Kim Cfldng la cum cdng trinh kien trflc Phat giao ndi tieng thdi Ly - Trdn, dd Ly Nhan Tdng sang lap vd dfldc nha sfl Tri Nhu trung tu dfldi thdi Tran, den ndm 1367 thi hoan thanh. H[r]
Trang 134 Nghien curu Ton giao Sd 7-2008
PHAT GIAO VA MOI LIEN HE V d l XA HOI
DAI VIET T H d l TRAN
(thekiXIII-XIV)
D ao Phat du nhap vao Viet Nam
bang hai con dfldng, tfl An Do qua
dfldng bien va tfl Trung Qud'c qua dfldng
bg, vad khoang dau Cdng nguyen va phat
trien cflc thinh d thdi Ly - Tran Nhflng
chi den thdi Tran Phat giao Viet Nam
mdi dflgc due kei thanh mdt tfl tfldng dgc
dao, Thien phai True Lam Trdn Nhan
Tdng vi to thfl nha't cua Thien phai nay
dfldc nhieu nha nghien cflu ggi la "bd
dud'c" cua Thien hgc Viet Nam Dao Phat
dfldc cac tdng ldp nhan dan sflng bai
Giao li dao Phat vdi tfl bi, hi xa va sfl tu
tap theo ngu gidi va thap thien d i dang
dfldc qudn chung nhan dan Dai Viet tiep
thu Giao li dd cung rat gan vdi tmh than
bac ai, khoan hda, nhan tfl cua dan tdc va
tdn tai den ngay nay,
Sfl phat t n e n va pho bien ciia dao
Phat the hien d viec chfla chien dfldc xay
dflng rat nhieu Thee ghi chep cua
Nguyen Dfl trong Truyen ki man lij.c thi
thdi Trdn, chfla chien dflng len khdp ndi:
"Lang Idn cd den hdn mUdi ndi, lang nhd
cung chflng nam, sau, bao ngoai bdng rao
luy, td trong bdng vang son ""' Tinh
trung binh cd le mot lang cd khoang tfl 5
den 7 ngdi chua Nhfl vay, sdchua chien d
' ' NGUYEN THI FHl/ONG CHI''
Dai Viet thdi Trdn chac phai ra't nhieu Rat tiec, chung ta khdng ed con so' chinh xac Nhflng ghi chep cua Nguyen Dii hoan toan cd li khi sii cfl chep; "Tan Mao, nam thfl 7 (1231), Thflgng hoang xud'ng chieu rang trong nfldc pham chd nao c6 dinh tram deu phai td tfldng phat de thd Trfldc la tue nfldc ta vi nang mfla nen lam nhieu dinh nghi de eho ngfldi di dfldng nghi chan, trat vach bdng vdi trdng, goi
J a dinh tram"'^' Cac quan vfldng nha Tran deu r a t gidi tren nhieu linh vflc, trong dd cd Phat giao Cac vua Trdn Thai Tdng, Trdn Thanh Tdng, Tran Nhan Tdng va Tran Anh Tdng deu am tfldng Phat hgc Day la dieu khac vdi cac vua thdi Ly trfldc dd Cae vi vua thdi Ly can den eac thien sfl khdng chi vi ham thich dao Phat ma cdn can den t n thflc cua ho tren nhieu phfldng dien (chinh tri, van hda, ngdai giao ) Tran Thai Tdng la ngfldi cd vai trd quan trgng trdng viec dat nen mdng cho sii phat trien Phat giao va sau dd, dudi thdi Tran Nhan Tdng, Phat giao phat trien cUc thinh Trdn Thai Tong ham me ke cflu Phat giao, nhflng cung
n g h i e n cflu day du k m h dien ciia Nho
* TS., Vien Sir hpc
Trang 2giao nhfl dng da hoc b a c h t r o n g Bdi tiia
Thien tdng chi nam: "Mdi khi dfldc r a n h
viec, t r a m lai hdi hgp cac vi tuoi cao dflc
ca de t h a m va'n dao t h i e n , cdn nhfl cac
k m h dien ciia dai giao (Nho giao - TG) thi
k h d n g k i n h n a o k h d n g n g h i e n cflu"'" Tfl
tfldng va tac p h d m cua T r a n T h a i Tdng
va T u e T r u n g Thfldng Si cd t i n h cha't md
dfldng cho T h i e n p h a i T r u e L a m thdi
Trdn, mac du hg k h d n g p h a i Id nhflng
dng td H a i dng d a cd a n h hfldng Idn tdi
T r a n N h a n Tdng T r a n N h a n Tdng md
P h a t tfl t h u d nhd, s a c h Tam td thiic liic
chep: "Vao gid Ty m o t dem kia, vua vfldt
t h a n h r a di, d i n h vao nui Yen Tu, nhflng
khi den c h u a T h a p , n u i Ddng Cflu thi trdi
vfla s a n g , lai vi q u a m e t nen p h a i vao
nghi t r o n g T h a p Vi t a n g chfla a'y tha'y
vua tfldng m a o k h a c thfldng, lien dem
thflc an len mdi N g a y hdm dd, T h a i h a u
dem c h u y e n ay t h u a t lai day du vdi
T h a n h Tdng T h a n h Tdng sai q u a n t h a n
di tim k h d p bd'n phfldng, ba't ddc di vua
phai trd ve Khi len ngdi, tuy d chd'n ciiu
trflng cad s a n g m a v u a v a n sd'ng t h a n h
tinh V u a thfldng ngii trfla d chfla Tfl
Phuc t r o n g Dai ngi, mdt hdm mdng tha'y
t r e n r u n tro mot hoa sen v a n g Idn nhfl
b a n h xe, t r e n hoa cd P h a t vang "'"" Roi,
dng lai dfldc T u e T r u n g Thfldng Si (anh
cua H d a n g T h a i h a u N g u y e n T h a n h
Thien C a m , me ciia T r d n N h a n Tdng),
mot ngfldi ndi t i e n g ve T h i e n hgc t r u y e n
day Nen, T r a n N h a n Tdng k h d n g chi la
mdt vi vua a n h h u n g m a cdn trd t h a n h
