Nhin ehung lai, xa hgi Dai Viet thdi Le Trinh giiia the' ky XVIII tuy lam vao khung hoang t r i m trgng nhUng chUa den do cham ddt dUde che dg phong kien, vi chUa cd lUc lUdng san x[r]
Trang 1PiiAM eiivsi Tiioi\G \6i siJ T 6 ] \ V O I \ G C U A /v"
^'
VAN TAO'
Danh nhan Pham Dinh Trgng dUdc
Khdm dinh Viet sd thong giam
CUcfng muc - vie't tat la C M (Qud'c sU quan
trieu Nguyen bien soan, tap II, Nxb Giao
due, 1998, tr 544-545) ghi rd: Pham Dinh
Trgng ngUdi xa Khinh Dao, huyen Giap
Sdn (sau thuge huyen Kinh Mdn, Hai
Dudng) dd Tie'n si khoa Ky Mui (1739) nam
Vinh Huu, trieu Le Y Tdng Ong xua't than
va nhap the d xa hdi Dai Viet vao giUa the'
ky XVIII, khi mau thuan giiia ndng dan va
phong kien phat trien len mdt dinh cao,
bieu hien thanh mdt eao trao ndng dan
khdi nghia ma tieu bieu la cude khdi nghla
Nguyen Hiiu Ciu Chinh liic nay sii ton
vong cua trieu dinh Le-Trinh trUdc cao trdo
khdi nghla nong ddn lgi dugc bdo ddm
bdng tdi ndng ciia danh tiidng Phgm Dinh
Trgng De danh gia dung sU that ve Pham
Dinh Trgng can hieu biet sau ve dd'i thu
khdng dgi trdi chung cua dng la Nguyen
Hiiu Cau - ngudi danh thang nhieu tUdng
tai eua Le - Trinh ma chi thua cd Pham
Dinh Trgng Hai nhan vat lich sd nay xua't
hien trong eugc giao tranh giiia ndng dan
va phong kien cd the coi la dien hinh cua
giai doan lich sU giiia the ky XVIII
Nhin rgng ra trong lich sd the' gidi, the
ky XVIII dUdc coi la the ky cua khdi nghla
ndng dan d nhieu nUdc phUdng Ddng Day
la thdi ky che do phong kien da lam vao khung hoang Kinh te hang hda va giao thdng, thudng mai dang phat trien Chii nghia tu ban, tien de eua each mang tU san dang phat sinh
Rieng d Dai Viet, xa hdi phong kien dan suy tan, khdi nghia ndng dan ndi len la mgt tat yeu lich sd Tuy chUa manh dUdc de'n mUc lat dd dUde ngai vang phong kien, lap nen xa hgi mdi theo hUdng dan chu tU san, thi cCing la mdt each "phan dng" bang vii khi bude trieu dinh phong kien phai cai each, cai td de cdu van sU diet vong Ddi sdng ndng dan tam thdi dUde cai thien Mat khac, vi ehUa di tdi dUde each mang tU san dan chu ma van cd ye'u cau quan ly da't nUdc, giii gin cho ky dudc ddc lap dan tdc trUdc cac ke thu xam ludc Ddng, Tay dang nhdm ngd, nen lich sd ddi hdi phai cd mdt nha nude dan tdc du manh de chd'ng ngoai xam Vi vay ma trieu dinh Le-Trinh tdn tai cdn la can thiet, cdn la hdp ly va cin cd ngUdi bad ve Cd nha trie't hge tam cd the gidi da ndi "Cai gi tdn tai la hdp ly", tdc den khi nd khdng tdn tai nd mdi la bat hdp ly Pham Dinh Trgng da ddng dUdc vai trd bao
ve "tinh hdp ly" dd chd den cud'i the ky XVIII, khi khdi nghia ndng dan Tay Sdn
• GS Vien Sd hoc
Trang 220 Rghien cmi Lich si so 11.2009
