tflOng Phfl N a m , da xep hai tugng Visnu tren vao phong each Phu Na?n 1 (ten phu la Gd Thap) vdi nhflng tieu ban cd nhat"*.. Nhflng neu xet ve m a t nien dai thi ro la hai tfl[r]
Trang 1Nhung dau tich xua nhat cua van hoa An Do tren dat Dong Thap
DU'CING THI NGOC MINH*
Ddng T h a p la mdt tfnh n d m d phia
Bac ciia d d n g b a n g sdng Cifu
Long, chiem p h a n ldn dien tich cua vflng
Ddng T h a p Mfldi, diidc tao t h a n h chu yeu
do phfl sa mdi cua sdng Citu Long bdi dap
Day la "vflng d a i trdi cho" cd dii d a i nudi
ngfldi va dii sdng rach de giao thdng, gifl
thi kin, md thi thoang, lai t h e m vi trf dia
ly t h u a n ldi nen tfl lau da trd t h a n h ndi
giao diem van hda, k m h te cua k h u vfle
ddng b a n g sdng Cifu Long va cd the la ciia
ca Ddng N a m A t r o n g sudt tien trinh lich
sif Ngay tfl nhflng the ky ddu Cdng
nguyen, con ngfldi da cd m a t d Ddng T h a p
Dl tich Gd T h a p da cho tha'y da'u tfch cua
thdi ky vfldng qudc Phfl N a m Va cung bat
dau tfl dd, vflng diit nay da trd t h a n h ndi
giao lflu, tiep xuc vdi cac nen v a n hda ben
ngoai, trong dd van hda An Do de lai dau
an sail d a m n h a l
Mdt trong nhflng t a m bia q u a n trgng
dflde p h a t hien d Gd T h a p cd m e n dai vao
nifa sau the ky V, dflcic cac n h a k h a o cd
d a t ten la bia Phfl N a m 1, n a m trong he
thd'ng bg sflu t a p "bia Phfl N a m " (gdm bd'n
t a m bia da) Bia cdn du'dc ggi la bia
G u n a v a r m a n , la mdt b a n P h a n ngfl t h a m
dfldm tinh t h a n H i n d u giao, cho tha'y tfl
tfldng cua tdn giao nay dflde dien ta mdt
each tinh te va s a u sac Ben canh dd, van
bia cflng gdp p h a n cho tha'y t a n g ldp
h o a n g tgc, quy tdc b a n da cd vai trd quan trgng trong viec xay dflng cac cdng trinh tdn giao vdi sfl t h a m gia tfch cflc cua cac nghe n h a n , cac t u si va d a n chflng Dac biet ndi d u n g t a m bia n a y cdn ndi den viec Ihd p h u n g mdt n g a u tfldng la hai ban chan t h a n Visnu, cho tha'y chi phai Visnu
la tdn giao phd bien d vflng da't nay vao the ky V
Cflng vdi dao H i n d u , dao P h a t da dflde
t r u y e n de'n vflng ddng b a n g sdng Ciiu Long tfl r a t sdm Mdt v a n bia dflde tim tha'y d Ddng T h a p da ghi lai viec mgt
h o a n g h a u Phfl N a m t e n la
K u l a p r a b j h a v a t i da "bd cudc song cung dinh, dl lam cfl si" vdi ngi d u n g tham dfldm t i n h t h a n P h a t giao Rdi thi nhflng cham k h a c h i n h hoa sen, n a p v u n g hinh
t h a p , h i n h chfl "van" t r e n n h i e u dd gd'm va cac loai hien v a t k h a c n h a u the hien sfl co
m a t k h a phd bien cua P h a t giao
Mdt di tfch dflde p h a t h i e n d Mieu Ba Chfla Sfl t r e n dia b a n t i n h Ddng T h a p vdi
p h d n nen cd nhflng d vuong xay gach Theo cac n h a k h a o cd thi d a n g kien trflc d Mieu Ba Chfla Sfl nay thfldng gap d nhflng ndi k h a c d N a m Ddng Dfldng va ca
