ddng vat phong pbii, bang ngdy deu cd bang tram ngudi ldi tham quan, tha didu, di khinh khi cdu bav qua niii cao thi dua ciing nhtrng cdnh chim ngcpp irdi.[r]
Trang 1NHCNG DI SAN VAN HOA
VA THIEN NHIEN NOI TIENG CUA ETHIPIA
Cdng hda Ddn chii Lien bang
Ethiopia la mdt qudc gia nam d
Ddng Phi phia bac gidp vdi
Eritrea, phia ddng bac gidp Djibouti, phia
ddng gidp Somalia, phia lay gidp Sudan vd
phia nam gidp Kenya Ethiopia cd dien lich
1.127 nghin k \ dan sd ban 60 trieu ngirdi
ihudc 200 sac tdc ndi 83 Ihir lieng thu dd la
Addis Ababa Day da timg Id viing ddt cua
vua chiia vd lir xua da ndi lieng vdi nhung
vudn cay xanh luai ciing cac lau ddi nhd thd
trdng le
Theo tieng H>' Lap Ethiopia cd nghTa Id
khudn mat bdng chay do phdn Icm lanh thd
nudc nay Id sa mac Cbinb tren sa mac
Danakil - mdl dai sa mac Icm nhdt Ethiopia
cdch thi Iran Lalibela linh Wollo 200 km
ngudi la da phat bien dugc b(5 xuang ngudi
Boza ciing Id bd xuang ngudi hda thach dau
lien ciia the gidi cho Ihay Ethiopia chinh Id
mdt cdi ndi cua lodi ngudi cdch ddy 5.15
trieu nam
Ngudi Ethiopia rdt tu bdo Id ddn tdc cd
nhirng sy tich quan Irgng ciia ibe gidi Mdt
vi du theo kinh thdnh, Chiia da xay dung khu
vudn Dia dang Eden nam dau dd gan con sdng Ghion tire Id sdng Nile Xanh cua Ethiopia bay gid Eloac nbu theo kinb Cyu
Cfoc nir hoang Sbeba cila Ethiopia da timg
lap nen mdl tuyen dudng 1cm ndi nudc nay vdi thdnh dja Jerusalem, vd bang doan lac da chd gia vi vdng bac den Jerusalem bieu lang dire vua Salomon Nhd van Ba Tu the ky thir
111 da ghi lai: tren mdnh dat nay la Ethiopia,
ed mdt de che cue ky biing manh dd la Abyssinia - nicDt trong bdn vuong qudc cd dai Idn nhat the gidi gdm Ba Tu, Abyssinia,
La Ma vd Trung Qudc Abyssinia ciing la nhd nudc Idu ddi nhdl d chau Phi can Xahara De che ndy ndi tidng vd lua Id, gdm vdc, hd lieu, tram huang vd nbimg dieu miia bung hdp dan Nhidu chuyen kd rdng, gido boang Alexandre 111 da timg vidt thu trd chuyen vdi dire vua xu Abyssinia la Prestor John; birc thu nay sau dd gdn 250 nam da dugc ngudi Bd Ddo Nha tim thdy kbi hg tcVi
du Ijcb tai Ethiopia Nam 615 phu nhan gido chii Hdi gido Mohammed da ddn chai va nghi ngai d Ethiopia Ngudi Ethiopia cdn lin rang chiec hdm dung Phdp dien ciia ngudi Do thdi xua ma hodng tir Moses Ai
Tgp chi nghien cdu CH AC Pill A TIllAG HO^G so 07 (47) thang 7/2009
Trang 2Cap lam de chira 10 dieu ran cua Chiia cung
dang dugc cat giii tai mdt nhd ihd bi dn a tbi
tran Aksum phia bac ddt nudc vd do nhung
ngudi bd phdp trdng coi
Hien nay Ethiopia la cao nguyen dd 1cm
nhdl chau luc Tir cao nguyen ndy ede ddng
sdng tudn chay xudng phia dudi vd Id ngudn
sdng cua nhieu qudc gia lan can bao gdm Ai
Cap Kenya vd Sudan Dae biet hd Tana Id
khai tbiiy cua con sdng Nile Xanh himg vT lu
ngdn xua da Id nai dien ra cdc bdn tinh ca
ljch su d ede vuong trieu ven sdng
Vi truyen thdng ljch sir vi phong canh
