chung khi phai doi mat vdi van de an ninh lien quan den nhieu nflde trong khu vflc. Hdn nfla, nguyen tac nay cung lam che cac nflde thanh vien ASEAN khd kiem[r]
Trang 1Nhurng thuan ldi va kho khan doi v6i qua trinh xay dung cong dong ASEAN
PHAN VAN RAN*
Tren cd sd nhflng thanh tflu dat
dfldc trdng lien ket, hdp tac ndi
khdi, tai Hdi nghi thfldng dinh lan thfl IX
dien ra d Bali (Inddnexia) nam 2002, lanh
dao cac nflde thanh vien ASEAN da ky
"Tuyen bd hda hdp ASEAN IF' (Tuyen bd
Bah II) khang dinh Cdng ddng ASEAN
dfldc xay dflng tren ba tru cot chinh la an
ninh (ASC), kinh te (ASCC), van hda - xa
hdi (AEC)
Cd the khang dinh rang viee cae nflde
ASEAN nhat tri cflng nhau xay dflng
"Cdng ddng ASEAN 2020" tren cd sd ba
tru cot neu tren va tiep theo dd la viee xay
dflng Hien ehfldng ASEAN dfldc cac nflde
thanh vien thdng qua cuoi nam 2008 la
mdt bflde dot pha tren eon dfldng hdp tac,
lien ket gifla cae nflde Ddng Nam A Chu
trfldng nay hoan toan phfl hdp vdi xu the
van ddng ciia the gidi hien nay va xuat
phat tfl nhu c i u hdp tac, lien ket cflng
phat trien cua tflng nflde thanh vien ndi
rieng, ciia toan khu vflc ndi chung Mat
khac, qua trinh xay dflng "Cdng ddng
ASEAN 2020 "dfldc the hien qua qua
trinh trien khai xay dflng tflng tru cot cua
nd vdi nhflng thuan ldi va khd khan, cu the nhfl sau:
- Doi vdi qua trinh xdy dUng ASC:
Qua trinh xay dflng ASC dang cd nhflng dieu kien thuan ldi:
Thii nhat, Trong bdi canh hda binh, dn
dinh, hdp tac va phat trien trd thanh xu the Idn trong ddi sd'ng qud'e te, cac nflde Ddng Nam A da nhanh chdng cii thien quan he vdi nhau, dfla den sfl md rpng ASEAN vdi sfl tham gia cua toan bd 10 nflde Ddng Nam A trong thap ky 90 Viee
10 nflde Ddng Nam A tfl nguyen tham gia vao mot td chflc khu vflc se tao dieu kien
de ban bac, trao ddi vdi nhau n h i m tim tieng ndi chung va phoi hdp hanh ddng, tao ra mdi trfldng hda binh, dn dinh chd phat trien d Ddng Nam A
Tha hai, ASC dfldc trien khai xay dflng
tren cd sd ke thfla nhflng ket qua hdp tac, hen ket an ninh - ehinh tri cfla ASEAN nhflng nam trflde dd Cd the ndi, trflde khi dfla ra chii trfldng xay dflng cdng ddng ASEAN, trong dd cd sang kien xay dflng
* TS Phan Van Ran, Vien Quan he Quoc te - Hoc vien CT-HCQG Ho Chi Minh
Trang 2Phan Vdn Rdn - Nhiing thuan lai, kho khdn ddi vdi qua trinh 47
ASC, cac nflde ASEAN da dat dfldc nhflng
ket qua an tfldng trong hdp tac an ninh
-chinh tri ASEAN da tao ra mdt kieu flng
xfl linh hoat trong quan he gifla cac nflde
thanh vien nhfl sfl tfl kiem che, tdn trpng
lan nhau, neu cao tinh t h i n trach nhiem,
tien hanh ddi thoai da phfldng thfldng
xuyen va dinh ki, ki ket cac van ban ed
tinh phap li de chi dao sfl hdp tac gifla cae
nflde thanh vien Che den nay, ASEAN da
va dang thfle hien cd hieu q u i hang loat
cac thda thuan nhjl': Khu vflc ASEAN hda
binh, tfl do va trung lap (ZOPFAN), Hiep
fldc than thien va hdp tac Ddng Nam A
(TAC), Tuyen be ve sfl hda hdp ASEAN
