cd nhdn minh hoac ngudi than thich ciia minh Thu lgi bdt chinh la nhitng lgi ich vat chdi, linh than thu dugc lit viec lgi dung chitc vu, quydn han ciia minh hoac lgi dung anh hudng ciia ngudi khdc Chi'nh vi vay, Didu 13 Luat Phdng chdng tham nhung (2005) ciia Viet Nam xac dinh 12 hanh vi tham nhung bao gdm hdnh vi tham d tai sdn, nhdn hdi Ig, lam dung chirc vu, quydn han chiem doat tdi sdn vd cdc hdnh vi khac ddu vi vu Igi
2 Khai niem va dac diem ciia lang phi
Theo "Tit didn tie'ng Viet" do Vien Nggn ngit hgc Viet Nam xudi bdn nam 2000 thi lang phi dugc hidu Id "Idm tdn kem, hao tdn mgt cdch vd ich""* Lang phi xdy ra trong tdt
ca cdc linh vuc, cac hoat ddng didn ra trong ddi sdng xa hgi, do cdc chii the thuc hien, kd
ca trong hoal dgng ciia Nhd nudc, ciia xa hdi
vd cdng ddn Nhu vay, ndi cu thd hon Idng
phi Id viec qudn ly, sif dung lien, tdi sdn lan ddng thdi gian lao ddng vd td: nguyen thien nhien khdng hieu qud hoac hieu qud thd'p khdng dgt yen edu, muc dich mong mudn
Ddi vdi nhitng linh vuc da cd dinh mitc, lieu chudn, chd do do co quan nha nudc cd
thdm quyen ban hdnh thi Idng phi Id viec
^ Vien Ngdn ngu hoc: Tir dien tieng Viet Nxb Dii
Niing - Trung tam Tir dien hoc, Ha Ndi - Dii Niing,
2000, tr.543
Trang 3mmmm^imimps&i2/2oo
qudn ly sif dung ngdn sdch nhd nudc, lien,
Idi sdn nhd nuifc, lao ddng, thdi gian lao
ddng trong khu vifc nhd nUdc vd tdi nguyen
thien nhien vital dinh tnifc, lieu chudn, che
dd hoac khdng dgt muc lieu dd dinh
Tit ndi dung khdi niem lang phi neu tren
cd the khdi qudt lang phi trong hoiit dgng cua
Nhd nudc, ciia xa hdi va cdng ddn ndi chung
ddu cd nhiing ddc diem sau ddy:
Mot Id, quan ly, sit dung lien, tai san,
thdi gian, lao dgng, tai nguyen thien nhien
khgng hieu qua hoac hieu qua thd'p
Hai Id chu the gdy ra lang phi rdi da
dang:
Chii thd lang phi cd thd bao gdm tdi ca
cdc thanh vien trong xa hgi, kd cd cd nhdn va
td chirc Nhu vay, chu thd gdy ra lang phi cd
the la cd bd may nhd nudc, co quan nha
nudc, td chirc chinh tri, id chirc chinh tri - xa
hdi td chiic kinh id, td chii'c xa hdi va mgi
cdng ddn Trong cdc chu thd neu tren, neu vi
nang luc, trinh dg ydu kem, cong tdc td chuc,
kidm tra khdng tdi, l;ii dd cho mgt bg phdn
can bg, cong chirc thoai hod, bien chdi thi
Nhd nudc la ngudi cd thd gdy ra lang phi Idn
nhiit \i Nha nudc la ngudi id chiic quan ly
cac linh \uc ddi sdng kinh td - xa hdi tren
quy md toan qudc
Mdi cd nhan, mdi gia dinh trong lieu
diing cd nhan, sir diing tai nguyen thien
nhien cung cd thd gdy lang phi Nhidu cd
nhdn gdy lang phi se gay ra lang phi rai Idn
cho xa hdi vi lang phi didn ra tren quy md
toan xa hdi
Ba Id hinh thai lang phi da dang; quy
md, hdu qua lang phi cd mirc dg rdi khdc
nhau: Hinh thai lang phi cd thd la lien, tai
sdn thdi gian, lao ddng tdi nguyen thien
nhien; quy md hau qua lang phi cd thd chi
trong phiim \ i cua gia dinh, cdng ddn nhung
cd thd trong phiim vi cd nudc, ca xa hdi; hdu
qua cd thd linh dugc hoac khdng linh dugc,
cd the nhan thay trude mdi nhung cung cd
the lau dai mdi nhiin bidt dugc
3 Tdc hiii ciia tham nhiing, lang phi
Tham nhung, lang phi gay tdc hai rdi Idn
cho xa hgi, cho Dang, Nha nudc va nhdn ddn
tren nhidu mat, khdng chi la tai san, ciia cai
ma cdn anh hudng ddn Idng tin ciia nhan ddn, tha hod dgi ngii cdn bd, thiim chi de do;i su tdn vong ciia Dang, Nha nudc vd che do xa hgi Tdc hiii ciia tham nhung, lang phi dugc the hien tren nhung mat cu the dudi day:
Thif nhdi tham nhitng, Idng phi Id trd life Idn ddi vdi qud trinh thuc hien dudng Idi, chinh sdch, phdp ludt ciia Ddng vd Nhd nudc, dnh hudng de'n su nghiep xdy difng vd bdo ve To qudc
Dudng Idi, chinh sdch, phdp ludt diing ddn nhung trong qud trinh thuc hien, ndu dd xdy ra tham nhung, lang phi thi ddy cung la nguyen nhdn quan trgng lam sai lech muc dich, khdng bdo dam hieu qua, khdng dat dugc nhirng muc lieu da dd ra
