Cac cdng ty Ddng A dUdc cic the he treng gia dinh dieu hanh va md hinh nay dUdc cii tie'n de thanh cdng.Viec sii dung thanh ceng dao Khd'ng trdng thdi hien dai cho thay rang chii ngh[r]
Trang 17 • Phep mau chau A: Thu ly giai
nhufng dieu thuc va khong thuc
MAI DANG HIEN QUAN='
Dieu CO thflc thuf nhat: Tinh cap thiet,
ap lflc phai cai to trong boi canh chinh
tri, kinh te toan cau
Sau the'chien thfl hai, cac nfldc Ddng A
phii chiu nhflng ap lflc da huy ddng sfl
flng hg trong nfldc de p h i t trien cdng
nghiep (Vegel 1991) Cic nfldc Ddng A
nhfl Nhat, Xingapd, Hdng Kdng, Han
Qud'c va khu viic Dai Ldan tU nhan thflc
dfldc hg dang phai tiep tuc hflng chiu
nhflng ap life quan sfl va bai hgc tfl the
chien thfl hai van cen ndng bd'i: nfldc My
da thang vi cd sd kinh te sieu dang cfla hg
Treng nhflng nam 60 cfla the ky XX, trfldc
trien vgng nfldc My se dd' vien trd vad
Ddng A, cl vien trd kinh te lan vien trd
quan sfl, lanh dao cac nfldc nay hi thuyet
phuc rang mud'n cd kha nang tfl bio ve, hg
phai dat dfldc cd sd cdng nghiep hung
manh de ddi diu, hoac td't hdn la lam ra
nhflng thiet hi can thiet
Tinh the de xuat p h i t tfl thflc te ciia cic
nfldc nay: dan se' tang sau the chien,
nguen tai nguyen va lanh dia ban hep, hg
it cen hy vgng de cd the tfl cung cap Ifldng
thflc, nguyen lieu thd va nhu yeu pham
Hg tin rang can phai xuat khau hang hoi
da che bien de t r i mdn nd thflc pham va
cic nguyen lieu thd hg p h i i nhap khau Trdng bdi canh dd, lanh dad cac nfldc nay
s i n sang hdp tac de giii quye't nhflng van
de khac biet treng ndi bd Ndi Id sd dd tad
ra tam If chung cua cdng ddng la san sang chiu dflng gian khd' trdng thdi gian ngan
Ta de hinh dung rang: chfnh phu cd the dat dfldc trat tfl chinh tri va lai sua't tiet kiem cae ma khdng can p h i i de dea ddi sd'ng ca nhan, nen tfl de, va pham gia la dieu thfldng xiy ra trdng rat nhieu vf du d thdi ky khdi d i u cugc ddt p h i cdng nghiep Tuy nhien, dieu ding ndi la: nhflng chinh phu chuyen quyen nay lai gifl dfldc d'n dinh chinh tri va dfla ra nhflng chfnh sich d i n de'n tang trfldng va sfl bflc thiet p h i i d'n dinh an ninh cung nhfl tang trfldng kinh
te da lam dan chflng tfl nguyen tuan thee trat tfl dd Chinh phfl da dflng chinh sach
"ciy gay va cii ca rd't" de ngan chan cac chii ddanh nghiep rflt ciia cai cua he ra nfldc ngdai n h l m gifl ngudn vd'n trdng nfldc, thflc ep tiet kiem c l nhan, tang dau tU va cac kenh d i u tU vae nhflng linh vUc d i n den p h i t trien (Voger 1991) Nhu Themas Gdld nhan xet, nhflng nha lanh dao Ddng
A da Cdi nen kinh te tean cau nhfl mgt thach thflc, khi hg nhan thay ring: ho la nhflng nfldc ngheo tai nguyen, q u i ddng
* Mai Dang Hien Quan, Sinh vien khoa Xa hoi hpc, Dai hoc Bates, USA
Trang 2Mai Ddng Hien Qudn - Phep mdu chdu A: Thd li gidi nhdng dieu 45
dan sd', trdng t i n h t r a n g de bi t a n cdng va
khdng the tU lUc d vao dieu kien n h u vay,
hg huge p h i i chdp thdi cd thiic te chinh tri
hau chien b a n g each u n g he ve m a t chinh
tri del vdi liic lUdng My ndi len t r e n g k h u
vuc (Gold 1985)
D i e u CO thflc thfl hai: V i e n trd c u a My
Sau chien t r a n h lanh, de flng hd cac
phong t r a o p h i n each m a n g va chd'ng cdng
s i n , nfldc My b a t dau mdt chfldng t r i n h
vien trd 6 a t chd Ddng A (Ke beach
Marshall) My da cap mdt Ifldng vien trd
nfldc ngdai khd'ng Id chd H a n Qud'c va Dai
Ldan, c i c che dg chd'ng cdng d Ddng A
-nhflng k h u vflc bi suy kiet t r e n g -nhflng
nam 50 va 60 cua t h e k y XX Vien trd kinh
te cua My chiem tdi 75% td'ng n h a p k h a u
trdng giai ddan tfl 1953 den 1960 d H a n
Qud'c Vien trd nfldc ngdai chiem k h e i n g
4% tdc dd p h a t t r i e n cfla H a n Qud'c tfl
1960 de'n 1970 (Krueger 1979) Vien trd
My da tac ddng len k h i n a n g ke't hdp vdi
ngudn vd'n nfldc ngdai va s a n x u a t cdng
nghe H a n Qud'c n h a n dfldc sd'tien chd vay
tfl Ngan h a n g t h e gidi ldn n h a t t r e n g