(ASEAN CONCORD), Diin dan an ninh
khu vflc ASEAN (ARE), Hiep fldc khu vflc
Ddng Nam A khdng cd vu khi hat nhan (
SEANWFZ), Tuyen bd've Quy t i c flng xfl
Bien Ddng (DOC) Cac van ban nay cung
nhfl sfl phdi hdp hanh ddng gifla cac nflde
ASEAN tren linh vflc an ninh - chinh tri
thdi gian qua dang tao ra nhflng dieu kien
thuan ldi de cac nflde ASEAN ke thfla
trdng viee xay dflng ASC - mot tru cot
quan trpng trong "Cdng ddng ASEAN"
ThU ba, Sfl gia tang nhu ciu' hdp tac,
lien ket treng linh vflc an ninh - chinh tri
cua mdi nflde thanh vien ASEAN Do cd vi
tri chie'n Iflde quan trpng, Ddng Nam A
ludn la dia ban tranh gianh anh hfldng
cua cac nflde Idn Them vac dd, nhieu vSi'n
de khac cung ndi len de dpa sfl dn dinh
cua khu vflc nhfl sfl bung len cac cudc
xung dot d khu vflc khac khien Ddng Nam
A dflng trflde nguy cd cd hieu flng lan
truyen; sfl tranh chap gifla Trung Qud'e va cac nflde Ddng Nam A ve chu quyen lanh thd, lanh hai, dac quyen kinh te Do dd, tang cfldng hdp tac, lien ket trong linh vflc
an ninh - ehinh tri, xay dflng ASC dfldc cac nflde xac dinh la mot trong nhflng nhan td' gdp p h i n bao ve dpc lap chfl quyen cua mdi nflde, gifl vflng hda binh,
dn dinh khu vflc
Ben canh nhflng thuan ldi neu tren, viee xay dflng ASC cung dang ddi mat vdi khdng it khd khan, thach thflc
ThU nhat, do nhieu nguyen nhan khac
nhau, gifla cae nflde trong khu vflc cdn tdn tai van de tranh chap bien gidi, lanh thd nh?: tranh chap Bien Ddng gifla Viet Nam, Philipin, Inddnexia, Malaixia va Thai Lan; tranh chap bien gidi gifla Campuehia va Thai Lan, gifla Malaixia va Thai Lan; tranh chap gifla Malaixia va Xinhgapo d Pulau Batu Butih Thfle trang nay se khien cho cac nflde ASEAN khd tim dfldc tieng ndi chung trong viee giai quye't cae van de lien quan den ldi ieh mdi nflde, tac ddng khdng nhd den tien trinh xay dflng ASC
ThU hai, mot trong nhflng nguyen tic
boat ddng cua ASEAN ndi chung, cua ASC nfli rieng la "khdng can thiep" Mat trai cua nguyen t i c nay la cac nflde thanh vien se gap khd khan de tim tieng ndi chung khi phai doi mat vdi van de an ninh lien quan den nhieu nflde trong khu vflc Hdn nfla, nguyen tac nay cung lam che cac nflde thanh vien ASEAN khd kiem soat dfldc sfle manh cua tflng thanh vien
Trang 348 Nghien ciiu Dong Nam A 7/2010
trong khi tinh trang dau tfl cho qude
phdng ed xu hfldng tang
Thii ba, muc dich ciia viee xay dflng
ASC khdng hfldng tdi lien minh quan sfl
hay khdi phdng thu chung song day la mot
van de nhay cam trong quan he vdi cac
nflde Idn, nhat la Trung Quoc - nflde dang
cd tranh chap ve lanh thd, lanh hai, dae
quyen kinh te vdi nhieu nflde ASEAN
Nhflng phan flng khac nhau tfl cae nflde
Idn chac chan se tac ddng khdng nhd den
qua trinh xay dflng ASC
- Dot vdi qua trinh xdy diXng AEC:
Hdp tac, lien ket kinh te ndi khdi
ASEAN, tien tdi thanh lap AEC la mdt
trong nhflng hfldng flu tien trong ehinh
sach cua mdi nflde thanh vien, ddng thdi
eflng la muc dich ma ASEAN xac d-nh