Thif hai, tham nhiing Idng phi gdy thiet hgi Idn ddi vi/i tdi sdn ciia Nhd nudc xd hdi tap the vd cdng ddn xdm phgm quyen vd h/i ich cua cdng ddn
Tham nhung, lang phi ddu gay thiet h;ii Idn vd tai san nhung thiet vd tai san do lang phi gdy ra Idn hon nhidu so vdi thiet hai tai san do tham nhiing gay ra Cd the ihd'ng ke
vd thiet hai tdi san do tham nhiing gdy ra nhung khd cd the thdng ke hdt dugc thiet hai lai san do lang phi gdy ra vi lang phi xay ra tren nhidu linh vuc, dudi nhidu hinh thai khdc nhau, do nhidu chu thd thuc hien, ke ca
do CO quan nhd nudc, cdn bd, cdng chirc nha nudc gdy ra Viec lieu diing ciia cdng ddn khdng phii hgp ndu dien ra tren quy md loan
xa hgi cung gdy thiet hai rai Idn ddn tdi sdn cho xa hdi, chang hiin lieu dung trong ddm cudi, ddm ma, dot vang ma v.v
Thif ba, tham nhiing, Idng phi lam tha hod ddi ngii cdn bd cdng chifc ddo Idn nlulng chudn muc, gid tri dgo difc xd hdi
Trong linh sir cac Nha nudc va xa hdi nhin chung ddu cd hien lugng ngudi cd chLi:c, quydn lgi dung chirc vu, quydn hiin dugc giao dd true lgi, nhung ndu khdng dugc ngdn
chdn, \\x ly nghiem minh se dd phdt Iridn Idy
lan thanh can benh ciia cd bd may nhd nudc, thanh didu hien nhien nhidu ngudi thira nhan Nhirng ngudi liem khidt, trung thuc trd thdnh lac long, cd lap, thdm chi bi bite hiii bdng
34
Trang 4HONG CHONG THAM NHVNG 7
nhitng thii doan xao quyet, tan bao Trong
Nha nudc xa hdi chu nghla do cdng tdc gido
due ren luyen quan ly ciia Dang, Nha nudc
nhin chung dgi ngu can bg, egng chirc cd
phdm chili chinh tri dao due tdt tuy vay cung
khdng tranh khdi tinh trang \an cdn mgt bg
phan khgng nhd can bg egng chirc sa vao
tham nhiing thieu trdch nhiem hoac khdng du
nang Itic dap irng yeu edu cdng viec nen gdy
ra lang phi Idn tai sdn ciia dat nudc cua nhan
ddn 0 noi nao vd khi nao khdng dau tranh
kien quydt ngan chiin tham nhung, lang phi se
ddn den linh triing tha hod, bien cluii ngay
cang lan rgng trong ddi ngu can bg, cdng
chuc, nhCrng ^lia tri dao diic xa hgi nhu ciin,
kiem,, liem, chinh se bi bang hoiii
Thif lit, lliam iihrmg Idng phi Idm xdi
mdn long tin ciia nhan ddn ddi vai Dung,
Nhd nudc vd che do xd hoi ciui nghla
Tham nhung, lang phi khdng chi gdy
thiet hiii ddn tai san ciia Nha nudc va nhdn
ddn ma nguy hiii hon la lam giam siit xdi
mdn long tin ciia nhan ddn ddi \di Dang,
Nha nudc va chd dg xa hgi chii nghla Tir
ngay cd Dang lanh d;io, sir nghiep cdch
mang ciia nhdn dan ta gianh dugc nhu'ng
thang lgi \ i diii khong nhirng gianh dugc
dgc lap lit do, thdng nhiii Td qudc ma cdn
tiing budc xung chac tieii budc tren con
dudng xay dung \a hgi chii nghla, VI the
nhan dan riii tin tudng \'ao Dang \a Nha
iiirdc nhung do mot bd phi'm khdng nhd can
bg dang \ien thoai hod, bien chiii sa vao
Iham nhiing, king phi lam giiim siit long tin
ciia nliiin dan gay biii binh trong du luan xa
hgi tham chi co noi nhdn dan bieu tinh phan
ddi thd hien su phan no ciia minh, Tham
nhiing, lang phi ngay cang lan rdng ke ca
trong dgi ngu can bd cao cii'p trong Ciic
iigiinh ciio quy nhu _\ te, giao due tiong cac
linh \irc nhay ciim iihu thuc hien chinh sach
den on dap nghla xda dot giam nghco \.\'
Neu khdng dugc ngan chan, xii ly nghiem
minh se tang lam xdi mdn them Idng tin ciia
nhan dan ddi \di Dang, Nha nudc \a che dg
Thu nam tham nhiing Idng phi de hi cdc
the life ihii dich lai dung, kich ddng gdy mat
dn dinh chinh tn de dga sU ton vong ciui
Dang Nhd nifdc va che dg
Tham nhiing lang phi lam xdi mdn long tin ciia nhdn ddn ddi vdi Dang Nha nudc \a che dg gdy bu:c xiic trong du ludn xa hgi, bat binh trong nhdn ddn Vi \ay cdc the lire thu dich rdi de lgi dung xuyen lac bdi nhg ndi
xau \i Dang Nha nudc che do xa hdi kich