thien nhien diem le vd nhieu dieu k}' thu
hang nam ed rat nhieu du khdch den
Ethiopia Cira ngd budc vao huyen thoai
Ethiopia la thj Iran Lalibela nam phia bac ddt
nudc, tren do cao 2.500m so vdi mat bien
each thil dd Addis Ababa 640km Ddy Id mdt
trung lam ton gido lin ngirdng linh thieng
nhat nudc ndy, cd gdn 15 nghin ddn, chii veu
Iheo dao Co ddc cbinb thdng Thi Iran dugc
the gidi biet ldi Ian ddu lien bdi cdi ten la
Roha vao the ky XIl-XIlI dudi thai vua ddng
thdi la thdnh Gebre Mesqel Lalibela, iiicit
hoang de eudi eiing cua trieu dai Zagwe cai
Irj mien bac Ethiopia sudi 200 nam Chu) en
ke rang, kbi dire vua sinh ra, ed mdl bdv ong
tir dau keo tdi bao quanh dng, ngudi dan cho
rang dd Id diem bdo dng sau nay se tro thanh
vua cua Ethiopia Kbi len ngdi vd sau lan
Iham vieng thdnh phd Jerusalem (nav thudc
dat nucVc Israel), ncTi dugc menh danh Id
nianh ddt thdnh cua ngudi Hdi gido, dire \ ua
da quyet djnb xav- dung Roha tra thdnh mdt
Jerusalem thir hai, dng cting dat ten eho
nhieu lau dai cone trinh, cau cdng iheo
nhirng cdi ten trong kinh thanh \a a Jerusalem Mdt edng trinh dd so ma diic \ ua cho xdv- dung cdn ton lai den na\ Id quan the nhd thd dao Co ddc bang dd do \ a Id long hda eua nhieu trucmg phdi bdv gid Roha \d sau ndv la Lalibela da tra thdnh thu dd eua Ethiopia sudi hai the kv \d nav la mgt diem
du lich van hda ddng kbdeb nhat ca nuci-c
0 Lalibela, trdi nhieu nang do dd mgi ngudi thucmg phai mang theo d che nang Ngudi dan an v-dn rat dc;p, trang phuc cd iruv-en la khan quan, khan ddng \ a khan che mat Nhieu ngudi sdng bang nghe hudn ban hang hod Ndi bill la tram hu'crng - chat nhua cua mgt loai gd quy hoiic nhu rircni lej mgt loai nudc giai khdt lam tir niiit ong \a nircic hoa qua dimg trong nhung cai binh nho biing biin khd Ke dd la rau cjua re cu thao du'cTc lav- tir tren rirng
1-Thiopia cd den 8 khu di san the gicVi trong do duoc _\eu ihieh nhat la 6 khu di san xan hda \a thien nhien sau dii\:
1 7 J nhd thd hdng dd khdi dirdi trieu vua
Lalibela (1167 - 120^) a Lalibela duac
L'NESCO cdng nhan la di san the giiri niim
1978 Vdo nam 1187 dire vua Lalibela quvet dinh kien thiet thu dd thanh mdt thdnh phd gidng het Jerusalem vd cho xav dung tai ddv
13 nha thd bang da, kien true kieu W Cap
vdi cdt keo Hv- Lap, cua sd Arab, cae dieu khae hinh chir van vd ngdi sao David Cac cdng trinh can tdi 4.000 thg \-a phai lam lir thdi vua Lalibela den bet 100 nam Chiing deu nam dudi long ddt, phia tren la rirng keo: nhieu gido dudng dugc deo ggi tir da niii luii
cd nbtmg bdng cdt mdu do \ a thdng iiluiu bang nhirng hdnh lang ddi rgng
Tgp chi nghien ciru C 11 i l PHI A 1 Kl \ G n(t\ti so 07 (47) thang 7/2009
Trang 3Quan the nhd thd dd gdm bdn nhdm:
Nhdm phia bac cd nha thd Chiia cim the
Bete Medbane Alem, la lrung lam cua dao
Ca ddc Lalibela cung la nhd thd Icm nbal irdi
ddt cdng trinh dugc dyng tren 36 iru dd md
