Ngeai ra, eon r a t nhieu td chflc khac do Hdi Thanh Tin lanh t h a n h lap heat ddng vdi muc tieu eai thien nhflng phong tuc tap quan ed hd lac hau nhfl; Hdi Lien hiep Kitd giao Q[r]
Trang 1Nghien cuu Ton giao Sd7 rSc 8 - 2009 95
NHUNC DONG COP CUA DAO TIN LANH TRONC QUA TRINH TRUYEN CIAO VAO TRUNC QUOC
c u d i THE ki XIX DAU THE Kl XX
^ », (Tiep theo ki trirdc)
^ v u THj THU H.\ •'
YN NHCTNG D O N G G O P T R O N G XIX trd lai day thiic sfl da gay dflng nen LINH V y C T H O N G T I N B A O CHI, ^ ' ^ n g ^^° sfl p h a t t n e n cda sfl nghiep
,,^.,:- ^ ' , x u a t b i n va t a c ngudn hflng khdi cho sfl
X U A T B A N o o
nghiep bao cbi can dai T r u n g Qude
Trflde k h i Chien t r a n h Thude phien hflng nd, cac giae si t r u y e n giao nfldc ngoai da b a t d i u s a n g lap ra bad chi tai
d a t T r u n g Qud'c va k h u vflc ngfldi Hoa kieu sinh sdng d Ddng N a m A Bad chi thdi ki nay chd yeu dd giao si t r u y e n giao
d a e Tin L a n h s a n g lap N a m 1815, giae si Robert Morrison cflng trd t h u cda dng la
William Milne lap ra nguyet san Chuyen
ki the tii hdng thdng tai Malacca Day la
nguyet s a n tieng T r u n g d i u tien thdi
T r u n g Qud'c can dai Ndi d u n g nguyet s a n nay la t u y e n t r u y e n giae li d a e Tin Lanh, ddng thdi gidi thieu t i n h h i n h cae nfldc va kien thflc khoa hpc N a m 1821 do William
Milne bj b e n h nen n g u y e t san ngflng miai
b i n N a m 1817, Walter H e n r y M e d b u r s t
chd x u a t b i n td Indo - Chinese Cleaner
b a n g tieng A n h d Malacca Td nay den
n a m 1822 thi ngflng x u a t b i n N a m 1823, giad si W a l t e r H e n r y M e d h u r s t lap ra nguyet s a n tieng T r u n g thfl hai m a n g ten
Truyen ki ddc tuyen hdng thdng den n a m
Ngay tfl k h i dad Tin L a n h b i t d i u
truyen giae vad T r u n g Qud'c, cac hdi doan
truyen giao deu r a t chd trpng viec viet
sach x u a t b a n va p h a t h a n h Thdi ki cudi
ddi n h a M i n h d i u ddi n h a T h a n h chfla ed
cd cau x u a t b a n chinh thflc, nhflng boat
ddng x u a t b a n cua cac giae si t r u y e n giae
vd cflng sdi ndi, viec viet sach, djeh sach
cda cac giao si t r u y e n giao nfldc ngoai va
tfn hflu T r u n g Qude p h a t trien m a n h me
va lan rdng t h a n h p h o n g trao S a u Chien
t r a n h Thude phien, eae giao si t r u y e n giao
nfldc ngoai b a t d i u s a n g lap cae tda scan
bae, xay dflng cd q u a n x u a t b i n Nhflng
b e a t ddng n a y l a m t h a y ddi m a n g t i n h
chat can b a n sfl n g h i e p x u a t b a n t r u y e n
tbdng cda T r u n g Qude, b a t d i u x u a t hien
khai niem tin tflc hien dai va y thflc
truyen ba dai chflng cda ngfldi T r u n g
Qud'c Bad chi m a n g t i n h binh luan chinh
tri va tinh tdn giao dau tien do eac giao si
truyen giao d a e Tin L a n h s a n g lap da trd
t h a n h sfl khdi d i u t r o n g ljch sd bao cbi
can bien dai T r u n g Qud'c Viec x u a t
ban-tin t d c eua Hdi t h a n h Tin L a n h tfl t h e ki TliS Vien Nghien cuu Ton giao
Trang 296 Nghien cun Ton giao Sd 7 & 8 - 2009
1826 thi ngflng xuat b i n Nam 1828,
Walter Hanry Medhurst va Samuel Kidd