Ddng N a m A chiu a n h hfldng ctia kien
trflc ton giao An Do Dd la d a n g kien true
•'•" Difdng Thi NgcDc Minh, Dai hoc Ddng Thap
Trang 2Difcmg Thi Ngoc Minh - Ddu dn xifa nhdt ciia vdn hc'>a An Dc 65
cua mdt den thd cd, chiia rd la cua Hindu
giao hay P h a t giao vi khdng p h a t hien
dflde tfldng thd trong qua t r i n h k h a i q u a t
va m e n dai chfnh xac cua nd vdn chfla
diidc xac dinh nhifng cd the khdng dinh
ngdi mieu nay dflde xay dflng r a i sdm tfl
nhflng the ky dau Cdng nguyen
Ngoai cac cdng t r i n h kien trflc, nghe
t h u a t dieu k h a c cua cU dan cd d Ddng
Thap da dat dflde nhflng t h a n h tflu rflc rd
ngay tfl nhflng t h e ky ddu Cdng nguyen
va the hien rd sfl a n h hUdng sau sac cua
nghe t h u a t An Do
T h a n h tiiu d a n g ke n h a l cua nghe
t h u a t dieu k h a c vflng ddng b a n g sdng Cifu
Long ( t r o n g mfldi t h e ky d a u Cdng
nguyen) la viec com ngfldi ndi day da tiep
thu mdt each s a n g tao cac hinh mau bat
ngudn tfl cac trfldng phai nghe t h u a t ndi
tieng cua An Do nhfl A m a r a v a t i , Gupta,
G a n d h a r a , M a t h u r a lien tuc t r o n g
nhieu the ky de s a n g tao nen nhflng hinh
mau dac trflng, cd the ggi mgt each chung
n h a l la nghe thudt Phu Nam
Nghe t h u a t dieu khac m a n g ngi dung
Hindu giao, trfldc bet phdi ke den nhflng
pho tfldng Visnu - vi t h a n bao tdn trong he
thd'ng tin ngu'dng ciia Hindu giao Tfldng
Visnu dflde tim thii'y d Ddng T h a p tfldng
ddi nhieu, chu yeu b a n g c h a i lieu da,
trong dd cd hai pho titdng dflde xem la dep
nhal, deu la loai tfldng "Visnu cam vd dc
dfla cao" Theo hai n h a nghien cflu Dao
Linh Con va Vd Si Khai thi hai tfldng
Visnu tren deu theo phong each Phnom
Da Tfldng thfl n h a t theo phong each
Phnom Da sdm (Phnom Da A), cd m e n dai
khoang cudi the ky V - dau the ky VI;
tfldng thfl hai muon hdn nhflng cflng la
mgt dang ciia phong each Phom Da, cd
nien dai khoang nfla s a u the ky VI Giao
sfl Lfldng Ninh khi nghien cflu be thd'ng
tflOng Phfl N a m , da xep hai tugng Visnu
tren vao phong each Phu Na?n 1 (ten phu
la Gd Thap) vdi nhflng tieu ban cd nhat"* Nhflng neu xet ve m a t nien dai thi ro la hai tfldng Visnu nay b a n phfl hdp vdi men
dai cua phong each Phu Nam 5 hdn
(ddu/cudl the ky V cho den the ky VI) Va
cung theo ong phong each Phu Nam 5
chfnh la P h n o m Da - "dinh cao va tieu bieu cho nghe t h u a t Phfl Nam" Dieu nay dfldng nhfl hoan toan trflng hdp vdi n h a n dinh cua hai n h a khao cd tren: hai tfldng Visnu d Gd T h a p chfnh la tieu ban cua phong each Phom Da - mdt phong each tac
tfldng m a n g da'u An cua trUcfng phdi
Gandhara, cd sfl d u n g hdp gifla nghe
t h u a t An Do t r u y e n thd'ng vdi nghe t h u a t