phdng theo sd lugng nhirng tin dd dau lien di
theo Chua; nhd thd Bele Maryam la cdng
trinh cd nhat the gidi: nha thd Bele Golgotha
la noi dat lang md vua Lalibela va nha thd
Selassie dat lang md Adam Nhdm phia ldy
gdm nhd Ihd Bete Giyorgis, cdn ggi Id nha
thd thanh George vd Id nhd thd cdn bao ldn
nguyen ven Nhdm phia ddng cd nhd thd
Bete Amanuel xua la nha ihd hodng gia; nhd
thd Bele Merkorios khd nang trudc do Id mdt
trai lii; nhd thd Bete Abba Libanos vd Bele
Gabriel-Rufael la cdc cung dien lien ke mdt
Id nudng bdnh Cudi ciing Id tu vien Asbetan
Maryam vd nha thd Yimrebane Krisios cd
the da dugc xay dung vao the ky XI theo
kieu Aksumite vd trong ddng Ngudi chdu
Au ddu lien chiem ngudng nai ndy Id nhd
ibdm hiem Bd Ddo Nha Pero de Covilba
(1460-1526) vd nha Iruyen gido ddng thdi
eung Id dai sir Bd Ddo Nha Erancisco
Alvares (1465-1540) Han 800 nam qua, nai
ddy Id noi nhdn ddn cdu nguyen bang ngdy
Trong giao dudng ludn thap nen sang, linh
muc quan khan xep, that lung in binh boa;
cdc tin dd chdn Iran, do trang dai vang bdng
ngdy lung niem trong khdi huong ma bd
trdm mac
2 Qudn thi Idu ddi Easil Ghebbi tgi tinh
Gander tdy bdc Ethiopia, cdch Ihii dd Addis
Ababa 760 km dugc UNESCO cdng nhan la
di sdn thd gidi nam 1979 Day Id mdt thdnh
phd - pbdo dai bao bgc cdc cung dien va nhd
ihd vdi mdl birc ludng tbanb ddi khodng
900m vd Id nai thiet trieu, nai a cua dire vua
Easiladas vd ngudi ke vj trong the kv XVll -XVIIL Do da chdn kieu ddi dd lien tue eua lien hodng, nam 1636 boang de Easiladas da quyel djnh chgn Gonder Id thu dd bdnh chinh Nam 1650 dng da cho xdy dung mdt Idu ddi khdng Id md nay ggi Id Idu ddi Easiladas hda iron nhieu phong each kien iriic nhu Hindu An Do, Nubia, Arap, Baroque Bd Ddo Nha vira buyen bi vira hien dai, trong dd cd nhiing Ida thdp cao nhung
Id chdu mai rdng de nhtrng khau than cdng
vd cd ld'i 12 cdng Tiep luc sau dd Id 7 nhd thd vd 7 cdy cau Cdc vi vua sau ndy lan lugt xdy dung them 5 lau ddi cung dien ciing hang ehuc nhd thd vd lu vien 1cm nhd khdc Tat ca deu dugc xdy bang da vdi Iron vdi ldng irimg Tuy khdng cd may dieu hda nhiet
do song nhd quanh nam md cira sd vd lai nam dudi bdng bach dan nen ludn mat dju,
3 Thdnh phd cd Aksum tinh Tigray cue bdc Ethiopia, sdt bien gidi phia bac nudc nay
vdi cdnh ddng bia (ddi luang niem) bdng da dugc UNESCO cdng nhan Id di sdn ihd gidi nam 1980 Aksum vdn la mdt vuang qudc cue thinh ddi trgng giua de chd La Ma phuang Ddng vd Ba Tu Day dugc lin Id nai sinh nir boang Sbeba vd cat gitr hdm Phdp dien cua hodng tir Moses Ai Cap nhidu the
ky trudc Cdng nguyen, va ngay tir thd kv thir nhat da Id trung tam budn bdn vdng bac va ngd voi cua chdu Phi vugt bien Hdng Hai tdi
La Ma Vdo thd ky IV hodng dd Ezana cua Aksum da cbinb phuc thung liing sdng Nile, trj vi cd chau A lan chdu Phi One da cho xdy dung nhieu cdng trinh v T diii ddn nav \ an
cd ve dep ddc dao bao gdm nhtrng laim md