k h d i n g tfl 1978 - 1981, tdi 605 trieu dd la
My, tfldng dfldng k h d i n g 10 l i n sd' tien
chd Brazil vay (Wddd 1986) Cflng tfldng
tfl nhfl vay, ddi vdi k h u vflc Dai Ldan, vien
trd My chiem tdi 80% t h a n g dfl n h a p k h a u
cua Dai Lean va cung lam chd k h u vflc
nay d l d a n g n h a n dfldc cac tai trd qud'c te
(Kim 1998)
Nfldc My k h d n g chi cap tien m a t che
Ddng A C i c cd' v a n My cdn d a n h chd
Ddng A nhflng ldi k h u y e n thich hdp va
dad tad d a n chflng d day s a u s i c hdn b a t
cfl cud'n sach nad Nhflng cd' van nay cd le
cdn q u a n t r g n g hdn nhflng tai trd ve tai
chfnh, q u a n sii h a y ky t h u a t (Vegel 1991)
Vi nudc My va ddng m i n h cua hg tie'n
b a n h hai cudc chien t r a n h ldn d chau A va
vi c i c nudc Ddng A n i m t r e n tien tuyen chd'ng cgng s i n nen nUdc My da cam ke't
u n g he hg d mflc do cao hdn b a t cfl k h u vflc nad k h a c t r e n t h e gidi, ngoai trfl Tay
Au Mac dfl Hdng Kdng va Xingapo n h a n dfldc vien trd trflc tie'p cfla My ft hdn, nhflng c i c nfldc n a y lai dfldc hfldng ldi ldn tfl viec kich thich n e n k i n h te, khi hg cung cap cac dich vu h a u phfldng chd
q u a n ddi ddng m i n h t r d n g cudc chien
t r a n h d B i c Trieu Tien va d Viet Nam
C h a n g b a n , nen k i n h te N h a t B i n khdng chi n h a n dfldc nhflng q u i n g e l d tfl "cac
n h a chfla dac biet" trdng chien t r a n h ma cdn trd n e n t h a n h t h a e trdng cdng nghe
va q u i n ly q u a n sfl Hoat ddng xay dung cdng nghiep d H a n Qud'c cflng hfldng ldi ldn tfl cudc chien t r a n h Viet N a m
D i e u CO thflc thfl 3: C h i n h s a c h c o n g
Cac chi'nh p h u Ddng A da thflc hien met sd' chinh s i c h de cae sfl p h a t trien kinh te cfla hg Met sd' chinh sach nhfl dau tfl nhieu vao con ngfldi, md cfla chd ky t h u a t nfldc ngdai, ddng gdp chd khdng chi mdt chflc nang C h a n g b a n , q u i n ly ben vflng nen kinh te vi md dan de'n tfch luy ldn do
ty le dau tfl cao hdn va sfl p h a n phdi tien tien b l n g each g i i m tfnh khdng ben vflng
ve g i i tfldng ddi Day la hai ye'u td'chfl ye'u lam t a n g GDP D i u tfl vae cdn ngfldi cung gdp p h a n lam t a n g ti'ch luy va thflc day tinh hieu qua, vi ky t h u a t ddng vai trd chfl dao de t a n g trfldng kinh te va t a n g n a n g
s u i t lae ddng Hdn nfla, he thd'ng tai chfnh hieu q u i , an tdan giflp t a n g mflc dg tiet kiem tai chfnh va tao dieu kien cho qua
t r i n h p h a n phdi Bang c i c h gifl cho gia ndi
Trang 346 Nghien cilTu Dong Nam A 8/2009
dia tfldng ddi g i n vdi gia qud'c te, c i c chfnh
p h u da b a n che dfldc cac bieu hien k h d n g
minh bach ve gia ca Dieu n a y r a t q u a n
t r e n g de thuc day viec chap n h a n va p h a t
minh nhflng ky t h u a t mdi Cac chinh phfl
cung khdng quen ty trgng ndng nghiep cua
nen kinh te t r e n g qua t r i n h cdng nghiep
hda: cac chi'nh sach cua bd p h a n ndng
nghiep da thflc d l y p h a t t r i e n ndng t h e n
cd vai trd la dia b a n t r u n g t a m de t a n g
trfldng va p h a n phdi t h u n h a p
Cac chinh sach cd b i n - t a c ddng len
chflc n a n g t a n g trfldng thdng qua cd che
cua nguyen tac c a n h t r a n h thi trUdng, hd
trd thi trUdng va ddi hdi thi trUdng h d a t
ddng hieu qua Tuy n h i e n , cac chinh p h u
Ddng A khdng chi dflng d cac chi'nh sach
cd b i n m a cdn can t h i e p vdi c i c mflc dd
khac n h a u de k h u y e n khich thi trfldng
nhfl mdt chinh sach k i n h te vi md q u a n
trgng Hg day m a n h x u a t k h a u , dfla r a
p h u cap cho vay vd'n ddi vdi cac n h a x u a t
k h a u dfla t r e n n a n g lflc cfla hg Muc dich
x u a t k h a u n g a m an hay rd r a n g deu dfldc
sfl d u n g nhfl cd sd de tiep can t r a e ddi
ngoai te, d p giay p h e p d i u tfl, hoac tin
dung d T h a i L a n va H a n Qud'c D i u tfl
cdng cdng mflc dd ldn, cflng vdi viec u n g hd
cac dich vu chd cac n h a x u a t k h a u h a n g
vfla va nhd, dfldc sfl d u n g de flng hd hfldng
