cho khdng khi chinh tri trd nen cang thang them. Sau khi dao Luat khan cap dUde thong qua, chinh phu Tay DUc chinh thUe cho phep canh sat dung vu lUc de giai tan cac eugc bieu tinh. [r]
Trang 1Umm TRAp HOA BINH, PHAN DOI CUOC CHIEN
TRANH CUA MY TAI VIET NAM 0 CHLB DUTC
PHAM HONG TUNG*
1 Md ddu
Do nhieu nguyen nhan ehu quan va
khach quan khae nhau ma trong thdi ky
Chie'n tranh Lanh (1945-1989) hai dan tdc
Viet Nam va Ddc ed chung mdt net tUdng
ddng quan trgng: hai dan tdc, hai qud'c gia
cung bi chia cat lam hai mien vdi hai ehe
do chinh tri dd'i lap nhau Va do dd, ca hai
qud'c gia, hai dan tdc phai chia se mdt sd'
phan nghiet nga la eung trd thanh tieu
diem ddi dau quye't liet nha't giiia hai he
thd'ng chinh tri - xa hgi dd'i nghich, giiia hai
phe thu dich la lien minh cua eae nUde tU
ban chu nghla (TBCN) ddng d i u la My va
phe xa hgi chu nghla (XHCN) vdi hai tru
cot la Lien Xd va Cgng hda Nhan dan
Trung Hoa
Tuy deu vd cung quye't liet, nhUng hinh
thai va phUdng thdc dd'i dau giiia phe
TBCN va phe XHCN d Ddc va Viet Nam lai
he't sdc khac nhau 6 Ddc, dd la cude chay
dua, canh tranh hda binh giiia hai che do,
hai md hinh chinh tri, kinh te' xa hgi, hai
he y thdc chinh tri dUde diSn ra dUdi hinh
thdc cude eanh tranh, dd'i dau giiia hai nha
nude: Cdng hda Lien bang Ddc (CHLB Ddc)
va Cdng hda Dan ehu Ddc (CHDC Ddc)
Tuy dUde coi la eugc "canh tranh hoa binh"
nhUng sU tdn tai va phat trien cua hai nha nude Ddc thvJc chat la sU tdn tai tren diu nggn sung, dudi sU yem trd - va khdng khdi
bi chi phd'i bdi hai khdi quan sU NATO va Warsaw (Varsava) Ca hai khdi nay deu trien khai hang trieu quan vdi du mgi thd vii khi td'i tan, nguy hiem nha't tren lanh thd cua hai nha nUde Ddc, va ludn ludn d trong trang thai san sang nha dan ve phia dd'i phudng
Cdn d Viet Nam, ngay sau khi The chie'n
II ke't thuc, theo quye't nghi cua Hgi nghi Ddng Minh d Potsdam (7-1945), Viet Nam
bi tam thdi phan chia thanh hai khu vUe chiem ddng cua hai life lUdng Ddng Minh Phia Bic vl tuyen 16 la khu vUc chiem ddng cua quan dgi Trung Hoa (Qud'c dan dang), phia Nam vi tuyen 16 la khu vUc chiem ddng eua quan Anh Tuy viec chiem ddng cua cac lUe lUdng Ddng Minh nay chi
la tam thdi n h i m giai giap quan dgi Nhat Ban, song nd lai md dUdng cho viec thUc dan Phap quay lai tai chiem thuge dia d Viet Nam va Ddng Dudng, de dga nghiem trgng chii quyen va nen dgc lap dan tgc ma nhan dan Viet Nam vda ddng len gianh lai dUdc dudi sU lanh dao cua Dang Cdng san
PGS TS Dai hoc Quo'c gia Ha Noi
Trang 2Phong frao hoa binh phin ddi 33
Ddng Dudng va Mat tran Viet Minh Day
chinh la cdi ngudn va la diem khdi d i u cua
cai ma nhieu sd gia phUdng Tay ggi la
"Cude Chien tranh Ddng DUdng l i n thd
nha't" va "Cude Chien tranh Viet Nam",
nhQng cude chie'n tranh ma nhan dan Viet
Nam, du khdng mudn, da bi xd day tdi chd
huge phai dd'c het mgi ngudn lUc vat chat
va tinh t h i n , hy sinh hang trieu mang sd'ng
de vifdt qua, de bao ve duoc quyen sd'ng
trong ddc lap, tU do, bao ve sU thd'ng nhat
va quyen tU quye't cua dan tgc minh
Do vay, eugc doi dau giiia hai phe TBCN
va XHCN d dien ra d Viet Nam khdng ehi
bieu hien d mdc do quyet liet nhat, dUdi
hinh thdc tan khd'c nha't la chie'n tranh, ma
edn la sU ddi dau phUc tap nhat, khdng chi
ve y thdc he hay sU lUa chgn che do chinh
tri - xa hdi, ma edn la sU dor d i u giiia y chi
ddc lap, tu ehu, tU quye't, tU do cua dan tgc
Viet Nam vdi am mUu nd dich, thd'ng tri va
chi phd'i cua cac the life ngoai bang
2 Phong trdo hoa binh, phdn doi
cuoc chien tranh Viet Nam d Due tU
1965 den 1967
Diem xuat phat va ciing la mdt trong
nhiing bd phan hdp thanh quan trgng nha't
cua phong trao hda binh, phan ddi cude
chie'n tranh cua My d Viet Nam la "Chie'n
dich giai trd quan bi" (Kampagne fuer
Abruestung - KfA) xuat hien d CHLB Ddc
tu d i u nhiing nam 60 cua the ky XX Khi
mdi xua't hien vao nam 1960 tai thanh phd
Freiburg phong trao nay dudng nhU "sao
chep" nguyen mau phong trao giai trd vii
khi hat nhan xua't hien d Anh vdi ten ggi
"Campagne for Nuclear Disarmament" dudi