"bd dud'c" cua T h i e n tdng Viet N a m Va,
chi dfldi thdi T r a n mdi cd n h i e u n h a vua
h a m thich ke cflu P h a t hgc va de lai
n h i e u thd phfl c u n g nhfl tac p h d m ve
Thien tdng ndi tieng''^' De t r u y e n ba P h a t
giae t r d n g n h a n d a n , Dtii Tang Kinh da
dfldc t r i e u d i n h cho khdc in vao cudi the
ki XIII, gdp p h a n q u a n t r g n g cho viec
p h a t trie'n P h a t hgc d t h e ' k i sau
Tinh t h a n tfl bi, hi xa k h o a n d u n g cua
P h a t giao k h d n g cd n g h i a la dan dat ngfldi ta u y mi m a ngfldc lai, r a t b a n linh
va d a m b a n sdc had k h i Ddng A nhfl cau ndi ciia T r a n Thii Do t r a ldi vua T r a n ;
"Dau t h d n chfla rdi xud'ng da't xin be h a dflng le" k h i q u a n x a m Ifldc Nguyen-Mdng Idm le tien vao Dai Viet hoac cflng nha't t r i q u y e t d a n h d Hgi nghi Dien Hdng Cho du, T r d n T h u Do cung da cdt tdc di tu"^' s a u khi T r d n C a n h len ngdi vua Dd la diem h e t sflc ddc dao ciia thdi
T r d n va P h a t giao thdi T r d n Sfl tdn sflng dao P h a t thdi T r d n da khien cho Nho t h d n Le Q u a t , cung gidng nhfl Trfldng H a n Sieu, chudng Nho giao, bai bac P h a t giao nhflng rdi dng cung phai thfla n h a n sfl t h a t bai cua m i n h trong bai vdn bia d chfla Chieu P h u c (Bac Giang) r a n g : "Dao P h a t lay phflc hga cam ddng ngfldi ta ma sao dfldc ldng ngUdi s a u
xa ben c h a t den the? T r e n tfl vfldng cdng dfldi den d a n thfldng he ddi vdi viec P h a t
d a u b e t ciia c u n g k h d n g tiec Neu ngay nay uy t h a c t r d n g coi ve lam chfla xay
t h a p , thi hdn hdn hd hd nhfl da ndm chac
ta k h o a n de se dfldc bao lai ngay mai Cho nen t r o n g tfl k i n h t h a n h , ngoai den chau p h u , thdn cflng ngd h e m , khdng cd lenh m a theo, k h d n g p h a i t h e ma tin; chd nao cd ngfldi d la cd chfla, do rdi lai dflng
n a t rdi lai siia, c h u d n g t r d n g lau dai so vdi n h a d a n da chiem p h a n niia, xay dflng ra't de m a tdn sflng c u n g r a t rdng
Ta luc be dgc sach, chi (mud'n b a t chfldc)
cd kim, tflng h i e u q u a dao sach de giao hda mgi ngfldi, m a cudi cflng chiia dfldc mot hfldng n a o tin Thfldng du lam ndn
Trang 336 Nghien curu Ton giao Sd7 -2008
nfldc, vet chan da mia thien ha, mud'n tim
nha hgc, vdn mieu chfla tflng tha'y dau
Vi the ta vdn lay lam then nhieu vdi mdn
do dao Phat Vay tdi tfl hoc bach viet ra
de khuyen ran ngfldi ddi"'^*
Tfl heu van bia cung che biet, eac tang
ldp nhan dan treng xa hdi thdi Tran
dfldng thdi neu ed dieu kien deu mong
mud'n dflgc cflng tien rudng da't, tien cua
de xay dflng, trung tu chfla thap, due
chudng, dflng bia
Bia chiia Phuc Minh - Ong Ldu^^^ hien
dat trfldc chua Phflc Minh, thdn Yen De,
xa Hiep Hda, huyen Vu Thfl, tinh Thai
Binh, do Dd Nguyen Chfldng, mdt trieu
thinh dai phu, Han lam quyen hgc si tri
che cao, thfldng ki dd uy trieu Tran sean
vdn bia vao nam Dai Tri 12 (1369) va
khac Idn ddu vao nam 1377, cho biet:
"Hfldng Man De d chau Hoang, cd chfla
Ong Lau, bien ghi la chfla Phuc Minh, do
Thai hau Lmh Nhan thdi Ly xay dflng
Den ndm Binh Ngg (1336), ngUdi trong
hUdng triing tu Phdt dien, rdi tiep tiic viec
md rdng chiia, tii ndm Mdu Ddn, ndm
Khai Hiiu 11 (1338), den ndm Mau Ngg
(1342) mdi hodn thdnh Sau do, con mua
dugc qud chudng cua dng hg Trdn d Co
LU treo tren lau chiia"^^\ Ndi dung van
bia cdn de cap den thuyet qua bao cua
dao Phat de di vao long ngfldi nen dfldc
nhieu ngUdi theo Hg san sang hien ca
rudng vUdn tai san de xay chfla thap;
"Phat giao d Tay True a'y, day che ngfldi
ta luc sd'ng lam viec thien, khi chet se cd
phuc bad; luc sd'ng ma lam viec ac thi den
luc chet se cd tdi bao, Ldi day a'y ciia nha
Phat that nggt ngad de di sau vao long
ngfldi, nen dfldc nhieu ngfldi theo, den
mflc hien ca rudng vfldn, xua't tai san ciia
nha de xay chua thap, nhflng dieu mong
fldc xfla nay bao ddi, ben vflng kien cd lam, khdng gi pha vd ndi """' Tuy da cd nhieu bae quan tii dung van chfldng bac
be nhflng cung khdng lam gi dfldc Dieu nay it nhieu phan anh tinh hinh da'u
t r a n h tfl tfldng gifla P h a t giad va Nho giao thdi a'y'^^'
Bia ma nhai ndi Cd Phong ndm d ben