x u a t k h a u ( S c h u m a c h e r 1977 - Bao cad
cua Ngan h a n g T h e gidi, 1993) Ngeai ra,
cac chi'nh p h u deu cd nhflng chinh sach
nghiem n g a t de kiem seat lai s u a t tiet
kiem va che vay vd'n n g a n h a n g Mdt sd'
chinh p h u cung hfldng tin d u n g vad cac
hdat ddng khac, gdm ndng nghiep, c i c
deanh nghiep nhd, vfla va ldn, d i u tfl dai
h a n C i n n h a c den m e t dac diem q u a n
t r e n g la: he thd'ng chinh s i c h nay tad n e n
dfldc sfl tfl p h i n hdi, d a n den k h i n a n g
dieu c h i n h chfnh sach m e t each linh hoat
T a n g trfldng k i n h te v a p h a n phdi t h u
n h a p tfldng ddi c a n b a n g l a m chd d a t nfldc
cd k h i n a n g tfch luy b l n g c i c h t a n g lai
s u i t tiet k i e m va t a e r a nhflng d i u tfl ldn hdn Sfl p h i t t r i e n c u n g c u n g cap vd'n de tad r a va b i d ve cac t h e che, dac biet la cac
t h e che d i m n h a n chflc n a n g dich vu d a n sinh va l a m g i i m t h a m nhflng Ndi t h e e each khac, t h a n h tflu k i n h te t a e r a chu ki sinh ldi da cflng cd' viec c h a p n h a n cac chinh sach, de'n lUdt m i n h , nhflng chinh sach n a y lai thflc day v a p h a t t r i e n cac
t h a n h tflu k i n b te (Berger 1988)
D i e u c 6 thflc thfl 4: Lflc Ifldng l a o d o n g
Vad thdi diem cdng n g h i e p h e i b a t dau tai Ddng A, n h i e u nfldc t r e n g sd' n a y cd sfl
c h u y e n ddi d a n sd', n h i e u ngfldi n d n g ldng
t i m mdt cd sd k i n h te mdi de k i e m sd'ng Dieu dd t a e r a lflc Ifldng lad dgng mdi Ngfldi t a b a m hd l a m viec v a n a n g cae ky
n a n g l a m viec de d a p flng n h u c a u cua thi trfldng lad ddng T a i N h a t , cd tdi 6 t r i e u h'nh va thfldng d a n trd ve tfl cac n h i e m vu
d nfldc ngeai, ndi bg p h u c v u chd sfl b a n h trfldng thudc dia va q u a n sfl cfla N h a t Tai Dai Ldan, h d n nfla t r i e u ngUdi chay khdi T r u n g Qudc dai luc v a vad cudi cudc chien vdi T r i e u Tien, h d n 2 t r i e u ngUdi
B i c Trieu Tien d a t xud'ng m i e n N a m d
H e n g Kdng, s a u k h i ddng cfla b i e n gidi
T r u n g Que'c, nhflng ngudi ti n a n tfl T r u n g Qud'c chiem tdi hdn mgt nfla d a n sd' (Vdgel 1991) T r d n g nhflng n a m d i u cua q u i
t r i n h cdng n g h i e p h e i , c u n g vdi q u i t r i n h
cd khf hda n d n g n g h i e p v a Ap lflc d a n sd' cad, mdt Ifldng ldn ngfldi c h u y e n dich tfl ndng t h e n r a t h a n h phd', h a m hd t i m kiem cdng viec t r e n g n g a n h cdng n g h i e p Vi r a t ngbee, nhflng ngudi n a y c h a p n h a n l a m
Trang 4Mai Ddng Hien Qudn - Phep mdu chdu A: Thd li gidi nhii'ng dieu 47
cdng n h a n cdng nghiep Hg p h i i l a m viec
qua sflc, dfl dfldc t r i Ifldng k h a t h a p C h i c
c h i n hg l a m viec de kiem sd'ng chd b i n
than, nhflng hg cflng t h a y cd t r a c h n h i e m
vdi ldi ich cfla cdng ty m a hg la nhflng
t h a n h vien Hg lam viec t r e n g nhflng dieu
kien it t h u a n ldi hdn sd vdi nhflng ddng
nghiep phfldng T a y la ddi t i c cfla hg
Trdng chflng mflc d a n g ke, sfl d i u tfl xa
hdi cfla cdng ty phfldng Ddng da giflp duy
tri tinh t h i n cdng n h a n va lam g i i m di
nhflng ldi p h a n n a n ve cdng viec lae ddng
cfla cdng n h a n g i i re (Tai 1989)
D i e u c 6 thflc thfl 5: Ye'u to v a n h o a
Van hoa la mdt q u a n niem linh boat,
khdng d l k h i n g dinh ve b a n c h a t cung
khdng t h e p h a n biet rd r a n g ve y nghia
(Hughes 1988) T h a m chf, c i c tfl tfldng xa
hdi hgc chu yeu cung cd sfl k h l c n h a u
d i n g ke khi ndi de'n sfl tfldng t i c gifla
kinh te va van hda Karl M a r x , ngfldi thed
quan diem k i n h te, cdi v a n hda la cau trflc
thfldng t i n g , cd q u a n he p h a t sinh tfl cac
quan he k i n h te Kinh te t a e r a nhflng
dieu kien che v a n h d i , khi n e n k i n h te
bien dd'i thi v a n hea cflng bien dd'i de phfl
hdp vdi nd M a t khac, sfl giai thich van
hda lai dd'i ngfldc q u a n he gifla k i n h te va