hinh thdc mgt cude t u i n hanh keo dai ba
ngay vao l i Phuc sinh (Ostermaerschen),
vdi lUc lUdng tham gia chu ye'u la thanh
nien, sinh vien Den nam 1963 thi phong
trao nay chinh thdc mang ten "Phong trdo
gidi trii qudn bi" va thUe sU trd thanh mdt
phong trao q u i n ehdng rgng ldn, va tU nam
1968 trd di phong trao nay mang ten ggi
mdi "Phong trdo vi ddn chu vd gidi trii qudn bi" NhU vay, cd the thay d diem xuat
phat cua nd, phong trao nay thuan tuy chi
la mgt bg phan cua phong trao hda binh vd'n da phat trien lien tuc d Tay Au td sau eugc The chie'n I va trong bd'i canh cua eugc Chie'n tranh Lanh toan cau luc dd thi no trd thanh phong trao da'u tranh giai trif quan bi, va h i u nhU khdng cd lien quan gi de'n cude chie'n tranh d Viet Nam
Nhung tir khi My quye't dinh leo thang
b i n pha mien Bic Viet Nam va dd quan vao chie'n trUdng Viet Nam thi phong trao nay mdi phat trie'n thanh phong trao phan ddi eugc chie'n tranh Viet Nam, ddng thdi gin chat mue tieu da'u tranh nay vdi cac muc tieu phan khang chinh tri - xa hgi cua nhan dan DUc va vdi eugc dau tranh vi hda binh tren toan the gidi
Budc ngoat nay cua phong trao dien ra vao mua Thu nam 1964 Ngay sau khi Td'ng thd'ng My Johnson ra lenh oanh kich mien Bic Viet Nam, uy ban Trung Udng cua Phong trao giai trU quan bi da phat hanh Td thdng tin sd' 14/64 bay td sU nghi ngd ddi vdi tinh xae thUe cua cai ggi la: "sU kien Vinh Ble Bd" do Washington edng bd' Tiep dd, ngay 19 thang 12 nam 1964, uy ban nay da gifi cho chinh phu My mdt bdc Thu ngd, phe phan manh me hanh vi tan cdng chd'ng nUde Viet Nam Dan chu Cdng hda cua My, ddng thdi dUa ra mgt ban yeu saeh gdm ba diem chinh: 1) Yeu ciu My khdng ed them ba't ed hanh vi chie'n tranh nao nUa d toan coi Ddng Dudng va phai quay trd lai chap hanh dung nhiing quy dinh cua Hgi nghi Geneve ve Dong Dudng nam 1954; 2) Dam bao td chdc mdt cude tdng tuyen cU tU do d Viet Nam; 3) My phai
Trang 334 Rghien cijru Ljch siSr s6'11.2009
cd traeh nhiem giup tai thie't Viet Nam
Ban yeu saeh cUng nha'n manh yeu cau My
phai tdn trgng quyen tif quye't cua nhan
dan Viet Nam
Vdi ddng thai nay Phong trao giai trd
quan bi da thUe sU cham ngdi cho nhiing
lan sdng da'u tranh manh me cua nhan dan
Ddc yeu chudng hda binh nham phan dd'i
chinh saeh hieu chien cua My d Viet Nam,
ddng thdi phan ddi kich liet chinh saeh
than My cua chinh phu CHLB Ddc luc dd
Neu trong nhUng nam 1963, 1964 sd'ngUdi
tham gia vao cac eugc dieu hanh, bieu tinh,
mit tinh ddi giai trd quan bi chi vao khoang
tren dudi 1.000 ngUdi thi tU nam 1965 trd
di con sd' nay da tang len tren 300.000
ngudi Ciing trong thdi gian dd, sd' ngUdi
tham gia ky ten vao cae ban tuyen bd', kie'n
nghi thu cua phong trao ciing tang vgt td
khoang 230 len 15.000 (1) Khdi d i u la eugc
t u i n hanh khdng Id eua khoang hdn
400.000 ngUdi tren sud't quang dUdng 22km
tu Thanh phd' Mainz de'n Thanh phd
Frankfurt am Main nhan dip Ld Phuc sinh
nam 1965 Hdn 15.000 ngudi da ky ten vao
ban tuyen bd' ddi chinh phu My cha'm ddt
ngay cac hanh vi chie'n tranh tai Viet Nam,
ddng thdi ddi chinh phu CHLB DUc khdng
nhiing phai cha'm ddt ngay mgi sU ung hg
ddi vdi chinh saeh hieu chie'n cua My, ma
cdn phai gay sdc ep de chinh phu My cha'm
ddt ngay "eugc chie'n tranh ban thiu" cua
hg tai Viet Nam (2)
Ben canh cac eugc dieu hanh quan
chung khd'ng Id, Phong trao vi dan chu va
giai trU quan bi cdn td chdc nhieu hoat
ddng phan khang tap the da dang khac
nham thu hut ddng dao cac tang Idp nhan
dan DUc, nhu td chUe Tuan le hanh dgng vi
hda binh, phan ddi cude chie'n tranh Viet
Nam, chieu va gidi thieu phim ve cude
chien, tan phat thdng tin, td chdc thu thap
chii ky, trien lam t r a n h anh, mit tinh, bieu tinh Ngoai dip Le Phuc sinh, cac ngay thanh le khac va ke ca ngay Qud'c khanh
My (4-7) cUng dUdc bie'n thanh nhQng cd hdi thuan ldi de tap hdp quan chung da'u tranh