lai cho ra nguyet san tieng Trung Thien
ha tdn vdn, den nam 1831 thi td nay
ngflng xuat b i n " ' ' ^ •
Nhflng td bao tieng Trung va tieng
Anh dd cac giao si truyen giao dao Tin
Lanh lap ra da gdp phan tao dieu kien
thuan ldi va kmh nghiem lam bao d
Trung Qude sau nay
Nam 1832, nguyet san tieng Anh
Trung Quo'c tiing bdo do giao si Elijah
Coleman Bridgman chu bien ra ddi tai
Q u i n g Chau Day la td bad d i u tien do
giae si truyen giae dae Tin Lanh sang lap
tai Trung Qud'c Cudi nam 1851 nguyet
san nay ngflng xua't ban, tdng cdng cd 20
quyen, ndi dung trinh bay tfldng tan ve
tinb hinh kinh te, van hda, ehinh trj xa
hdi Trung Qud'c thdi ki trflde va sau
Chien tranh Thud'c phien
Nam 1833, Nguyet san tieng Trung
Truyen ki Ddng Tdy diidng khdo hdng
thdng dfldc sang lap tai Quing Chau Day
la td bad tieng Trung d i u tien dfldc xuat
b i n tai Trung Qude va cflng la td bad tieng
Trung dau tien dd eac giao si truyen giac
dad Tin Lanh sang lap tai Trung Qud'c Ndi
dung chu yeu la nhflng kien thflc thflc
dung Phfldng Tay, thuc day giae lflu van
hda tfl tfldng Ddng Tay thdi can dai va giii
thich tac dung cua viee giao lflu nay Td
nay den nam 1838 thi ngflng xuat ban
Cflng treng nam 1838, giae si Walter
Henry Medhurst va giao si James Legge
sang lap td Tin tdc cdc niidc bing tieng
Trung tai Quang Chau Sau Chien tranh
Thude phien, boat ddng lam bio cua cic
giao si truyen giio dao Tin Lanh phat tnen
rat nhanh chdng
Bfldc sang the ki XX, sfl nghiep lam bao cua Hdi Thanh Tin Lanh van gifl' chieu hfldng phat trien Khdng ft cac td bae de cae hdi dean truyen giao dao Tin Lanh sang lap da gay anh hfldng ldn
trdng xa hdi nhfl td Hoi Thdnh Cdng bdo
dd Hdi T h a n h Quang Hpc sang lap nam
1904; td Thdnh Cdng hoi bdo eua Hdi
Thanh Tm Lanh Thanh thfl Cdng boi phat h a n h nam 1908 tai Han Khau, td
"Hflng Hda bac" do Hdi Thanh Tin Lanh Giam li va Hdi Thanh Tin Lanh Methodist Episcopal hdp t i c xuat bin
nam 1910; td t u i n bad Thien phong do
Hdi Thanh Tin Lanh Trung Qud'c sang lap nam 1945 tai Thanh Dd Den nam
1936 da ed 238 leai an pham bae ehi eua Hdi Thanh Tin Lanh xuat b i n tai Trung Qud'c, trong dd ed 211 loai tap chi tieng Trung va 27 loai tap chi tieng Anh'"
Sfl nghiep in an xuat ban cda eae giio
si truyen giae dao Tin Lanh bat dau tfl nam 1818 khi Robert Morrison va Walter Henry Medhurst xay dflng xfldng in tai Malacca Cd quan xua't b i n d i u tien cda cic giie si truyen giao dao Tin Lanh xay
dflng tai Trung Qud'c la Hoi truyen bd kien thiic thiic dung tai Trung Quo'c dfldc
thanh lap nam 1934 tai Quang Chau Cd
quan nay ehu yeu xuat b i n td Truyen ki Ddng Tdy diidng khdo hdng thdng
Nhflng cd quan nay cung chfla p h i i la cd quan xua't b i n chinh thflc Nha xuat ban chinh thflc d i u tien ma dao Tin Lanh xay
dflng d Trung Qud'c la My Hoa Thii qudn
sang lap nam 1844 tai Ma Cao Nam
1845, thfl quan nay chuyen den Ninh Ba, nam 1860 lai chuyen den Thfldng Hai va
I Trac Tan Binh (chii bien) Kitd gido Do Thdi gido chi, Nxb Nhin din Thucmg Hai, Thuong Hai, 1998,
tr.268
Trang 3Vu Thi Thu Ha NhCrng ddng gdp ciia dao Tin Ldnh 97