phai ddng Lien Hea nfli Cd Phong, nay la chfla Khuc Mg, thdn Phong Phu, xa Minh Giang, huyen Hoa Lfl, tinh Ninh Binh (chfla Phat Ddng Lien Hoa nui Cd Phong van cdn) Bia khdng ghi ten tac gia va nien dai dflng bia''^' Ndi dung van bia eho biet: "Tran Thai Tdng la mdt dng vua sflng bai P h a t giao Nhflng ndm ddu len ngdi, dng khdng chu y den vfldng sfl, ma mud'n len nui Yen Tii lam hda thfldng Ba'y gid, Ninh Binh khdng ehi la cd' do,
ma cdn la trung tam ciia Phat giao Tr&n Thai Tdng mud'n chan hflng Phat giao, nen da cii mot vi cao tang den dd tuyen dfldng P h a t phap, Vi thien sfl nay da den nui Cd Phong, huyen Hoa Lfl, tinh Ninh Binh xay dflng lai chua va tru tri tai dd""^^
Tren vach nui Non Nfldc (Due Thuy) d thanh phd Ninh Binh, tinh Nmh Binh hien nay cdn tam bia ma nhai, khdng
khac hoa van, cd ten ggi la Thdnh chi cua
ThUcfng hodng Bia khac sdc chi cua
ThUdng hoang nha Tran, cho chfla Thiiy Sdn (chua Non Nfldc) dfldc sd hflu cac loai rudng da't, cay cdi, hoa qua ciia chfla Ai xam pham se bi xii tdi Cdn cfl vao nien dai khac tren bia la nam Ky Siiu, nien hieu Thieu Phong, thi ngfldi ra "thanh ehi" la Thfldng hoang Minh Tdng (d ngdi 1314-1329/ Mmh Tdng la ngfldi sang sud't, den luc dm nang sap chet, vin khdng cho lap dan chay cdu dao, khdng
Trang 4cho lam le phdng sinh, lai dan Hien Tfl
Thai hau khdng nen vao nui di tu Viec
cap sdc chi cho chfla Non Nfldc chflng td
dia vi dae biet cua ngdi chua nay ddi vdi
trieu dinh lflc ay Cho den nay, nui Non
Nfldc van la ndi lflu gifl dfldc nhieu da'u
tich cua danh nhan ddi Trdn'"' Ngdai ra,
d hai ben phai va trai ddng nien dai cdn
ghi viec cung 40 mau rudng va ben dd
khdng thudc ngi dung ciia "Thanh chi"
Neu la rudng va ben dd "vua ban" thi
dflng chfl "tfl", "sdc tfl" nhflng tren bia
lai dflng chfl "cflng" Viec cflng ben dd hai
ben sdng vao chua de dflng vao viec
hfldng dang, cflng la dieu dang chfl y khi
nghien cflu Phat giao thdi'Tran'""
Vdn bia thdp Hien Dieu chiia Kim
Cuong che biet, thap Hien Dieu va chfla
Kim Cfldng la cum cdng trinh kien trflc
Phat giao ndi tieng thdi Ly - Trdn, dd Ly
Nhan Tdng sang lap vd dfldc nha sfl Tri
Nhu trung tu dfldi thdi Tran, den ndm
1367 thi hoan thanh Hien nay, chfla va
thap CO deu da hi buy hoai, chi cdn lai
ta'm bia ma nhai d tren dinh nui Thien
Long, thdn Ang Sdn, xa Ninh Hda, huyen
Hoa Lfl, tinh Ninh Binh, la nen cu cua
chfla v a n bia ndi rd: Nha sfl Tri Nhu, hgc
trd cua de nhi Td' Trflc Lam Phap Lea, da
xay dflng hai ngdi chfla thap tai que
hfldng cua dng Ngdi chfla thfl nha't la
chfla Ndn Nfldc, thap Linh Te, ngdi chfla
thfl hai la chfla Kim Cfldng, thap Hien
Dieu Mdi ngdi chfla thap phai xay dflng
5, 6 ndm mdi xong, cdng viec Idn lao nay
da dugc sfl ung hg het long cua Hoang de
va hoang gia luc dd Anh Tran Du Tdng
la Trdn Nguyen Trac khdng nhflng bd thi
tien cua ma cdn viet vdn bia nay vao
ngay 18 thang 2 nam Dai Tri thfl 10
(1367)""
Bia Dgi bi chiia Siing Nghiem nui Vdn Ldi, dflng tai xa Bach Nhan, huyen Nga
Sdn, tinh Thanh Hda do Hflu Bdc xa Hiep Thach Pham Sfl Manh^ thuat, Chi hau thu Mai Tinh viet Bia de ngay 16 thang
2 nam Nham Ty, nien hieu Thieu Khanh
3 (1372) Bia chfla Sflng Nghiem ben canh viec ca ngdi canh dep nui Van Ldi, canh tri thanh u, bd'n be sam ua't"", den ndi hoa thfldng tru tri chfla Khanh Lam nhan mdt Idn du ngoan ndi day "tha'y canh dep fla nhin, ben md nfli bat rflng, kien lap am tfldng Dai bi, Tam the toan bang vang, dat tren nfli cao, ngay dem cau khan cho hoang do ben vflng, thien
ha thai binh, dflc vua mudn tuoi", cdn ghi danh tinh cua nhflng ngfldi cung rudng, cung tien vao am va vi tri cac thiia rudng cua hg Bia cd mot bai minh 24 cau (mdi cau 4 chfl) va mot bai thd that ngdn tfl tuyet Ldi vdn bia khflc chiet, cd dgng, ldi viet ddi sang sua Tac gia bai van bia nay
la Pham Sfl Manh, mot nha chinh tri, nha van ndi tieng thdi Tran Bai vdn bia nay, nha't la bai thd that ngdn tfl tuyet d cudi bia, cho tha'y tfl tfldng Thien va ngudn cam flng "len cao nhin xa" cua ldp tri thflc ddi Tran'"*'
Be Phdt chiia Dgi Bi d thdn Que
Dfldng, xa Cat Que, huyen Heai Dflc, tinh
Ha Tay Be Phat lam bdng da"'', dat trong chua, Tren be hien nay dat an, tren
cd tfldng Phat Ten be da treng vdn khac
