Cdn tren bien, hai quan Phap dfldi sfl chi huy cua Dd dd'c de Grasse (den vflng bien Bde My thang 4/1781) da khda chat cfla vinh Chesapeake trong nhieu tuan le. Do phai dd'i phd tre[r]
Trang 158 SO 08-2009 CHAU MY NGAY NAY
VAN HOA - LiCH SU
Ncrdc PHflp vdl cade CHIEN TRfiNH
QlflNH t)OC L6P Cdfi CffC THUOC Djfi fiNH 6 B^C MY (1775 -1783)
Sau khi C Colombus phat hien
ra "Tdn the gidi", cac cfldng
qud'c chau Au dua nhau thfle
hien qua trinh "thugc dia hoa" d
luc dia chau My Trong so' cac cfldng
qud'c chau Au, Tay Ban Nha va Bd
Dao Nha la hai qud'c gia tien phong
trong viec xam chiem thupc dia tai
Tay ban edu Hp thiet lap thiic dan dia
ehu ye'u d Trung va Nam My Mac dfl
"hgi nhdp" vad qua trinh tren kha
mudn, song ca Anh va Phap eflng deu
thie't lap d Bae My nhflng thupc dia eua
rieng minh Cu the la, trong khi nflde
Anh thiet lap eae thupe dia dpc theo bd
bien Dai Tay Dfldng, thi nfldc Phap
tie'n sau vao npi dia, lan Ifldt bie'n
Canada, vflng ven Ngfl Hd (Great
Lakes) va vung eiia sdng Mississippi
thanh "khu vUdn rien^' cua minh Do
cung theo dudi chinh sach md rpng
thupe dia d Bde My nen sfl va cham ve
quyen ldi da't dai gifla Anh va Phap la
dieu ta't ye'u Nhdm giai quye't ai la
"chiL nhdn" thfle sfl do'i vdi vflng da't
Bde My, ca hai ben tie'n hanh hai eupc
chie'n tranh: ehien tranh Thfla ke Tay
Ban Nha (1701-1714) va ehien tranh
Bay nam (1756-1763) Ca hai cupc
chie'n tranh nay dfla de'n sfl that bai
eho Phap Nudc Phap cha'p nhan ky cac
hiep Ude: Hiep Udc Utrecht (11/4/1713)
va Hiep Ude Paris (10/2/1763) Theo
T h S Le Thdnh Nam
• Khoa Lich Sii, Dgi hgc Suphgm Hue
hiep ude thfl nha't, Phap bude phai nhfldng cho Anh da't dai thupc vflng vinh Hudson, New Foundland va Acadi.^^' Cdn trong hiep fldc thfl hai,
Anh tfldc bd chii quyen ciia Phap b
Canada, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton va Florida.^^^ Nfldc Phap mat het chu quyen da't dai tai Bde My
Rd rang, vi the eua Phap hi suy giam sau cac eupc chie'n t r a n h nhfl da neu tren Do vay, Phap trdng chd cd hdi de phuc thfl Anh, qua dd de phuc
hdi vi the cua minh b luc dia chau Au,
lam cho tfldng" quan Iflc Ifldng gifla Phap va Anh trd nen can bdng hdn; hdn the nfla khi vi the eua minh dfldc phuc hdi thi Phap cd the kiem che sfl ldn manh eua cae the life phong kien phia Ddng: Phd, Ao va Nga Bdng chflng la ba qud'c gia nay tie'n hanh chia cdt Ba Lan (1772) va ed tham vpng xam lfldc vfldng trieu Ottoman.'^' Hien trang dd da lam ma't sii dn dinh
d luc dia chau Au, ddng thdi, de dpa
quyen "minh chit" cua Phap tren lue
dia chau Au
Trong khi dd, ve phia Anh, mac du bflde ra khdi cac cupc chie'n t r a n h vdi tfl each la ngfldi thdng t r a n nhflng Anh vdn gap phai nhieu khd khan, nha't la ve mat kinh te De bu ddp thiet hai do chie'n t r a n h de lai, ehinh
quyen London xiet chat viec cai tri b
Trang 2cac thudc dia, trong dd ed cac thudc