hung manh nd'i len khien trieu dinh
Le-Trinh thUe sU hi cham ddt
Thiic t e lich sii da cho t h a y :
Td the ky thd XVII, kinh te hang hoa va
giao thdng, thUdng mai qud'c gia va qud'c te'
cua Dai Viet da phat trien hdn trUde, bieu
hien d sU phdn vinh eua Kinh ky, phd'
Hien Day cUng la luc vua chua phong
kien an chdi xa xi, tang cUdng bdn rut thue
ma eua nhan dan; tri thuy, thuy ldi hi bd
tre, thien tai han, lut ldi lien tiep xay ra,
ddi sd'ng ndng dan vd eung cUc khd' Nha't la
ke tu chua Trinh Giang trd di, xa hdi Dai
Viet lam vao khung hoang tram trgng Mau
thuan ndi tai cua xa hdi phong kien
Le-Trinh bdc Id tren nhieu mat:
Ve kinh te, td the ky XVI-XVII, kinh te
hang hoa da mdt thdi phdn vinh nay lai bi
cd che td' chdc - xa hdi phong kien thdi
Trinh Giang lai kim ham Ve chinh tri, cai
manh thdi Le - Trinh la cd dUde saeh lUdc
ngoai giao mem deo tranh dUdc nan ngoai
xam phUdng Bic, giii dUdc dgc lap dan tgc
va toan ven lanh thd' (nhd ngoai giao ma
gianh lai dUde khu md ddng Tu Long)
NhUng ve ndi tri thi cd ehe song trung lanh
dao Le-Trinh, cdng vdi sU suy thoai, ye'u
kem cua vua Le va sU an chdi, truy lac, sa
dga cua chua Trinh khien thue khoa nang
ne, thien tai, dich benh xay ra nhUng
khdng kh6'ng che' dUdc Ddi sd'ng cile khd'
cua ndng dan di ddi vdi sU chia re, be canh
trong hoang tgc va vUdng phu, khien cung
dinh rdi loan, xa hdi lam vao khung hoang
toan dien Khdi nghia ndng dan nd'i len
thanh mgt cao trao ma tieu bieu la khdi
nghla cua quan He - Nguyin Hiiu Cau Dd
nhu met su phdn dng bang vii lue vdi trieu
dinh Le - Trinh Tuy ehUa lat dc dUde thi
cung la eanh bao ve sU diet vong cua nd
ne'u khdng cai to', cai each
Ne'u cai each tai chinh cua Trinh CUdng
da tam thdi cdu van dUde tinh the, thi de'n nam 1729 Trinh CUdng qua ddi, con ca la Trinh Giang - ngUdi ma dai t h i n Nguyin
Cong Hang da n h a n xet la "NgUdi u toi,
Udn hen" (CM, tr 472), da tU dgng len no'i
ngoi va tU tien phong lam Dai nguyen soai, thUdng su, Uy vUdng (CM, tr 487) Trinh Giang trf dgng bd vua nay, lap vua khac, giet hai cdng than nhu Nguyen Cdng Hang (488) TrUdng NhUng (CM, tr 496) Khdng chi la'n quyen mdi ngdy mgt qua, ma cdn dam due chdi bdi, cung quan chua chien xay dung ke tie'p Dung chua He Thien, bit dan cac huyen Giap Sdn, Thuy Dudng, Ddng Trieu, Kim Thanh va dan xd Thanh Hoa lam cdng viec nay TCf dUdng, phu de d
eae lang ngoai thich n h u Til Dudng va Mi
Thii xay dUng cue ky nguy nga dep de Bay tdi hau ha trong cung toa ra bd'n phUdng bat la'y vat lieu, vi bgn nay de hiep ha khie, nen ngUdi lam rudng, ngUdi di budn ma't he't nghe nghiep Nhan dan di dan den cho khdng the chiu nd'i (CM, tr 495) Vi vay, kinh te suy thoai, cua cai ngay mgt hao mdn Chda lai phai ban quan mua tUdc, ha lenh: "Quan va dan neu ai nop tien se dUdc thang chUe, hoae bd lam quan, cac quan vien trong trieu ban td luc pham trd xud'ng,