d i n trd t h a n h met treng nhflng nha
xuat ban ldn nha't Thfldng Hai My Hda
Thfl Quan khdng chi xuat b i n rat nhieu
cac thfl tich Kitd giao ma cdn xuat b i n
rat nhieu cae trflde tac ve khoa hpc, giao
due va van hda, ddng thdi cdn phat
hanh cae leai bad chi tieng Trung va
tieng Anh, nhfl: Thdng vdn bdo, Gido vu
trip chi Trip chi Y hoc Trung Hoa va
trd thanh nha xua't ban ed y nghia thdi
dai d i u tien treng lich sd xuat b i n cua
Trung Qud'c
Den nam 1935, dae Tin Lanh da xay
dflng dfldc 69 cd sd xuat b i n tai Trung
Qude Treng sd' dd, ndi tieng nhat phii ke
den Quang hoc Hdi Quang hpc Hdi la cd
quan xuat b i n ldn nhat ma cac giae si
truyen giae dae Tin Lanh xay dflng d
Trung Qud'c Cd quan nay da tflng la nha
xuat b i n Kitd giae chuyen nghiep ndi
tieng treng va ngeai Trung Qude Tien
than la Uy ban Khea giae thfl dfldc thanh
lap nam 1877, den nam 1892 ddi ten
thanh Quang hpc Hpi Nha xuat b i n nay
da xuat b i n met sd'Ifldng ldn cac tac pham
ndi tieng gidi thieu ve nen hpc thuat
Phfldng Tay va de xfldng cii each phap
che nhfl cudn Ddng Tdy tii dai chinh khdo,
Bdn dd cdc niidc ndm chdu, Bdt tinh chi
nhdt tdng ludn, Cdc dai quoc ndm chdu
chi yeu, Tii Tdy sang Ddng, Tri Qud'c yeu
vii Khai khodng phu qud'c thuyet, Qud'c
quy thdng thiicfng thuyet Quang hpc Hdi
cung xuit ban rat nhieu sach ve t h i n hpc
tdn giao va tfl dien nhfl Tii dien Kinh
Thdnh va cae quyen chfl thich, Bdch khoa
todn thii ludn li tdn gido Than hoc dai
ciicfng Tdm li hoc tdn gido Ngoai ra, cdn
xuat b i n rat nhieu bae chi nhfl Thdnh
dong hoa bdo, Hpi Thdnh cdng bdo Dai
dong bdo Niiphong bdo,
V NHLTNG DONG GOP TRONG LINH VUC Tir THIEN XA HOI
Ngeai viec lam tfl thien tbdng qua hang loat cac benh vien, phdng kham nhfl
da trinh bay d p h i n tren, Hdi Thanh Tin Lanh cdn xay dflng hang Idat cae cd sd tfl thien danh chd tre em bao gdm: Nha nudi dfldng tre em vd thfla nhan, cd nhi vien, trfldng mfl va trfldng cam diec, v.v
Tfl nhflng nam 20 cua the ki XIX, cac giad si truyen giao dao Tin Lanh da bat
d i u xay dflng cd nhi vien danh cho ngfldi Hoa Cd nhi vien ngfldi Hoa d i u tien la
do Walter Henry Medhurst - giao si truyen giao cda Hdi Truyen giao London, sang lap
He thd'ng cd sd tfl thien danh chd tre
em cda dae Tin Lanh bao gdm; Nha nudi dfldng tre em vd thfla nhan cua Hdi Thanh Tin Lanh Trfldng Lad nfldc Anh xay dflng d Tuyen Chau, tinh Phuc Kien; Nha nudi dfldng tre em vd thfla nhan cua Hdi Thanh Tin Lanh Hanh giad nfldc Anh xay dflng d Phuc Chau, Hdng Kdng; Cd nhi vien cua Hdi Thanh Tm Lanh Thanh thfl Cdng hdi nfldc My xay dflng d Thfldng Hii, va rat nhieu cd nhi vien cua Hdi Thanh Tin Lanh Baptist nfldc Anh xay dflng d Sdn Ddng treng khi cflu trd ngfldi
bj nan; Cd nhi vien cda Hdi Thanh Tin Lanh Ndi dia xay dflng d Thai Nguyen, tinh Sdn Tay va An Ddng tinh Giang Td Thee thd'ng ke nam 1914, tren tean lanh thd Trung Qud'c cd 37 cd nhi vien do dao Tin Lanh xay dflng, thu nhan va nudi dfldng g i n 2.500 tre md cdi
Nam 1928, cac giae si truyen giae dad Tin Lanh thanh lap Hdi Lien hiep Tfl thien Tre em tai Thfldng Hai Hdi nay