ngay tfl ngay thanh lap Chinh vi vay, viee
trien khai xay dflng AEC dang ed nhflng
thuan ldi nhat dinh:
ThU nhat, mdi trfldng qud'e te va khu
vflc thuan ldi: Thdi ky sau chien tranh
lanh, xu hfldng hdp tac, lien ket kinh te vi
sfl phat trien trd thanh xu the Idn va toan
ciu hoa, khu vflc hoa kinh te dang trd
thanh xu the khach quan ldi cud'n sfl tham
gia eiia h i u het cac nflde, la dieu kien
phat trien cua mdi nflde Day la dieu kien
khach quan thuan ldi de cac nflde ASEAN
thflc hien AEC nhfl da cam ket
ThU_ hai, Trong nhflng nam qua, cac
nflde ASEAN da day manh tim kiem
nhflng hinh thfle hdp tac, lien ket kinh te
mdi ed hieu qua hdn Cho den nay, cac
nflde ASEAN da va dang thflc hien dflng
Id trinh cac thoa thuan, cam ket ve hdp tac kinh te ndi khdi nhfl: AFTA tren ed sd sii dung CEPT lam cdng eu chinh; thoa thuan hoan ddi song phfldng (BSA) gifla cae nflde ASEAN vdi Trung Qud'e, Nhat Ban, Han Qudc; Hiep dinh khu vflc d i u tfl ASEAN (AIA) n h i m hinh thanh khu vflc
d i u tfl ASEAN tfl do Nhflng ket qua dat dfldc trong viee thfle hien nhflng cam ket, thoa thuan kinh te vfla neu la ed sd, la tien de quan trpng de ASEAN tie'n tdi xay dflng AEC vao nam 2015 nham bien ASEAN thanh mdt thi trfldng thd'ng nhat, trong dd cd sfl Iflu thdng tfl do cua hang hoa, dich vu, d i u tfl, lao ddng
ThU ba, sfl nd Iflc cua Chinh phu tflng
nflde thanh vien: Hdp tac, lien ket kinh te toan khu vflc la giai phap hflu hieu de tao dieu kien cho mdi nflde ASEAN khai thac
ed hieu qua ldi the cfla minh vi sfl phat trien cfla mdi nflde eflng nhfl sfl phdn vinh cua toan khu vflc Ddng Nam A Trong dieu kien cac nflde phat trien dang ldi dung flu the cfla minh de chi phdi qua trinh toan c i u hoa thi viee cac nflde ASEAN tang cfldng hdp tac kinh te de phat trien, tren cd sd dd ma nang cao the
va Iflc cua khu vflc trong hdi nhap kinh
te qud'e te Xuat phat tfl yeu c i u dd, cac nflde ASEAN trong nhflng nam qua da tap trung mpi nd liie dd ban hanh nhflng ehinh sach n h i m cii each mpi linh vflc cfla ddi sd'ng, tao dieu kien de thflc hien cac cam ket, thoa thuan hdp tac, hen ket kinh te ndi khdi Tuy cdn phai giii quyet hang loat cac van de hen quan den hdp tac
Trang 4Phan Vdn Rdn - Nhiing thuan lai, khd khdn ddi vdi qua trinh 49
lien k e t k i n h te A S E A N song nhflng nd
Iflc cua c h i n h p h u cua mdi nflde t r o n g thdi
gian qua se la ed sd q u a n trpng, tao dieu
kien t h u a n ldi chd viee thflc h i e n xay dflng
AEC theo Id t r i n h d a xac dinh
Tuy n h i e n , eflng vdi nhflng t h u a n ldi
neu t r e n , q u a t r i n h xay dflng AEC cflng
dflng trflde n h i e u k h d k h a n , t h a c h thflc:
Thii nhat, h e thd'ng t h e che hdp tac,
lien k e t h i e n ed cfla A S E A N cdn k e m hieu
qua Mac dfl cho d e n nay, cac t h a n h vien
ASEAN dd ky k e t n h i e u t h o a t h u a n , cam
ket de thflc day hdp tac, lien ket k i n h te
ndi khdi nhflng k e t q u a d a t dfldc nhfl chfla
