trien, cung khdng the giai quyet dupc nhieu ket qua Hdi nghi da khdng cd nhieu tien trien.. van de xuyen qudc gia va khdng bi gidi han so vdi Hdi nghi thuang dinh nam 2008..[r]
Trang 1NIIU>IG MAU THUAN KHONG THE YUOfT QUA
Cdfl HOI NGHI THCTQNG DINH G8
Ths Tran Thi Thu Ha
Hpc vien Ngoai giao
Hdi nghi ihirgng dinh G-8 da ket thiic lanh dgo cdc nuac tham dg da thong qua tuyen bd chung ve rdt nhieu vdn de lien quan dirge dira ra thao lugn Tuy nhien, khdng phai tdt cd cdc vdn de deu dirge nhdt tri hav it nhdt cd cimg quan diem, dgc biet Id nhirng bdt ddng khdng chi giira cdc nudc phdt trien vai cdc nen kinh le mdi noi md ngay cd giira cdc nudc thugc nhdm G-8 Bdi viet dirai day tap trung phdn tich nhirng mdu thudn trong nhieu vdn de mang tinh todn cdu cdn chira dirge giai quyet giira cdc nhdm nudc
1 Boi canh chung ciia Hoi nghj
Hdi nghi thuang dinh G-8 vdi su tham bdi bien gidi dia ly, vi du nhu d nhiem mdi gia ciia nguyen thu, cac nha lanh dao gan 40
qudc gia tren the gidi, 3.500 phdng vien bao
chi, 15.000 canh sat va quan dpi dupe su hd
trp cua may bay len thang, may bay trinh sat
khdng ngudi lai, nhieu thiet hi quan su khae
Chuong trinh nghi su cua Hdi nghj rat tham
vpng, bao gdm nhieu van de mang tinh toan
cau, tir ITnh vuc vu khi hat nhan cua Bac
Trieu Tien va Iran, chdng khung bd, xung
ddt d Afganistan den ITnh vuc tai chinh,
thuang mai the gidi, mdi trudng, giam ddi
ngheo d chau Phi Mac dii la Hdi nghi cua 8
nudc phat trien, nhung nhieu qudc gia khac
dupc mdi tham du, dieu dd chd thay sir thay
ddi ve each nhin cua cac nudc giau ddi vdi
cac nudc khac trona mdt the aidi toan cau
trudng, benh dich, tdi pham cd td chuc Mat khac, su Idn manh ciia cac nen kinh te mdi ndi nhu Brazil, An Dp, Trung Qudc, d mdt muc dp, pham vi nao dd, da thay ddi tuong quan chinh tri, kinh te ciia the gidi
2 Nhung van de cdn mau thuan
Cudc gap cap cad dupc chd la thanh edng tren nhieu ITnh vuc Tdng thdng My Obama eho rang da dat dupe su ddng thuan mang tinh lieh su ve ehinh sach mdi trudng, cdn Thu tudng Due Angela Merkel tuyen bd Hpi nghi da dat dupc su tien bp dang ke Tuy nhien, nhung quyet dinh dupc thdng qua trdng 3 ngay Hdi nghj da rat ma hd, khdng hda Hien nay, mpt nhdm nudc dii la phat mang tinh cam ket, rang budc va cd the ndi trien, cung khdng the giai quyet dupc nhieu ket qua Hdi nghi da khdng cd nhieu tien trien van de xuyen qudc gia va khdng bi gidi han so vdi Hdi nghi thuang dinh nam 2008
Trang 2NGHIEN CQU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°9 (108).2009
- Cdt gidm khi C02
Mpt trong van de phuc tap trong qua
trinh thao luan la mue dp cat giam khi C 0 2
Chii truong dat dupe su ddng thuan ve van
de giam khi thai da khdng thanh cdng do
thieu su nhat tri ciia cac nudc dang phat
trien, trong dd Trung Qudc, An Dp, Brazil
cho rang muc tieu ma cac nude phat trien
dua ra, trudc het la My, se tac ddng tieu cue
den su phat trien kinh te cua hp Muc tieu cat
giam 80%' khi thai C 0 2 vad nam 2050, thed
dai dien cua Canada dd ehi la mdng mudn,
edn Nga thi chd rang muc tieu nay cd the
khdng dat dupe Nd m a hd d chd la 80%
lupng khi C 0 2 cua nam quy chieu nao? Neu
lay nhirng nam cudi cua thap ky 90 thi muc