dia Bde My Chinh quyen Anh, mpt
mat bie'n cae thupc dia thanh thi
trfldng danh rieng cho cac ehe pham
cua chinh qud'c; mat khae ap dung
mpt loat cac loai thue di ngfldc lai
quyen ldi ciia nharLdan Bac My Cac
loai thue nay dfldc biet dfldi cai ten
"Thue khong can dgi dien" (Taxation
without representation), chu yeu gdm
"Dgo ludt dudng" (1764), "Dgo ludt
tien te" (1764), "Dgo ludt Binh bi"
(1765); dae biet la "Dgo ludt thue tem"
(1765) Nhd viec thfle tbi eae dae luat
thue tren, nfldc Anh da "nhanh chong
thu dU(3c mot khodn thu nhdp gdp 10
ldn tii cdc thugc dia so vdi trUdc thdi
kyl763".'^'^
Cac Idai "thue khong cdn dgi dien"
cua ehinh quyen London gay ra sfl
phan flng dfl dpi tfl phia nhan dan
thupc dia Mpt phong trao chd'ng dd'i
dien ra ddng loat d 13 thupc dia Bde
My Trflde khi the da'u tranh cua qudn
chdng, ehinh quyen Anh bai bd dao
luat Thue tem va sda ddi dao luat
Dudng vao nam 1766 Tuy vay, mpt
nam sau, tflc nam 1767, chinh quyen
London lai thdng qua Dao luat
Townshend Dao luat nay dfldc ban
hanh nhdm gia tang tien thu tbue de
sfl dung mdt phan vao viec trd giflp
cac thd'ng dd'c thupe dia Dao luat tren
da gay nen tinh trang rd'i loan d cang
Boston Quan linh Anh dfldc dieu den
tra'n ap nhflng ngfldi chd'ng dd'i cang
lam cho tinh hinh them cang thang
Tinh hinh tren da khdi sau md'i
mau thuan gifla nhan dan cac thupc
dia Bde My vdi nha nfldc thfle dan
Anh Nd phan anh nguyen vpng cua
nhan dan Bac My mud'n thoat khdi
che dp cai tri thfle dan Anh de tuyen
bo' thanh lap mdt qud'c gia dpc lap
nhdm cd dieu kien de phat trien kinh
te De chd'ng lai chinh quyen Anh,
dem 16/12/1773 khi ba chie'c tau Anh
chd ehe dang bd neo d cang Bdstdn, mpt nhdm ngfldi do Sammuel Adams dan dau, cai trang lam ngfldi da dd leo
len tau, do toan bp 343 thflng che tri
gia 100.000 bang Anh xud'ng bien Hanh ddng nay da nhan dupc sfl tan thfldng eua nhan dan eae thupe dia
"Su kien che Boston" da trd thanh
ngdi nd lam bflng phat cupc Chie'n tranh gianh dpc lap cua nhan dan Bde
My Phan flng trflde "sU kien che
Boston", Qud'c hpi Anh ban banb cac
dao luat Intolerable Acts (dao luat bat khoan dung) nham trflng tri cfl dan Bde My''^' Viee thfle thi cae dao luat
"Bdt khoan dung" lam mau thuan
gifla thupc dia va ehinh qud'c khdng the dung hda Trflde tinh hinh nhu vay, tfl ngay 5/9 de'n 26/10/1774, cac dai bieu eua hau bet cac thupc dia (trfl Georgia) trieu tap Dai hpi luc dia lan thfl nha't tai Philadelphia Thdng qua dien dan dai hpi, eae dai bieu deu thd'ng nbat rdng: cac thudc dia can doan ket vdi nhau de chd'ng lai ehinh qud'c va ddi dde lap Dai hdi da thdng qua 10 nghi quyet liet ke cac quyen
cua nhflng ngfldi b thupe dia, trong dd ehu yeu "cugc song, tU do vd sd hiiu"^^\
Tfl Dai hpi cung vang len nhflng ldi cdng kich ehinh saeh chuyen che cua ehinh quyen Anh va nhflng ldi keu gpi each mang
De'n cud'i nam 1774 - dau nam 1775,