Bd phan thd hai la phong trao sinh vien Ddc TrUdc dd, sinh vien nhieu trUdng dai hge d CHLB Ddc da tham gia ra't tich eUc vao cac boat dgng cua Phong trao giai trif quan bi Td giQa nam 1965 trd di, phong trao sinh vien phdt trien len mgt t i m cao mdi va cang ngay cang mang dam ban sac rieng cua phong trao sinh vien Hda nhip vdi phong trao da'u t r a n h sue sdi cua sinh vien cac trUdng dai hge d My ddi hda binh
va phan dd'i eugc chie'n t r a n h eua My tai Viet Nam, td ngay 14 de'n ngay 17 thang 10 nam 1965, Lien doan Sinh vien Xa hdi chu
nghla Ddc (Der Sozialistische Deutsche Studentenbund - SDS) da trieu tap Dai hgi
dai bieu toan qud'c va ra quye't nghi, ring Lien doan phai tao mgi dieu kien thuan ldi
de sinh vien tie'p can day du nha't vdi cac ngudn thdng tin ve cude chien d Viet Nam, ddng thdi hieu rd nhQng nguyen nhan kinh
te, chinh tri sau xa eua eugc chien dd Theo nhu ban Quye't nghi nay thi rd rang SDS khdng nhin nhan eugc chie'n d Viet Nam nhu la mgt cude ngi chien ma la cude chien tranh My - Viet Nam Tai Dai hdi, SDS cQng gui thdng diep tdi ta't ca eae lien doan sinh vien Tay Au de nghi phd'i hdp trong nhQng h a n h dgng ehung phan dd'i cude chien tranh cua My tai Viet Nam (3)
Tie'p dd, ngay 27 thang 1 nam 1966 mgt
uy ban Sinh vien Tay Au vi Hda binh cho Viet Nam da dUdc t h a n h lap d Ddc va ra Tuyen bd', gdi cho Chinh phu My mdt ban yeu saeh ba diem: 1) Rut ngay toan bd cac life lUdng vu trang khdi Viet Nam; 2) Tham gia vao mdt eugc hgi nghi hda binh vdi sU
Trang 4Phong frao hda binh, phin ddi 35
cd mat cua ta't ca cae ben tham chie'n; 3)
Dam bao tdn trgng quyen tU quyet cua
nhan dan Viet Nam (4) Cang ngay phong
trao hda binh cua sinh vien phan dd'i eugc
chie'n tranh eua My d Viet Nam cang phat
trien sdi ndi, va de'n giQa nam 1966 thi cac
td chdc sinh vien khac d Ddc, nhU Lien
dean Dai bgc Xa hdi chu nghla (SHB), Lien
minh Sinh vien Nhan dao (HSU) va Lien
doan Sinh vien Tu do DUc deu tuyen bd'
sat canh cung hanh ddng vdi SDS Do vay,
SDS da nhanh ehdng chiem dUde da sd'
tuyet dd'i trong Nghi vien Sinh vien Ddc,
thd'ng nha't td chdc ta't ca cae hoat ddng
tranh dau trong cac trUdng dai hoc va cao
dang vi hda binh, ddi My cham ddt chien
tranh tai Viet Nam Hang tram cude mit
tinh, hdi thao va dac biet la dien dan thdng
tin (teach-ins and sit-ins) ve cude chien
tranh Viet Nam da dUde td chUc, ldi cud'n
hang tram nghin sinh vien DUc vao phong
trao da'u tranh chung cua sinh vien toan
the gidi phan ddi chinh saeh hieu chien cua
chinh phu My
Bg phan thd ba cua phong trao hda
binh, phan ddi eugc chie'n tranh cua My d
Viet Nam la cac boat ddng quyen gdp ung
hd nhan dan Viet Nam, trUde he't la cdu
trd, ung hg nan nhan chie'n tranh Ngay td
thang 7 nam 1965 Hdi Hda binh DUc (Die
Deutsche Friedengesellschaft - DFG) da
phat ra Ldi keu ggi thd'ng thie't: "Dieu kinh
khung nhat dang dien ra d Viet Nam Mdt
dan tdc chUa tdng ta'n cdng ba't cU ai dang
bi buy diet mdt each tan bao nha't bdi cac
thd vu khi tdi tan nha't Do vay, chung ta
canh bao va phan khang manh me, bdi le
eugc chien dang mdi ngay mgt lan rgng d
Viet Nam cd the dan tdi mdt eugc chien
tranh the gidi bang vu khi hat nhan
Chung ta ung hg manh me phong trao toan
the gidi ddi cha'm ddt ngay eae cude nem
bom, cha'm ddt ngay chie'n tranh va dam bao quyen tU quye't cua nhan dan Viet Nam" (5) Tie'p dd, thdng 8 nam 1968, mgt so' nha boat dgng t6n giao va thu Hnh c6ng doan Ddc da len tieng, phat dgng phong
trao "Hay giup hg" (Helft Ihnen) nham
quyen gdp tien cdu trd nan nhan chien tranh d Viet Nam (6)
Ldi keu ggi giup dd nan nhan chie'n tranh d Viet Nam cua DFG va cac nhan si ndi tieng nhanh ehdng nhan dUdc su ung
hd nhiet tinh cua cac tang Idp nhan dan DUc Chi trong vdng hdn 4 thang, den thang 11 nam 1965 phong trao nay da quyen gdp dUde so' tien khoang 60.000 DM
tu cac ea nhan va cac td chUe td thien tren toan Tay DUc
Theo luat phap CHLB Ddc thi phdng
trao "Helft Ihnen" ehi cd the dUde phep
ehuyen sd' tien quyen gdp dUde sang Viet Nam neu nhU nd hoan toan khdng bdc lg lap trUdng chinh tri va thai do vdi eugc chie'n mdt each cdng khai Vi vay, trong cae ban Thdng bao thudng ky, phong trao nay