Hy Lap'-^* Va, neu nhfl "hoan loan cd the COI tru'dng phai tiidng Phfl N a m la t r u n g tam va diem x u a l p h a t cua he thd'ng tfldng Visnu Ddng Nam A"''^', nen chang chflng ta cflng cd quyen t m rang: Gd T h a p cflng cd the la mdt trong nhflng t r u n g tam
di tien phong vc trfldng phai nghe t h u a t nay d dong b a n g sdng Cifu Long va ca Ddng Nam A Vdi phong each tac tUdng nay, cU dan co d day da the hien dUdc trinh do va b a n linh cua minh khi hg biet ket hdp trf s a n g tao ciia minh vdi viec tiep
t h u t n i c tiep nhflng a n h hfldng cua nen van minh An Do de cd the tao nen nhflng san p h a m dieu khac m a n g mdt phong each rieng ddc dao
Cac m a n h vang dflcic tim thay d dja ban Ddng T h a p the hien nhflng hinh anh
m a n g ndi d u n g tdn gfao cflng cung cap nhflng a n h hfldng sdm n h a l trong binh thflc n h a n d a n g cac vi t h a n Hindu giao Trong so' cac m a n h vang dflde tim thay d
Gd Thap, cd cac h i n h ve the hien cac hda
t h a n cflng nhfl cac bieu tfldng cd lien quan den vi t h d n Visnu cua Hindu giao nhfl ca Matsya, rfla K u r m a , ldn dfle V a r a h a
Trang 366 Nghien cim Dimg Nam A 6/2009
dflcic the hien tfldng ddi ddn giiin b a n g cac
net sd Ifldc nhflng da m a n g da'u An ciia
nghe t h u a t An Do cd tfl thdi K u s h a n a (the
ky III - IV) Cac bieu tfldng va v a t cfldi cita
t h d n Visnu tim tha'y d Ddng T h a p cflng
dflde the hien cue ky p h o n g phfl nhfl: b a n h
xe, d'c, b a n chan, r a n , chim t h a n Garuda
Dac biet, h i n h tfldng chim t h a n G a r u d a ,
vat cfldi quen thudc cua t h a n Visnu, diidc
tim tha'y t r e n nhieu m a n h v a n g d Go
T h a p , ma trong dd toan bd net cham khac
cho tha'y h i n h mdt con chim vdi nhflng
dudng net dieu k h a c m a n g tfnh c h a t
"Xgiidi" dflde n h a n tha'y qua cd the r a i to
va ngan, long ngiic ditdc nha'n m a n h b a n g
hai vdng trdn ldn va t h u d n g mac mdt loai
sampot phinh rdng, n g a n t r e n goi, Xhin
chung, hinh thflc the hien G a r u d a nay
gan gfli vdi cac dieu khac xual hien trong
nghe t h u a t G u p t a vao the ky V den the ky
VI Ngoai ra, nhflng m d n h vang cd h i n h
hoa sen la bieu Iflcing cua t h a n Sri h a y
Laksini - vd cua t h a n Visnu va la nfl t h a n
cua sac dep, cfla sfl s u n g tflc, t h i n h vfldng
va smh sdi iiiiy nd, difdc x u a t hien it nha't
15 lan ddn lc va 14 bin x u a l hien ket hdp
vdi cac bieu tflcing khac va deu la nhflng
hinh lfldng ra ddi r a i sdm trong n g h e
thuiit An Do vao cae the ky II - IV'*
Dieu d a n g chfl y la d Gd T h a p cdn p h a t
hien hinh mgt ddi b a n c h a n c h a m t r e n da,
ditgc cho la ddi b a n c h a n cfla t h a n Visnu
Mac dfl h i n h thflc n h a n d a n g cua Siua
hail n h u chUa x u a l hien t r o n g k h u di tfch
Gd T h a p , nhUng cac hien v a t t h e hien