ddng nhdn dan chdng l;ii Dang Nha nudc Tren thuc td, cd Itic, cd nai cdc the lire thii dich da kich ddng dugc mgt bd phdn nhdn ddn gay bao loan lam mat dn dinh chinh tri Neu Dang, Nha nudc khdng kien quydt xir ly nghiem minh, tiep tuc dd cho tham nhung liing phi phdt trien gd\ birc xiic trong nhdn ddn va xa hgi se tiio thuan lgi them cho cdc the luc ihii dich lgi dung thuc hien nhung am muu gay bao loiin de dga sir tdn \ong ciia Dang Nha nudc va che do
II KINH NGHIEM CUA MOT SO
N U O c TRONG DAU TRANH PHONG
CHONG THAM NHUN(;, LAN(i PHI
Tham nhung lang phi khdng chi la te nan la \iin de ciia rieng tirng qudc gia ma da trd thanh viin de loan edu hdu hei cac nude tren the gidi ddu phai quan tdm ddu tranh phdng chdng tham nhung lang phi Lien hgp qudc da ban hanh Cdng udc vd chdng tham nhung va td chii'c nhidu Hdi nghi qudc te nham trao ddi phd bien kinh nghiem, phdi hgp giua cac nudc trong nd luc chung nham ngan chan tham nhung lang phi tren pham \ i toiin edu
Tdng hgp hoiit dgng phdng chdng tham nhung lang phi ciia nhieu nudc, nhdi la ciia Trung Qudc, Nhiit Ban, Malayxia Singapore, Thiiy Dien v.v cd the rut ra nhiing bai hgc kinh nghiem sau ddy:
Mgt Id phai nhiin thuc dugc tinh nguy
hiem \a yeu cau biic xiic pluii dau tranh vdi
lc tham nhiing, lang phi, Lanh dtio ciia hau het cdc nudc cung nhu
du luan bdo chi va nhdn ddn d cdc nudc deu len an va tuyen chien vdi te niin thiim nhung lang phi Dieu dd cho thay d qudc gia nao cung nhdn thirc dugc tinh ngu\ hiem va yeu edu birc xiic phdi dau tranh vdi te tham nhung lang phi Ndu dd cho tham nhung, king phi phdt trien Iran lan se phd hiiy Nha nudc, la trd luc cho mgi no lire xdy dung diii nudc ngudn
Trang 5HA NUdc vA PHAPLUAT SO
12/200-gdc cua bao loan, mdi dn dinh chinh tri, de
dga su dn dinh phat Iridn cua dai nudc
Hai Id, xdy dung ndi dung phdng chdng
tham nhung, lang phi trong he thdng phap
ludt ndi chung va ban hanh cdc van ban phap
ludt vd phdng, chdng tham nhung, lang phi
ndi rieng
Thuc tidn d nhidu nudc cho thay nhiing so
hd, thieu sdt ciia phdp ludt, chinh sdch, co chd
quan ly v.v se tao thuan lgi cho nhung ke
tham nhiing lgi dung ngay lap tii:c Ndu nhung
quy dinh ciia phdp ludt rd rang, chat che, cd
nhung thiei che' ngan chan tham nhiing, lang
phi lir gdc se han chd ddng kd y dd va hdnh vi
tham nhiing, lang phi Vi vay, lai ca cdc qud'c
gia ddu thudng xuyen ra sodt he thdng phdp
ludt hien hanh, phdt hien nhung quy dinh
chdng cheo, mdu thudn, lac hdu hoac cd so
hd, kip thdi didu chinh, sua ddi, bd sung hoac
ban hdnh van bdn phdp ludt mdi
Mat khdc, ben canh viec xdy diing va
hoan thien he thdng phdp ludt ndi chung phai
quan tdm xdy dung, hoan thien cdc van ban
phap luiit vd phdng chdng tham nhung, lang
phi, trong dd can tap trung vao cdc quy dinh
lien quan den cdc van de sau ddy:
- Td chirc ho.-it dgng ciia bd may nha
nude;
- Thii tuc hanh chinh;
- Quy chd cdng chirc, cdng vu; dao due
cdng chuc;
- Kidm sodt va gidm sdt thu nhap, ke
khai tdi sdn cila cdn bd cdng chiic;
- Co chd phdp ly de nhdn ddn kiem tra,
giam sdt hoat ddng ciia co quan nha nudc,
cdn bd cdng chuc nhd nudc;
- Cdc chd tai trirng tri cdc igi pham vd
tham nhung \a cdc igi pham chLi:c vu khdc,
thu hdi tai sdn do tham nhiing ma cd;
- Co che phdp ly bao ddm cho cdc ca
quan chuyen trdch chdng tham nhung, lang
phi cd du nang luc, quydn luc vd ddc lap
tuong ddi trong didu tra, \\i ly tham nhiing,
lang phi
(J hau hei cdc nudc tren thd gidi, trong
Bg ludt Hinh sir ddu cd quy dinh vd lgi pham
tham nluing Bd ludt Hinh sir dau tien cd quy
dinh \d lgi thiim nhung la ciia Italia ndm
1853, 1859, Pakixtan nam 1861, Nhat Ban nam 1907, Han Qud'c ndm 1953 ^
Mgt sd nudc cdn ban hanh dao luat rieng
\'d chdng tham nhung quy dinh rd hen, cu the han vd tdi tham nhung va cdc bien phdp phdng chdng tham nhung Chdng han Ludt ve Tdng cudng dau tranh chdng tham nhiing cua Malayxia nam 1961 va ndm 1971; Luat Chdng hdi Id nam 1947 cua Pakixtan, Luat Chdng hdi Id ndm 1988 cua Trung Qudc, Luat Chdng tham nhiing cua Hdng Kdng nam