da ndi ro: "Chung tdi bie't r i n g cd ra't nhieu va'n de lien quan de'n cude chie'n tranh d Viet Nam ma trong pham vi cac boat ddng cdu trd chung tdi khdng the de cap de'n" (7) Tuy nhien, xem xet ky each thUe trinh bay sU kien trong cac ban Thdng bao thudng ky thi ed the tha'y thai do va lap trUdng cua DFG va phcng trad la het sdc ro rang Trong khi phong trao khdng bao gid ehi trich Chinh phu Viet Nam Dan chu Cdng hda, nhUng ludn ludn md ta hanh vi chien tranh cua My tai Viet Nam la "xam lUdc" va cao buge My phai chiu traeh nhiem
ve cude chien tranh do hg gay ra Ben canh
dd, cac td Thdng bao thudng ky cung cho in lai va phat tan nhQng bai phat bie'u eua thu Hnh phong trao hda binh, phan chien
My Martin Luther King, ke ea cac bai phat
Trang 535 Rghien ciru Lich sCt so 11.2009 bieu cua lanh dao Mat tran Dan tgc Giai
phdng Mien Nam Viet Nam
3 Phong trdo hoa binh, phdn ddi
cuoc chie'n tranh cua My a Viet Nam
tgi CHLB Ddc tie ndm 1968 de'n ndm
1973
Cude Td'ng ta'n cdng va ndi day eua
quan va dan Viet Nam vao mua Xuan 1968
da giang cho quan My va ehe do Viet Nam
Cdng hda mdt ddn choang vang, tao nen
mdt budc ngoat chien lUdc cua cude dien
chie'n tranh d Viet Nam "Cude tan cdng
Tet" (Tet Offensive) cua quan va dan Viet
Nam cung cd tae dgng ehinh tri he't sdc sau
rgng tai nUde My va cac nUdc phUdng Tay
Nd da chi cho chinh gidi va nhan dan cac
nude nay mgt sU that r5 rang, rang eho du
chinh phu My da dd hdn nda trieu quan
vao mien Nam Viet Nam va leo thang ban
pha dQ ddi mien Bac Viet Nam, ehdng ciing
khdng nhQng khdng the ngan ehan dUde da
ta'n cdng manh me cua each mang Viet
Nam, va cang khdng ed kha nang gianh
dUde mdt t h i n g ldi quye't dinh de ke't thuc
chien tranh thee y mud'n cua My Dae biet,
nhd sU phat trien manh me cua cac phUdng
tien truyen thdng hien dai ma nhQng hinh
anh cua eugc chie'n tai Viet Nam, canh
quan Giai phdng ta'n edng My ngay tai Sai
Gdn, Hue va cae dd thi khae, canh quan dgi
My vdi nhQng vu khi tdi tan dang pham
phai nhQng tdi ac man rd nhat chd'ng lai
thudng dan Viet Nam dUdc kip thdi cdng
bd d My va phUdng Tay da lam thUe tinh
manh me lUdng tri nhan loai Do vay, lan
sdng cdng p h i n , bat binh va phan ddi ehinh
saeh hieu chien eua ehinh phu My cang
ngay cang lan rdng va sue sdi d My va
nhieu nude ddng minh than My
Tai CHLB Ddc phong trao hda binh,
phan ddi cude chien t r a n h eua My tai Viet
Nam eung bung phat manh me va lan rdng hdn tif sau sU kien "Cude ta'n cdng Tet"
1968 Net ddc sdc nhd't cua phong trdo ddu tranh trong giai dogn ndy la phong trdo dd phdt trien td chd phdn ddi cuoc chie'n tranh ciia My tgi Viet Nam tdi cho iing hg cong khai vd mgnh me chinh sdch yeu chuong hoa binh vd eugc khdng chidn chinh nghla cua nhdn ddn Viet Nam do Chinh phu Viet Nam Ddn chu Cdng hda vd Mat trgn Ddn tgc Gidi phdng mien Nam Viet Nam lanh dgo
Bg phan ehuyen bien manh me va sdm nha't la phong trao t h a n h nien - sinh vien Ddc Trong hai ngay, 17 va 18 thang 2 nam
1968 mdt eugc Dai hdi Qud'c te ve Viet Nam
da dUde td chdc tai Tay Berlin Lien doan Thanh nien XHCN Ddc (SDS) da ddng ra
td chdc eugc Dai hgi nay, vdi sU tham du cua hdn 5.000 dai bieu thudc 44 doan dai bieu cua cac td chdc t h a n h nien cdng san
va dan chu den tif 14 nude phUdng Tay Trong Tuyen bd' cudi cung, eae dai bieu tham du Dai hdi da nha't tri eifc lUc len an eugc chien tranh xam lUdc eua My d Viet Nam, ddng thdi cdng khai tuyen bd' ung ho manh me, chinh phu Viet Nam Dan chii Cdng hda va Mat tran Dan tgc giai phdng mien Nam Viet Nam Dai hdi quyet nghi keu ggi: "tie'p tuc md rgng day manh d ta't
ca cae nude Tay Au eae chie'n dich ung hd
ve vat chat va tinh than ddi vdi cude dau tranh vu trang giai phdng cua Mat tran Dan tgc giai phdng mien Nam Viet Nam" (8) Trong khdng khi t r a n h da'u sue sdi do anh hudng eua "Cuoc ta'n edng Tet" td mien Nam Viet Nam dgi tdi, Dai hdi da dUa ra ldi tuyen bo' cong khai: "Su giup dd ciia ehung ta da ehuyen tif eho quyen gdp mua thud'c men tdi chd quyen gdp mua vQ khi." Ddng thdi keu ggi "dap tan khd'i xam lUdc NATO" (9)
Trang 6Phong frao hoa binh, phin ddi 37
Trong bdi canh Chien tranh Lanh luc
dd, nhQng ldi tuyen bd' tren day ro rang la