ca phia ehinh quyen Anh lan cac thupc dia Bac My deu day manh cdng viee ehuan bi cho chien tranh Ngay 19/4/1775, quan Anh dfldi sfl chi huy cua tudng Thomas Gage da tan cdng kho vfl khi quan dpi thupc dia tai Lexington, xa sflng ban chet 70 ngUdi
thupe td ehfle "Nhiing ngUdi mot phdt"
(Minute men) Tin tflc d Lexington nhanh chdng lan truyen den cac thupc dia va kfch dpng tinh than da'u tranh
Trang 360 SO 08-2009 CHAU MY NGAY NAY
eua nhan dan Sfl kien Lexington da
chinh thfle bao hieu cupc chien tranh
giai phdng cua cae thupe dia Bae My da
bdt dau Tie'p de'n, ngay 10/5/1775, Dai
hpi luc dia lan thfl hai d\X6c trieu tap
nhdm giai quyet nhieu van de dat ra
Cd mpt thfle te lieh sd la, vao thdi
diem chie'n tranh d Bae My nd ra, do
phai ganh ehiu cac dao luat he't sfle ha
khae va chinh saeh phong tda cua
chinh qud'c nen da lam eho cac-thupc
dia Bac My lam vao khd khan ve
nhieu mat, nha't la kinh te Ddng tien
eua cac thupc dia phat hanh ma't gia
tri nghiem trpng: "mot xe ngUa chd
ddy tien kho mua noi mot xe ngUa chd
ddy Iuang thiic, thUc phdm""' Tinh
trang nay keo theo sfl thie'u hut ve tai
ehinh de sam khi gidi eho quan dpi
thupc dia Hp khong cd tien de mua
thud'c sflng, quan trang Mpt dai bieu
tham dfl Dai hpi lue dia lan thfl hai
phan anh nhfl sau: "chiing toi khong
CO thuoc sdng, khong co thud'c nd vd
khong CO qudn trang"^^\ Dp sfle vdi
quan Anh trong dieu kien thua kem
ve tai san, nhan life va khi gidi, cac
thupe dia Bde My nhan tha'y rdng, chi
ed long nhiet tinh chie'n da'u la chfla
du.cdn can phai tim eho minh sfl giflp
dd tfl phia ben ngoai Ndi each khae la
sfl giflp dd cua mpt cfldng qud'c phia
ben kia Dai Tay • Dfldng Trong bdi
canh nhfl vay, cac dai bieu tham dfl
Dai hpi luc dia lan thfl hai hfldng tdi
nfldc Phap, bdi jhp eho rdng, Phap la
qud'c gia duy nha't d chau Au cd the
giflp dd hp va cd md'i "thii hdn" td lau
vdi nflde Anh Thang 11/1775, Dai hpi
luc dia thanh lap "Uy ban lien lac bi
mat" nhdm md rpng mdi quan he vdi
nhflng ngUdi ed cam tinh d phia ben
Kia Dai Tay Dudng Mpt nam sau,
nam 1776, sau khi tuyen b d l a p qud'c,
chinh phu My cd phai doan do B
Franklin dflng dau, de'n Paris nhdm
ldi keo Phap ung hd eudc da'u t r a n h cua nhan dan My
Nhfl tren da trinh bay, bi "be mat"
trong hai cupc chie'n tranh Thfla ke Tay Ban Nha va ehien tranh Bay nam, nha't la viec mat he't cac thupc dia d hai ngdai vao tay Anh, nflde Phap tim mpi each phue thu Dfldi nhan quan ciia
ehinh quyen Phap, "Anh Id ke thii tU
nhien cua nUdc Phdp"'^^^ Nam bat dfldc
sfl ran nflt trong quan he gifla de qud'c Anh va eae thupc dia Bac My, nflde
Phap xem day la "cd hgi vdng nggc"^^°^
de thfle hien y dinh eua minh Do vay,
viee chia cdt cae thupe dia Bac My ra khdi de qud'c Anh la mpt bp phan trong ehinh saeh eua nfldc Phap Trong cdng ham gfli edng sfl Phap tai London, Charles Gravier Comte de Vergennes -Tdng trfldng ngoai giao Phap dfldi thdi