1975, Ludt Phdng chdng tham nhiing ndm
1960, 1972 ciia Singapore, Ludt Chdng hdi Id trong cdc ca quan nha nudc cila Ai Cap v.v
Vd phdng ngita tham nhiing, d nhieu nudc cd van ban phdp lual chuyen ngdnh nhu Lual vd Cdng chiic, Ludt vd Dao ditc cdng chite ciia My, Singapore; Ludt vd Ke khai tai san cdng chire cila Singapore; d Trung Qudc tit thdng 8/1993 da ban hanh 14 van ban quy dinh vd ke khai tai san ca nhdn va hoat dgng kinh te chii ye'u ciia cdn bd lanh diio cdc cap;
d DLi:c cd Ludt vd Che do tai chinh, Ludt Kidm loan, Ludt Kinh doanh trung thuc, Lual Ciinh tranh lanh manh, v.v
Ba Id, chii trgng cdc bien phdp xdy dung
ddi ngu cdng chitc cd ndng luc vd trong siich,
cd diio dii:c, trdch nhiem cdng vu; thuc hien cdng khai, minh bach trong hoat ddng ciia bg mdy nhd nudc
Dd phdng chdng tham nhung, lang phi d nhidu nudc da chii trgng dd ra cdc bien phdp xdy dung dgi ngu cdng chiic chinh quy, hien dai, khdng chi du ndng luc dap iing yeu edu cdng viec md cdn phai ddp iing yeu edu ve dao diic cdng chiic, trdch nhiem cdng vu Mudn vay phai dau tu vao cdng tdc dao tao, bdi dudng ngudn cdng chLi:c; gido due dao du'c cdng chLi:c, xdy dung chd do tuyen dung; quy dinh cu thd \d diio ditc cdng chite, trach nhiem cdng chu:c trong hoiit ddng cdng vii; chd do chinh sdch dai ngd, thang tidn, ky ludt, khen thudng phai cu thd, rd rang Mat
GS.TS Nguyen Xuan \'em, PGS.TS Nguyen Hoa Binh, TS Bill Minh Thanh (chii bien) 2007 Phdng chdng tham nhung d Viet Nam \a the gidi, Nxb.Cong
an nhan dan, Hii Ndi
36
Trang 6'HONG CHONG THAM NHUNG
khdc, phdi quan tdm den ddi sdng ciia cdng
chuJc, tra luong cao dd bao dam ddi sdng ciia
hg, ngdn chan su mua chudc, tdc dgng bdng
vat chdi ddi vdi cdng chitc
Thuc hien cdng khai, minh bach hoat
dgng cLia bd mdy nha nudc, cdng chiic nhd
nudc Thuc hien cdng khai, minh bach de cd
cdn cif kidm tra, gidm sdt, bao ddm khdng cd
viing cam trong bd mdy nha nudc
Bdn Id, phai xdy dung ca quan, id chiic
chdng tham nhung, lang phi du manh, cd kha
ndng dgc lap didu tra vd xit ly khdch quan
cdc hdnh vi tham nhung, lang phi
Dau tranh phdng, chdng tham nhung, lang
phi la ddu tranh phdng chdng nhitng hdnh vi
trdi phdp ludt ciia nhirng ngudi cd chuc vu,
quydn hiin trong bd mdy nhd nudc Vi vay, ddy
Id cugc ddu tranh rdi khd khan, phu:c lap
Mudn ddu tranh cd hieu qua, tit thuc tidn khd
khdn, phLi:c tap cua cugc ddu tranh nay cdc
nudc da nghien ciin xdy dung md hinh td chiic,
ca quan chdng tham nhung thich hgp vdi didu
kien, hoan canh cu the ciia minh, dd lira chgn
CO che td chiic chdng tham nhung phu hgp Cd
4 md hinh tieu bidu sau ddy:
- Md hinh thif nhdi: Thanh lap co quan
chuyen trdch chdng tham nhung tit trung
uong de'n dia phuang vdi quydn hiin rgng Idn
gdn vdi cdc quy dinh chat che, cu thd ve
phdng, chdng tham nhung Md hinh nay
dugc dp dung d Malayxia, Singapore,
Inddnexia, Hdng Kdng v.v
- Md hinh thif hai: Xdy dung cdc don vi,
td chLi:c chuyen trdch diic biet thugc cdc co
quan bdo ve phdp ludt Chdng han Cue didu
tra tham nhfing ciia ca quan gidm sdt hdnh
chinh Ai Ciip
- Md hinh thif ba: Sit dung cdc co quan
thanh tra, gidm sdl ciia Nha nudc, co quan
kidmi tra ciia Dang cdm quydn vd trao them
cdc quydn hiin ddc biet dd phdng chdng tham
nhung, lang phi Chdng han nhu Ban thanh
tra vd kidm todn Han Qud'c, Bd gidm sdt
hanh chinh Trung Qudc, Uy ban ky ludt
trung uong ciia Trung Qudc v.v
- Md hinh thif tU: Khdng thanh lap co
quan chuyen trdch hoac ca quan cd thdm
quydn rieng, coi chdng tham nhung la mgt
trong nhung nhiem vu ddu tranh nhu chdng lai cdc loai tdi pham khdc va trdch nhiem thugc cac CO quan bao ve phdp ludt, khong xdy dung van ban phdp ludt rieng vd van dd