la "Phat ban", nghia la "be Phat", cd the xfla kia, tren be dat tfldng Phat Idn ma ngay nay khdng cdn Nien dai khdc chfl dfldc ghi tren be la nam Giap Dan men hieu Long Khanh thfl 2 (1374)
Be Phat khac ten thi ehu ddng gdp vao viec tao dflng be, tat ea 38 ngfldi Trdng
dd, chi cd mot ngfldi hg Dang, mdt ngfldi
Trang 538 Nghien cuu Ton giao Sd 7-2008
hg Phi, mdt ngu'di hg Dd, mdt ngUdi hg
Phflng, Sd cdn lai deu la hg Nguyen Sau
khi thay nha Ly, nha Tran ra lenh nhflng
ngfldi hg Ly phai ddi thanh hg Nguyen
Qua van khac tren be da nay cung nhfl
qua met sd' bia khac (nhu Mdc bai dong
Da Bdi), cd the tha'y, sU phan bd dan cU
hg Ly kha rdng khap d thdi d'y''"'
Bia chiia Siing Khanh (ten day du
"Sung khanh tu bi mmh tinh tfl" nghia
la Ldi tiia vd bdi minh bia chiia Siing
Khdnh), nguyen d chfla Sflng Khanh,
thudc hfldng Hoang Ndng, Thdng giang,
Phu Lenh trUdng ddi Tran, nay la thdn
Ndng, xa Dao Dflc, huyen Vi Xuyen, tinh
Ha Giang Chfla hien khdng cdn Bia cdn
dat tren nen chfla cfl''" Soan gia van bia
la Ta Khuc Ngao, tfl la Sd Khanh, viet
vao nam Dai Tri thfl 10 (1367) Ngi dung
van bia cho biet nien dai xay dflng chua,
qua trinh xay dflng chfla, ca ngdi nhflng
dflc tinh td't dep cua ngfldi sang lap ra
chua, danh tinh ngUdi cung tai san cho
chfla (rudng da't, nd ti, tham chi la mot
con trau),
Ha Giang la tinh dia dau phia Bdc
nfldc ta Su xua't hien ciia chfla Sflng
Khanh va bia chfla d day cho tha'y sU
phat t n e n rdng khdp eua dao Phat thdi
Trdn, dong thdi chflng td y nghia van hda
Idn la nha Tran cd gdng ciing cd vflng
bien cfldng va phat t n e n van hda d vflng
nay thdi ba'y gid'""'
Mot sd van bia khdng chi ca ngdi canh
tri chfla thap ma cdn ca ngdi dao Phat
trong xa hgi thdi Tran Bia chiia Dien
Phiic [Dien Phiic vien biY^^'^^ dfldc tao dflng
ndm Mau Thin, men hieu Khai Thai 5
(1328) Ten tac gia va ngfldi khdc van bia
deu bi md, chi cdn ten ngfldi viet chfl la
Nguyen Lflu Ngi dung vdn bia "the hien
the gidi quan eua tac gia ve vu tru: Luc dau nguyen khi chfla phan chia chi cd cai
"chi nha't" bao trflm ta't thay the gidi cflng chfla cd Phat The roi "tfl khi" hinh thanh, "tam tai" xua't hien tren la tinh tuy bieu tfldng ciia trdi, dfldi la nui sdng gifldng mdi ciia da't Van vat bien hda sinh sdi cd nhan nghia thi smh cao ngao,
cd cai tdi thi chia thanh thfl bac cao tha'p khac nhau Dflc Phat thfldng sfl ddi la the, nen hinh thanh tfl cai ba't sinh ba't diet roi hien hflu d "tfldng" va "hinh" Phat phu hg eho lang xdm vdn hgc md mang nha nha sinh cdn hien chau thao ndi ndi thdc lua day kho Con ngfldi tranh dfldc sU thdi thuc cua due vgng, nhanh chdng thoat khdi ndi khd tdi tam, cflng nhau dfldc giai thoat den Nhfl Lai canh gidi Phan cudi bia cd 32 cau minh, mdi cau 4 chfl, ca ngdi cdng dflc cua bac vua thanh, khien cho xa hgi thinh tri, lang xdm yen binh, dao Phat dfldc tdn sung va
an sau vao tan thdn da, xdm lang,,,"'"•" Qua ngi dung van bia ta cd the tha'y: Phat giao d niia cudi the ki XIV van tiep tuc di sau vao ddi sd'ng tam linh ngfldi dan, chfla la ndi cdu an, cau phuc cua ca nhan
va cdng ddng trong xa hgi Dai Viet thdi Trdn Trong so' 44 bia thdi Tran trong
Vdn khdc Hdn Ndm Viet Nam thi ed tdi
22 bia dfldc khdc dflng vae mia cudi the
ki XIV, chflng to tinh hinh kinh te ciia nhan dan, cung nhfl mflc do anh hfldng cua dao Phat trong xa hgi dfldng thdi Sfl phat trien cua dao Phat da khien cho tang ldp tdng m trong xa hgi thdi Tran cd luc chiem den niia so' dan (cudi thdi Trdn) Trdn Phu, sfl gia nha Nguyen
di sfl Dai Viet da ghi lai trong An Nam
tUc sii nhfl sau; "Dan dng deu cao tree
ddu, ke cd quan chflc thi trflm bang khan xanh, vi dan ca nfldc deu la sfl het"'"'
Trang 6Tdn sflng dao P h a t n e n tfl vfldng q u a n
den d a n c h u n g d a xay dflng k h a n h i e u
chfla chien cho da't nfldc Cac cdng t r i n h
kien t r u e ndi c h u n g , kien t r u e P h a t giao
ndi n e n g , la nhflng di s a n v a n hda da dfla
nen k i e n t r u e d a n tdc p h a t t r i e n d a n g tfl
hao D a n h n h o Le Q u a t da n h a n xet ve
t i n h h i n h xay dflng c h u a ciia n h a n d a n
thdi T r a n ; Chd n a o cd ngfldi ta't cd chfla
P h a t , bd di roi lai dflng, n a t di rdi lai siia,
lau dai c h u d n g t r d n g chiem den niia p h d n
se vdi d a n cfl Dieu dd li giai vi sao da so'