qua ta va khdng the' dUde hien thUe hda,
song nd da phan anh ro rang nhat sU
ehuyen bien lap trUdng va sU gia tang tinh
chat quyet liet cua phong trao hda binh,
phan ddi eugc chie'n tranh Viet Nam eua
My tai Ddc va cac nUdc phUdng Tay khae
Quan trgng hdn, eugc Dai hgi nay da cham
ngdi cho mdt lan sdng da'u tranh sue sdi,
quye't liet mdi cua thanh nien - sinh vien
tren toan nUdc DUc chd'ng My va ung hd
nhan dan Viet Nam Ngay sau dd, ngay 18
thang 3 nam 1968, mgt eugc bie'u tinh
khdng Id cua 18.000 sinh vien, thanh nien
va dan chung DUc da nd ra d Tay Berlin 0
nhieu thanh phd' khac sinh vien, thanh
nien DUc cung ddng loat xud'ng dudng hd
vang cac khau hieu "Hd! Ho! Viet Nam! Hd
Chi Minh!" Xung dot du dgi giQa sinh vien
vdi canh sat DUc da dien ra d Bonn,
Frankfurt am Main, Freiburg, Muenehen,
Kiel, Bochum (10) Nhieu sinh vien Ddc
da den trudng vdi ao T-shirt mang hinh
Che Guevara, Hd Chi Minh va cd dd sao
vang Hg tU ggi minh la "the he 68" - the he
cua cac phong trao da'u tranh sue sdi cua
sinh vien toan the gidi vi tU do, dan chu,
hda binh va ung hg cude khang chie'n anh
dung cua nhan dan Viet Nam chd'ng My
(11)
Phong trao da'u tranh sdi ndi va quyet
liet eua sinh vien da nhan dUde sU hudng
dng manh me eua nhieu tang Idp dan
chung Tay Ddc, dac biet la tif giQa thang 3
nam 1968, khi phong trao nay hda nhip vao
lan sdng da'u tranh manh me cua dan
chung do cac dang ddi lap canh ta td chUe
n h i m phan ddi dao Luat khan cap
(Notstandsgesetze) vda dUde Qud'c hdi Ddc
thdng qua Hanh ddng dan ap quyet liet
cua chinh phu CHLB Ddc cung cang lam
cho khdng khi chinh tri trd nen cang thang them Ngay 2 thang 6 nam 1967 canh sat
da nd sung b i n che't Bennc Ohnesorg tai mdt eugc bie'u tinh tai Tay Berlin Gan mgt nam sau, ngay 11 thang 4 nam 1968, thu Hnh eua SDS tai Tay Berlin Rudi Dutschke
bi mgt p h i n td cUe hQu am sat hut Sau khi dao Luat khan cap dUde thong qua, chinh phu Tay DUc chinh thUe cho phep canh sat dung vu lUc de giai tan cac eugc bieu tinh Dap lai, ngay 11 thang 5 nam 1968, cae dang ddi lap canh ta, ma di d i u la SDS, da
to chUe mgt eugc bieu tinh khdng Id vdi sU tham gia cua khoang gan 80.000 tai Bonn, thu dd cua CHLB DUc
NhQng tin tUc tie'p theo tU dien bie'n eua cude chie'n cang lam cho lan sdng dau tranh phan ddi My, ung hd nhan dan Viet Nam lan rdng hdn Dau tien la nhQng tin tdc va hinh anh khung khiep ve cude tham sat My Lai do quan ddi My tie'n hanh, giet hai hdn
500 thudng dan Viet Nam vao ngay
16-3-1968 Mac du chinh phu My cd' tinh che giau tdi ac nay nhung den cudi thang 3 nam 1969 thi ca the gidi da bang hoang khi nhQng sU that man rd dUde bad gidi My phdi bay TrUde dd, viec Johnson thUa nhan khdng dam ra Ung cd trong nhiem ky tdng thd'ng tiep theo da cho thay that bai ro rang cua phe "dieu hau" trong chinh gidi My Viec Hdi nghi Hda binh d Paris ve Viet Nam chinh thUc khai mac vao thang 5 nam
1968 cang mang de'n nhieu niem tin va hy vgng cho phong trao hda binh, phan chien d khap mgi ndi, trong dd cd CHLB DUc Thang 10 nam 1968 Uy ban Trung Udng Phdng trao Dan chu va Giai trif quan bi ra Thdng bao, neu ro: "Mac du hien tai da cd nhQng hy vgng nhd nhoi, nhUng van tdn tai mdt nguy cd r i n g eugc chie'n d Viet Nam se trd nen tan khd'c hdn sau eugc b l u ed tdng thdng My Vi vay, Uy ban Trung Udng
Trang 738 Rghien ciiru Lich siSr, so 11.2009
Phong trao Dan chu va Giai trU quan bi
keu ggi mdt lan sdng dau tranh mdi chd'ng
lai cude xam lang eua My d Viet Nam" (12)
Thee dd, ngoai cac boat dgng quyen gdp,
mit tinh, dieu hanh, Phong trao cdn td chdc
thudng xuyen cac boat ddng tuyen truyen
dudng phd' bang phat thanh, rai truyen
ddn, dan bieu ngQ cho de'n cac budi dien
thuyet, hdi hgp de phd bien thdng tin va
keu ggi dau tranh chd'ng My, ung hg Viet
Nam
Phong trao quyen gdp ung hg eugc
khang chie'n cua nhan dan Viet Nam v i n
tie'p tue phat trien manh me Ngay 11
thang 1 nam 1969 mgt eugc mit tinh ldn da
dUdc td chdc tai Strasbourg, mgt thanh phd'
n i m d bien gidi Phap - DUc vdi sU tham gia
cua khoang 300 doan dai bieu dai dien eho