ndy Md hinh nay cd d Due, Phdp va mgt sd
nudc phdt tridn khdc
Md hinh td chirc co quan chdng tham nhiing ciia Viet Nam da lira chgn sit dung kdt hgp cdc md hinh neu tren, vira thdnh lap Ban chi dao phdng chdng tham nhung d trung uong vd cdc tinh, thdnh phd true thudc trung uang, vita thanh lap co quan chuyen trdch chdng tham nhiing d Thanh tra nha nudc, Vien kidm sdt nhdn ddn vd co quan didu tra CLia Bg Cdng an
Ndm la, thu hut nhdn ddn quan tdm va
tham gia dau tranh phdng chdng tham nhung, lang phi
Nhdn ddn la luc lugng ddng ddo, cd mat
d mgi noi, ne'u thu hut dugc su quan tdm va lich cue tham gia ddu tranh phdng chdng tham nhung, lang phi khdng nhirng tao ra thien la, dia vdng ddi vdi ke vi ph<im ma cdn gdy dp lire hd trg manh me cho cudc ddu tranh nay O nhidu nudc da xdy dung co che ddn chu dd nhdn ddn thuan lgi trong viec td gidc, phdt hien tham nhung, lang phi; cd quy dinh vd bien phdp thich hgp bdo ve nhu'ng ngudi td cdo tham nhiing lang phi, cd chd do khen thudng dgng vien kip thdi, thoa dang ddi vdi nhCrng ngudi cd cdng trong viec phdt hien va xir ly cdc hdnh vi tham nhung
Sail Id, phdi cd thdi do kien quyet, bien
phdp xir ly nghiem minh kip thdi ddi vdi cdc hanh vi tham nhung, lang phi
Thuc lien ddu tranh phdng chdng tham nhiing, lang phi d cac nudc cho thay hieu qud CLia cudc ddu tranh nay ciing tuy thugc rdi Idn vdo thdi do ciia ngudi cdm quyen
cung nhu bien phdp xii phiit cd nghiem minh,
kip thdi hay khdng Ndu ngudi cam quydn cd thdi do kien quyet, khdng nira vdi, lai la tdm guong mdu muc khdng thiim nhung, thuc hanh tiei kiem chdng lang phi va cd sti ddng thuan, hd trg ciia loan xa hgi, thi ddu tranh phdng, chdng tham nhung, lang phi se cd chuydn bien tich cue va hieu qua rd ret Mat khdc, thdi dg kien quyei cila ngudi cam quydn phai dugc thd hien d cdc bien
Trang 77/A NUdC vA PHAP LUAT SO 12/2i
phdp xir phiit ddi vdi hanh vi tham nhiing,
lang phi Cdc bien phdp xir phat phdi dii mirc
cdn thiei vd dugc thuc hien nghiem minh, kip
thdi se cd tdc dung rdn de phdng ngira hSu
hieu Tuy nhien, tuy thudc vdo tirng nudc cdc
bien phdp xu phiit dugc quy dinh ciing khdc
nhau Cd qudc gia quy dinh mitc phiit tii tdi
da la 20 ndm, cd qud'c gia xit ly d mii'c tii
chung than hoac lit hinh, nhung hau het ddu
quy dinh bien phdp xir phat ve kinh te, bi
cam lam nhirng viec hoiic dam nhdn cdc
chire vu nhdi dinh, hoac bi tudc mgt sd
quydn cdng ddn ddi vdi nhung ngudi pham
tdi tham nhung sau khi thu dn Chang hiin d
Trung Qudc tham d tii' 2.000 den 10.000
nhdn dan te bi phiit tii tir 1 - 7 nam, tir 50.000
nhdn dan te trd len se bi phat tir hinh O
Singapore va Malayxia hinh phat cao nhdi
ddi vdi tgi tham nhung la 10 ndm tii va phiit
10.000 dg la Malayxia (tuong duong
4.000USD liii thdi didm quy ddi) Tod dn cd
thd tich thu tdi sdn, tidn tham nhUng hoac
phiit bang mgt hoiic gap nhidu lan tai san
tham nhQng 0 Caniida, nhiin hdi Id va dua
hdi Id xir phiit nhu nhau va mirc phiit cd thd
len tdi 6 luiin lii giam tgi tdy rira tidn tir
thiim nhung cd thd xir phiit ddn 6 nam tii
giam 0 Singapore cdn truy citu trach nhiem
hinh sir ddi \'di ngudi phiim tdi tham nhung
da chei luy khdng the thiic hien hinh phiit tu,
nhung hinh phiit ve kinh te, trdch nhiem ddn
sir do ngudi thira ke tai san cua ngudi phiim
tgi phai ihuc hicn 0 Viet Nam nhiin hdi Id
til' 500.000d trd len sc bi truy ciru trdch
nhiem hinh sir, tu' 300 trieu ddng trd len cd
the bi xir phiit chung than hoiic tir hinh (neu
gay hiiu qua nghiem trgng), tham d lir
500.000d trd len bi truy CLi:u trdch nhiem
hinh su, hinh phat cao nhdi cho tdi thiim d tir
20 nam tii giam den chung thdn hoiic tir hinh,
ngoai ra cd the bi cam dam nhiem mgt sd
chirc \u nhiit dinh tir 1 - 5 nam, cd thd bi
phat lien tii' 10 trieu ddng, tich thu mgt phan
hoac loan bd tai san wv.''