Trang 498 Nghien cuu Ton giao Sd7 & 8-2009
gdm 5 bd phan; bid hd tre em, giio dfldng
tre em, ve sinh tre em, nghien cflu ve tre
em va giae due xa hdi Hdi cung tao lap
phan hdi tai mdt sd'thanh phd'ldn
Nam 1874, giae si truyen giao W
Murry sang lap trfldng mu d i u tien tai
Bae Kinh Tiep theo dd cic giao si truyen
giae dae Tin Lanh tiep tue thanh lap Thfl
vien Tam Quang, Hdng Kdng (vien danh
cho ngfldi mfl); Trfldng mfl Quang Chau;
trfldng mfl Dai Ldan; trfldng mfl Tuyen
Chau; trfldng tre mfl Thfldng Hii,
Trflde nam 1907, Hdi Thanh Tm Lanh d
Trung Qude cd 12 cd sd tfl thien danh chd
ngfldi mfl, den nam 1926 cen sd'nay tang
len tdi 38 cd sd, thu nhan nudi dfldng hdn
1.000 ngfldi mfl
Trfldng cam diec d i u tien d Trung
Qud'c la trfldng tfl thuc cam diec Dang
Chau dd giad si truyen giad J L Nenius
cua Hdi Thanh Tin Lanh Trflpng Lae Bic
My xay dflng d Sdn Ddng Cac trfldng mfl
va trfldng cam diec do cae giao si truyen
giic dad Tin Lanh xay dflng da dat nen
mdng cho sfl nghiep giae due dae biet d
Trung Qud'c
Trong met he thd'ng ed sd tfl thien
khdng the khdng nhac den cac cd sd tfl
thien nhfl vien dfldng lad, vien danh cho
ngfldi tan tat De trien khai viee cap phat
cflu te met each quy md va ed ke hoach
che cac tinh bj thien tai heac nan ddi, eae
giae si truyen giae dao Tin Lanh cdn td
chdc cic cd sd cflu te xa hdi tfldng flng
nhfl quy cflu trp ngfldi bj nan tai Thfldng
H i i nam 1878 Nam 1921, cac giic si
truyen giao cua Hdi Thanh Tm Lanh
Thanh thfl Cdng hdi nfldc My thanh lap
Td'ng hp] Nghia c h i n Cflu nan Hea
Dfldng, Trung Qud'c, gpi t i t la Hdi Nghia
chan Hoa Dfldng
Hdi Thanh Tm Lanh Trung Qud'c cdn
md rdng viec cflu te tfl thien, phuc vu xa hdi nhfl; giup dd ngfldi tan tat, tim ke mflu sinh cho nhflng ngfldi that nghiep, tae dieu kien giup dd nhflng ngfldi sa ed Id bfldc quay trd lai lam ngfldi Ifldng thien, danh cac leai phuc Ipi xa hdi che ngfldi dan lad ddng va xay dflng cac vien b i e tang, thfl vien nha sach de md mang dan tri
Ngoai ra, eac giae si truyen giao cdn ddng vai trd tich cfle treng viec cii thien nhflng phong tue tap quan lae hau Cudi ddi nha Thanh, nan hut thud'c phien tran lan, sd' Ifldng cac nha chfla hflt thud'c phien vd cflng nhieu vdi quy md rat ldn
Td chflc dau tien nd Iflc tim each xda bd te nan nay la Hdi C i i Ifldng Van Qud'c thanh lap nam 1908 Cdng viec chu yeu cua Hdi la khuyen mpi ngfldi cai nghien,
bd udng rflpu, g i i diem va cd bac Thdi gian nay, Chinh phu Trung Qud'c dang nd Ifle cam thud'c phien, Hdi Cii Ifldng Van Qud'c la td chflc d i u tien bat tay vac viec tuyen truyen bd thude phien He tien hanh nhflng cdng viec nhfl: Lien hdp chinh quyen eac tinh d Trung Qud'c cflng
nd Ifle nghiem cam thud'c phien; Lien hdp eac tda soan bae cflng tuyen truyen sfl ddc hai cua thud'c phien khien eho mpi
t i n g ldp treng xa hdi deu quan tam den van de nay; Lien hdp eae gidi thfldng gia, tri thflc den cic trfldng hpe P k h i p ndi dien thuyet ve sfl ddc hai cua thud'c phien; Gdi thdng ham den tea scan bao tin tdc mdi cac nfldc keu gpi cac nha tfl
thien giup dp Trung Qud'c; Td chflc Hdi Lien hiep cd'm thud'c tren toan Trung