Louis XVI, cho rang: "Ne'u cugc ddu
tranh cua cdc thugc dia Bac My thdnh cong, mot ky nguyen ddng nhd se md ra:
ky nguyen suy gidm vi the nUdc Anh de'n mot diem md d do nUdc Anh se khong con Id mdm hoa doi vdi nUdc Phdp, ^ do do vi the cua Phdp d luc dia chdu Au tdng len tUcfng dng vdi sU suy ye'u cua de quoc Anh"'"^ Mat khae,
thdng ldi cua nhan dan Bde My se "gop
phdn phd sdn chinh sdch thUcfng mgi, tdi chinh vd suy gidm sdc mgnh cua hdi qudn Anh Sii suy gidm cua ngUdi Anh la cd hgi de ngUdi Phdp tdi khoi phuc chu quyen Cdc ddo Tdy An, Newfoundland, chiem lgi Canadd'^^^K
Vdi quan diem nhfl tren, Vergennes
da theo doi d i l n bie'n cupc da'u tranh gianh dpc lap cua cac thupe dia Bde
My mpt each ky lUdng va thu thap thdng tin tfl nhieu phia Nhd dai dien Phap d London la Garnier, Vergennes
da dupc cung ca'p nhflng ban bao eao day dii ve cac cupc t r a n h luap trong
Nghi vien Anh Tie'p dd, Vergennes cii
Bonvouloir sang Bde My de thu thap
Trang 4thdng tin triic tiep ve cac thudc dia
Anh va tham dd thai dp cae thupe dia
nay ve kha nang cha'p nhan nflde
Phap nhfl mpt ddng minb Mac dfl
nhflng thdng tin tfl Bonvouloir phan
nhieu khdng chinh xae song nd cd y
nghia lam tang cfldng them niem tin
tfldng cua ngUdi Phap ve "cd hgi vdng
nggc" b Bde My
Tuy vay, thai dp eua chinh phu
Phap van cdn td ra de dat, ehUa cd
quye't dinh dflt khoat ve viec dflng
chung vdi cac thudc dia Bde My, hinh
thanh lien minh chd'ng Anh, bdi trong
npi eae Louis XVT dang cd sfl bat ddng
ve quan diem Mpt phai do Tur got
dflng ddu, Tong trudng Tai ehinh, cho
rdng tinh hinh tai cbinh cua Phap
khdng du de ehi phf eho nUde Phap
tham gia vao cupc chie'n; cdn phai kia
do Vergennes dflng dau, cho rdng nfldc
Phap can tan dung ehien tranh nham
lam nfldc Anh suy yeu May man cho
cac thupc dia Bde My, Turgot nhanh
chdng mat sfl tin nhiem cua Louis XVI
va hi gat khdi chflc vu vao thang
5-1776 Phe Vergennes thdng the
Vao_ mufl He nam 1776, thdng qua
edng ty Roderique Hortalez et Compagnie
do van hao Pierre A Caron de
Beaumarchais diing dau, chinh phu Phap
bflde dau vien trd bi mat eho quan dpi My
vdi 30.000 sung hda mai, 3.000 leu trai da
chie'n, 27 khau phao, 100.000 vien dan va
30.000 bp quan trang''^' Den thang
12-1776, con tau cua Beaumarchais chd
them 62 khau phao, 6100 sflng hda mai
va 49 si quan tinh nguyen Phap'"' So'
Ifldng khi gidi va quan trang cua Phap
chd tdi Bde My dung luc, khi quan dpi My
tham chien vdi quan Anh dfldi sfl ehi huy
ciia tfldng Burgoyne tai Saratoga Ket
qua, nhd so' vfl khi nay, quan dpi My da
bupc quan Anh dau hang trong tran
Saratoga (10-17,77) , ; '.•
Tfl sau ehien thang Saratoga, chinh phu Phap dflng hdn ve phfa My, thanh lap lien minh chd'ng Anh Cu the la, ngay 6-2-1778, Vergennes ky vdi B Franklin mpt hiep udc ThUdng mai va mot hiep Udc Lien minh Hiep
udc ThUdng mai ndi ro: "Nudc Phdp