Bay Id tdng cudng hgp tac qudc td \d
phdng chdng tham nhiing lang phi
" Xcni Sdd
Trong didu kien md rdng hdi nhap, giao luu qud'c te, cdc nudc ddu tdng cudng, md rdng quan he hgp tdc kinh id, du lich giao luu van hod v.v tdi phiim tham nhung, lang phi cung cd co hdi dd mdc ngodc, phdt trien thdnh mang ludi qud'c id, hoac mdc ngoac thdng ddng dd thuc hien hanh vi tham nhung, chiiy Iron khi bi phdt hien Quy md, tinh chdi vd phiim vi cua cac tdi tham nhung ngay nay bugc cdc nudc phai tdng cudng phdi hgp, cdng tdc dd thdng nhdi chuang trinh hdnh ddng chdng tham nhung, chdng budn lau, chdng tdi phiim qudc id Co sd phap ly cho su phdi hgp nay la cdng udc cua Lien hgp qudc va hiep dinh song phuong, da phuong ciia mdi qud'c gia
III KINH NGHIEM CUA VIET NAM TRONG DAU TRANH PHONG CHONG THAM NHUNG, LANG PHI
Trong nhung nam ddi mdi vira qua, tit thuc lien ddu tranh phdng, chdng tham nhUng d nudc la cd thd riit ra nhitng bai hgc kinh nghiem sau ddy:
1 Danh gia diing thuc trang tinh hinh tham nhung, liing phi va cong tac daiu tranh phong chdng tham nhung, lang phi Cdn phdi ddnh gid diing thuc trang tinh hinh tham nhiing, lang phi va cdng tdc ddu tranh phdng chdng tham nhung, lang phi mdi xdy dung dugc quyet lam, cd chii truang, bien phdp dung ddn va cd hieu qua
'Tinh hinh tham nhiing a nudc ta cd thd
khdi qudt nhu sau:
Mat Id, mirc dg tham nhung, lang phi
ngay cdng Idn; tham nhung, lang phi da tdi con sd hang chuc, hdng trdm ty ddng
Hai Id, phiim vi ngay cang lan rdng phd
bien Ngoai cdc linh vuc nhiiy cam nhu ddu
tu xdy dung co ban, quan ly ddi dai, quan ly tdi chinh, thue, hdi quan da lan rgng sang ca cdc nganh y id, gido due, thuc hien chd do, chinh sdch ddi vdi thuang binh, gia dinh liet
si, cdc chinh sdch nhdn d;io, phuc lgi xa hdi
kd ca cdc nganh tu phdp Tham nhQng lang phi xay ra d tdi ca cdc cap chinh quyen, mot
so cdn bg cao cap vi phiim da bi xir ly
Ba Id tinh ch;ii tham nhQng ngay cang
phiic tap, nghiem trgng, thii doan ngav cang
38
Trang 8HdNG CHONG THAMNHONG^
tinh \ i, Irang trgn,
Bon Id da cd ddu hieu mdc ndi hinh
thanh dui^ng day tham nhQng cd td chuc, lien
ket giua cac can bg cdng chuc thodi hod, bien
chdi vdi nhau vd \di tdi pham ngoai xa hgi
Cdng idc ddu tranh phdng chdng tham
nhitng Idng phi trong nhung nam qua d nudc
ta da cd tien bd vd thu dugc nhiing kei qud
nhdi dinh Dang, Nha nudc la da cd nhidu
chii truong, bien phdp ddu tranh phdng,
chdng tham nhung, lang phi; cd nhieu cd
gang trong viec hoan thien chinh sdch, phap
luijit ca che hiin chd sai sdt ke hd phdt sinh
tham nhQng lang phi, nam 2005 da ban hanh
Luat Phong chdng tham nhung vd Luat Thtic
hanh tiei kiem, chdng lang phi Da tang
cudng mot budc cdng tdc kiem tra cua Dang;
ddy manh cac hoiit ddng gidm sdl cua Qud'c
hgi, Hgi ddng nhdn ddn cdc cap, hoiil dgng
thanh tra cua Nha nudc va cdc hoat dgng
giam sat xa hdi; tang cudng cdc hoat dgng
thiinh tra kiem tra, kiem loan, dieu tra; da
phdt hien \i\ xir ly nghiem mgt sd vti tieu
cue, tham nhQng Idn
Tiii ca nhQng hoiit dgng tren cd lac dung
nhiit dinh trong \icc ran de, phdng ngua
ngan ch;;in day liii tham nhung king phi
Ben ciinh nhung lien bd \'a kdt qua neu
tren, cdng tac diiu tranh phdng, chdng tham
nhung, lang phi vdn cdn nhieu hgn che yeii
kern
Kdt qua dau tranh phdng chdng tham
nhQng, lang phi chua tuong xung vdi chu