tieu 80% la qua khiem tdn bdi vi lupng C 0 2
tang len nhanh chdng chu yeu dien ra sau
thdi diem tren, nhung lai khdng dupc su
dung lam he quy chieu Phan tich mpt each
sau sac ed the ket luan rang eam ket tren cdn
thap hon muc tieu ma cac nudc EU dua ra
nam 2007 la cat giam 20% lupng khi thai
C 0 2 vao nam 2020 so vdi muc cua nam
1990, trong khi dd Due mudn eat giam nhieu
hon, tdi 40%" Mdt van de tiep theo cd tinh
quyet dinh nhung G-8 van cdn de ngd dd la
ngudn tai chinh nao can thiet de dat dupc
muc tieu cat giam ndi tren
Cd the ndi, cac nguyen thu qudc gia da
lang phi mdt ea hdi de cd the cat giam lupng
khi thai nham ngan chan sir ndng len cua trai dat Cac nudc G8 la My, Canada, Anh, Phap, Due, Italy, Nhat Ban va Nga cam ket cat giam 80%i lupng khi thai vao nam 2050, nhung da that bai trong viec thuyet phuc cac nudc dang phat trien nhu An Dp va Trung Qudc chia se cam ket ndi tren, mac dii hp cung la mpt trong nhung qudc gia thai nhieu khi C 0 2 vao khi quyen Nhdm cac nudc phat trien va dang phat trien chi thoa thuan dupc mdt ndi dung duy nhat la khdng de nhiet dp cua Trai dat tang ldn hon hai dp C so vdi thdi ky tien cdng nghiep hoa Nhung chi tang len hai dp C thdi, cung da gdp phan tan pha nen ndng nghiep, he sinh thai va lam tan ldp bang d Bac va Nam ban cau Thieu sir tien
bp dat dupc ve lupng khi thai la mpt that bai
cua Hdi nghi thuang dinh "Chinh sdch md cdc qudc qudc gia tuyen bd hodn todn chira
du chiing ta cdn phai hdnh dgng ldm viec tren ca sd ciia ket lugn khoa hgc, day Id vdn
de cdp bach ca ve dgo dire va chinh tri"'
That bai trong viec tim ra mdt tieng ndi chung lam ca sd de img phd va giai quy^t nhiing thach thuc ve mdi trudng da de doa su
nd lire cua tat ca cac qudc gia mong mudn
thdng qua mpt hiep udc mdi \h biln ddi khi
hau vao thang 12 tdi tai Copenhagen, Dan Mach, nham thay thd cho Nghi djnh thu Kyoto het hieu luc vao cudi nam 2009
G-8 Summit Declarations July 2009
EU Report on Environment 2007
Phat bieu cua Tong thu ky Lien hop quoc tai Hoi
nghi Thuong dinh G-8, 7/2009
Trang 3^Jdnliitf mdn thudn
Hp thdt bai trong viec dua ra nhung
bien phap nham dat dupc nhiing muc tieu
neu tren va viing khdng the khai thdng trd
ngai vdn tdn tai tu trudc do la each thirc giiip
cac nudc ngheo khae phuc nhung thach thiie
cua bien ddi khi hau
Chuong trinh Idm gidu hat nhdn ciia
Iran vd ten Ida cua Bde Trieu Tien
Thue ra, day khdng phai la van de mdi,
du luan trdng dpi mpt hanh dpng manh va
kien quyet, cung ran hon ve van de neu tren,
song dieu do da khdng xay ra Tuy nhien,
giua cae nudc G-8 cd nhung mau thuan sau
sac, chua ke den lap trudng ciia eac nen kinh
te mdi ndi lam cha y dinh ap dat nhirng bien
phap cimg ran ciia My da giam di rat nhieu
Dd vay, trdng tuyen bd chung, cac nudc chi
bay td sir Id ngai sau sac ve tinh hinh bad lire
sau bau cu vira qua, ddng thdi nhan manh
den viec tim kiem bien phap hda binh nham
khai thdng be tac ddi vdi chuong trinh hat
nhan ciia Iran Trong khi dd, tuyen bd ciing
da khang dinh quyen ciia Iran ddi vdi
chudng trinh hat nhan trdng ITnh vuc dan su,
vi muc dich hda binh , mpt nguyen vpng
chinh dang khdng chi ddi vdi Iran trudc dd