ai nop 600 quan tien se dUde thang chdc mdt bac; n h a n dan ai nop 2.800 quan dUdc bd' thu tri phu; nop 1.800 quan dUdc bd' thu tri huyen") Trinh Giang dd an chdi trac tang nen ngay cang td'i tam me muoi, xep dat cdng viec l i n Ion, sai lam" (CM, 499) sau m i e ehdng benh tam than bat dinh, hoang hd't khdng thUdng (CM, tr 508) Chinh sU bao ngUde, thue khda nang ne"
(CM, 509) Dan tinh cUc kho Khdi nghia
nd'i len d nhieu ndi
Su phdn Ung bdng vd liic ay da tac dgng
manh me tdi cung dinh VUdng trieu do
Trang 3Pham Binh Trong voi sir fdn vong 21
Trinh Thai phi la Vu Thi ddng d i u phai cai
td, dUa Trinh Doanh la em Trinh Giang len
thay de trU hoan nan trong eung phu Nhd
VEly ma tam thdi cdu van dudc trieu dinh
Le-Trinh
Trinh Doanh la ngUdi sang sud't, qua
quyet, cd tai van vd "dUa ra 15 dieu cd tinh
cai each" (CM, tr 513-514), lai thi hanh
chinh saeh khoan hdng gdm 4 dieu nen quy
tu dugc q u i n tuan, tam thdi d'n dinh dUde
trieu chinh Dac biet ve van hca-xa hdi,
trieu dinh Le-Trinh da cd' gang phat huy
truyen thd'ng khoa cd, dao tao nhan tai qua
khoa bang, nang cao Uu the van hoa, van
minh cua dan tdc, tranh dUde nan ngoai
xam Cd the ndi chUa bao gid cac danh
nhan van hoa cd tam cd lai xua't hien nhieu
nhu dudi thdi Le-Trinh Va chinh hg da
duy tri dao quan t h i n gdp p h i n cdu van
vUdng trieu Le-Trinh cham di tdi chd diet
vong
Pham Dinh Trgng la mdt dien hinh
"van v6 song toan" ciing xua't hien trong
tinh hinh dd Ong la ngUdi ed tai can tri
mUu, sau khi thi dd tie'n si, len tham dU
vao cd mUu viec binh, cam quan tdng thd'ng
lanh quan cac dao, di de'n dau, dep dUde rd'i
loan d day Nhd ed cdng danh dep nen tU
chdc hieu thao (chanh tha't pham) thang
len chdc thi lang (chanh tam pham), rdi
lam ThUdng thu Bg Binh, Hai quan c6ng,
sung lam Doc xua't xU Nghe An
Cdn dd'i thu cua dng la quan He
-Nguyen Hiiu Ciu, tdng la dd dang cua
Nguyin Cd, nay tu tap chiem cU Dd Sdn
Trinh Bang dd'c lanh thuy quan tie'n danh,
nhung hi Nguyin HQu Cau gia vd chay
trd'n roi ldi dung thuy trieu va gid manh
tap kich b i t dude Trinh Bang giet che't
Thanh the HUu Cau lly Idng, tU xUng la
Dong dgo tdng quoc bdo ddn dgi tUdng
quan, chiem cd Dd Sdn, Van Ddn Ong lai
ed sU ho trd cua cac eugc khdi nghia ndng dan nd'i len k h i p ndi Mat Ddng cd Hoang Cdng Chat, mat Tay cd Nguyin Danh PhUdng, mat Nam cd Le Duy Mat Nguyin Danh PhUdng nd'i day d Sdn Tay
Hg Mac ve danh chiem Thai Nguyen, vay