truang bien phap da de ta; su lanh diio, chi
diio cua cac ciip uy Dang, chinh quyen chua
thudng xuyen sau sat ehiit che, chua bien
thanh quyet tam chinh tri cua loan Dang,
loan ddn; cac quy dinh cua phdp luiit chua
day dii, thieu cu thd, chua ddng bg; xu ly
tham nhQng, lang phi nhidu luc, nhieu noi
chua nghiem minh, cdn bidu hien biio che,
nd nang chua cd bien phap xir ly dii manh de
ran de, phdng ngira; chua huy dgng vd phdi
hgp chai che sue manh tdng hgp ciia loan xa
hgi Irong cugc ddu tranh phdng chdng tham
nhQng, lang phi; cdng tdc gido due chinh tri,
tu tudng, diio du:c va kidm tra, gidm sdt can
bd, dang vien, cdng chuc bi budng long, cdn
nhieu veu kem, chua chuydn bien kip vdi
dien bien phirc tap trong tu tudng d;io dire cdn bg egng chuc: chua xdy dung dugc co che phdng ngua \a ddu tranh cd hieu qua vdi tham nhQng, Idng phi, \iec phdi hgp giua cdc
CO quan chuc narrg (kidm tra, thanh tra, kiem todn) va cdc co quan tu phap chua thudng xuyen va thieu kip thdi
2 Xac dinh dung ddn muc tieu, quan diem daiu tranh phong chdng tham nhung, liing phi
Trong nhung nam trude mat ddu tranh phdng chdng tham nhQng lang phi phai diit
dugc muc tieu Id: Ngan chiin, hiin che, lung
budc ddy lui tham nhung, lang phi: tiio budc chuyen bien rd ret de ciing cd Idng tin xdy dung su ddng thuan \a quyei tdm cua loan Dang, loan ddn: giu \ung dn dinh chinh tri phdt trien kinh te xa hdi; xdy dung Dang Nha nudc trong sach vung miinh: xdy dung ddi ngu cdn bg egng chuc vien chuc trung thanh tiin tuy ky cuong liem chinh
De diiu tranh phdng chdng tham nhung,
lang phi cd hieu qua phai qudn triet nlulng
cpiiiii diem sau day:
- Tham nhung lang phi la nhung can benh rai nguy hiem ngay cang phd bien, cd luc cd nai nghiem trgng nhung cdn ndi rd su ihiil khdng bao che, khdng sg miit uy tin \i phanh phui nhung su thi^it nay;
- Khdng hoang mang dao dgng trude nhu'ng dien bien phuc tap cua tinh hinh tham nhung, lang phi nhung phai chu dgng xdy dung chien luge, kd hoiich va cd bien phdp tich cue chu ddng phdng chdng;
- Phdng chdng iham nhung, lang phi la nhiem vti \ua cap bdch \ira Idu ddi, cdn cd nhung bien phap giai quydt linh the l;io budc chuydn bien rd ret, ddng thdi cd chu truong, giai phap cd tinh chicii luge, phdng chdng tan gdc;
- Ddu tranh phdng chdng tham nhung, lang phi phai dugc lien hanh vdi tinh thdn kien quydt, kien tri, thudng xuyen lien tuc
cd budc di vung chac, tich cue lira chgn dung trgng tdm, trgng diem, tao budc dot phd gay dung Idng tin cho loan xa hgi;
- Diiu tranh phdng chdng Iham nhung king phi vdi tinh than tich cue clui dong phdng ngua la chinh dgng thdi kien quyei
Trang 9HA NUdc VA PHAP LUAT SO 12/200'
xu ly nghiem minh nhu'ng vu viec da dugc
phdt hien;
- Phdng chdng tham nhung, lang phi
phdi nhdm phuc vu nhiem vu phdt tridn kinh
td xa hdi, bao dam an ninh chinh tri, trat tu
an loan xa hdi, cung cd he ihd'ng chinh tri vd
xdy dung khdi dai dodn ket loan ddn;
- Gdn phdng chdng tham nhung, lang phi
vdi cdng lac xdy dung Dang, chinh quydn trong
siich, vitng manh, phdt huy ddn chii, chdng chii
nghia cd nhan;
- Cdc cap Liy Dang lanh dao chat che
cdng tdc phdng chdng tham nhung, lang phi,
phat huy su:c manh tdng hgp ciia ca he thdng
chi'nh tri va cua loan ddn, thuc hien ddng bd
cdc bien phdp chinh tri, tu tudng, id chute,
hanh chinh, kinh id, hinh sir