cong nhdn nUdc My vd ddnh nhiing quyen buon bdn cho My"; Hiep Udc
Lien minh chd'ng Anh quy dinh rdng:
"Neu Phdp tham chien thi khong nUdc redo dUdc hg vU khi cho den khi nUdc
My gidnh dUdc dge lap, rdng khong nUdc ndo dUdc ky ke't' hoa binh vdi nUdc Anh md khong co sU chdp thudn cua nUdc kia, vd moi nUdc phdi bdo ddm cdc thugc dia cUa nUdc kia d Bac My"'''\ Viee hen minh Phap - My hinb
thanh da budc Anh tuyen chien vdi Phap vao thang 6-1778 Nude Anh trong cung Iflc phai dd'i phd vdi ea My lan Phap
Sau kbi Hiep fldc Lien minh My -Phap ed hieu liie, ehinh phu -Phap tie'n Kanh nhflng boat dpng nhdm hau thuan cho cupc chien tranh gianh dpe ' lap cua nhan dan My Dieu nay dUde the hien tren ba linh vflc: ngoai giao, tai ehinh va quan sfl
Ve ngoai giao, ehinh phu Phap tflng bflde hinh thanh khd'i ddng minh eae nfldc chau Au nhdm ed lap nfldc Anh Nam 1779, Phap ldi keo Tay Ban Nha, mpt nUdc vd'n mau thuan vdi Anh ve sd hflu vflng Gibrantar va Minorque, tao thanh lien minh chd'ng Anh Vergennes cdn day manh cae hoat dpng 'nhdm khdi sau md'i bat' ddng gifla Anh vdi eae nflde khae d chau Au ve viee Anh tfl gan eho minh cai quyen kham xet ta't ca mpi thuyen
be Iflu thdng tren Dai Tay Dfldng, ke
ea eae qud'c gia trung lap, nhdm ngap ehan cac nfldc nay van chuyen khf gidi
he trp chd cae thupe dia Bde My chd'ng Anh Ket qua, nam 1780, Ha Lan
Trang 562 SO 08-2009 CHAU MY NGAY NAY
tuyen bd' doan giao vdi Anh Cae nfldc
Nga, Dan Maeh va Thuy Dien thie't
lap lien minh trung lap vao nam
1781 Ndi each kbac, qua nd Iflc ngoai
giao eiia Vergennes, cac nfldc Ha Lan,
Nga, Dan Maeh va Thuy Dien, d
nhflng mflc dp khae nhau, da gian
tiep ung hd eupc da'u tranh gianh dpc
lap cua nhan dan My
Ve tai ehinh, theo thd'ng ke cua sfl
gia My - Samuel F Bemiss, trong thdi
gian tfl nam 1776 de'n 1781, Phap da
giup dd cho quan dpi My so' tien
10.500.000 livres (tfldng dUdng
1.996.500 ddla) va trong giai doan
1777- 1783, Phap cbo My vay vdi sd
tien 35.000.000 livres (tUdng dUdng
6.352.500 dola)"*^' Ngoai viee hd trd
true tiep eho nhan dan My, chinh phu
Phap, dflng dau la Vergennes, dung uy
tin eua minh de van dpng vfldng qud'c
Tay Ban Nha va nflde cpng hda Ha
Lan eho nflde My vay tien Ve phia Tay
Ban Nha, tfl nam 1776-1779, qude gia
nay da trd ca'p eho quan dpi My so' tien
1.000.000 livres (tfldng dUdng 397.230
dollars) va so' tien cho vay trong thdi
gian 1778-1782 la tUdng dUdng
248.098 ddla"'' Cdn Ha Lan, nam
1782, qud'c gia nay eho nUde My vay
vdi sd tien 3.600.000 ddla"^\ Sii ddng
gdp kip thdi eua Phap, Tay Ban Nha
va Ha Lan da giai quye't nan lam phat
cung nhu cung ca'p tien eho viee mua
sdm khi gidi eua quan dpi My
Ve quan sii, theo ke hoach chie'n
lupc ban dau, tfl thang 1/1778,
Vergennes da dieu dpng binh linh
ddng quan d Brittany, Normandy,
Picardy va duy tri mpt ham dpi d
Brest Mue dfch eua Phap la nhdm