van hoa Weber da li g i i i r a n g : v a n boa cd
t i c dgng h i n h thflc len sfl p h i t trien cfla
nen kinh te thi trfldng Thee q u a n diem
cua dng, chi cd t h e hieu dfldc chfl nghia tfl
ban b l n g c i c h p h a n tich linh vflc rdng hdn
cua c i c g i i tri va cac mdl q u a n he budc c l
nhan h a n h ddng thed c i c h cd ldi chd tfch
luy tfl ban Mdt n h a k i n h te dfldc cdi trfldc
he't la mdt cdn ngfldi v a n hda h a n h ddng
tfl "kha n a n g va n g u y e n vgng cd t h a i do
n h a t dinh ddi vdi xa hdi va n a n g t a m q u a n
trgng cua xa hdi len"
Nhflng ngudi Ddng A dUdc bie't den n b u nhflng ngfldi c h a m chi lam viec, sd'ng t a n tien va tich luy tiet kiem cae Trong chflng mflc nao dd, nhflng dac tfnh ay cd the g i i i thich theo q u a n diem cfla ngfldi Ddng A ddi vdi the gidi t u n h i e n va ve cudc sd'ng Cdn ngUdi, la nhflng dieu hi tac ddng m a n h bdi niem tin tdn giae cua hg Khdng cd sflc
ep ve m a t tdn giao p h a i chien t h a n g t h i e n nhien, nhflng ngudi Ddng A tin r a n g hg cd the t a n dung tdi da nhflng gi thien n h i e n
b a n t a n g b a n g chinh sU nd lUc cua minh Niem tin ay diia t r e n q u a n niem r a n g sflc ngfldi la ngudn cung phdng phu, cdn tai nguyen thien n h i e n thi chi cd b a n Trfldc day, khi hg sd'ng trdng n e n k i n h te chi dfl
de ten tai, hg cho r i n g cham chi khdng nhflng la dflc tfnh p h i i cd m a cdn la dieu kien c i n t h i e t de sd'ng sdt Hien nay, hg coi trgng t i n h ti mi chu dao va sfl kien
n h i n trong thdi q u e n lam viec, nhflng tfnh c h a t n a y ddi hdi ky l u a t cad va sfl can cfl (Tai 1989)
Ngfldi A Ddng cdi y nghia cudc sd'ng trdng sfl tiep ndi cfla gia dinh tfl td tien den t h e he hien nay, rei den the he cen chau Hg can p h i i sd'ng t i n tien, vi sfl t a n tien la c i n thiet de hg va c i c the he cen chau cfla hg sd'ng sdt P h i n ldn ngUdi
T r u n g Qud'c lam viec c h a m chi va sd'ng t i n tien vi ldi fch cfla gia dinh De gia dinh tie'p tuc ton tai, hg p h i i d a m bao cho c i c
t h a n h vien trong gia dinh cd c i c phfldng tien can thiet Vi vay, hg s a n sang tfl bd nhflng chi tieu hien tai cho ca n h a n T h i i
do nay n i m ngoai linh vflc k i n h te va thudc ve p h a m trfl dao dflc Cach suy nghi nhfl vay d i n de'n sfl tfch luy vd'n khd'ng lo tai c i c nfldc Ddng A (Yang 1972) Ket q u i la: cuol n a m 1986, c i c nfldc Ddng
A la nhdm c i c qud'c gia cd ty le tiet kiem
Trang 548 Nghien cdu Dong Nam A 8/2009
cao hdn bat cfl cum qud'c gia nad khac tren
the gidi Tiet kiem ldn treng nfldc ngan
cin lam phat va lam giam vd'n vay, dan
de'n tang dau tfl, tang xuat khau Vdi
Ifldng dfl trfl tiet kiem ldn, hg cd the
chuyen tfl nen kinb te vdi cfldng dd lad
ddng cad sang nen kinh te tich luy vd'n
cae Tac ddng nay cua banh vi xa hdi len
nen kinh te la rat re rang
Lien quan den cic gia tri cua dae
Khd'ng, cic nfldc Ddng A da thay tac ddng
cua van hda phfldng Ddng len met sd' linh
vflc chu ye'u cua nen kinh te, dac biet la
trong viec to' chflc cdng ty Cdng ty khdng
chi la td' chflc kinh te ma cdn la td chflc xa
hgi Dieu nay khdng hoan toan gid'ng d cac
nfldc phfldng Tay, ndi cac cdng ty dfldc cdi
la nhflng ddanh nghiep kinh te ddn thuan
d Ddng A, cic cdng ty khdng chi la nhflng
ddanh nghiep cd muc dfch s i n xuat hang
hoa va dich vu, day cdn la mdt the che
cung cd'cic gia tri xa hdi (Tai 1989) Cic
cdng ty phudng Ddng duy tri mdl quan he
gia trudng gifla dng chfl va nhan vien, c l
treng l i n ngdai cdng ty Day la dieu khdng
hoan toan gid'ng vdi he thd'ng phfldng Tay,
nhfl Shui-shen Liu nhan xet: "Ngfldi
Trung Qud'c quan tam den ye'u td' gia dinh
trdng cdng viec Nhflng dng chfl thfldng
mang quan diem phe canh vao cic td chflc
doanh nghiep Quan he gifla dng chu va
nhan vien dfldc sd sanh vdi quan he gifla
vua va t h i n dan, hay gifla cha va cen Nhfl
vay, neu anh la ngUdi lam thue, anh la
thudc cap cfla tdi, khdng chi d cdng ty ma
cl d ngdai cdng ty (3 phUdng Tay, quan he