hi eac nude phuong Tay tu chdi Su thua
nhan nay la mdt su chuyen bien trong quan
he cua My va chau Au trong van de hat nhan
Iran
Xet cho ciing, tuyen bd ciia Hdi nghi ve
van de Iran ciing khdng dua ra nhirng bien
•" G-H Summit Declaration on Political Issues, 2009
phap ran de cung ran nhu trirng phat kinh te chang han, ma chi cd the dimg d muc dp yeu eau nhung mem ded Cac nudc G-8 thuc chat cung khd cd the dua ra nhung bien phap trung phat Hp khdng the lam dupc vi hai ly
do: Thir nhdt, dd la su khac biet ve quan
diem giua Nga, EU va My xung quanh chuang trinh lam giau Uranium cua Iran
Thir hai, cac bien phap, neu nhu tat ca cac
nudc nhat tri, ma dieu do da khdng xay ra, duac dua ra cung chi mang tinh chat khuyen nghi, vi G-8 khdng phai la mot td chirc, nd chi la mdt dien dan va dd vay cac qudc gia
cd thuc hien cac bien phap trimg phat hay khdng tuy thupc vad Ipi ich ciia hp Chinh vi
ly do dd, cac nguyen thu qudc gia G-8 cung chi nhac lai chuang trinh hat nhan cua Iran
va trdng dpi vao ket qua thao luan tai dien dan Lien hpp qudc thang 9 tdi
Lien quan den Bac Trieu Tien, G-8 da len an manh me viec thu vu khi hat nhan, coi
dd la sir vi pham trang trpn nghi quyet cua Lien hop qudc Muc dp chi trich nhu tren ciia cae nudc dac biet la cac nudc P5 (Thanh vien Thudng true Hdi ddng Bad an Lien hop qudc), thuc ra ciing chi la nhac lai npi dung Nghi quyet 1874 ciia Hdi ddng Bao an Lien hpp qudc da thdng qua sau khi Bac Trieu Tien ban ten lua dan dao Neu chi liet ke nhung ndi dung trong Tuyen bd Chung cua Hdi nghi Thupng dinh G-8 thi dudng nhu cae cac nudc G-8 cd mdt lap trudng thdng nhat, mdt su ddng thuan, nhung sir that khdng phai nhu vay Mau thuan chu yeu la
Trang 410 NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°9 (108).2009
sir khac nhau ve quan diem ciia mdt ben la
Trung Qudc, Nga chu truong can binh tTnh,
kiem che va ben kia la My, Anh, Phap, Due,
Nhat Ban, Han Qudc mudn cd nhung bien
phap trirng phat cung ran hon Vdi su khac
biet nhu tren, Hdi ddng Bao an Lien hpp
qudc, chinh xac han la P5 da thdng qua Nghi
quyet 1874 ngay 12/6/2009 vdi ndi dung cho
phep kiem tra cac tau eua Bac Trieu Tien neu
cd du chimg cd la cac tau dd chuyen trd eac
loai cdng nghe hat nhan hoac cd kha nang
san xuat ten lua Nghi quyet nay la su thoa
hiep, dung hoa giira cac ben, nd ap dung cac
bien phap cimg ran han so vdi Nghi quyet
1718 nam 2006 cua Hdi ddng Bao an, nhung
chua phan anh mong mudn cua My va eac
nudc phuong Tay dung nhu tuyen bd cua
mdt ciru quan chuc ngoai giao My: "Cdc
bien phdp cua Nghi quyet 1874 vdn cdn
khiem tdn "\ Trung Qudc ung hd Nghi quyet
tren nhung cho rang: "Ly do de kiem tra cdc
tdu cua Bac Trieu Tien cdn dam bdo tinh
chinh xdc, hgp ly vd trong bdt cir hodn cdnh
ndo ciing khong duoc phep su dung sire
mgnh qudn su, hoac de dog sir dung vit
luc "^ Do vay, muc dp chi trich cua G-8
khdng the xa hon so vdi Nghi quyet cua P5
Khiing hodng tdi chinh
Lanh dao cac nudc G-8 mdi chi phat
hien ra mpt sd "nhung dau hieu dn dinh" bao
gdm viec hdi phuc cua thi trudng chirng
' Phat bieu cua John R Bolton, nguyen Dai sir My tai
Lien hcrp quoc Whasington Post, 11 June, 2009