Linga d a n g sd k h a i n h a l , cac vfl k h i cua
t h a n Siva nhif cay d m h ba, hay bo t h a n
N a n d m - vat cfldi q u e n thudc cua t h a n
Siva - cflng xuiil hien t r o n g cac hien vat
dflcic tim thay 0 Ddng T h a p mac dfl vdi sd'
lfldng r a i khiem ton Dieu nay cho t h a y ,
trong may the ky d a u Cdng nguyen, vi
t h a n Visnu dflde cfl d a n cd d day thd
n h i e u hdn
Mdt t h a n h tflu tieu bieu nfla cua nghe
t h u a t dieu k h a c m a n g ndi d u n g Hindu giao dUdc p h a t h i e n d Ddng T h a p la cac tUdng nfl t h a n b a n g da H a u h e t cac tUdng deu co' y t h e h i e n vdc d a n g cd the vdi cac dac trflng ra't nfl tfnh: eo thon, hdng nd, ngiic c a n g trdn mdt each ciidng dieu thfldng dflde t h a y t r e n cac tiidng nfl t h a n
me d An Do N h i n c h u n g , ve dep t r a u chudi n h e n h a n g ciia tfldng cho tha'y nd gdn gui vdi nghe t h u a t G u p t a d giai doan
p h a t trien cflc t h i n h (V - VI)
Nghe t h u a t dieu k h a c m a n g ndi dung
P h a t giao, vdi nhflng h i n h tfldng Dfle P h a t chiu a n h hfldng tfl cac t r u n g t a m ndi tie'ng nhfl A m a r a v a t i , M a t h u r a tao nen phong each tfldng P h a t gd Ddng T h a p Miidi ndi lieng Trong sd' nhflng pho tflcing gd tac
h i n h Buddhapad (tdcfng Phdt ddng) dflcic
tim tha'y d ddng b d n g song Ciiu Long (28 tfldng) thi d Ddng T h a p da chiem hdn mdt nifa T r o n g dd Gd T h a p la ndi x u a l Id nhieu tfldng gd nha't (22 tfldng va m a n h vd)''" Nhflng tfldng gd nay nhin c h u n g cd dac diem la " t h a n gd cd khi k h d n g ldn lam, the hien ve t h a n h m a n h thi khdng khd, nhflng n h a dieu k h a c v a n cd' the hien net tinh te' cua t h a n Ao, cua tay p h a i lap the
Varamudra, tay t r a i keo mgt chflt vat Ao
nho ra, song song vdi t h a n ngfldi""'' Cd the ndi, "khdng ndi nao ngoai ddng bdng sdng Cflu Long, l a n h t h d cfl ciia nflde Phfl Nam, tim t h a y dfl chf mdt pho tflcing gd"''* Vi vay GS Lfldng N i n h da ggi h d n nhflng B u d d h a p a d dflde che tac d ddng
b a n g sdng Ciiu Long (trong dd nhieu n h a l
d Ddng Thap) b a n g mdt ciii ten rieng la
"trUcfng phdi Buddhapad Phu Nam vi
nd chinh la sdn p h a m dac sac n h a t ctia Phfl N a m va chi cd d Phfl N a m
Trang 4Difcrng Thi Ngoc Minh - Ddu dn xifa nhdt ciia vdn hi>a An Dii 67
Mdt so B u d d h a p a d diidc phat hien d
Ddng T h a p trfldc day da bj t h a t lac Qua
nhflng tfl h e u da ghi chep lai, cd the n h a n
tha'y mdt so tfldng trong tfl the dflng
thdng (Samahhanga) Cho den nay, pho
tfldng cdn nguyen ven n h a l thugc ve nhdm
nay diidc p h a t hien d Ap Ldi My, ldng
Phong My, tinh SaDec cu (Ddng Thap
ngay nay), thudc cud! ria phia n a m vflng
Ddng T h a p Mudi Day la tugng P h a t cd
bang gd tim tha'y d a u tien d dong bang
sdng Cuu Long vao n a m 1937 Gd dung de
