Nhin lai chinh sach ngoai giao "ddi dat lay hoa binh" do nha vua Mongkut khdi xudng va dugc ke tyc, hoan thien trong sudt thdi ky tri vi cua nha vua Chulalongkorn cho thay ch[r]
Trang 1:^L!CH sCt^N,Hi^S^:Hoi-^'^c^^^
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NHIN LRI CHINH SRCH NGORI GIRO DOI DRT LRV HOR RINH CUR XICIVI TRONG QURN H€ VOI RNH, PHRP TIT NLTR SRU NHU'NG NR/VI 50 CUR
THCKV XIX DCN NHU'NG NRM DRU CUR THCKV XX
PGS.TS Nguyen Van Tan
Dai hoc Khoa hoc - Dai hoc Hue
Thdi can dai, Xiem dugc coi la nudc duy
nhat d khu vye Ddng Nam A khdng rai vao
ach thdng tri tryc tiep cua chu nghTa thye dan
phuang Tay Xung quanh van de nay cd rat
nhieu each tiep can khac nliau Bai viet nay thu
dua ra mgt each tiep can mang tinh chat dac
trung cua trieu dinh phong kien Xiem thdi can
dai de lam rd hien tugng mang tinh chat dgc
dao nay, au cung la mdt viec lam can thiet va
hiiu ich Dd la viec Vuong qudc Xiem thye
hien chinh sach ngoai giao "ddi dat lay boa
binh"
Kliac vdi cac nudc trong khu 'vyc, trong
quan he vdi cac nudc phuong Tay thdi can dai,
Vuong qudc Xiem la nudc duy nhat thye hien
chinh sach md cua rdng rai Chinh sach md
cira cho phep cac thuang nhan phuang Tay
den giao luu budn ban va cac giao sT den
truyen dao dugc coi la true chinh trong chinh
sach ddi ngoai cua trieu dinh phong kien Xiem
thdi can dai Luc dau la Bd Dao Nha, tiep den
la Tay Ban Nha Ha Lan, Anh, Phap, My diu
lan lugt den Xiem de thiet lap quan he giao luu
budn ban va truyen dao Tuy nhien, mdt diiu
can phai nlian thay rang, khong phai luc nao
Vuong qude Xiem ciing san sang md ciia de tiep nhan cac thuyen budn phuang Tay ma trai lai trong nhiing thdi diem nhat dinh, Vuong qudc Xiem ciing thye hien chinh sach ddng cira nham loai trir anh hudng cua cac nudc phuang Tay tren lanh thd Xiem Nhiing nam dau the ky XIX, lgi dung cac nudc chau Au dang phai duong dau vdi cuge chien tranh vdi Napoleon Bonaparte, Vuong qudc Xiem da day len phong trao tay chay hang boa nudc ngoai va chdng lai sy lung doan cua cac nudc
tu ban Ha Lan, Anh va Phap
Dieu dac biet quan trgng ma trieu dinli phong kien Xiem da tien haiili trong thdi ky nay la nhan luc cac nudc Anh, Phap ban chien tranh, Vuong qudc Xiem phat dgng cudc chien tranh xam chiem lanh thd cua Campuchia va Lao Dieu dd da lam cho lanli thd cua Xiem tang gap 2 lan so vdi trudc nhd dugc bd sung them 2 dnli Battambang va Siam Riep ciia Campuchia va cac tieu vuong qudc Chiang Mai, Vientiane va Luang Prabang cua Lao Vdi tiem luc va sire manli cua minh, Xiem da hoan toan chu dgng trong viec ky cac hiep udc vdi cac nudc phuong Tay, dac biet la vdi tu
Trang 2QtJun lai eltinh ideh nqoqi tfjuo 41
ban Anh Hiep udc Anli - Xiem duac ky kit
vao ngay 10 thang 6 nam 1826 ghi rd: Xiem cd
quyen kiem tra tau thuyen va thao dd dai bac
ciing cac loai vu khi cua Anh trudc khi sd tau
nay dugc phep di vao cira sdng Chaophoraya
Den nam 1826 ca hai ben da bd sung them mgt
sd dieu khoan va nghi dinh thu kem theo hiep
udc cho phep ca Anh lan Xiem deu cd chung