Qude; De nghi Chfnh quyen Trung Qud'c thiet lap eac cd quan chuyen nhiem va cac "ed sd giam sat viec cam thud'c"; Lien hpp Hpi Thanh nien va Hdi T h i n h eac
Trang 5Vg Thi Thu Ha Nhiing ddng gdp ciia dao Tin Ldnh 99
tinh, xay dUng cac chi nhanh; Ngoai viec
dap tat thud'c phien cdn khuyen mpi
ngudi cai thud'c la, cam danh bac Hdi
nay da boat ddng rat tfch cfle va dat dfldc
nhflng thanh q u i rat ldn, dfldng thdi da
cd 14 tinh tuyen bd' giii quyet xong van
de thude phien
Ngeai ra, eon r a t nhieu td chflc khac
do Hdi Thanh Tin lanh t h a n h lap heat
ddng vdi muc tieu eai thien nhflng
phong tuc tap quan ed hd lac hau nhfl;
Hdi Lien hiep Kitd giao Quang Ddng td
chflc cac hdi nghi, dfla ra eac kien nghj,
trong dd de nghi Chinh phu Trung Qud'c
cam danh bae, de nghj Cue C i n h sat
cam tre em vj t h a n h nien hut thud'c,
danh bac, nghiem cam tin hflu dae Tin
Lanh danh bac dfldi mpi hinh thflc; Hdi
Tiet che Phu nfl p h i n ddi hut thud'c,
udng rfldu, gai diem, v.v ; Hdi Tiet che
Van Qud'c, vdi 46 ehi nhanh, khdng cbi
tham gia vae phat ddng cam thude
phien, van ddng bd danh bac ma cdn
tuyen truyen sfl dec hai cua rfldu va
thud'c la, lap ra eae bd phan chuyen
trach nhfl; Bd Thfldng dfle de xfldng
thflc hien dao dfle gia dinh; Bd B i e bd
Nfl cdng mflu cau h a n h phflc che nfl
cdng nhan; Bd Nhi ddng phat trien, bdi
dfldng tri dfle va the Iflc cho nhi ddng;
Bd Phuc vu xa hdi xay dflng vien cham
sdc ba me va tre em, nudi dfldng hang
tram ngfldi, v.v
Nam 1918, Hdi Cii Ifldng Pheng tuc
dfldc thanh lap, vdi sfl gdp mat cua 17 bdi
dean truyen giae Tin Lanh Hdi nay heat
ddng treng linh vflc nhfl han che cac
hanh vi mua ban dam, nghien cdu ve
nhflng khd khan eua phu nfl va giup hp
dpc lap ve kinh te, de xfldng ve sinh va
giao due gidi tinh treng trfldng hpc
Ndi tdm lai dao Tm Lanh rat chd y va
ra sflc phan ddi tat ca nhflng thdi xau trong xa hpi Trung Qude dfldng tbdi nhfl:
thud'c phien, rfldu gai diem, cd bac, cac heat ddng me tin di dean nhfl phong thuy, tfldng sd', sflng bai ma quy, v.v '"'
VI ANH HUONG TRONG LINH VUC
TU TUONG CHINH TRI DAN CHU Dae Tm Lanh da cd nhflng cdng hien
to ldn trong viee eii each xa hdi thdi ki cudi nha Thanh d Trung Qud'c Cudi nha Thanh, khdng it tri thflc Trung Qud'c nhan dfldc tfl tfldng chinh trj dan chu cua Phfldng Tay dd cac giao si truyen giao dao Tin Lanh dfla vae Vao tbdi gian nay,
td Van Qud'c Cdng bdo dd dad Tm Lanh
sang lap trd thanh ngudn thdng tm chu yeu tfl tfldng cai each cbinb trj Cac giao
si truyen giae ndi tieng nhfl Timothy Richard, Young John Allen, v.v deu
viet bai tren Van Qude Cdng bdo, tuyen
truyen nen hpc thuat Phfldng Tay, phe binh nen chinh trj Trung Qude dfldng thdi, cd xuy cii each phap che Ydung John Allen viet cudn sach rat ndi tieng
Liiric ludn quan he Ddng Tdy Ong tien
hanh phan tich eac van de ndi chinh, ngoai giao eua Trung Qude; cho rang, Trung Qud'c mud'n dat nfldc phat tnen cfldng thinh thi budc p h i i cai each, ddng thdi p h i i phat trien giae due len met t i m cao ma Trung Qud'c chfla tflng ed Giae si Timothy Richard, tflng la Td'ng Can sfl cua Quang hpe Hdi, tang cfldng tuyen truyen eai each phap che duy tan tren td