Tgp ehi nghien euu CHAI PHI A TIllAG f)6>G so 07 (47) thang 7/2009
Trang 4va dai tudng niem (la nhting tam bia ICTU dat
trudc lang md) Ke luc dng cdc vj vua da
xay dung dugc nhtrng cdnh ddng bia dd gdm
176 tam bia Idn quay mat ve hudng nam cao
gan 25ni ndng 16 tan (ldm bia 1cm nhdl cao
32.9m nang 517 tdn) chdp dinh trdn tren
mat trudc vd sau vd canh cd khae nam qua
cdu dinh dTa ddng vd nhirng ddng chu dugc
lin la nhung bdi tbanb kinh ciia dao Ca ddc
budi ddu du nhdp Elhiophia dudi thai vua
.•\ksum cdch ddy khoang 1.600 nam Cac
khai qua! d Aksum bal dau lir nam 1906 do
lien sT Enno Littman thyc bien Sau dd den
ihap nien 80, vien nghien ciru Ddng Phi eua
Anh cting bat dau khai qudt nc7i ndy Ve cdnh
dong bia dd ed ba phdn: ddng bia a phia bac
la nai cd lam bia ldn nbal ddng bia lrung
lam vd ddng bia Gudit c7 phia tdv lay ten
mpt hodng hau cd dai vdi cbu y(}u la cac ngdi
mg the ky thir IV Ve cdc cdng trinh van hda
khae cd nhd thd Dire me Marv- of Zion xdv
dung nam 1665 dugc lin diing cat giir hdm
Phap dien cdc bao ldng khao ed \-d ddn tgc
Hon dd Ezana tren cd viet chir Sabaean Ge
ez va Hy Lap cd dai vdi y ngliTa lucmg tu
nhu hdn dd Rosetta lang md v ua Bazen nhd
tam cua nir hodng Sbeba cung dien Taakha
xay dyng thd ky IV vd eung dien Dungur ihe
k\ VI lu vien Abba Penlalewon \ a Abba
Liqanos ciing nhirng birc iranh da Lioness
Gobedra
4 Cdng vien qudc gia Thung limg song
Awash, tmh Shewa ddng Elhiopia edeh ibu
dci Addis Ababa 200 km dugc UNESCO
cong nhdn Id di siin the gidi nam 1980
Ngoai phong canh thien nhien luvet dep
nhieu thde nudc sdng sudi ddi 100 km ddng
ihirc Viit phong pbii trong hem 30 nam qua tai
dav da pbdl hien dugc nhieu cd \al cua ngudi lien su nhu dung cu eat ggi bang da eudi \ a nhd bep cd nhdl ihe gicVi cimg nhieu hda ibacb xuong ddng v at bi ghe vd ed ludi ddi 2.5 trieu nam TUN el \di hem ca la \ao ngdy 24 ihdng 11 ndm 1974 hai nhd khoa bgc Donald Jobanson \ d Tom Grii\ da pbdl bien dugc nhung mdu boa ihach ddu lien eua lodi ngudi md liic ddu la mdl xircmg cang lay phai xuong sg xucmg diii xuong sudii xuong chdu vd xuong hdm ducii Sau dd bai tudn Id nbimg manh xircmg quan trgng khdc giiip tai lao den 40% bd xuong cua ngudi nguv en ibuv-
5 Cong vien quoc gia Thung liing sdng
Omo tdy nam Ethiopia, each ihu dd Addis
Ababa 870 km duc^c UNl-SCO cdng nhiin la
di san the gidi nam 1980 Da> la mgt \iing thien nhiC-n cue k\ hoang da cach biet \di ben ngoai nhc'r mgi da\ mii cua l-'lhiopia cao ldi 4.500 m he dam lii\ sdng Nile phirc tiip
\a sa niiic bae Ken_\a Noi na> ciing tim thay nhic'U hoa thach hem bdn trieu tudi cua ngirdi lien su Homo Gracilis Thung limg cung la
noi du> nhdl a 1-Thiopia \d ea chau Phi tap
trung da sac tgc Trong dien tich ehirng 15 nghin kiir ed tcVi hc7n 10 dan tgc ndi 10 ngdn ngu khdc nhau phan ehia thdnh hai nhdm ngdn ngir Id Nilo-Sahara (Sahara sdng Nile)
\ a Vtro-.Asiatic (.\ Phi), trong dd nhdm