"gid chdn" mpt liie lUpng hai quan
Anh d bien La Manche Day dUde xem
la banb dpng hd trd eae thupc dia My
tfl xa Tiep dd, thfle hien ldi cam ke't
ve met ke hoach xam lUde nUde Anh
vdi Tay Ban Nha, chd de'n 7/1779, h^u nhu nfldc Phap vdn phai loay hoay xung quanh bd bien Manche va viec trien khai quan tdi Bde My d i l n ra rat cham Cud'i eung, do nhieu nguyen n h a n ma chii yeu do viec pho'i hpp chie'n da'u gifla P h a p va Tay Ban Nha khdng hieu qua eung nhfl do thdi tiet xa'u, ke hoaeh xam lfldc Anh
da hi tha't bai va t h a m chi nflde Phap
cdn bi pha san y do edm ehan hai
quan Anh d bien La Manche Nhflng cung nhd the ma nflde P h a p bat dau trien khai quan de'n Bae My tich cflc
hdn: "Cudi thdng 7/1779, Vergennes
hodn todn vd mong vdi chie'n lUdc lay chdu Au Id trung tdm md dong minh mdi dp ddt len ong ta Ong ta bdt ddu thdm do trien vgng cua viec chuyen tieu diem ciia cuoc chien quay ve Tdy bdn cdd^-'^K
Liic Ifldng hai quan Phap dfldc phai de'n giup dd quan dpi each mang My dau tien bao gdm 12 ham dpi va 4 tau
hp td'ng dfldi quyen chi huy eua Dd ddc D'Estaing<^°' Tham gia ehuyen hanh quan nay eon cd Conrad Gerald
de Rayneval vdi tfl each edng sfl ngoai giao dau tien tdi nflde My Trai qua mpt hanh trinh dai, ngay 7/7/1778, dpi quan eua D'Estaing mdi de'n dfldc Bac My trong tinh trang can kiet ve Ifldng thfle, quan nhu va khdng kip tham gia cac chie'n dich chd'ng quan Anh d Philadelphia va New York Nhflng boat dpng sau dd d Newport va Savannah cung chflng minh tinh khong hieu qua cua dpi hai quan Phap nay trong viec phd'i hdp ehien da'u vdi quan dpi My Thang 7/1780, mpt dpi quan v i i n chinh Phap gdm
5500 ngfldi dudi quyen ehi huy eua
J e a n de Rochambeau da de'n da't My Song cho de'n trUde nam 1781, dpi quan nay eflng khdng cd ddng gdp gi hdn ve mat quan sfl tren ehien trUdng
Trang 6Bac My so vdi liie lUdng hai quan cua
D'Estaing Su phd'i hdp gifla quan
Phap va quan My chi thfle sfl dat hieu
qua b tran vay ham Yorktown nam
1781 0 tran nay, dpi quan eua
Rochambeau da "hdp lUc" vdi quan dpi
My dfldi sfl chi huy G Washington
ta'n cdng quan Anh tren da't lien Cdn
tren bien, hai quan Phap dfldi sfl chi
huy cua Dd dd'c de Grasse (den vflng
bien Bde My thang 4/1781) da khda
chat cfla vinh Chesapeake trong
nhieu tuan le Cud'i cung, ngay
19/10/1781, tfldng Anh la Cornwalhs
cung 8000 quan linh da phai dau
hang Trong ehien thdng nay, vai trd
eua quan dpi Phap dUde danh gia ra't
cad bdi "cugc vdy hdm Yorktown
khong the tie'n hdnh md khong co sii
tham gia cua hdi qudn, md ngUdi My
thi khong CO lUc lUdng hdi qudn, trong
khi mot nda lUc lUdng tham gia hogt
dong tren ddt lien Id ngUdi Phdp"'^^^\
Trong eung thdi gian, hai quan Phap
cdn day manh hoat dpng tren cac "mat
trdn Caribbean", "mat trdn An Do
DUdng" nham "chia Ida" vdi quan dpi
My Do phai dd'i phd tren nhieu tran
tuyen, lUc lUdng quan Anh gap tdn