cae td chdc va phong trao dodn ket vdi Viet
Nam tren k h I p lanh thd Tay DUc Trung
tam diem eua eugc mit tinh la sU tham du
cua dai dien phai doan dam phan tai Hdi
nghi Paris cua Chinh phu Viet Nam Dan
chu Cdng hda va Chinh phu Lam thdi Cgng
hda Mien Nam Viet Nam Do luc dd chinh
phu Tay DUc van ehUa cd quan he ngoai
giao vdi Ha Ndi va td chdi ca'p visa vao Ddc
cho hai doan dai bieu nay nen eugc mit
tinh huge phai td chUc tren da't Phap L i n
d i u tien nhQng ngudi tham gia phong trao
hda binh, ung hd Viet Nam dUdc tie'p xuc
true tiep va nhan dUde nhQng thdng tin
ehinh thUe td nhQng dai bie'u eua Viet Nam
Dan chu Cdng hda va Mat tran Dan tgc
Giai phdng mien Nam Viet Nam Vi vay
tieng vang va sdc cd vu cua cude mit tinh
nay ddi vdi phong trao da'u tranh d Ddc la
rat ldn Tie'p do, tU ngay 20 thang 1 den
ngdy 7 thang 3 nam 1969 mdt phai doan
cua Hgi chQ thap dd td Ha Ngi da dUde
Lien minh cae td chdc Doan ket vdi Viet
Nam mdi tham mdt loat thanh phd d Tay
Ddc, nhu Nuernberg, Mannheim, Frankfurt
am Main, Duesseldorf, Saarbruecken Qua cac eugc tie'p xuc vdi phai doan, nhan dan Ddc cd dieu kien bay td sU ung hd to ldn ca
ve vat cha't va tinh t h a n ddi vdi cugc khang chie'n cua n h a n dan Viet Nam Trong khdng khi dd, eugc dieu h a n h nhan Le phuc sinh keo dai td ngay 29 de'n ngay 30 thang
3 nam 1969 dien ra d tren 200 thanh phd' Tay Ddc da thuc trd t h a n h ngay hdi ung hg eugc khang chie'n cua n h a n dan Viet Nam, ddng thdi yeu cau chinh phu DUc "cham ddt ngay mgi sU ung hg ddi vdi chinh saeh chie'n tranh eiia My" (13)
Dinh eao cua phong trao doan ke't, ung
hd cude khdng chien cua nhan dan Viet Nam va phan ddi chinh saeh hieu chie'n eua chinh phu My chinh la Ngay Qud'c te vi Viet Nam dien ra vao ngay 15 thang 11 nam 1969 tren toan lanh thd Tay Ddc Vdi
khau hieu trung tam "Chdm ddt ngay chien tranh! Hoa binh cho Viet Nam!" Ngay
Qud'c te vi Viet Nam da thu hut dUdc sU tham gia cua khoang tren 40.000 ngUdi vdi nhieu hinh thdc khae nhau, nhU bie'u tinh,
t u i n hanh, mit tinh, quyen tien ung hg Net dac s i c nha't la trong ngay nay, lan
d i u tien nhieu bg phan, nhieu td chdc rieng le cua phong trao phan khang d Ddc
da gap gd, phdi hdp vdi nhau trdng mdt hanh ddng ehung vi Viet Nam Mdt td truyen ddn cua phong trao cho bie't: "Day la lan d i u tien cac td chdc cdng doan ldn, hiep hdi sinh vien, hiep hgi giao vien da cung ddng trong hang ngu chung cua nhQng ngUdi phan ddi cude Chien tranh Viet Nam cua My Hang nghin binh si eung ddng y tham gia cac eugc bieu tinh vi hda binh" (14)
Trong Ngay Qud'c te vi Viet Nam, mgt to' chdc mdi da tuyen bd' ra ddi vdi ten ggi Sang kie'n Qud'c te Doan ke't vdi Viet Nam
Trang 8Phong h-ao hda binh phin ddi 39
{Initiative Internationale Vietnamsolidaritaet
-irVS) Ngay lap tdc IIVS ra tuyen bd'ung hg
ban Chudng trinh 10 diem cua phai doan
Chinh phu Lam thdi Cdng hda Mien Nam
Viet Nam tai Hdi nghi Paris IIVS da cho
in ban ChUdng trinh 10 diem nay dudi
dang truyen ddn va phan phat tren 500.000
ban tren k h I p Tay DUc Ddng thdi, IIVS
phat dgng mdt T u i n l i vi Viet Nam, quyen
gdp, ung hd nhan dan Viet Nam chd'ng My
Trong dip nay IIVS quye't dinh mdi Phai
doan VNDCCH tai Hgi nghi Paris sang
tham Tay Ddc Theo ke hoach, Phai doan
se den Tay DUc vao ngay 21 thang 11 nam
1969 Tuy nhien, ehi trUde dd mdt ngay
ehinh phu mdi cua Thu tUdng Willi Brand
da td chdi ca'p visa eho Phai doan IIVS lap
tdc keu ggi eae nhan si, tri thdc ndi tieng
phan doi chinh saeh cua chinh phu Brand
Hang ehuc bdc thu ngd cua cac nha van va
cac giao sU ndi tieng ngay sau dd dUde edng
bd', kich liet phe phan chinh saeh than My
eua ehinh phu CHLB DUc
Tiep dd, IIVS keu ggi cung hanh ddng
manh me trong T u i n le vi Viet Nam vao
thang 3 nam 1970 Ldi keu ggi cua IIVS
•viet: "Chung tdi keu ggi nhQng hanh dgng
da dang tren khap CHLB DUc td ngay 13
den 22 thang 3 nam 1970 nham eh6'ng lai
cude xam lang cua My tai Viet Nam Hay
thanh lap ngay nhQng uy ban Viet Nam tai
cac dia phUdng va cac vung! Hay td chdc
ngay cac chie'n dich dau tranh kien tri!