tac tUdng la go mfl u, cd nien dai C14 la
1490 ± 150 TCN tflc la vao n a m 460 "Day
la mgt nien dai d a n g kinh ne, ddi vdi
nhflng ai n h d m tfldng Ddng T h a p Mfldi
chi la mgt vflng da't mdi Trinh do tac
tfldng kheo leo da tao nen mgt pho tfldng
kha dep"'*^' Hien nay, tfldng P h a t gd
Phong My d a n g dflde triing bay tai Biio
tang Lich sif t h a n h phd'Hd Chf Minh va la
niem tfl hao cua Biio t a n g bdi gia trj lich
sif - van hda cua nd, dac biet la nghe t h u a t
tac tfldng P h a t t r e n c h a i lieu gd
Ben canh cac Samahhanga, tai Gd
Thap cdn x u a l Id nhieu tflcing P h a t gd
dflde tao trong tit the lech hong manh
(Tribhanga) vdi nhieu kich cd khiic n h a u ,
trong dd cd tiicing T h a p Mfldi la cao n h a t
trong sd' cac tfldng hien biel (2,91m) va
cho tha'y "sti gan gfli vdi pho tflcing p h a t
hien d Korat (Thai Lan), m a n g phong each
Amaravai"'-** Ben canh cac Tribhanga, tai
Gd Thap cdn tim tha'y 5 tfldng P h a t dflng
trong tfl the lech hdng nhe (Abhanga)
Di tfch Gd T h a p khdng pbiii la mgt di
tich ddn le va duy n h a t d Ddng T h a p cho
tha'y sti anh hfldng ciia nen van hda An Do
d day Nhflng hien vat tfldng tfl vdi hien
vat Gd T h a p da dflde p h a t hien tren
nhflng gidng, gd cat c h u n g mdt ket ca'u dia
binh vdi nd nhU Gd Dai Liep (Thap MUdi),
Gd Sa Rai (Hdng Ngfl), Gd Phfl Long (Sa
Dec) Ngoai ra cdn cd khong it hien vat tim tha'y nhfl tfldng gd, m a n h ddng cd
t r a n g trf d nhieu ndi thugc dia ban tinh Ddng T h a p n h u La'p Vd, Hdng Ngii, Tam Ndng Nhflng tin hieu khao cd dd bao hieu mdt trien vgng nghien cflu ve mgt he thd'ng cac di tfch thudc cd t a n g van hda Oc
Eo ma Ddng T h a p la mdt trong nhflng
t r u n g t a m p h a t trien nha't, chiu anh hfldng sau sac cfla van hda An Do./
C H U T H I C H
1 LUdng Ninh, "VUdng quo'c Phu Nam: Nhflng hieu biet mdi - nhan thflc mdi",
Dong Nam A truyen thdng vd hgi nhap,
Nxb Tbegidi, Ha Ngi, 2007, tr.41
2 Mgt 'id vdn de khdo co hgc d mi&n Nam Viet
Nam, Nxb Khoa hgc Xa hgi Ha Ngi, 1997,
tr.322
3 LUdng Ninh, "VUdng qudc Phu Nam: Nhflng hieu biet mdi • nhan thflc mdi',
Dong Nam A truyen thong vd hgi nhap,
Sdd, tr.43
4 Le Thi Lien, Nghe thudt Phdt gido vd Hindu
gido d dong bdng song Cdu Long trUdc the'ky
X Nxb The gidi, Ha Ngi, 2006, tr.l36
5 Le Thi Lien, Nghe thudt Phdt gido vd
Hindu gido d dong bdng song CUu Long trUdc the'ky X, Sdd, tr.42
6 LUdng Ninh, Vdn hoa cd Phii Nam - Vdn
hda Dong bdng song Cdu Long, Nghien
cflu Lich sfl, sd 4/1999, tr.28
7 LUdng Ninh, Vdn hoa cd Phii Nam - Vdn
hda Dong bdng song Cdu Long, Sdd, tr.28
8 Dia chi Ddng Thdp Mudi (Cong trinh ky
mem 300 nam Nam bg), Nxb Chinh tri Qudc gia Ha Ngi, 1996, tr.66
9 Le Thi Lien, Nghe thudt Phdt gido vd
Hindu gido d dong bdng song Cdu Long trudc the'ky X Sdd, tr.43