cap tren - cap dUdi cd le chi ton tai treng
cdng ty (Liu 1983)
Ong chfl va ngUdi lam thue cflng tham
gia vae cac hdat ddng gia dinh cua nhau
Cudi hdi, sinh nhat, ma chay cfla phfa dng chu cung nhfl tfl phfa nhan vien deu dfldc ddi xfl nhfl nhflng sfl kien xa bgi quan trgng ddi vdi c l hai Nhflng hdat ddng nhan dad tap trung nhfl vay ddi hdi cac nhan vien cdng ty tham gia nhfl chinh cdng viec kinh doanh T r i c h nhiem tham gia vao cic hdat ddng nay la cfla c l hai phfa Nhfl vay, ta hieu r i n g cdng ty dfldc td' chflc khdng chi de tae ldi nbuan ma cdn
vi ldi fch cua sfl g i n ket nhdm Nhflng dieu nay cd the dfldc cdi la lang phi dfldi gdc nhin bieu qua san xua't, nhflng nhieu
nha nghien cflu lai cei dd gid'ng nhfl sU
ddu tUxd hgi (Liu 1993 - Tai 1989) Cdng
ty tac ddng len hanh vi cua cac nhan vien blng cac phfldng tien kinh te va xa hdi Cdng ty sfl dung tien de d i p flng ki vgng ciia nhan vien Cdng ty cung nhan thay cac nhan vien ciia minh cd cic nhu cau xa hdi ma nd cd the va can p h i i dap flng Cdng ty cung khuyen khfch nhan vien cfla
hg chia se tinh cam va cic mdl quan tam;
hg cung danh thdi gian va tien bac ding
ke cho phflc ldi c l nhan cua cac nhan vien:
hg bae cap nha d va cic nhu cau tai chinh, tai trd cic hdat ddng giai trf,tang qua trdng cac dip le tet Cach lam dd dan de'n ke't qua la cac ceng ty phUdng Ddng cd k h i nang t i c ddng len hanh vi cua nhan vien hdn nhieu ddi t i c phUdng Tay khac de dat dUdc muc dich cua minh (Tai tr.22) Nhu vay, dao Khd'ng la yeu to' quan trgng trong phat trien kinh te Ddng A Cac cdng ty Ddng A dUdc cic the he treng gia dinh dieu hanh va md hinh nay dUdc cii tie'n de thanh cdng.Viec sii dung thanh ceng dao Khd'ng trdng thdi hien dai cho thay rang chii nghia tap the van hoa, net phan biet cd b i n gifla phUdng Ddng va phUdng Tay, la ye'u to' sd'ng cdn trdng qua
Trang 6Mai Ddng Hien Qudn - Phep mdu chdu A: Thd li gidi nhdng dieu 49
t r i n h chuyen dd'i cac n e n k i n h te chau A
tfl p h u thudc n a n g ne vae phfldng Tay
t h a n h nhflng n e n k i n h te c a n h t r a n h vdi
chfnh p h u d n g Tay
D i e u k h o n g thflc thfl nhat: Sfl e a c h b i e t
d a n d e n sfl p h a t t r i e n k i n h te
Su k h a c biet hoac sU da d a n g cfla vflng
d Ddng A r a t ldn sd vdi c i c k h u vUc khac
t r e n the gidi, n h a t la d Tay Au va Bac My,
ndi chfl nghia k i n h te vung cd nhflng
t h a n h tiiu n h a t dinh Khu vUc nay bad
gdm cac nUdc cd d a n sd' ddng n h u T r u n g
Qud'c va c l Xingapo, mdt qud'c gia khdng
ddng dan Nd gdm ca nen k i n h te Hong
Kdng md cfla, thflc c h a t la p h u thudc vao
thfldng mai va d i u tfl, nd cung gdm c l
N h a t B i n , mdt n e n k i n b te m a n h ca ve
t r i n h do l i n vd'n t h u n h a p , lai ddng cfla
ddi vdi thfldng mai, dau tfl T a t c l nhflng
c i c h biet nay lam g i i m cd sd hdp If chd
mdt h i n h thflc hdp t i c sd bd Ddng A Dieu
dd cd the p h a n tfch ve ludng thfldng mai
va ludng d i u tfl
Ve ludng thfldng mai, n h a n xet r i n g
cic nfldc Ddng A d a n g cd sfl t a n g trfldng
tfldng ddi m a n h me t r e n g ddng c h i y
thfldng mai gifla c i c vflng la khdng chinh
xac T r e n thflc te, nd cd t a n g se vdi cic h e n
ke't thfldng m a i trdng p h i n cdn lai cfla
the gidi, chfl k h d n g p h a i de cac lien ket
thfldng mai vdi My hdac c h a u Au Cac
nfldc c h a u A v i n cdn hi trdi chat vad My,
chau Au va vad sfl d i u tfl cua hg
Cung tfldng tfl nhfl vay, ddi vdi c i c lien
ke't d i u tfl, trfldc n a m 1990, dau tfl ciia
N h a t vae p h i n cdn lai cua k h u vflc la r a t
ldn; tuy nhien, t i n h t h e da d i e ngUdc tfl
gifla nhflng n a m 90 va sau n a m 1997 d
the ky trUdc NgUdi N h a t la ngudn n h a
b a n g nude ngdai chfl ye'u cbo vay trong
k h u viic, tuy nhien, td'ng sd'nd ngUdi N h a t nay da g i i m xud'ng tdi g i n 70% va sfl chia
se cfla cac n h a b a n g N h a t ve cac mdn nd nfldc ngdai cung giam dang ke, chfl yeu la