mong ddi Dieu dd dfldc t h e hien qua trao
ddi thfldng m a i ndi khdi chiem ty trpng
k h a k h i e m td'n t r o n g tdng kim n g ach cfla
A S E A N : ' N a m 2005, k i m ngach budn b a n
gifla cae nflde A S E A N chi d a t 103,4 ty
USD trong k h i b u d n b a n gifla cae nflde
ASEAN chi vdi 4 ddi tac la My, N h a t Ban,
T r u n g Qud'e, H a n Qud'e la 232,7 ty U S D
N a m 2008, d i u tfl ndi khdi la 10,8 tfl
USD, chiem chi 18,2% tdng FDI cua k h u
vflc (59,7 ty USD)
ThU hai, t h i e u mdt " d i u t a u " cd tiem
Iflc k i n h te, khoa hpc - cdng nghe hflng
m a n h Sfl hdp tac, h e n k e t k i n h te ASEAN
t r e n ed sd b i n h dang, cflng cd ldi Muc dich
cua sfl hdp tac n a y la n h i m bd s u n g chd
n h a u cflng p h a t t r i e n Tuy nhien, trfl
Xinhgapo, cac nflde t h a n h vien eflng lai cd
n h u cau g i n gid'ng n h a u ve vd'n d a u tfl, ve
cdng n g h e t i e n tie'n Diem tfldng ddng nay
khien cho cac nflde A S E A N p h a i chfl trpng
md rpng q u a n h e k i n h te vdi cac ddi tac
ben ngoai hdn la ndi khdi Viee ASEAN da khdng the tfl m i n h hd trd n h a u vfldt qua nhflng khd k h a n t r d n g cudc k h u n g hoang tai ehinh n a m 1997 - 1998 eflng n h u trong cudc k h u n g h o a n g k i n h te - tai chinh t o a n c i u n a m 2008 la mdt vi du dien h i n h
Thii ba, m a t t r a i cua nguyen t i e ddng
thuan.- Cd t h e k h i n g dinh nguyen t i e ddng
t h u a n da ed vai trd q u a n trpng, la chat
"ket dinh" gifla cae nflde ASEAN tfl khi
t h a n h lap cho den nay Tuy nhien, trong bol c a n h hdi n h a p k i n h te sdi ddng nhfl hien nay, nguyen tac ddng t h u a n cflng hoc
Id nhflng b a n che cua nd Trong dieu kien ASEAN bao gdm nhflng nflde khdng ddng n h a t ve che dp xa hdi thi nguyen tac ddng
t h u a n khien cho ASEAN cham chap va khd quyet doan khi dfla r a nhflng quyet sach de thflc day hdp tac k i n h te ndi khdi Day cflng la khd k h a n ddi vdi ASEAN trong qua t r i n h xay dflng AEC
- Doi vdi qua trinh xay dUng ASCC:
Qua t r i n h xay dflng ASCC cd nhflng
t h u a n ldi n h a t dinh:
ThU nhat, cae nflde ASEAN cd n h i e u
diem tfldng ddng ve v a n hoa, cflng n h a n
m a n h muc tieu hdp t a e d e h i n h t h a n h ban sac va doan ket k h u vflc; gifla cac nflde ASEAN da t r a i qua mdt qua t r i n h hdp tac
cd hieu q u a t r e n linh vflc van hea- xa hdi vdi n h i e u h i n h thflc phong phfl, da d a n g nhfl hdp tac t r e n linh vflc van hoa, hdp tac giao due - dao tao, p h a t t r i e n ngudn n h a n Iflc, hdp tac khoa hpc - cdng nghe, hdp tac mdi trfldng, cam ket r u t n g a n k h e a n g
Trang 550 Nghien ciiu Ddng Nam A 7/2010
each p h a t t r i e n gifla cac nflde A S E A N
Thd hai, t a i Hdi n g h i C a p cao l i n thfl
14(2009), cac l a n h dao cua A S E A N da
t h d n g q u a T u y e n bd' Cha- a m H u a H i n ve
Id t r i n h xay dflng AC (2009- 2015) bao
gdm ke hoach t d n g t h e eiia A S C C Ke
hoach n a y xac d i n h ro 4 m u c t i e u m a