Khau hieu ehinh tri cua chung ta la: 'Rut
ngay vd dieu kien tat ea quan My va quan
ddng minh cua My khdi Nam Viet Nam!
Yeu cau Chinh phu Ddc hanh ddng gay
anh hudng de My cham dUt cude xam lang
d Viet Nam! Cdng nhan ngay nUde Viet
Nam Dan chu Cdng hda! Ung hg Chudng
trinh 10 diem eua Mat tran Dan tdc Giai
phdng mien Nam Viet Nam!" (15)
Trong dip nay, mdt l i n nQa IIVS quye't dinh mdi Phai doan VNDCCH tai Hgi nghi Paris sang CHLB Ddc NhUng lai mgt lan nQa chinh phu Tay DUc td chol cap visa cho Phai doan Thai do ngoan ed'nay cua Chinh phu Tay Ddc da va'p phai sU phan ddi manh me td phia IIVS Ngay 20 thang 3 nam 1970, trong budi mit tinh tai nha thd Paulskirche d Thanh phd Frankfurt am Main, IIVS da ra "Tuyen ngdn chd'ng lai hanh ddng chie'n tranh cua My d Viet Nam
va chd'ng lai sU ung hg chinh saeh chien tranh cua Chinh phu CHLB DUc ddi vdi My" Hang chue bdc thu ngd eiia cac nhan
si, tri thUc nd'i tieng phe phan chinh saeh eua Chinh phu Tay DUc lai dUde cdng bd', trong dd cd thu cua nha van ndi tieng Martin Walser, cac giao sU W Abendroth,
E Bloch, W Fabian Cac nha boat dgng chinh tri nhu W Lueder, K Voigt
Trong cac nam tie'p theo, tU 1970-1973 phong trao hda binh, ung hg nhan dan Viet Nam ch6'ng My cdn tie'p tuc phat trien d DUc, nhUng cd chieu hudng suy giam din Mdt p h i n do phong trao phan khang chung
d Tay Au td sau nam 1968 ma't dan da phat trien Mat khac, viec Td'ng thd'ng My Richard Nixon len cam quyen va cdng bd chinh saeh "Viet Nam hda chien tranh" vdi nhieu thu doan chinh tri xao quyet khac da
it nhieu xoa diu phong trao De'n khi My Id
ro bd mat that, nem bom mien Ble Viet Nam l i n thd hai vao cudi nam 1972 thi phong trao chd'ng My cd da'u hieu bung phat trd lai, tuy nhien lai ling xud'ng ngay sau khi Hiep dinh Paris dUde ky ke't vao ngay 27 thang 1 nam 1973
4 Mgt vdi nhdn xet
Qua tim hieu bude d i u ve lich sU phong trao hda binh, phan doi eugc chien tranh Viet Nam cua My tai CHLB Ddc, ed the nit
ra mdt sd'nhan xet sau day:
Trang 940 Rghien cim Ljch siSr so 11.2009
- Trong thdi ky eugc khang chie'n chd'ng
My cdu nude cua nhan dan Viet Nam, viec
mdt phong trao hda binh, phan ddi chinh
saeh hieu chie'n cua chinh phu My xua't
hien va phat trien manh me ngay tai nUde
My va nhieu ddng minh phUdng Tay cua
My cd y nghla quan trgng ve nhieu phUdng
dien Chae ehan phong trao nay da gdp
p h i n khdng nhd vao viec lam that bai cac
chinh saeh va nd luc chie'n tranh cua My
tai Viet Nam, trilc tie'p gdp p h i n vao t h i n g
ldi Vl dai cua nhan dan Viet Nam trong
cude da'u tranh vi ddc lap dan tdc va thd'ng
nha't dat nude Trong so' cac nude ddng
minh phUdng Tay, CHLB Ddc ed vi tri dac
biet quan trgng, la ndi cung dien ra eugc
ddi dau true tie'p va quyet liet giQa phe
XHCN va phe TBCN trong thdi ky Chie'n
tranh Lanh Vi vay, viec nghien cdu ve lich
sd phong trao hda binh, phan ddi eugc
chie'n tranh Viet Nam cua My tai Tay Ddc
khdng chi gdp phan lam rd hdn lich sU cua
cude khang chie'n chd'ng My cQu nUdc cua
nhan dan Viet Nam ma edn gdp p h i n hieu
ro hdn lich sd eugc Chie'n tranh Lanh tren
quy md toan ciu
- Dudi cai nhin lich dai cd the thay
phong trao hda binh, phan ddi cude chie'n
tranh Viet Nam cua My tai Tay DUc da trai
qua hai giai doan Trude nam 1968 phong
trao nay chu yeu chi mang ndi dung phan
ddi cude chie'n tranh cua My d Viet Nam
Ndi dung ung hd nd luc khang chien cua
nhan dan Viet Nam edn ehUa ro, hay ndi
ehinh xac hdn, mdi chi la muc tieu gian tie'p
cua phong trao Td sau nam 1968, phong
trao da phat trien manh me hdn va hai ndi
dung tren day da g i n chat vdi nhau, tham
chi ndi dung ung hg cude khang chie'n cua
nhan dan Viet Nam do Chinh phu
VNDCCH va Mat tran DTGPMNVN lanh
dao da trd thanh ngi dung true tie'p va chu
dao Budc ehuyen bie'n nay xua't phat td nhieu nguyen nhan, nhUng quan trgng
n h a t chinh la nhQng thang ldi to ldn cua quan va dan Viet Nam, dac biet la tac ddng cua cude tdng ta'n edng va noi day trong Tet Mau Than 1968 Qua dd, cd the tha'y ro sU tUdng tac khang kbit giQa cae ye'u to' ben trong va yeu td' ben ngoai trong cude khang chie'n chd'ng My cdu nude eua nhan dan Viet Nam