dd cac van de tai chinh tai chinh nfldc
N h a t (Lincoln 2004) Tinh h i n h dd cho thay, q u a n diem ve mdt h i n h thflc hdp tac vdi quy md nhd t h a n h cdng tai Ddng A nhd sfl c i c h biet gifla cac nfldc t h a n h vien can
p h i i xem xet lai
D i e u k h o n g thflc thfl hai: Mo h i n h p h a t
t r i e n co t h e flng d u n g c h o c a c nfldc
d a n g p h a t t r i e n k h a c
Li l u a n r i n g me h i n h Ddng A cd the dfldc sad chep t r e n g cac nfldc dang p h a t trien k h l c dfldc thay trdng cud'n sach cua Helen Hughes ve c i c me h i n h cdng nghiep
h d i (Hughes 1988) va t r e n g Bad eld cfla Ngan h a n g the gidi ve sfl p h i t trien va chinh s i c h ceng cdng cfla chau A (1993) Tuy nhien, hg b e a n tdan cdi nhe bdi canh qud'c te gifla nhflng n a m 60 va 90 cua the
ky trfldc Chien t r a n h lanh va quyen b l chu cfla My da ket thuc Nfldc My trd nen phdng t h u hdn trdng chfnh sach kinh te
Va dd t a t c l cac nfldc t h i n h vfldng deu khdng phuc hdi dfldc hdan tdan sfl t h u t Ifli
ve kinh te, bdi vay, cai gia cfla viec chiem linh thi trfldng cac nfldc nay cad hdn trfldc
r a t nhieu Hdn nfla, chd dfl H u g h e s va Ngan h a n g The gidi md t l chi tiet ve phfldng thflc thflc hien c i c v a n de kinh te
va chfnh tri d cac nfldc Ddng A, sfl p h a n tich cfla hg van khdng day dfl, vi hg xem nhe vai tre cua hdat ddng td chflc cdng viec
va cdng nghe, la cd sd d mflc do vi md cua
sU p h a t trien kinh te Ne'u t a t ca cac nUdc dang p h a t trien b a t chudc c i c chfnh s i c h cfla chfnh p h u H a n Qud'c va Dai Loan thi
Trang 750 Nghien cdu Dong Nam A 8/2009
lieu hg cd thay dUdc sU p h i t trien kinh te
nhanh chdng va ben vflng nhU trong
trudng hdp Ddng A khdng? Dieu nay thUc
sfl phu thudc vae nhflng dieu kien khlc
nhfl viec kiem soit lao ddng ap che va nen
kinh te cd ve nhu la theo menh lenh, ma
chac chan la bao ham cac qud'c gia cung
nhu nen q u i n ly ddc tai (Kim 1998)
Dieu k h o n g thflc thfl ba: Theo cac n h a
xa hoi hoc k i n h dien, dao Khong can
t r d sfl p h a t t r i e n c u a cac nfldc Dong A
Quan diem che rang dad Khd'ng dfla ra
nhflng dieu kien khdng phu hdp vdi sfl
xuat hien cua chu nghia tfl ban va q u i
trinh cdng nghiep h d i cd gd'e re tfl khi
Weber quy sfl xua't hien cfla chfl nghia tfl
ban chd nguyen tac xfl the cfla nhflng
ngfldi Thanh gild trdng phdng trad
Calvinist Nhflng ngfldi Thanh gild cdi
viec sinh ldi la nghia vu tdn giad va sfl Ifldi
bieng la tdi ldi Weber cdi thai dd dd la"
dieu dac trflng nhat trong dao dflc xa hdi
cfla van hoi tfl b i n , va theo nghia cd sd cd
b i n nhat cua nd" "Quan trgng hdn,
nhflng dac diem dd la duy nhat cho nhflng
ngfldi Thanh giad va "rd rang la khdng cd
gifla nhflng ngfldi Hda, ngfldi An va ngfldi
Babydn truyen thd'ng" Hfldng sfl chfl y tdi
Trung Qud'c truyen thd'ng, Weber chi ra
rang cd hai dieu kien khdng thfch hdp vdi
sfl xuat hien cua chu nghia tfl ban.Thfl
nhat: Cau trflc chfnh tri - xa hdi cua
Trung Qud'c la mdt rad can He thd'ng tien
te nang ne, thieu quyen tfl tri dia phfldng
cua cic thanh phd', sfl tdn tai dai dang cua
cic phfldng hdi, sfl thieu met trat tfl hdp
phip dgc lap va hinh thflc, b i n chat bid
thu ciia he thd'ng quan he ddng tdc va t i c
ddng nggt ngat cua sU quan lieu de che
-tat ca cac mat ciia xa hdi Trung Qud'c
truyen thd'ng da can trd sfl nd'i len cua
t i n g ldp ddanh nghiep va la nguyen nhan cua sfl dinh tre ve kinh te (Weber 1951) Thfl hai: Weber heai nghi ve hinh tfldng cfla dad Khd'ng: "Ngfldi chfnh nhan quan tfl" Ngfldi quan tfl nay cdi trgng sfl hai hda gifla thien nhien va con ngfldi, cdi khinh tfnh ham ldi khi lam an kiem ldi, khinh thfldng nhflng mflu cau tfch trfl cua cai Weber nhan thay " Ngfldi Trung Qud'c thieu met each sd'ng trung tam, hdp ly va dfldc xac dinh bdi tdn giad de'n tfl ben trong va dac trflng che Thanh giad kinh dien" Tfnh hai hea can ddi cua dad Khd'ng nghia la dieu chinh hdp ly thed the gidi: cdn tfnh can ddi cua Thanh giio la