quyen lgi d ban dao Malacca, Kelantan va
Trengganu thudc Ma Lai Ddng thdi ca hai ben
cd trach nhiem bao dam hoa binh d khu vyc
nay, quyen tdi hue qudc se trao cho ca hai
nudc va cdng dan hai nudc dugc quyen ty do
budn ban theo tuc le dia phuong Ngoai ra, de
dugc budn ban, phia Anh phai nop thue hai
quan, dugc qui dinh theo chieu rgng cua tau la
mdi met phai nop 750 bat De bii lai, Xiem
tuyen bd tir bd ddc quyen cua Nha nudc trong
ITnh vyc thuong mai
Rd rang la trong nhung nam dau cua the
ky XIX, Xiem da tan dyng dugc tdi da lgi the
so sanh trong quan he vdi cac nude phuang
Tay de mdt mat md rdng pham vi anh hudng
ciia minh ra ben ngoai nhung ddng thdi mdt
mat khac ban che tam anh hudng cua cac nudc
phuong Tay tren dat Xiem Tuy nhien, din
nhirng nam 50 cua the ky XIX, dudi ap luc cua
chu nghTa thye dan phuong Tay, cac hiep udc
dugc ky ket giiia Xiem vdi cac nudc phuong
Tay khdng cdn mang tinh chat binh dang niia
Hiep udc Anh - Xiem dugc ky ket vao ngay
18 thang 4 nam 1855 vdi nhiing dieu khoan
hoan toan bat lgi cho Xiem Theo ngi dung cua
hiep udc nay, Anh dugc hudng cac dac quyen
sau:
- Anil dugc quyen ty do budn ban tren toan bg lanh thd cua Xiem;
- Anh dugc lap sir quan d Bangkok va cac cdng dan Anh dugc hudng quyen lanh sy tai phan;
- Ngudi Anh cd quyen sd hiin dat dai trong khu vyc cd ban kinh bang 24 gid di thuyen each trung tam Bangkok;
- Tau chien Anh cd quyen vao cira sdng Chao Pharaya tdi tan cang Pac Nam;
- Thue quan danh vao tat ca cac loai hang hoa cua Anh la 3%
Nam 1856, giiia Xiem va Anh cdn ky them mgt ban Cdng udc, trong dd cd dieu khoan het sire quan trgng la cho phep cae cdng dan Anh cd quyen nhap canh vao Xiem
Sau Anh, Xiem lan lugt ky cac hiep udc bat binh dang vdi nhieu nudc tu ban phuang Tay khac Nam 1856, Hiep udc thuang mai
My - Xiem dugc ky ket, theo dd, My dugc quyen md dai sii quan, cac cdng dan My dugc hudng quyen lanh sy tai phan; Trong hoat dgng giao luu budn ban, cac thuang nhan My ciing chi phai ddng khoan thue xuat nhap khlu 3% nhu cac thuong nhan Anh Tuong tu nhu Hiep udc Anh - Xiem, ngay 15/8/1856, Hiep udc Phap - Xiem ve Thuang mai va Hang hai cung dugc ky ket Theo ndi dung cua Hiep udc nay, Phap dugc quyen lap sir quan d Bangkok, cac cdng dan Phap ciing dugc hudng qayin lanh sy tai phan; ngudi Phap cd quyen cu tni
va sd hiiu dat dai trong khu vyc gidng nhu da qui dinh cho ngudi Anh; hang boa cua Phap nhap vao Xiem chi ddng thue d muc 3%; va
Trang 342 NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°5 (116).2010
ngudi Phap dugc ty do boat ddng budn ban ma
khdng gap phai bat ky su can trd nao Ngoai
ra, cac giao sT Phap dugc ty do truyen dao tren
toan bg lanli thd Xiem
Trong khi tao ra mgt "tam giac ngoai
giao" quan trgng Anh - Xiem - Phap, chinh
quyen phong kien Xiem ma cy the la nha vua
Mongkut tiep tyc ky mgt loat hiep udc bat binli
dang vdi cac nudc tu ban phuang Tay khac
nliu Dan Mach (1856), Bd Dao Nha (1859),
Ha Lan (1860), Phd (1862) va Thuy Diln, Na
Uy, Bi(1868)
Bang viec ky cac hiep udc tren, Xiem