cac di s a n k i e n t r u e thdi T r a n h i e n cdn
chu yeu Id k i e n t r u e P h a t giao Vi nhfl
chfla T h a i Lac (Hai Dfldng), chfla D a u
(Bac N m h ) chfla Bdi K h e (Ha Tay) c h u a
Pho M m h ( N a m Dinh), t h a p B i n h Sdn
(Vinh Phuc), t h a p Bao T h a n g , c h u a
Q u y n h L a m ( Q u a n g Ninh), chfla Hoa Yen
t r e n n u i Yen Tii ( Q u a n g Ninh), chfla Lam
( Q u a n g Ninh)'"'"' Tfl nhflng di s a n c h u a
t h a p nay m a c h u n g ta cd the tim tha'y
n h i e u loai h i n h n g h e t h u a t t r u y e n thd'ng
nhfl: c h a m k h d c gd, n g h e t h u a t t r a n g tri
t r e n t h a p da, da't n u n g , v.v
Nhflng nhflng cudc xam Ifldc cua de
qud'c N g u y e n - M d n g da de lai vet thfldng
chien t r a n h , t r o n g dd h n h vflc kien t r u e
chiu nhflng h a u q u a n a n g ne N h i e u cung
dien, chfla t h a p bi p h a h u y nha't la d
K m h dd T h a n g Long Den niia cudi the ki
XIV, da't nfldc lai p h a i lo ddi phd vdi
nhflng cudc t a n cdng, cUdp p h a ciia q u a n
Chiem T h a n h Cd nhUng lan, nhfl ndm
1371, q u a n C h i e m T h a n h da vao T h a n g
Long dot t r u i ca c u n g dien do thfl
N g u y i n Dfl cho biet; "Ddi v u a G i a n Dinh
n h a T r a n , b m h liia ludn n d m , n h i e u ndi
hi ddt; sd chfla chien cdn lai, mfldi k h d n g
dfldc mdt, m a cai so' cdn lai a'y, cung mfla
bay gid c h u y e n , do n g a xieu nghieng, tieu
dieu dflng r u d gifla a n g cd h o a n g bui
r a m S a u k h i q u a n Ngd lui, dan trd ve
p h u c n g h i e p Cd vien q u a n la Vdn Tfl Lap den tri h u y e n a'y, tha'y nhflng c a n h h o a n g
t a n dd n a t , ben r d n g r a dan d m h cac xa,
d a n h t r a n h k e n nfla m a siia chfla lai it
n h i e u " ' " ' Tfl n h u cau cua xa hgi va tdn giao thdi
T r a n , T h i e n p h a i T r u e Lam de T r a n
N h a n Tdng s a n g lap vdi sfl ddng gdp ciia
T r a n T h a i Tdng va T u e T r u n g Thfldng Si (Hflng N i n h vfldng T r a n Tung) trfldc dd,
la mdt t h a n h cdng dac biet trong lich sfl
P h a t giao Viet N a m Thien phai True
L a m m a n g d a m b a n sac van hda Dai Viet
ddc lap N g u y e n L a n g trong Viet Nam
Phdt gido sii ludn da viet; " P h a t giao
True L a m la mdt nen P h a t giao dgc lap:
uy tin t i n h t h a n cua nd la uy tin tinh
t h d n qud'c gia Dai Viet Nd la xfldng sdng cua mot n e n v a n hda Viet N a m dgc lap Nen P h a t giao nay tuy cd tiep n h a n nhflng a n h hUdng cua P h a t giao T r u n g Hoa, An Do va Tay T a n g nhUng van gifl
ca tinh dac biet cua m i n h Dflng ve phfldng dien tfl tfldng, td chflc, cung nhfl
h a n h dao, Giao hgi True L a m cd nhflng net dgc dao k h i e n cho nd chi cd the la mot Giao hgi Viet Nam"'"'"^' N g u y e n Duy H i n h cung tflng n h a n xet; "Phai True Lam da giai quyet yeu cdu thd'ng nha't y thflc he
dd theo ldi ich va q u a n diem cua gia tgc
T r a n , dfldi sfl chi phdi cua y thflc he
c h u n g dfldng thdi - P h a t giao da phd bien
va ton tai k h a lau, cd mdt t a n g ldp tri thflc P h a t giao tfldng ddi ddng dao Mac
du, q u a n diem T r u e Lam v a n la duy t a m nhflng t r o n g tac ddng cu the nd k h d n g gay cho con ngfldi y nghi bi q u a n chan
n a n cudc ddi m a lai dfla den mot sfl ren luyen b a n t h a n thflc te m a n g tinh cha't
l u a n li dao dflc xa hgi hdn la tdn giao"'"'"
Trang 740 Nghien ciru Ton giao Sd 7 - 2008
Thien phai True Lam cd nhflng diem
dac biet so vdi eac Thien phai trfldc dd Ti
Ni Da Lflu Chi, vi To dau tien truyen
Thien tdng vao Viet Nam la ngfldi An Do
Vd Ngdn Thdng va Thao Dfldng la ngfldi
Trung Qud'c deu la Td truyen thfla sang
Viet Nam Dieu Ngfl Tran Nhan Tdng la
ngfldi Viet, khai sang ddng Thien Viet
Nam dau tien'^"' Thien phai True Lam
ddi vdi dan thfldng thi day ngu gidi hanh
thap thien Tinh phd thdng ciia Thien
phai True Lam la vfla hanh Thien, vfla
giang kinh, luan, ngfl luc khdng chi tdng
si ma ngay ca vua quan va cfl si deu cd
the ngd dao Sfl phat trien sau rdng cua
True Lam, ngoai y nghia xa hdi cdn phai
nhan manh den sfl uyen bac cua nhflng vi
Td khai sang Thien phai nay Sfl uyen
bac cua hg ddng vai trd quan trgng trong
viec truyen dao, nen dfldc nhieu ngfldi tin
thee va ten tai lau ben
Tuy nhien, sang the ki XIV, Phat giae
mac dfl van dang thinh hanh nhflng da