Vrin Qude Cdng bdo cua Quang hpc Hdi,
ddng thdi nhan manh cic giad si truyen giad nen cdi cic quan vien than si la ddi
2 Vuong Tri Tim Kitd gido Trung Quoc sir ciiimg
Nxb Cd Tich Thuong Hai, Thucmg Hai, 2007 tr 271
Trang 6100 Nghien cun Ton giao Sd'7 & 8 - 2009
tUdng lam viec trpng diem cua mirjh Ban
than giac si nay cflng tich cfle hoat ddng
vdi cac nhan vat trong t i n g ldp thflpng
lflu Ong khdng nhflng cd quan he mat
thiet vdi Ly Hdng Chfldng, Tang Qud'c
Thuyen, Trfldng Chi Ddng, v.v m i ecn
tiep xfle vdi cac nhan si duy tan dfldng
thdi nhfl Khang Hflu Vi, Lfldng Khai Sieu
va cflng ed it nhieu anh hfldng tdi ngfldi
cua dang each mang nhfl Tdn Trung Sdn
Tdn Trung Sdn cd nhflng danh gia tich
cfle ddi vdi vai trd khach quan ma dac Tin
Lanh mang lai trong qua trinh truyen
giae vao Trung Qud'c Ong da tflng phat
bieu treng dien thuyet rang, dng de
xfldng each mang, chay ddn chay dae keu
gpi mpi ngfldi, biet den chan li cua each
mang, phan ldn la tfl Hdi Thanh Tin
Lanh Tren thflc te cflng dung nhfl vay,
trong q u i trinh each mang trfldng ki eua
Tdn Trung Sdn, cd rat nhieu tin hflu Tin
Lanh kien djnh di thee each mang Trong
eae chi si tien liet each mang thdi ki eudi
nha Thanh d i u thdi Dan Qud'c ed rat
nhieu tin hflu Tin Lanh ngean dae Treng
sd' 72 liet si d Hdang Hoa Cfldng, ed rat
nhieu ngfldi la tfn hflu dad Tin Lanh Lue
Had Ddng, mdt trdng nhflng lanh tu cua
Cach mang Dan ehu la tin hflu dac Tin
Lanh Thang ldi cua Cach mang Dan chu
khdng the khdng nhac den sfl ddng gdp
cdng sdc va cua eai cua tin hflu dac Tin
Lanh Dad Tin Lanh gay i n h hfldng rat
ldn trdng viec md rdng tfl tfldng va che dp
d Trung Qud'c Cd ngfldi cho r i n g ; Md
hinh kinh te' chinh tri do Tdn Trung Sdn
dfla ra chinh la hinh mau thu nhd cua
nen chinh trj dan chu dao Tin Lanh*^'
VIL G O P P H A N T H U C DAY GLAO
LUtJ VAN HOA DONG TAY
Trong qua trinh truyen giao vae Trung Qud'c, cac giao si da gdp p h i n quan trpng trong viee giao lflu van hda Ddng Tay Cac giao si gidi thieu vdi cic nfldc PhflPng Tay ve lieh sd va xa hdi Trung Qud'c dfldng thdi, ddng thdi thuc day cae nfldc Phfldng Tay tim hieu ve van hda Trung Qud'c Hp trflc tiep tham gia hoac giflp do cic td chflc hpc t h u a t Au, My xay dflng trung tam nghien cflu Trung Qud'c hpc Giang dfldng chuyen de ve Han hpe diu tien cua nfldc Anh la do giae si truyen giie ngfldi Anh, J a m e s Legge, xay dflng tai trfldng dai hpe Oxford nam 1876 va do ehinh dng lam giae sfl dau tien Giing dfldng chuyen de Han hpe d i u tien cua nfldc My dc giad si truyen giae dad Tin Lanh ngfldi My xay dflng tai trfldng dai hpc Yale nam 1877 Trcng q u i trinh cic cfldng qud'c Phfldng Tay ep Trung Qud'c rdi vae tinh trang nfla thude dia, cic giao
si truyen giao xuat b i n r a t nhieu eac loai sach bao gidi thieu ve tinh hinh cua Trung Qud'c Cic thfl tfl, bao c i c eua cac giae si truyen giio gdi ve cac Hdi Thanh Tin Lanh d nfldc ngoai va cac y kien de nghi eua eac giao si khi ve nfldc deu la ngudn tfl lieu quan trpng
Cudn tfl dien ndi tieng nhat treng cac