Sahara sdng Nile gdm ede dan tgc Bume
Mursi Surma Nhdm \ Phi gdm ngucri
Karo Banna Bashada Haniar \a Di/i Mdi ddn tdc cd ban sac rieng song dac diem chung Id deu sdng du muc thich \ e miii Xiim minh lam cdc kieu tdc mat nil nha> muii
Hg cung tuan theo lap luc ddnh dau dc) tudi gdn lien vdi nhimg le nghi phirc Uip
Tap chi nghien ciru CII i l PHI A IHIAG fJOXG sA 07 (47) thang 7/2009 59
Trang 56 Cdng vien quoc gia Simien tinh
Gonder dugc UNESCO cdng nhdn la di san
the gidi nam 1978 La mdl quan the phong
cdnh ly nhien boanh trang nam ben man
ddng ciia cao nguyen Geech ihudc bia lay
Dai san Simien (Massif) - mdl khdi da basalt
75 irieu ludi Trong cdng vien cd nhieu dinh
niii deo vd vuc sau lam cham ket qua ciia
nbimg Iran nui lua phun cdch day 40 irieu
nam va sy xdi mdn dat keo ddi hang nghin
nam Dac biet la nggn nui Ras Deshen cao
nhat Ethiopia va cao thir thir tu d chdu Phi (
4.620m), ciing mdl ranh sau - Ke nut Lcin xe
dgc ddt nudc Hang nam nai nay cd hai miia
nang vd hai miia mua Trong bai miia mua tir
ihdng hai den thdng ba vd lir ibdng bay den
thdng chin, lugng mua lrung binh la 1.550
mm Nhiet do thap nbal tir - 2.5^C ddn 4" C
va cao nhdt tir 1 l"C den 18*^0 Do chenh leeb
do cao nen mac dii d gan dudng xich dao
tren niii vdn cd suong khdi va tuyet
Trong cdng vien cd ba viing cay cdi khdc
nhau Sudn nui thdm thap la nai ngudi ddn
trdng trgt Len ldi 3.600m la cdc rimg thdng
bach ddn vd keo Tren ntra la ddng cd vdi
lodi cd dudi trdu ihacb lam co lira vd cay
lobelia Rdi rac khap niii ciing cd nhieu hoa
iham nhu lam xudn buong thao bdch xii
ngii sdc Thdng 9 miia mua hoa dai na thdm sudn nui thu hut nhieu tay chup anh
Cd 21 loai ibu gdm 7 loai dac htm quy hiem nhdl la lodi de rimg walia khi ddu chd gelada vd sdi Simien Ngodi ra la cdc loai khi colobus linh cau linh mieu linb duang chd rirng bdo Ign cd son duong van Cd 137 loai chim gdm 16 loai dac hiru nhu cd quam sdu Maribou qua den md day vet xanh se vdng sao dd chim hel gd gd ken ken dai bdng - lodi chim ldn thu hai chau Phi ciing
Id lodi chim bay cao nbal chdu luc cimg nhieu loai cdn triing than lan vd ludng cu Quanh niii ngu cu nhieu dan lgc md ddng nbal Id 2.500 ngudi dan Ambara vd bg diing tdi 50 - 80% dien tich cdng vien de sinh sdng canh tdc Dudi chdn nui Id mdt ngdi lang nhd song rat ndi lieng la nai dire vua Haile Selassie vd ntr boang Elizabeth II da timg den ibani quan vd nghi mat vdo nam
1960 Trong Idng cd nhieu qudn phuc vu ca phe dang vd lanh bdnh injera Idm tir ke niii chdm vdi nudc sdt huong dja lan Nhd khdng kbi mdt me, cay cdi xanh luai ddng vat phong pbii, bang ngdy deu cd bang tram ngudi ldi tham quan, tha didu, di khinh khi cdu bav qua niii cao thi dua ciing nhtrng cdnh chim ngcpp irdi
Chu Mgnh Cudng
Cong tac vien Tap ehi Nghien ciru Chau Phi va Trung Dong
Tgp ehi nghien cdu CII AC PHI A TKCING t>d.\G so 07 (47) thang 7/2009