Cao Bing Hoang Cdng Cha't nd'i day b
Khoai Chau So vdi Hoang Cdng Cha't, Nguyin Danh PhUdng, Le Duy Mat ngUdi nao ciing n i m vai ba van quan, thi HUu
Ciu Id Met hiet hdn cd Hiiu Cau la ngUdi
manh khoe, nhanh nhen, chien dau hang, tri mUu quyen bie'n tram dUdng, nhieu l i n
bi ma'y vdng vay, chi mdt minh mdt ngUa vUdt vay xdng ra, rdi mdt vai hdm sau lai cd quan chung hang van Bdi vi dng tdng danh cUdp khe thdc cua chinh quyen dia phUdng, la'y eua nha giau chia eho dan ngheo, nen khi keu ggi dng nghla thi "nha't
hd bach dng" Khi ra tran, mdt minh cUdi ngUa, elm sieu dao, di lai nhu bay, quan si khdng ai la khong sd hai chay dat, de'n nhieu tUdng eua Le-Trinh ciing phai tranh
uy phong cua Ciu
Trcng eugc chien keo dai giUa Pham Dinh Trgng va Nguyen HUu Ciu hai ngUdi deu trd' he't tai nang (1) NhUng eu6'i cung
p h i n t h i n g da thudc ve trieu dinh Le-Trinh ma edng lao xuat sac da dUde ghi ve Pham Dinh Trgng Nam Tan Mui (1751), thang Gieng, mua xuan, Pham Dinh Trgng bat dUde Hiiu Cau d Nghe An, dude thang chdc Ta Thi lang Bg Cdng (CM, tr 551) Trinh Doanh tang dng 4 chii "Van v6 toan tai", ban cho bien ngach khac chii "Ddng hUu cdng t h i n " (NgUdi cdng than dUde cung nude cung hudng phuc lanh), phong cho thai ap vai nghin hd SI phu khdng ai la khdng tudng men nghi phong, thai do (CM,
tr 624) cua dng Ong mat sdm chi tho 40 tud'i Bi kich ve cai che't yeu cua dng ciing
Trang 422 Rghien cmi Lich sJr sd 11.2009 lai la he qua tieu cUc cua trieu dinh
Le-Trinh khi di xud'ng, d i u dng dUde truy tang
ham Thai bao
Nhin ehung lai, xa hgi Dai Viet thdi Le
Trinh giiia the' ky XVIII tuy lam vao khung
hoang t r i m trgng nhUng chUa den do cham
ddt dUde che dg phong kien, vi chUa cd lUc
lUdng san xuat mdi, dai dien che phUdng
thUe san xua't tu ban ehu nghla ra ddi
Khdi nghia ndng dan d i u sau rgng de'n dau
ciing ehUa thoat khdi dUde he tU tudng
phdng kien ma quy md lai mdi chi bd hep d
vung ddng b i n g Bac Bg, chua cd t i m vdc
toan qud'c nhu khdi nghla Tay Sdn sau nay
Cho nen thang ldi cua trieu dinh phong
kien Le-Trinh trudc khdi nghla ndng dan la
quyet dinh khach quan cua lich sd, ma
ngUdi gdp phan quye't dinh vao t h i n g ldi dd
la Pham Dinh Trgng
Ngay nay ke't hdp quan diem dan tgc vdi quan diem giai cap chu nghia duy vat lich
sd, sd hge van can tdn vinh hai nhan vat
lich sd cung thdi diem nay: Nguyen Hiiu
Cdu dai dien cho lUc lUdng ndng dan doi
lap vdi phong kie'n mang tinh cha't phan dng xa hgi do'i vdi chu trUdng va chinh saeh cua trieu dinh Le-Trinh, buge trieu dinh neu mudn tdn tai, phai tien hanh cai each, cai td, duy tri sdc sd'ng cua dan, tiep tuc phat trien kinh te, van hda xa hgi, tie'p tuc