hy vgng mdt mat se duy tri dugc nen dgc lap
cua minh, nhung mat khac tao dieu kien
thuan lgi cho Xiem tham gia vao viec phan
chia pham vi anh hudng d khu vyc ban dao
Malacca va Ddng Duang Tuy nhien, tir nua
sau nhiing nam 60 cua the ky XIX, tinh hinh
qudc te va khu vyc dien bien ngay cang nguy
hiem cho nen dgc lap cua Xiem Nudc Anh
tu ban dang md rdng anh hudng cua minh d
khu vyc Ddng Nam A, dac biet la da thiet lap
dugc mgt sd ca sd d Penang va Kodak,
chiem Singapore va lam chu hoan toan mien
Nam Myanma, cdn thye dan Phap chiem 3
tinh mien Ddng Nam Ky Viet Nam va dang
banh trudng sang Lao va Campuchia De
tranh cang thang trong quan he vdi Phap,
Xiem huge phai tir bd quyen bao hd ddi vdi
Campuchia Hiep udc Phap - Xiem dugc ky
ket vao ngay 15 thang 7 nam 1867 bao gdm
7 dieu khoan, trong dd dieu khoan thir nhat
ghi rd ve phia Xiem phai thira nhan quyen
bao hg cua Phap ddi vdi Campuchia De ddi
lai, Phap thira nhan anh hudng cua Xiem doi vdi cac tinh bien gidi phia tay ciia Campuchia la Battambang va Siam Riep
Nhu vay, Hiep udc nam 1867 khdng nhirng dugc coi la mdc md dau cho sy riit lui tirng budc cua Xiem ra khdi lanh thd ciia Campuchia ma cdn danh dau mdc md dau cho viec thuc hien chinh sach "ddi dat lay hoa binh" cua cac trieu dai phong kien Xiem
Mac du chinh quyen phong kien Xiem di
tix nhugng bg nay den nhugng bd khac nhung
hai nudc Anh, Phap van khdng tir bd tham vgng xam chiem Xiem O phia tay, vao nam
1886, thye dan Anli da ddc chiem Mianma va
ap dat ach thdng tri len cac xuntan d Ma Lai va tien sat bien gidi phia nam cua Xiem 0 phia ddng, Phap chiem Viet Nam, Campuchia va dang tien sat den bien gidi cua Xiem Dinh cao cua sy cang thang trong quan he Phap - Xiem
la viec Phap dieu phao ham den cira sdng Chao Phoraya va dua ra cac yeu sach ve lanh tho phia trai sdng Mekong cua Xiem Trudc ap luc cua Phap, mdt lan nira, chinh quyen phong kien Xiem lai budng long khi gidi, thuc thi chinh sach "ddi dat lay boa binh" bang each ky hoa udc vdi Phap vao ngay 3 thang 10 nam
1893 vdi cac ndi dung chu yeu sau:
- Phia tay sdng Mekong 25 km dugc coi
la khu phi quan su;
- Phia ddng sdng Mekong dugc cat nhugng cho Phap;
- Xiem khdng dugc xay dung cac cong trinh quan su va ddng quan d Battambang va Siam Riep (Campuchia);
Trang 4QfUtin lai ehinh ideli ngoai tfJao 43
- Phap cd quyen chiem ddng Chantabury
cua Xiem
Vdi Hiep udc nay, quyen lye va anh
hudng cua Xiem ddi vdi cac nudc trong khu
vyc khdng nhung bi thu hep ma chu quyen cua
Xiem ciing bi de doa Dieu can nhan thay la
trong khi chinh quyen phong kien Xiem tim
mgi each de tranh xay ra nhiing xung dot
khdng can thiet thdng qua viec thuc hien chinh
sach "ddi dat lay hoa binh" thi Anh, Phap da
dat dugc sy thoa thuan trong viee phan chia
quyen lgi d Xiem Ngay 15 thang 1 nam 1896,
hiep udc Anh - Phap dugc ky ket d Luan Ddn
da chinh thirc boa viec bien Xiem thanh khu
dem va khu vyc anh hudng cua hai nudc Theo
ngi dung cua ban Hiep udc, phia lay sdng
Chao Pharaya thudc pham vi anh hudng cua