ASCC hfldng tdi nhi?: Tiep c a n b i n h d i n g
cac cd hdi; Cae quy p h a m ve cdng b i n g xa
hdi; B i o ve va q u a n ly n g u d n t a i n g u y e n
mdi trfldng n h i m d u y t r i sfl p h a t t r i e n
ben vflng; Sfl giao Iflu gifla cac cdng d a n
ASEAN t r o n g mdt cdng ddng cd y thflc ve
mdi lien h e g i n bd ve lich sfl, ve di s a n v a n
hda va dfldc g a n bd bdi b a n sac c h u n g v u a
k h u vflc D a y c h i n h la cd sd de xac d i n h
cac linh vflc c u n g nhfl phdi hdp cae h d a t
ddng cu t h e gifla cac nflde t h a n h vien
Tuy n h i e n , q u a t r i n h xay dflng ASCC
cung gap k h d n g it nhflng k h a k h # n , trd
ngai TrUdc het, sfl k h a c biet ve che dp
ehinh t r i va h e tfl tfldng gifla cac nflde
ASEAN la mot trd n g a i k h d n g de vfldt qua
Dieu n a y cd t h e t a o r a sfl p h a n efle c h i n h
tri hoac p h a i duy t r i t i n h t r a n g long leo
trong lien ket cac xa hdi ASEAN Thd hai,
sfl tdn tai n h i e u cap dp d a n chfl v a sfl q u a
da d a n g ve sac tde, d a n tde, tdn giao cflng
la trd n g a i Idn cho sfl lien k e t v a n hda- xa
hdi ASEAN Thd ba, t u y T u y e n b d C h a - a m
H u a H i n C h a - a m H u a H i n d a xac d i n h cae
h o a t ddng k h a cu t h e nhflng n h i n c h u n g
v i n cdn t h i e u cac cd che mdi de thfle hien
ngoai nhflng ed che hdp t a c d a cd trflde dd
Ngodi ra, viee x a y dflng ASCC cdn cd
nhflng khd k h a n k h a c nhfl p h a t t r i e n
n g u d n n h a n Iflc, giai q u y e t ddi ngheo, t h u
h e p k h o a n g each p h a t t r i e n gifla cac vung
m i e n t r o n g m d t nflde va gifla cac nflde
A S E A N , p h a t t r i e n k h o a hpc - cdng
n g h e D a y la nhflng v a n de Idn ddi hdi mdt Ifldng Idn tai c h i n h T r o n g k h i dd,
n g u d n Iflc tfl cd ciia cac nflde ASEAN la
r a t h a n che C h d n h vd v-y, n h i e u dfl An hdp t a c t r o n g l i n h vflc v a n h o a - xa hdi cua
A S E A N d e u cd sfl hdp t a c hd trd cua
n h i e u nflde p h a t t r i e n va td chflc qudc te Dieu dd cflng ed n g h i a , A S E A N trong nhflng trfldng h d p cu t h e m a t di t i n h chu ddng t r o n g hdp t a c t r i e n k h a i cac dfl An hdp tac, lien k e t t r o n g l i n h vflc v a n hoa
-xa hdi cflng nhfl d a m b a o t i n h h i e u qua cao cua sfl hdp t a c n a y C h i n h day cung la khd k h a n t r o n g viee x a y dflng cdng ddng
v a n hoa - xa hdi A S E A N - mdt t r u cot cua cdng ddng A S E A N m a T u y e n b o B a l i - I I da xac dinh./
T A I L I E U T H A M K H A O
1 Nguyin Hoang Giap - Nguyin Hflu
Cat-Nguyen Thi Que: Hdp tde lien ket ASEAN
hien nay vd sU tham gia cua Viet Nam
Nxb Ly luan chinh tri, H 2008
2 Cong dong ASEAN 2015 Tuan bao The gi6i
va Viet Nam so' 177- thang 4- 2010, tr 12
3 Phdi hdp hanh dong de hien thUc hda muc tieu ASEAN Bai phat bieu cua Thu tudng
Nguyin Tan Dung tai L i khai mac Hoi nghi Cap cao ASEAN 16 tai Ha Noi (4-2010) Tuan bao The gidi va Viet Nam sd 178- thang 4- 2010, tr 3 va 15