bao ve dUde dgc lap dan tgc Phgm Dinh
Trgng dai dien cho lUc lUdng phong kie'n
dang cdn tdn tai, cd tai "van vd kiem toan" nhu sd da ghi, gdp phan dac lUc vao sU tdn vong cua Dai Viet trong lich su dan tdc va tren trUdng qud'c te' khi chUa ed lUc lUdng san xuat mdi, dai dien eho phUdng thdc san xua't mdi - phUdng thilc san xua't tU ban chu nghla len thay the
CHU THICH
(1) Tham khao tu lieu ve qua trinh giao chien
gifla hai ddi thu: Pham Dinh Trong va Nguyin
Hflu Ciu mdi tha'y rd dUdc tai nang cua ca hai
ngudi ma lich sU eung ghi la "kiet hiet"
Hii bat diu nd'i len, Nguyen Hflu Cau dem
quan cUdp huyen Thanh Ha vay ham Hoang Cdng
Ky hang tuin Hoang Ngu Phuc dem quan de'n cflu
vien (CM, tr 567-568) Nguyin Hflu Ciu ehuyen
ra Do Sdn
Hoang Ngu Phuc vay ham Hflu Ciu d Do Sdn,
Hflu Ciu danh lai giet che't U tudng la Trinh Ba
Kliam tai tran, pha vay di gap len Kinh Bic danh
chiem dude tran thanh, tung liia dot doanh trai
Dinh Cam Dd'c dong Vu PhUdng De bd an tin
ehay, kinh thanh nhd'n nhao kinh sd De'n thang 7
mua thu Hoang Ngu Phue va TrUdng Kliudng mdi
thu phuc lai dUdc thanh Kinh Bic (CM, tr
573-574) Hflu Ciu bd ehay Trieu dinh phai dUa ra ca
thay 5 dao quan, ed 10 dai tudng, 64 liet hieu, binh linh hdn 12.700 ngUdi truy dud'i b i t (CM, tr 576) TrUdng Khudng cung Hoang Ngu Phiic danh nhau vdi Hflu Ciu bi bai tran Quan 6 bon dao khong phai danh ma tu vd The diia Hflu Cau lai Idn len Dai phong hoa dat d eae dinh nui bao tin nguy cip
ve den sdng Nhi
Trinh Doanh qud traeh TrUdng Khudng, trieu
ve bd' dung Dinh Van Giai lam Thd'ng lanh thUdng tudng quan, kiem dd'c xua't quan 4 dao, cUng boi tung Ngd Dinh Oanh dem quan di danh The lUc
Hflu Ciu Iflng lly khien ndng dan h ndi khae cung nlian dd nd'i day lam nao ddng ca nhan dan b bac
sdng Cai
Trinh Doanh sai hieu ly Nguyin The Khai vao trai Nguyen Hflu Ciu du bao triet bo quan linh di Hflu Ciu khdng nhan menh lenh lai thdng vdi giae ten la Lan 16n lut den Duyen Ha danh up Sdn
Trang 5Pham Binh Trong vdri sir ton vong 23
Nam nhUng khdng t h i n g lai hdp sUc vdi giae cd
tien q u a n sat den Son Nam T r a n tUdng t h a y Hflu
C i u vo'n sd Dinh Trong nen sai Dinh Trong di
danh Hflu C i u hi Dinh Trong d a n h bai d C i m
Giang lai ban vdi do d a n g rang: "Ta mdi bi thua,
tin thdng trdn dUa vi, tat nhieu a kinh sU khong
phdng bi, ta dem quan ddnh up, the ndo cUng
thdng dugc" ben dem q u a n b a n dem di ga'p den
ben Bo De thi trdi da sang Trinh Doanh tU lam
tudng chd'ng cU d ben sdng phia Nam P h a m Dinh
Trong dUde tin, dem he't q u a n linh dud'i theo, lai
d a n h t h i n g dUdc, Hflu C i u bo trd'n
TU sau khi t h u a t r a n d Bo De, Hflu C i u hdp lue