^Scurity Council Resolution 1874, 12 June 2009
khoan, tuy nhien nii ro tuong ddi nghiem trpng van dang tdn tai, de doa su dn dinh ciia
nijn kinh xk va tai chinh the gidi Va cting
cdn qua it sir ddng thuan ve chien lupc ra khdi khung hoang, cac nudc cdn dang chia re
\k thdi gian dua ra mpt "Chien lupc thoat
khoi khung hoang" va chuyen trpng tam tir nhung bien phap kich thich phat trien kinh
te Mac dii thua nhan su nguy hiem va mdi
de doa ciia khung hoang ddi vdi kinh te the gidi, nhung ban than G-8 dang bi chia re bdi bien phap img phd
Anh va My cho rang can tiep tue bam tien vao cac ngan hang, cac cdng ty ldn de qua dd vuc day nen kinh te, trong khi dd cac
nudc chau Au khac, dimg dau la Due, phan
ddi cac bien phap ndi tren, lap luan rang nhu vay se lam gia tang tham hut ngan sach qudc gia va day la mdi hiem hoa cua lam phat Nen kinh te Diic phu thudc vao xuat khau,
do vay, neu tham hut ngan sach cua My ngay cang ldn se lam giam gia ddng ddla, hau qua
se lam giam sue canh tranh cua hang haa san xuat tai Dire, dieu dd ddng nghTa vdi giam xuat khau, tang ty le that nghiep, hau qua cudi cung la tdc dp tang trudng GDP giam Ngoai ra lanh dao G-8 cdn khdng thdng nhat dupc mdt chinh sach phdi hop trong viec giai quyet khung hoang, dieu lam dupc duy nhat
dd la thuc giuc cac chinh phu cdng tac, phdi hpp vdi nhau trong qua trinh theo dudi Ipi ich qudc gia Ngay trong Thdng cao Chung
hp cung thira nhan la thieu sir thdng nhat ve
"Chien lupc thoat ra khdi khung hoang"
Trang 5'^Jtliniitf mdn tlinnit 11
Trung Qucic vdi chinh sach kich thich
cung bao ham dicu khoan "mua hang ndi
dia", cac qudc gia cung thdng qua cac bien
phap tuong tu Lo ngai ve bien ddng cua gia
dau, Anh va Phap de nghi can cd bien phap
dieu tiet thi trudng nang lupng, nham giam
su bien ddng cua gia ca, nhung da bi Nga va
Canada phan ddi Hp cho rang, khdng the
dieu tiet thi trudng bang bien phap hanh
chinh
Khi lanh dao cac qudc gia da khdng
nhat tri duac nhieu van de co ban thi mdt
nhdm cac qudc gia khac dang thach thuc My
trong chinh sach kinh te va cac van de qudc
te Cd van cua chinh phu Trung Qudc Dai
Bingguo da chi trich vai trd ciia ddng ddla
My vdi vai trd du trii' qudc te: "Chimg ta cdn
cd mgt sir ddm hao ve mgt he thdng du trir
ngoai te vd nhirng nguyen tac dieu tiet de
chimg ta cd the duy tri dn dinh ty gid trao
ddi giira cdc ddng tien vd da dgng hod he
thdng du tru tien te "^ Khdng chi cd Trung
Qudc ma ca An Dp, Brazil va Nga cting
khdng mudn qua phu thude vao ddng ddla
My Trong tuyen bd ciia 4 qudc gia tren
trdng cudc gap tai Yakatenburg (Nga) neu
ro: "Rdt cdn thiet mgt he thdng lien te qudc
te dn dinh, cd the dir dodn vd da dgng"
Ciing vdi thdi gian nhung ddng tien nay se
Stefan Steinberg China, France Russia challenge
supremacy of US dollar Published by the
International Committee of Fouth International
(ICFI), 11 July 2009
" Bao Dpc lap ngay 16/6/2009 (trich dan theo Tin
nong 24/7)
cd nhthng dac diem va vai trd ciia ddng tien qudc te Quan diem ve mpt he thdng tai ehinh qudc te cung dupc Tdng thdng Phap chia se, khi dng phat bieu tai cudc hpp bao ngay 9/7/2009 rang he thdng tai chinh hien nay dua tren sire manh ciia ddng ddla My da Idi thdi Ro rang, giira cac nudc phat trien dang tdn tai nhieu van de khdng the giai quyet mdt each de dang trong thdi gian ngan