that ldn Cue dien nay bude ehfnh phu
Anh phai ngdi vao dam phan vdi
chinh phu My Ngay 3/9/1783, tai
Versaille, chinh phu Anh budc phai ky
ket hiep dinh dinh chie'n
Vdi hda ude Versaille, nUde Anh
budc phai cdng nhan hoan toan nen
dpc lap cua nhan dan My Rd rang la
trong'thang ldi eua "cugc chie'n trgnh
gidi phong vl dgi de chdng lgi bgn
Anh dp biic"^^'^\ nUde Phap ddng vai
trd het sfle quan trpng Thdng qua
nhflng boat ddng ngoai giao, tai chinh
va.quan sfl, nflde Phap tflng bflde ed
lap va lam suy ye'u nfldc Anh, qua dd
ung hp sfl nghiep tie'n bp cua nhan
dan My Ve y nghia nay, sfl gia My
-Samuel F Bemiss, cho rdng: "lien
minh vdi Phdp Id ye'u to' quye't dinh trong sU nghiep gidnh doc ldp cua nhdn ddn My"^^^\
Chii thich:
1) Trinh Narn Giang, SiC tham gia cua cdc ciCdng
quoc chau Au trong cdch mang My tit ndm 1774 de'n nam 1783, Luan van Thac si Sii hoc, TrUdng
Dai hoc Su pham 'Ha Noi, 2008, tr, 12, Bai viet
CO sit dung mot so' tu lieu do Th,s Trinh Nam Giang, khoa Lich Sii, trUdng Dai hoc Su pham
Ha Noi cung cap, tac gia bai viet ehan thanh cam On sU giiip dd quy bau n&y,
2) Le Thanh Nam, Chinh sdch do'i ngoai cua Hoa
Ky ta lihi lap quoc (1776) den triidc cuoc Ngi chien (1861-1865), Luan van Thac si Su hoc,
TrUdng Dai hoc Su pham Hue, 2007 tr, 24, 3) Nhu chii thfch 2, tr, 24
4) Nhu chu thich 2, tr, 15
5) Dao luat Bat khoan dung quy dinh: Hai cang Boston bi phong toa va chi hoat dong trd lai khi hoan lai du gia tri thuhg che bi pha huyj hien chUdng xii Massachusetts dUdc sita doi de t6ng cUdng quyen ban cua tho'ng dec; tudng Thomas Gage - Tu lenh quan doi Anh d BSc My, dUdc cii
lam Thong doc xii Massachusetts vk duoc giae
pho thi hanh cac dao luat, 6) Phan Ngoc Lien (Chii'bien), Dao Tuan Thanh,
Nguyin Thi Huyen Sam, Mai Phii Phifdng, Lich
Sli the gidi Can dai Tap 1, Nxb Dai hoc Su
pham, Ha Noi, 2008, tr, 72,
7) James Breck Perkins, France in the American
Revolution, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1911, p, 6
8) Alexander DeConde, A History of American
Foreign Policy, Vol 1 (Growth to World Power 1700-1914), Charles Scribner's Son, New York,
p, 23, 9) Nhu chii thich 8, tr, 23, 10) Nhu chii thich 1, tr, 40, 11) Nhu chii thich 7, p 21
12) Nhu chii thich 2, tr, 25,
13) Robert H, Ferrell, American Diplomacy: A
History, W,W, Norton & Company Inc, New
York, 1975, p, 32, 14) Nhu chii thich 2, tr, 65, 15) Nhu chii thich 2, tr, 25-26,
16) Samuel Flagg Bemiss, A Diplomatic History of
the United States, Henry Holt and Company,
New York, 1951, p, 24, 17) Nhu chii thich 16, p,24,
18) Wayne S, Cole, An Interpretive History bf
American Foreign Relations, The Dorsey Press,
Homewood, Illinois, 1968, p, 43, 19) Nhu chii thich 1, tr 56, 20) Nhu chii thich 1, tr, 57, 21) Nhu chii thfch 7, tr, 11,
22) V,I, Lenin, Todn tdp, Tap 17 (Tieng Viet) Nxb
Tie'n bo Ha Noi, 1977, tr, 37 23) Nhu chii thfch 16, p, 43,