n i m vflng the gidi mgt each hdp ly (Weber 1951, tr 243-44, 246, 248) Sau nay, chfnh Talcdtt Parsons, tren quan diem cua Weber, da phat trien mgt hoc thuyet toan dien de md ta va d i n h gii nhflng thanh tUu kinh te va van h o i cua cic qud'c gia (Parsons, 1951) Ong da md
t l sd do cac "bien mau" gem nam quan niem del ngUdc: C i m xflc va vd elm, tfl dinh hfldng va dinh hfldng tap the, tfnh td'ng hdp va tfnh c l biet, rhanh tUu va sU quy chd, tfnh dac trUng va sfl rfldm ra Thee Parsdns, " kieu ca'u trflc nghe nghiep
"cdng nghiep" hien dai dac trflng bdi he thd'ng cua "cic vai trd td'ng hdp-dac
trflng-vd d m -thanh tflu-dinh hfldng" Ngfldc lai, ca'u trflc xa hdi Trung Qud'c truyen thd'ng bad gdm tap hdp d c dac diem ngfldc nhau "kim bam sfl p h i t trien cua bat cfl d i gi gid'ng chu nghia tfl bin vi chu nghia tU ban p h i huy sU td'ng hdp dao Khdng b l n g d c h chuyen dd'i sfl d n blng ngi lflc thanh nhdm khdng the xam ihap vao thuyet phd' do nhan van ciia kieu chinh tri van h e i l i n ldn de phan biet
Trang 8Mai Ddng Hien Qudn - Phep mdu chdu A: Thd li gidi nhitng dieu 51
"gidi trf thflc" T r u n g Qud'c." (Parsons
1968) Weber va P a r s o n s tao r a mo hinh
hdp li k h a n g dinh mdt each cd b i n r a n g
tfnh hieu qud, ndng dgng va ndng sudt,
cac ye'u td' cd b i n cua cdng nghiep hda va
cua chu nghia tU b a n , va chu nghia cd
nhdn cflng cd' l a n n h a u (Levy 1962) Md
hinh hdp If n a y da t h i c h thflc m a n h me
cac g i i tri t r u y e n thd'ng phfldng Ddng chd
r a n g ngfldi t a suy nghi t a p t h e
KET LUAN
Nhflng p h a n ti'ch t r e n da gdp m e t sd' ldi
giii chd nhflng t h a n h tflu cfla cac nfldc
Ddng A Dieu q u a n trgng la nhflng lap
luan dd gan vdi k h u n g ly t h u y e t dfldc dfla
ra Thed Webster, ce bd'n ye'u td' chu yeu
khi p h a n tfch mdt qud'c gia trdng qua t r i n h
p h i t trien: ddng cd p h i t trien (dfla t r e n
hean d n h lich sfl), t h a n h tfch trdng cac
chinh s i c h xa hdi, yeu td' van h o i va q u a n
he qud'c te cua qud'c gia dd Trong so nhflng
dieu cd thflc t i c g i i da t h a o l u a n d tren:
tfnh bflc t h i e t - Ap lflc p h a i cai td' dat nfldc,
d c chfnh s i c h xa hgi t h a n h cdng, lflc
Ifldng lad ddng, yeu td' v a n boa va vien trd
ciia My cd sfl phfl hdp vdi d c tieu chf dd
Tuy nhien, viec g i i i thich d c nguyen
n h a n d i n den sfl t a n g trfldng tfl kinh
nghiem cfla cac nudc Ddng A la dieu
khdng d l M d t sd' ye'u td' thdi gian va lich
sfl da ddng gdp r a t ldn chd sU t a n g trUdng
nay Tuy vay, t i c g i i cd' g i n g dUa r a mgt
vai ye'u td' tac ddng len q u i t r i n h dd thee
d c h nay h a y d c h k h l c , sU ke't hdp cfla
cac yeu td' ay thiic sU cd a n h hUdng den
tang trUdng k i n h te Ddng A NhU m e t cau
ngan ngfl cd' T r u n g Qud'c, b a t cfl mgt sfl
kien lich sfl ldn nao cung cd t h e x i y ra khi
cd dfldc sfl ke't hdp cfla ba dieu kien: thien
thdi, dia ldi, n h a n boa Md b i n h p h a t trien Ddng A, nhfl v a n thfldng md ta, thflc chat
cd t h e bad gdm b a ye'u td' can b i n de, la thdi t h e cfla he thd'ng t h e gidi, dieu kien dia ly va d e yeu td' v a n hda Trdng khi nhflng dieu nay cd ve nhfl la dinh menh, xem xet ky Ifldng lich sfl p h a t trien cua Ddng A cung l a m ngfldi t a cd n h a n xet nhfl vay Tuy nhien, b a ye'u td' ay ket hdp vdi n h a u tdi mflc dd nad? Chflng tfldng tac
r a sad va t r a t tfl q u a n trgng cfla chung
n h u t h e nae? Nhflng cau hdi ay d n cd sfl
t h i d l u a n tfl cac n h a n g h i e n cflu./
TAI L I E U THAM KHAO
1 Berger, Peter L., I-ko Tung-ya fa-chan ti
mo-hsing Cf Guy Allito's view on this
point can also be viewed in World
Journal, October 3, 1986
2 Berger, Peter L and Hsin-Huang Michael
Hsiao: In search of an East Asian
develop-ment model New Brunswick, N.J., USA:
Transaction Books, cl988
3 Campos, Jose Delgado and Hilton L
Root.-The key to the Asian miracle: making shared growth credible: Washington, D.C:
Brookings Institution, cl996
4 Gold, Thomas., Preface in H.H Michael Hsiao, ed Development and Underdeuelopment: A
reader in the Sociology of Deuelopment
(Taipei: Chin-Lin Books, 1985)
5 Garran, Robert: Tigers Tamed, Honolulu,
Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press, 1998
6 Hughes, H (Ed) Achieving Industrialization
in East Asia Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press 1988
7 Kim, Eun Mee: The four Asian tigers:
Economic development and the global political economy San Diego, CA:
Trang 952 Nghien cUu Dong Nam A 8/2009
Academic Press ; 1998
8 Krueger, A.O., Developmental Role of the
Foreig Sector and Aid Council of Eat
Asian Studies, Harvard University 1979
9 Levy, Marion J., Some Aspects of
"Individualism and the Problem of
Modernization in China and Japan, in
Economic Development and Cultural
Change, Vol 10, No 3 (Apr., 1962), pp
225-240 ; The University of Chicago Press
10 Lincoln, Edward J., East Asian economic
regionalism New York: Council on Foreign
Relations ; Washington, D.C: Brookings
Institution Press, c2004
11 Lincoln, Edward J., Japan's Unequal Trade
(Brookings Institution Press, cl989)
12 Lincoln, Edward J., Troubled Times:
U.S.-Japan Economic Relations in the 1990s
(Brooking Institution Press, cl999)
13 Liu, Shvd-shen., A comparative Analysis of the
Similarities and Differences in the Managerial
Concepts of the East and the West Chung-kuo
Lun-tan no 198 (August 10, 1983)
14 Metzger, Thomas A., Escape from
predicament: neo-Confucianism and
China s evolving political culture: New
York: Columbia University Press, 1977
15 Minear, Richard H., Orientalism and the
Study of Japan, The Journal of Asian
Studies 39 (May 1980)
16 Parsons, Talcott: The structure of social
action: a study in social theory with special
reference to a group of recent European
writers New York: Free Press ; London:
Collier-Macmillan, [cl968]
17 Parsons, Talcott: The Social System, New
York: The Free Press, 1951
18 Schumacher, E F., Small is beautiful:
economics as if people mattered, New
York: Harper & Row, 1975
19 Tai, Hung-chao., Confucianism and
eco-nomic development: an oriental
alterna-tive? Washington, D C : Washington
Institute Press, cl989
20 Vogel, Ezra F., The four little dragons: the
spread of industrialization in East Asia;
Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1991
21 Wade, Robert and Gordon White, eds.,
Development States in East Asia: Capitalist and Socialist, special issue of IDS Bulletin 15:2, 1984; and Roy Hofheinz
and Kent Calder, The Eastasia Edge (New
York: Basic Books, 1982)
22 Weber, Max: The Protestant ethic and the
spirit of capitalism Translated by Talcott Parsons With a foreword by R H Tawney
New York, Scribner [1958]
23 Weber, Max: The religion of China:
Confucianism and Taoism, translated and edited by Hans H Gerth Glencoe, 111.,
Free Press, 1951
24 Weber, Max.: The Methodology of the Social
Sciences New York: Free Press 1949
25 Webster, Andrew., Introduction to the
Sociology of Development., Palgrave
Macmillan; 2nd edition (April 15, 1997)
26 Wong, John., "Export-Oriented Industrial Development in E a s t Asia," in John
Tessitore and Susan Woolfson, eds The
Asian Development Model and the Caribbean Basin Initiative (New York:
Council on Religion and International Affairs, 1985), pp 49-63
27 World Bank report: The East Asian miracle:
economic growth and public policy New
York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, cl993
28 Wood, R Foreign Aid and Developmental
Choice in the World Economy Berkeley:
University of California Press 1986
29 Woronoff, Jon., Asia's "miracle" economies
Armonk, N.Y.: M.E Sharpe, cl986
30 Yang, Mao-ch'un., Chinese Familism and
National Character, published in Symposium
on the Character of the Chinese, an interdisci-plinary approach by Yih-yuan Li and
Kuo-shu Yang., Taipei: Academia Sinica, 1972