vdi H e a n g Cdng Chat d a n h pha eae huyen T h i n
Khe, T h a n h Q u a n (Thai Binh) Dinh Van Giai ra
q u a n eiing bi Hflu C i u d a n h bai bi Trinh Doanh
qud traeh, lai cif Ngu Phuc, Dam Xuan Vue,
Nguyen D a n h Le vay d a n h Hflu C i u d doanh trai
Thi C i u N g u y i n Hflu C i u thua, qua sdng de ehay
len Xudng Giang Ngu P h u c va P h a m Dinh Trong
d a n h pha dUdc N g u y i n Hflu Cau d t h a n h Xudng
Giang Hflu c i u ehay ra Yen Quang Ong sai dd
dang ten la H u u dem nhieu vang bac dut lot cho
ngudi quyen t h i n la Dd The Giai va ndi giam la
N g u y i n PhUdng Dinh xin d i u hang Trinh Doanh
y cho, ban hieu la N i n h Ddng tudng q u a n va phong
tude Hudng nghia h a u , cdn tudng hieu ciia C i u
deu dUdc t h a n g lam quan, lai b a n thudng ra't h a u
roi ha lenh trieu ve kinh si(, NhUng thUe ra Hflu
C i u khdng cd y d i u h a n g , t h u d n g la'y cd la bi Dinh
Trong n g a n ddn de to' cao ve trieu Trinh Doanh
sai thiem tri Nguyen P h i S a n g dem lenh den phii
du va trieu ve, m a t khac du bao Dinh Trong hoan
lai dflng d a n h C i u vdi TrUdc kia, Hflu C i u nhieu
l i n bi Dinh Trong d a n h bai ben dao ma me Dinh Trong quang xud'ng sdng Dinh Trgng khdc Idc to'
cao vdi Trinh Doanh t h e quye't chi giet Hflu C i u
Doanh rat k h e n chi khi Dinh Trong Khi Phi Sang dem clii du den, Dinh Trong ndi:
"Nguai Idm tudng d ngoai chien trUdng, co khi khong chiu menh lenh cua vua Toi vdi HUu Cdu cung khong doi trdi chung, toi dd tiing noi d trUdc chua thuong A^ay ong tu nhdn menh lenh di chieu hdng, toi tu nhdn menh lenh di giet gidc, ne'u gap duac the CO the ddnh duac giae, thi toi cdng khong
vi cd ong de'n chieu hdng md ngdn ngai'" ( C M tr
588-589) Phi Sang den q u a n doanh Hflu C i u , bay
td du chi eiia ehUa Trinh lai dem cau ndi eiia Dinh Trong bao cho Hflu C i u biet C i u ehuyen ehUa ndi dflt ldi thi Dinh Trong ap de'n d a n h up, Hflu C i u dai bai phai chay trd'n
Sau t r a n giao chien d cac sdng Ma Nao va Hudng Nhi, Hflu C i u bi t h u a chay vao T h a n h Hda, roi vao Nghe An nUdng nhd N g u y i n Dien Dien giup cho binh linh, lUdng thUc Dinh Trong dem dai binh dud'i, q u a n evia Hflu C i u t a n vd C i u chay
ra bien gap gid bao, an trd'n trong nui Hoang Mai, Nghe An, bi P h a m Dinh Si, thudc tUdng cua Dinh Trong bat dUdc, ddng cui giai ve q u a n thU Trinh Doanh ( C M , tr 608-609) Lue dd Danh PhUdng eung vfla bi bat Trinh Doanh md tiec Idn d q u a n thU Xuan Hi de khao tudng si, sai Hflu C i u thd'i sao, Danh PhUdng rdt rUdu, t a m q u a n vui mUng ( C M , tr 610) Hflu C i u lap mUu vUdt nguc, bi Id, lien hi dem giet ca cung vdi D a n h PhUdng ( C M , tr 611)