cudn tfl dien la Tii dien Anh-Hoa cua
Robert Morrison - giao si truyen giao dau tien d Trung Qud'c Bd tfl dien nay gdm 6 quyen, l i n Ifldt xua't ban tfl nam 1815 den nam 1823 va trd t h a n h cd sd cua tfl dien Anh-Han ve sau, va cflng la mdt sii kien trpng dai treng ljch sd giao lflu van hda Trung - Anh
Cic giio si truyen giae dae Tm Lanh gidi t h i e u vdi Phfldng Tay cac dien ticb
3 Ha Tidu Lien, Tdn gido vd van hda Nxb Dai hoc
Ddng Td', Thugmg Hai, 2002, tr 162
Trang 7Vu Thi Thu Ha Nhirng ddng gdp cua dao Tin Ldnh 101 cda Nhd giad NgUdi thanh cdng nhat
trong linh viic nay p h i i ke den James
Legge Bat dau tfl cudn dau tien la cudn
Kinh dien Trung Qud'c b i n g tieng Anh,
xuat b i n nam 1861 Trong vdng 25 nam
sau dd, James Legge l i n Ifldt chd xuat
ban Ludn ngd, Dili hoc, Trung dung,
Manh Tii, Xuan Thu, Le ki, Kinh Thii,
Hieu kinh Kinh Dich Kinh Thi, Kinh
Dq.0 ddc va Trang Tii bang tieng Anh
Nhflng b i n djeh nay den nay van la b i n
djeh tieng Anh tieu chuan
Cac giae si truyen giae sang lap cac
tda soan bae tieng nfldc ngeai tai Trung
Qud'c, gidi thieu vdi cac nfldc Phfldng Tay
ve lich sd va tinh hinh xa hdi Trung Qud'c
dfldng thdi, ddng thdi dang t i i nhflng
thanh q u i nghien cflu cua he Dai bd
phan cac an pham dd xuat b i n vae the ki
XIX Nhflng tae p h i m nay khdng nhflng
cd tac dung rat ldn cho cac nfldc Phfldng
Tay luc dd tim hieu ve Trung Qud'c, ma
cho den tan ngay nay nd van la nhdng tai
lieu quy gia nhat, cd gia trj tham k h i o
quan trpng ddi vdi cac hpc gia Trung
Qud'c va Phfldng Tay Vi du, td nguyet
san tieng Anh Trung Qude tung bdo do
Elijah Coleman Bridgman, giao si truyen
giae Tin Lanh nfldc My, sang lap nam
1832 d Quang Chau dang tai rat nhieu
bai nghien cdu ve cac van de cua Trung
Qude va bao eao tfldng tan quan he cua
Trung Qud'c vdi nfldc ngoai treng 20 nam
hen tue (den 1851 thi ngflng heat ddng)
Td bad nay da trd thanh tai lieu gd'c de
cac hpc gii trong va ngeai Trung Qud'c
nghien cdu ljch sfl 20 nam trflde va sau
Chie'n tranh Thud'c phien, dfldc gidi hpc
thuat rat cei trpng
Giao si truyen giao Arthur Henderson
Smith dfldc coi la chuyen gia ve cac van de
Trung Qude, cudn Ddc tinh cila ngiidi Trung Quoc xua't ban nam 1892 cua dng dfldc djeh
sang 6 thfl tieng, treng dd cd ci tieng Nhat Cudn saeh nay da gay anh hfldng nhat dinh
d Phfldng Tay va Nhat Bin
Cac giac si truyen giao Tin Lanh truyen ba van hda Phfldng Tay vad Trung Qud'c Hp dfla vae xa hdi phdng kien Trung Qud'c met so' Ifldng ldn nhflng gia trj quan luan If quan nhan smh quan cua chu nghia tfl ban, van hda cua chd nghia tfl ban Phfldng Tay
Tfl gifla the ki XIX den nhflng nam 40 cua the ki XX cac giao si truyen giao dao Tin Lanh da dfla met sd' Ifldng ldn cac an
p h i m cua Phfldng Tay vad Trung Qude Ngdai viec xuat b i n cac an pham, trong thdi ki nay cae trfldng hpc cda Hdi Thanh Tin Lanh va Hdi Thanh nien nam nfl Tm Lanh cung deu lam mdt khdi Ifldng ldn cdng viec gidi thieu ve van hda va khea hpc ki thuat Phfldng Tay Dac biet la Hdi Thanh men Tin Lanh da tflng gidi thieu vdi thanh nien Trung Qud'c rat nbieu beat ddng the due, van nghe cd ich ehc sfl phat tnen lanh manh cua thanh men Xet tren phfldng dien khach quan, nen hpc thuat Phfldng Tay ma cac giao si truyen giao dao Tin Lanh gidi thieu trong thdi ki Cach mang Tan Hdi da gdp p h i n kich thich va gdi md chd t i n g ldp tri thflc, dfldng thdi