- Kd thira cd chgn Igc kinh nghiem trong
lich su, iruydn thdng lot dep ciia dan tdc, chu
trgng tdng kdt thuc tidn; hgc tap cd chgn Igc
kinh nghiem cua cdc nudc trong khu vuc va
qud'c id
3 Xay dung va thuc hien he thdng cac
giiii phap ddng bg trong daiu tranh phong,
chdng tham nhung, lang phi
Dd diit dugc muc lieu, yeu cau ddu tranh
phdng chdng tham nhung, lang phi cdn xdy dung
va thuc hien ddng bd cdc gidi phdp sau ddy:
- Gido due cdn bg, nhdn dan nhdn thii'e
dung ddn la yeu edu biic xuc cua cudc dau
tranh phdng chdng tham nhung, lang phi vi
nhung cdn benh ndy dang de dga sir ton vong
cua Dang, Nha nudc va chd do "Tich cue
phdng ngira va kien quydt chdng tham
nhung, lang phi la ddi hdi biic xuc cua xa
hdi, la quydt tdm chinh tri ciia Dang ta"';
- Td chuc nghien cu'u co ban, he ihd'ng,
loan dien vd thiim nhung, lang phi;
- Sira ddi, bd sung, hoan thien co chd
quan ly, chinh sdch, phdp ludt ndi chung va
phdp luiit vd phdng chdng tham nhung, lang
phi ndi rieng, cdc quy dinh vd qudn ly kinh td
- lai chinh, vd thanh tra, kidm tra, kidm loan;
- Tie'p tuc daiy m;inh cai each hanh chinh,
sdp xep bd mdy ggn nhe, bao dam cdng khai,
minh bach cdc hoiit ddng kinh id, tai chinh
^ Van kien Dai hdi dai bieu loan qudc \&n thir X, Nxb
Chinh tri quoc gia, Hii Ndi, 2006, tr 45
trong cdc caquan, dan vi;
- Khdn truong va nghiem chinh thuc hien Ludt Phdng chdng tham nhiing, lang phi; sita ddi, bd sung Ludt Khie'u nai, td cao;
- Xit ly nghiem, kip thdi, cdng khai nhu:ng vu viec da dugc phdt hien Cd bien phap xu ly kien quyet, nghiem minh nhung ngudi tham nhung, lang phi bai kd d chute vu nao, duang chiic hay da nghi huu Ban hanh
va thuc hien quy dinh dd xit ly thich dang, diing phdp ludt ngudi ditng dau ca quan, dan
vi, noi nay ra tham nhung, lang phi, gay hau qua nghiem trgng, Tich thu sung cdng tai san
cd ngudn gdc lit tham nhung; xii ly nghiem minh nhCtng ngudi bao che tham nhung hoac lgi dung viec to cdo tham nhung de vu khdng, lam hai ngudi khac, ddng thdi cd co chd khuyen khich va bao ve nhiing ngudi tich cue ddu tranh chdng tham nhung, tieu cue; bidu duong va nhdn rdng nhCrng guong can, kiem, liem, chinh, chi cdng, vd lu;
- Tridn khai thuc hien tdt Phap lenh Thuc hien ddn chu d xa, phudng, thi Iran, phdt huy vai trd cua cdc co quan ddn" cii, cila Mat Iran td qud'c, cdc td chu'c chinh tri - xa hdi va cua nhdn ddn trong viec gidm sdt cdn bd, cdng chute vd co quan cdng quydn;
- Tie'p tuc ddi mdi chd do tidn luong ddi vdi can bd, cdng chute; cd quy dinh vd kiem sodt, gidm sdl thu nhap cua cdn bd, cdng chu'c;
- Tie'p luc hoan thien vd id chiic va trien khai hoat ddng cd hieu qua ciia Ban chi dao phdng chdng tham nhung d trung uong va cdc dia phuong Cac ngdnh, cdc cap, cdc co quan don vi phdi xdy dung chuang trinh hanh ddng phdng, chdng tham nhung, lang phi;
- Tap trung chi dao, kidm tra, thanh tra phdng chdng tham nhung, lang phi trong mgt
sd linh vuc trgng didm nhu qudn ly ddi dai, dau
tu xdy dung co ban, quan ly tai chinh trong doanh nghiep nha nudc: thu, chi ngiin sdch nha nudc; quan ly tai san cdng; cdng tdc quy hoach, luydn dung, dd bat, bd tri can bd;
- Gdn ddu tranh phdng chdng tham nhung, lang phi vdi cdng tdc chinh ddn, xdy dung Ddng, xdy dung Nha nudc phdp quyen cua ddn, do ddn, vi dan; vdi cudc van ddng hoc Idp va lam theo tam guong dao dutc H6 Chi Minh
40