xua't hien hien tflgng cdng kich Phat giao
nhfl ngi dung van bia chfla Khai Nghiem
(hien de tai chfla Khai Nghiem, thdn
Vgng Nguyet, xa Tam Giang, huyen Yen
Phong, tinh Bdc Giang) Ngi dung van bia
nay len an nhflng ngfldi tu hanh Phat
giao da "khdng cdy md dn, khdng dit md
mac" Dieu ngac nhien va hiem tha'y la
ta'm bia dflng tai chfla, viet ve lieh sii xay
dflng chfla, nhflng lai cdng kich Phat
giao, neu cao dao dflc Khdng Manh'^"
Tren thflc te, nhflng bia cd ngi dung
tfldng tfl nhfl vay dfldng nhfl la khdng
nhieu
Cac tac pham ve Phat giao ndi tieng
dfldng thdi phai ke den Thien Tdng chi
nam tii, Khda hU luc cua Tran Thai Tdng;
Thien Tdng thiet chily ngii liic, Dgi
HUcfng Hdi dn thi tap, Tdng gid todi sii, Thach That mi ngii! eiia Trdn Nhan Tdng; Tue Trung Thugng si ngU liic eiia Tue
Trung Thfldng Si Nhflng mot so' trong cac tac phdm ke tren da t h a t truyen
Khod hu liic va Tue Trung ThUcfng si ngii luc la hai tac pham cd gia tri ve mat
triet li va tfl tfldng phan anh the gidi quan cua Phat giao thdi Tran ma tieu
bieu la Thien phai True Lam Khda hU
liic dfldc Tran Thai Tong viet vao khoang
thdi gian tfl nam 1258 den nam 1277 nghia la tfl khi dng da nhfldng ngdi cho Thai tii Hoang (1258) eho den khi dng
bang ha (1277) "Sfl thanh cdng ciia Khda
hu luc ve mat tfl tfldng chii yeu la d chd
nd da luan chflng cho nhflng va'n de triet
li cd ban eua dao Thien la nhflng van de bieu hien the gidi quan duy tam tdn giao cua dao Phat Nd khdng chfla dflng cai hao khi va sfl n h a n thflc sac ben cua dan tgc ta trong cudc khang chien chd'ng Nguyen Mdng lan thfl nha't mac du Trdn Thai Tdng cd tham gia lanh dao cudc
khang chien dd Tuy nhien Khda hU liic
cung dat ra nhieu van de cd ich cho sfl phat trien ciia lich sii tfl tfldng Viet Nam Nhfl van de ban the cua the gidi, van de ngi tam ciia chu the va van de eon ngfldi hien thflc vdi nhflng heat ddng tam sinh
li va quan he dao dflc cua cen ngfldi Dfl rang, nhflng van de nay dfldc neu tren lap trfldng duy tam nhflng cflng cd tac dung gdi y nhdm thuc ddy sfl nhan thflc
tien len phia trfldc"'^^' Tiep thee Khda hU
luc la Tue Trung ThUcfng Si ngii luc eiia
Tue Trung Thfldng Si Ong tflng cim
quan tham gia cudc khang chien chdng quan xam Iflde Nguyen-Mdng lan thfl hai
va ba Sau dd, dng ve sd'ng tai Tinh Bang (Hai Dfldng ngay nay) va danh tam tri
Trang 8nghien cflu Thien hgc Tac pham Tue
Trung Thugng si ngU liic ra ddi trong
hoan canh dd Tuy khdng phai la mot
trong Tam to eua Thien phai Trflc Lam
nhflng Tue Trung Thfldng Si<^^' vdn dfldc
COI la True Lam to sfl vi dng chinh la
ngfldi trflc truyen yeu chi chd vua Tran
Nhan Tdng Dong thdi, Tue Trung
Thugng si ngU luc da dfldc Thien phai
True Lam dem giang cflng vdi nhflng be
kinh khac ciia Phat giae
Nhan xet
Phat giad thdi Tran la mdt trong
nhflng yeu to' quan trgng ciia xa hgi Dai
Viet Tdn giao nay ddng vai trd thiet yeu
trong qua trinh xay dflng va bao ve da't
nfldc Nd la sdi day ndi ke't tinh doan ket
nhan dan vdi tang ldp lanh dao da't nfldc
He tfl tfldng va nhflng tac pham van hda
Phat giao la tinh hoa cua qud'c gia Dai
Viet thdi Trdn Den nay, nd la di san van
hda quy gia cua dan tgc ' ,'
Phat giao, dien hinh Id Thien phai
Trflc Lam, vdi sflc sd'ng ben bi trong cac
tang ldp nhan dan, tac ddng manh me
den xa hgi bdi tinh chat luan li dao dflc,
keu ggi lam viee thien, thfldng yeu ngfldi
khac, tdn trgng phep nfldc Trflc Lam trd
thanh uy liic thd'ng nhat y thiic he tdan
dan, trd thanh nhan to' det nen he tfl
tfldng va tinh cha't xa hdi ddc dao, mang
dam tinh dan tdc
Nhflng ddng sau sfl thinh hanh cua
Phat giao vdi vd so' chua thap dfldc xay
dflng, vd sd tflgng Phat va chudng dong
dfldc tao tac, sd hflu rudng chfla trd nen qua nhieu, sfl chiem tdi qua niia so' dan
da trflc tiep lam anh hfldng den thu nhap ciia qud'c gia Nha nfldc khdng thu thue tfl rudng chfla'^*', khien cho kha ndng tich luy qud'c khd' giam di dang ke Nhflng tri thflc Nho hgc nhfl Pham Sfl Manh, Le Ba Quat, Trfldng Han Sieu da y thflc dfldc dieu dd Do vay, hg da len tieng phan ddi cho du khdng thanh
Mat khac, giao li cua Phat giao td ra khdng may hieu lflc trong viee giai quyet nhflng va'n de ve dfldng ldi tri nfldc nen Nho giao ngay cang phat trien va trd nen cflc thinh vae thdi Le Sd sau dd Dd cung