Sd' Ifldng ldn cac trfldng hpc cua Hdi Thanh Tm Lanh dd eac giae si truyen giao s i n g lap, dac biet la hang loat cac trf thflc mdi dflpc dao tae treng cac trfldng dai hpc cua Hdi Thanh nda d i u the ki XX den nay van khuay ddng gidi hpc thuat, gidi khea hpc ki thuat, gidi ten giao va cd nhflng cdng hien nhat djnh trong xa hdi
Trang 8102 Nghien cun Ton giao Sd7 & 8 - 2009
Cach q u i n li kinh deanh trong cac tda
soan bae, benh vien, trUdng hpe ma cac
giac si truyen giae xay diing d Trung
qude thdi can dai la s i n pham cua nen
van minh chu nghia tU b i n Phfldng Tay
Ndi chung nhflng td chflc nay dfldc q u i n
li met each dan chu hda, khea hpe hda,
lam viec mdt each ed hieu qua, su dung
nhflng ngfldi gidi, kien thflc thflc dung,
thiet bj tan tien Day la tam gfldng che
Trung Qud'c khi xay dflng sfl nghiep y
hoc, giae due van hda
VIII MOT SO NHAN XET
Nhfl tren da trinh bay, t r i i qua hdn
200 nam lich sd truyen giae va phat trien
tren dat nfldc Trung Qud'c, dae Tin Lanh
da cd nhflng cdng hien rat ldn trong xa
hdi Trung Qud'c tren nhieu phfldng dien
Cac giao si truyen giae dao Tin Lanh
xay dflng hang ngan trfldng hpc tai Trung
Qud'c da dat nen mdng che viec phat trien
sfl nghiep giae due mdi cda Trung Qud'c
Sd Ifldng ldn cac tri thflc cd nhan thflc
bean tean khae vdi nhan van chi si thdi
phong kien dfldc dao tao trong thdi gian
nay gdp p h i n tad ngudn nhan Ifle tri thflc
eho Trung Quoc
Viee xay dflng hang loat eac benh vien,
phdng kham va heat ddng chfla benh cua
cae giao si truyen giae da dfla Trung
Qud'c tiep can vdi n e n Tay y h i e n dai,
thdc day viec sang lap nen y hpc hien dai
d Trung Qud'c •:• ; • Cac giae si truyen giao dao Tin Lanh tae ra mdt khdi IflPng ldn cac an ban
p h i m Kinh Thanh va eac loai saeh bao tdn giao, xua't ban gidi thieu cac tri thdc khoa hpc, xa hdi Phfldng Tay va sach giao khca trong trfldng hpc, ddng thdi cung gidi thieu vdi Phfldng Tay cac trflde tac cua cac tac gii Trung Qud'c, nghien cflu
va gidi thieu ve lich sd, van hda xa bdi Trung Qud'c Dieu nay da gdp p h i n quan trpng trong viee thuc day giao lflu van hda Ddng Tay
Viec xay dflng hang loat eae tda soan bao va xuat ban tin tflc cua Hdi Thanh Tin Lanh da gay dflng nen mdng cho sii phat trien eua sfl nghiep xuat b i n va tao ngudn hflng khdi cho sfl nghiep bao chi eua Trung Qude thdi can dai
Cac giae si truyen giao xay dflng rat nhieu cac cd sd tfl thien va ticb eiic boat ddng cflu trp n h a n dao, giup dd mdt bo phan ngfldi dan Trung Qud'c trdng tbdi ki chien tranh Dieu n i y gdp p h i n thdc day cdng viee tfl thien d Trung Qud'c
Dao Tin Lanh cflng gdp p h i n giim thieu nhflng te nan d Trung Qud'c nhfl hut thud'c phien, ud'ng rfldu, gai diem, cd bae, v.v tac ra nhflng anh hfldng tich cfle trong viec xay dflng nep sd'ng ca nhan./