- C i n phai nhin n h a n phong trao hda binh, phan ddi cugc chie'n tranh eua My d Viet Nam n h u mdt bd phan hQu cd cua phong trao p h a n khang ehinh tri - xa hgi cua cae t i n g Idp n h a n dan Tay DUc thdi dd Day chinh la diem mang lai ban sac rieng cho phong trao nay tai Ddc Nhan dan Tay DQc, nha't la t h a n h nien - sinh vien, hang hai tham gia vao phong trao nay khdng chi
vi hg p h i n ddi chie'n t r a n h va ung hd nhan dan Viet Nam ma cdn vi chinh ldi Ieh cua
hg, vi khat vgng hda binh, vi muc tieu dan chu, tu do ngay tai nude Ddc Cd the tha'y
ro mdi lien he nay thdng qua sU gin ket giUa hai ndi dung ldn cua phong trao: da'u tranh phan ddi chinh saeh hieu chie'n cua
My va da'u t r a n h chd'ng lai viec eae chinh phu Ddc ung hd chinh sdch hieu chien cua chinh phu CHLB Ddc
- Tuy phat trien manh me, song phong trao hda binh, phan ddi cugc chie'n tranh cua My d Viet Nam tai Tay DUc cdn chUa thUc sU thd'ng nha't va do dd thieu sU quy
tu sdc manh, khd hien thifc hda dUde cac muc tieu do nd til de ra va thie'u sdc ben bi, lien tuc, nha't la td giQa nam 1970 trd di Day cung la ban che ehung cua phong trao hda binh d nhieu nifdc phudng Tay khae Gid day, cugc chie'n tranh da lui xa vao lich sU va ca hai dan tgc DUc va Viet Nam deu da dUde thd'ng nha't, trd thanh hai qud'c gia cd ehu quyen trgn ven trong bdi canh
Trang 10Phong h-ao hoa binh p h i n ddi 41
mdi eua t h e gidi thdi ky h a u Chie'n t r a n h
L a n h N h i e u n h a n v a t t d n g t h a m gia tich
cUc vao p h o n g t r a o h d a b i n h , p h a n chien
thdi dd v a n edn l u u giQ n g u y e n ven ky Uc
sdi d g n g cua m g t thdi da'u t r a n h vi c h i n h
nghla, vi hda b i n h va u n g hd n h a n d a n Viet
N a m D a y c h i n h la mdt t r o n g nhQng t a i
s a n quy gia c i n p h a i t r a n t r g n g va p h a t
h u y t r o n g viec x a y dUng va p h a t t r i e n mdi
q u a n h e hdp t a c giQa h a i quo'c gia, h a i d a n tdc t r o n g dieu k i e n mdi cua the' gidi n g a y nay
CHU THICH
(1) Theo: Buro, Andreas, 'TDie Entstehung der
Ostermarchbewegung als Beispiel fuer die Entfalttmg
von Massenlemprozessen", in: Friedenanalysen, 1977,
Band 4, tr 50-78; Otto, KA, Von Ostermarch zu APO
Geschichte der ausserparlamentarischen Opposition in
de Bundesrepublik 1960-1970, Frankfurt/Main,
1979, tr 78
(2) "Schluss mit dem sehmutzigen Krieg in
Vietnam", truyen ddn tan phat trong cuoc dilu
hanh vi hda binh nhan Li Phuc sinh nam 1965
Din lai trong Buro, Andreas, sdd, tr 67
(3) Siegfried, Prokop, Studenten in Aufbruch,
Berlin, 1974, tr 103
(4) Neue Kritik, so'34 (1965) tr 4
(5) Der Deutsche Friedengesellschaft - Bund
der Kriegsgegner, Schreiben von 30.7.1965 Archiv
der Hilfsaktion Vietnam
(6) "Die 'Welt", sdra ngay 3.9.1965
(7) "Mitteilung Nr.2", Hilfsaktion Vietnam
Vietnam Archiv, 11 1965
(8) SDS, "Der Kampf des vietnamesischen
Volkes und die Globalstrategie Imperialismus",
Internationaler 'Vietnam-Kongress, 17/18 Februar
1968, Westberlin, tr 159
(9) Nhu tren, tr 159
(10) Tai lieu phdng va'n TS Gerhard Reiner, Bochum, 3-6-1993 Mot trong nhiing nhan chUng nd'i tieng cua eae cude da'u tranh nay la TS Joschka Fischer, ngUdi sau nay da trd thanh thu llnh Dang Xanh - Lien minh 90 va la Bo trudng Ngoai giao DUc, 1998-2005 Ong la mdt trong nhiing ngUdi da xung dot kieh liet vdi canh sat DUc
d Frankfurt am Main vao nam 1968 va thang 3 nam 1973
(11) "Die Welt", sd'ra ngay 19.3.1968 Tai ueu phong va'n GS TS Bernhard Dahm, Passau, 12.4.2007
(12) "Rundbrief Nr 6 von 5 Oktober 1968"
(13) Borowsky, Peter, Asserparlamentarischen
Opposition , da dan, "Informationen fuer
Demokratie und Abruestung, Nr 69/70/71", tr
19
(14) Truyen ddn: "Stoppt den uKrieg -Frieden fuer Vietnam jetzt!", Archiv der IIVS (15) Truyen ddn dang bao cua IIVS "Giftgas, Napalm, Massaker - Stoppt den Terror, Amis raus aus Vietnam", ngay 1.3.1970 Archiv der IIVS