Thuffng mai qudc te
Thuong mai qudc te la nhan td ca ban ddi vdi su tang trucVng kinh te eiia mdi qudc
gia Thuong mai phat trien se tao dieu kien
cho cac nudc cd them ca hdi trao ddi hang hoa, qua dd thuc day san xuat d trang nudc Thuang mai phat trien taa viec lam bdi vi se
ed nhieu san pham dupc ban ra ben ngaai bien gidi qudc gia, tang cudng sire canh tranh ciia nen kinh te thdng qua viec thu hut ngudn lire vao nhirng ITnh vuc ma mdi qudc gia cd Ipi the sd sanh Han che thuang mai
cd nghTa la ap dung cac bien phap baa hd mau dich, nhu vay se tac ddng true tiep den ngudi tieu diing, lam eho hp da ngheo cang trd len ngheo hon do hang hoa trd len dat dd
va khdng cd nhieu su lira chpn Mdi qudc gia
cd the vupt qua nghed ddi, thdng qua viec tang cudng san xuat chd xuat khau va md cua thi trudng trdng nudc chd hang hda cua
ben ngdai ' Xu hudng nay dupc chirng minh
qua thuc te cudi nhirng nam 80 ciia the ky
' Remarks by former President of Mexico Ernesto Zedillo at the plenary session of the World Economic Forum, Davos, Switzerland, January 28, 2000
Trang 612 NGHIEN CCfU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°9 (108).2009
XX, nhieu nudc dang phat trien bat dau rd
bd cac rao can ddi vdi thuong mai va do vay
kinh te da phat trien vdi tdc dp nhanh chdng
Gia tri thuong mai va hang hoa trong ca cau
tang trudng GDP tang tir 42,1% nam 1980
len 63% nam 2007'°, ndi mdt each khac, gia
tri GDP cua the gidi cir tang them dupc 100
ddla My, trong dd 63 ddla la do thuong mai
qudc te mang lai Su tang trudng cua nen
kinh te mdi qudc gia va cua toan bd the gidi
khdng the cd dupc neu thieu vang vai trd cua
thuang mai
Tuy nhien, do tac dpng ciia khung
hoang ddi vdi nen kinh te, Chinh phu My
thdng qua cai gpi la "Mua hang My - Buy
Amercans" theo dd chi cd sat thep va mpt sd
hang hoa khac do cac nha san xuat trong
nudc mdi dupc sir dung trong cae du an ve
xay dung ket cau ha tang Mat khac, vdi gdi
ciru trp len tdi gan hai ngan ty USD, lam cho
ngan sach cua My bi tham hut, hau qua la
ngudn vdn tu nhan tren thi trudng tai chinh
the gidi se chay ve My, anh hudng den dau
tu va san xuat tai cac khu vuc khac, trudc het
la chau Au Quyet dinh tren dudng nhu lam
cac qudc gia lo ngai va cho rang My da quay
lai chii nghTa bao hp mau dich khac Lo ngai
ve cac bien phap han che thuong mai la hoan
toan cd the hieu dupe, bdi vi nen kinh te
Trung Qudc, Brazil, Nga phu thudc rk ldn
vao thi trudng ben ngoai, dac biet la thi
trudng My ddi vdi cac hang hoa ciia Trung Qudc
Cac nudc G8 cung 6 nen kinh te mdi ndi
la Nga, Trung Qudc, An Dp, Brasil, Nam Phi dat dupc nhat tri ve chdng lai cac bien phap bao hd mau dich nham lam giam nhirng tac ddng tieu cue cua khiing hoang tai chinh Nhdm 14 nudc" (G-14) cam ket tim kiem nhung bien phap tdng the nham sdm ket thuc vdng dam phan Doha vao nam 2010 Tuy nhien trd ngai chinh van la mau thuan co ban giiia EU va My xung quanh van de trp cap ndng san ma trong Hdi nghi thupng dinh lan nay chua thay mdt dau hieu nao tir ca hai phia ve bien phap cat giam cac khoan trp cap anh hudng den thuang mai the gidi va Vdng dam phan Doha