la diem ban che ciia dao Phat Nhflng van de cdn nha'n manh la, Phat giao dfldng nhfl chi ma't vai trd ddi vdi tdng ldp lanh dao da't nfldc khi d trieu dinh cac Nho si tham chinh ngay mot ddng de rdi chiem vai trd chu dao vao cudi thdi Tran
Cdn ddi vdl cac tang ldp nhan dan, Phat giao van "sau re, ben gd'c" va khdng de thay the nhfl ndi dung cac tfl lieu vdn bia
da dan d tren Den cudi thdi Trdn, sd ngfldi xua't gia van kha ddng, cflng kha nhieu rudng da't va tien bac cho nha chfla Dd cung la nguyen nhan dan den chinh sach ciia trieu dinh "Thai bdt cac tang dao chfla den ndm mfldi tudi trd len thi chd ve ban tuc" vae ndm 1396'^'^', nhflng lai tuyen nhflng ngfldi thdng hieu kinh giao cho lam chflc dfldng ddu thu (tflc ngfldi dau muc cua Tdng dd) va bd sung vad cac tri cung, tri quan, tri tfl nhfl ghi chep trong sd cfl./
'A uf.i i
Trang 9I-42 Nghien curu Ton giao 5o'7-2005
Chu thich: ' ' '•
1 Ngu\in DiJ Trnxen ki man luc Nxb Van Nghe Hdi Nghien ciru Giang day Van hpc Tp Hd Chi Minh
1988^ tr 146
2 Dai \ let su ki todn thu tap II Nxb KHXH Ha Ndi 1971 tr 11
3 Tha vdn Ly Trdn tap II qu\'en Thuang Nxb KHXH Ha Ndi 1989 tr 29 - r
4 Thi'ch Phudc Son (dich vk chii giai) Tam td thuc Inc Vien Nghien ciiu Phat hpc Viet Nam, 1995
5 Tran Thai Tdng cd cac tac pham: Thien tdng chi nam Khda hu luc gdm 3 quyen va mdt thi tap in trong
The vdn Ly Trdn tap II quyen Thuang Nxb KHXH, Ha Ndi 1989 Tran Thanh Tdng cd: Cdm xuc khi doc Dai Tue ngi'f Inc Cdm xuc khi dpc Phdt su dai minh luc Tu thudt Chdn tdm Smh tu Tap vdn Thien tdng lieu ngd ca Ki gid minh Phdng nguii Xem: Thi'ch Thanh Dat Thien phdi True Lam thai Trdn Luan an Tien
sT Lich sir Ha Ndi 2000 tr 37 Trin NTian Tdng cd: Thien Ldm thiei ciniy ngu Inc Den Huang Hdi An thi tdp
Tdng gid todi sif Thach Thdt mi ngi'f
6 Nai Trin Tliu Dp tu hanh \'ao may nam cudi ddi nay la chiia Cii Tu d An Thi, tinh Hung Yen Hien nai day
cdn bai "Van te Thai suTran Thu Dp" bang chO Han Xem: NguySn Minh Tudng Phdt hien bdi "^'dn te'Thdi
suTrdii Thii Dp " viet bdng chi'f Hdn tai Idng Ci'i Tu - An Thi - Hung Yen ban thao
7 Phan Huy Chii: Lich trieu hien chuang loai chi tap 1 muc Nhan vat chf Nxb KHXH Ha Ndi 1992 tr
228
8 Bia Ong Lau Phiic Minh tir lan dau tien dupe Le Quy Ddn nhac tdi trong muc Thien chuang sach Kien van
tieu luc Trong NhiJng phat hien mdi vd Khao cd hpc nam 1989 Ta Ngpc Liin da gidi thieu bia nay
9 Hoang Van Lau Bia chua Phuc Minh - Ong Lcni trong: \'dn khdc Hdn Ndm Viet Nam tap II thdi TrSn
tap Ha National Chung Cheng Uni\'ersity Chia Yi Vien Nghien ciiu Han Ndm Ha Noi 2002, tr.527: Nguydn
Quang \n Nguyin Thanh (chu bien) Tdi lieu dia chi Thdi Binh Trung tam UNESCO Thdng tin tu lieu lich
su vk ykn hda Viet Nam Ha Ndi 2006, tr.l2
10 Nguydn Quang ,4n Nguydn Thanh (Chii bien) Tdi lieu dia chi Thdi Binh Sdd tr 12
11 Hoang Van Lau: Bia chua Phuc Minh- Ong Ldii trong: \'dn khdc Hdn Ndm Viet Nam Sdd tr.527; Nguydn Quang An Nguydn Thanh (chii bidn) Tdi lieu dia chi Thdi Binh Sdd tr 12
12 Trong bia cd ghi cac nidn dai "Kien Gia Bfnh Ngo", "Trin gia thii nhi de"" (vua thii hai nha Tran), nhung
ro rang cd mau thuin: Kien Gia la nidn hieu ciia Ly Hue Tdng, tu nam 1211 ddn nam 1224 khdng cd nam
"Bfnh Ngp"" Thai Ly Hud Tdng la thdi ki suy \i cue dd cua tridu Ly ndi chien lidn mien, tridu dinh rdi loan, khd cd thd ndi la "dai suy hung hda" Vua thii hai nha Trin ia Trin Thai Tdng, len ngdi nam 1225 truydn ngdi nam 1258 cd 3 men hidu la Kien Trung (1225-1258) Thien LJng Chfnh Binh (1232-1250) va Nguyen Phong (1251-1258) Trong dd cd nam Bfnh Ngo la nam 1246 thudc men hieu Thien Ung Chfnh Binh Theo
Dai Viet su ki todn thu (Ban ky, quydn V, td 6b) nam Kien Trung thii 7 (1231), Thai Tdng xudng chidu cho
trong nudc hd chd nao cd dUih tram ddu phai dap tirang Phat dd thd Nhu the \iec "dai suy hung hda" trong nhung nam sau dd la cd thuc Tii dd cd thd su\' ra nam Bfnh Ngp ddi vua thii hai nha Trin d trong bia la nam
1246 vk dd cung cd thd la nam khac bia ma nhai nay Theo: Hoang Van Giap Bui ma nhai mii Cd Phong trong: \ 'an khdc Hdn Ndm \ iet Nam tap II, Thdi Trdn quydn Thuong Sdd, tr.27
13 Hoang Van Giap Bia ma nhai mii Cd Phong, trong: \dn khdc Hdn Ndm Viet Nam tap II thdi Tran