An ninh luffng thuc
Cac nudc cam ket trp giup cho cac
nudc ngheo 20 ty USD nham thuc dky san
xuat, nhu vay chuong trinh tai trp se chuyen hudng tir vien trp luong thue sang giiip dd cac nudc san xuat tu chu ve luong thuc Day
la mdt hudng di dung de dam bao an ninh luong thuc cho hang ty ngudi Rieng My eam ket 3,5 ty eho chuang trinh ndi tren, cd the thay day la mdt budc chuydn trong chinh sach ddi ngoai cua My ndi chung tu khi dng
Obama lam tdng thdng diu nam 2008:
"Chiing tdi tin tudng rang tgo ra nhitng dieu
' Globalization Overview 8/2 May, 2009
Nhom 14 nuoc (G14) gom: Anh, Canada, Dire, Italia, My, Nga, Nhat Ban, Phap (G-8), An Dp, Brazil, Mehico, Nam Phi, Trung Quoc (G-5) va Ai Cap
Trang 7^yHtnini innn thntiit 13
kien de trong mdt thid gian khdng Idu nira
giiip cho ngudi ddn tu chii ve luong thuc,
dam bdo cugc sdng, ndng cao mirc sdng ciia
hg"''
Hien nay cd khdang I ty ngudi hi ddi,
do vay 20 ty ddla la mdt sd tien khdng nhd,
tuy nhien, vdi sd tien tren chi de giup ngudi
ngheo khdng bi chet ddi, chir khdng dii de
giam ngheo Dieu quan trpng hon la ngudn
tai chinh nay la khdan tien mdi hay chi la
giai ngan cac khaan tien da cam ket Van de
nay dupc dua ra bdi vi nam 2005 tai
Gleneagles, Scotland, G-8 da cam ket hd trp
khdng it hon 50 ty USD cha cac nudc cham
phat trien vao 2010, nhung thuc te den nay
chi thuc hien dupe khoang 30%'^ sd tien
cam ket ndi tren
Ve ket qua cua cudc gap Thupng dinh,
td chuc Action Aid cho diem 5/10 ve van de
an ninh luong thuc, 1/10 ddi vdi thay ddi khi
hau va O/IO''' ddi vdi van de thuong mai toan
cau, vi tai hpi nghi nay cac nudc van chi cam
ket chdng lai chinh sach bao hp mau dich va
khdi ddng lai de ket thiic Vdng dam phan
Doha vao nam tdi va cung chua dua ra dupc
sang kien gi mdi, dieu dd cd nghTa la khdng
cd tien bd so vdi Hpi nghi Thuang dinh lan
trudc Cach danh gia va cho diem ndi tren mac dii dua tren co sd dinh tinh, nhung thuc
te nhimg den bd dat dupc cdn qua khiem tdn
vi day la Hpi nghi cac nudc dimg dau the gidi ca ve kinh te va chinh tri
3 Ket luan
Mac dii nhung quyet dinh va cam ket trong Hdi nghi thupng dinh khdng mang tinh chat rang budc ve phap ly ddi vdi cac nudc tham gia, vi thuc chat nd chi la dien dan de thad luan nhung van de mang tinh tdan cau
cd anh hudng den tat ca cac qudc gia tren the gidi ma khdng cd ngdai le Nhiing van de dua ra tai Hdi nghi lan nay la het sire cap thiet trdng bdi canh ciia khiing hdang kinh te tac ddng den tai chinh, thuong mai, dau tu, viee lam Nhiing khd khan va thach thirc nay ddi hdi can phai cd su hpp tac phdi hop d cap dp tdan cau mdi ed the khac phuc dupc nham tad dieu kien thuan Ipi cho tat ca cac nudc phat trien kinh te Tuy nhien, Ipi ich qudc gia van la nhiing rao can chinh trong cac cudc dam phan, thoa thuan da phuong trong khudn khd G-8 lam cho nhieu van de can dupc giai quyet vi Ipi ich chung nhung khdng dupc thdng qua
'• Speech of the US Preisdent at Conference, L'aquila
6 July 2009
'^ Report of the Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development - OECD, 2008
'•• Charity Action Aid Report July 2009, tr.5