quydn Tliuong Sdd tr.27
14 Xem them: Bdi ki thdp Lmh Teciia Truong Han Sieu Bdi tha de tren nui Due Thuy cua Pham Su Manh
15 Trinh Khac Manh Thdnh chi ciia Thuang hodng trong: \'dn khdc Hdn Nam \'iet Nam tap II thai Trin
quyen Thuang Sdd tr.347
16 Hoang Van Giap Vdn bia thdp Hien Dieu chua Kim Cuang trong: \'dn khdc Hdn Ndm Viet Nam tap II,
thdi Trin tap Ha Sdd, tr.473
17 Van bia md ta: "Phfa Ddng la xdm lang nha cua ddng diic phia Nam gin sdng Idn chay tdi bidn ddng that mdnh mdng hi:ing vT Phfa Tay cd ddng sdng Kmh len loi gaia ling giua nui tao ndn canh dep cho nhidu \ung lan can phia Bac gin vdi dudng Idn gin vdi cua bien Thin Dau.^li nai nghi ngai cho du khach" Din theo'^:
Nguydn Thi Phuang Bia Dai bi chua Siing Nghiem nidVdn Ldi trong: Vdn khdc Hdn Ndm Viet Nam tap II
thdi Tran, tap Ha Sdd tr 544
18 Nguydn Thi Phupng: Bia Dai bi chiia Simg Nghiem iiiuVdn Ldi trong: Vdn khdc Hdn Nom Viet Nam tap
II thdi Trin tap Ha Sdd tr, 544 Xem thdm: Thanh Hda dnh bi ki thi vdn loai bien ki hidu Vh\ 1739: Thcr
vdn Ly Trdn tap 3 Nxb KHXH Ha Npi 1978, tr.130-134
19 Bd Phat chiia Dai Bi hien cd ban dap luu trir tai Vien Nghien cuu Han Ndm (mdi suu tam chua dang ki sdhieu)
20 Hoang Van Lau Be Phdt chua Dai Bi sd 32, trong: \dn khdc Hdn Ndm \iet Nam tap II thai Trin tap
Ha Sdd.ir.561
Trang 1021 Bia dupe Nguydn Dinh Chidn va Nguydn Van Hoan phat hien vi da gidi thieu trong NhCoig phdt hien mdi
ve Klido cd hpc ndm 1977 Nam 1979, Nguydn Dinh Chien va Ngd The Long da dich \'an bia ra tieng Viet, cd
mdt sd nhan xet budc diu Thac ban van bia hien luu trir d Vien Nghidn ctiru Han Ndm sd hidu 30274 Trong
bia xuat hien mdt sd chir Ndm nhu: "A", "Na Ndn", "Thing Dai" "Me Am", cd the' cd nhidu y nghia cho
nhirng ngudi nghidn cuu lich sir chir Ndm
22 Xem: Lam Giang Bia chua Sung Khdnh, trong: Vdn khdc Hdn Ndm Viet Nam tap II, thdi Trin, tap Ha
Sdd, tr.495-496
23 Bia duac phat hien d chiia Dien Phuc (tuc gpi la chiia Tre) thudc xa Tan Dan, huyen Phii Xuydn tinh H i
Tay, nam 1994 Hien bia gin trdn tudng bdn phai, phfa ngoai chiia Ban rap bia do Dd Tlii Hio thirc hien nam
1994 mdt sd chir khdng dpc duac vi bia bi mdn Hien thac ban van bia km trir tai Vien Nghidn ciru Hin Ndm
(chua cd sd dang kf) Xem: Dd Thi Hao Bia chiia Dien Phi'ic, trong: Vdn khdc Hdn Ndm Viet Nam tap II,
thdi Trin, quyen Thucrng Sdd, tr.213-214
24 Dd Thi Hao Bia chua Dien Phuc trong: Vdn khdc Hdn Ndm Viet Nam tap II thdi Trin, quydn Thupng
Sdd, tr.213-214
25 Trin Nghia Mdt bi'fc "ky hoa " ve xd hpi nudc ta thai Trdn - Bdi tha "An Nam tue su" ciia Trdn Phu Tap
chf van hoc, sd 1/1972, tr.l 10
26 Vien Nghe thuat Ml thudt thdi Trdn Nxb Van hoi Ha Ndi 1977 tr.40-42
27 Nguydn Dir Truyen ki man Inc Nxb Van Nghe Hdi Nghien cun Giang day Van hpc TP Hd Chf Minh
1988.tr 146-147
28 Nguydn Lang Viet Nam Phdt gido sif tudn tap I-II-IU Nxb Van hpc H i Ndi 2000, tr.376 Xem thdm:
Pham Xuan Nam Thdu hda Phdt gido An Dp vd Phcit gido Trung Hoa sdng tao Thien True Ldm Yen Tir Dai
Viet Tap chi Nghidn ciru Lich sir, sd 3/2008 tr.3-13
29 Nguydn Duy Hinh Tim hieu y nghia xd hdi ciia phdi Trite I^m thai Trdn trong: Tim hieu ra hdi \'iei
Nam thdi Ly Trdn Nxb KHXH Ha Ndi 1981 tr.689-690: vi Nguydn Duy Hinh Hd tu tudng Trin Tap chf
Nghidn ciiru Lich sir, sd 4/1986, tr.36-45
30 Hai thidn phai Ti Ni Da Luu Chi va Thao Dudng truydn thiia dirac 19 ddi va 5 ddi den day ddu hiu nhu
khdng cdn Duy chi cd Thidn phai Vd Ngdn Thdng duoc tiep ndi den Trin Nhan Tdng sang lap Thien phai
Triic Lam Ydn Tir Theo: Thfch Thdng Phuang Trdn Nhdn Tdng vdi Thien phdi True Ldm Nxb Tdn giio
2008 tr.59
31 Xem: Lam Giang Bia chua Khai Nghiem trong: Vdn khdc Hdn Ndm Viet Nam tap II thdi Trin, quydn
Thuang Sdd tr.300
32 Nguydn Tii Thu (chii bidn) Lich su tu tudng Viet Nam, tap I Nxb KHXH Ha Ndi 1993 tr.215-216
33 Xem thdm: Nguydn Van Hdng Tue Trung Thuang si -Tri tue Viet Nam Thien Viet Nam Tap chf Nghidn
cti'u Lich sir, sd 1/1993, tr 29-34 ^ _^,^
34 Rudng chtia tir xua dd'n nay chua bao gid bi nhi nudc danh thue ' ' • " ; • u • ; i
35 D(//V7ef.s-(i/t;'?ofl/if/i«-, tapll NxbKHXH H i N p i 1971,ti- 217 " - - ^ i'.df : / 0.! ' ' ^
' rl: 119
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