Anh, phia ddng sdng Chao Pharaya thugc
pham vi anh hudng cua Phap, khu vye trung
tam bao gdm ca thu do Bangkok thugc chu
quyen cua Xiem
Dimg trudc tinh hinh dd, chinh quyen
phong kien Xiem da sir dyng lgi the "nudc
dem" de tien hanh cudc dau tranh ngoai giao
nham thu tieu cac dieu khoan bat binh dang ma
cac chinh quyen tien nhiem da ky vdi cac nudc
phuang Tay Sau nhieu lan dam phan, ngay 13
thang 2 nam 1904, Hiep udc Phap -Xiem dugc
ky ket vdi cac dieu khoan sau day:
- Cac tinh thudc bun ngan sdng Mekong
nhu Meldparay, Tdngleperu, Batxae va hai
viing Krat, Danxai phai nhugng lai cho Phap
cimg vdi mgt sd dat dai dgc sdng Mekong de
xay dyng hai cang;
- Phap phai tra lai cho Xiem tinh Chantabury (Phap chiem nam 1893) va cdng nhan chu quyen cua Xiem d biin ngan sdng Mekong thudc dnh Luang Prabang
Sau sy kien tren, ngay 23 thang 3 nam
1907, Phap va Xiem lai ky mgt hiep udc mdi Theo ndi dung cua Hiep udc nay, Xiem phai nhudng cho Phap cac tinh Battambang, Siam Riep va Xixdphdn vdi tdng dien tich la 20.000km^ De bu lai, Phap phai tra cho Xiem viing Krat va Danxai cung vdi sy cam ket khdng cho phep cdng dan Phap dugc hudng quyen lanh sy tai phan neu nhu den Xiem sau nam 1907
Trong khi nhugng bd Phap lien quan den chinh sach "ddi dat lay boa binh" thi Xiem ciing ddng thdi thye thi chinh sach tren ddi vdi Anh Thang 6 nam 1909, Hiep udc Anh -Xiem dugc ky ket vdi cac dieu khoan nhu sau:
- Xiem nhugng lai cho Anh cac Xuntan Hdi giao Kelantan, Trengganu, Kedak va Perils; va sap nhap cac tieu qudc Hdi giao nay vao lanh thd thudc dia cua Anh d tren ban dao Malacca cd tdng dien deh khoang 40.000 km^;
- Anh phai tir bd quyen lanh sy tai phan d Xiem va cho Xiem vay 4.000.000 bang Anh de xay dyng tuyen dudng sat d ban dao Malacca
Nhu vay, vdi cac Hiep udc Phap - Xiem
1907 va Anh - Xiem 1909, ve ca ban Xiem da bao loan dugc dgc lap, chu quyen va toan ven lanh thd cua minh Tuy nhien, tren mgt phuong dien khac, Xiem da mat di hau bet phan lanh thd cua cac nudc lang gieng trudc
do cdn phu thugc Xiem
Trang 544 NGHIEN CCrU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°5 (116).2010
Nhin lai chinh sach ngoai giao "ddi dat
lay hoa binh" do nha vua Mongkut khdi
xudng va dugc ke tyc, hoan thien trong sudt
thdi ky tri vi cua nha vua Chulalongkorn cho
thay chinli sach nay dugc trien khai va thye thi
qua hai giai doan: Giai doan tu' nua sau nhung
nam 60 cua the ky XIX la giai doan Xiem thye
hien chinh sach "ddi dat lay hoa binh" tren ca
sd ap lye cua Phap; Giai doan nhirng nam dau
cua the ky XX la xuat phat tir chu dich cua
chinh quyen phong kien Xiem trong viec ddi
dat de thu tieu cac dieu khoan bat binh dang
trong cac hiep udc da ky trudc day Chi cd
nhin nhan tren phuang dien dd mdi ly giai
dugc viec chinli quyen phong kien Xiem chap
nhan de cho Phap chiem ddng -viing lanh thd
Chantabury (Hiep udc 1893) Va Xiem sin
sang danh ddi cac vung dat "hai ngoai" de lay
lai Chantabury (1904) va Krat, Danxai (1907)
cung vdi viec xoa bd quyen lanh sy tai phan
ddi vdi cdng dan Phap neu nhu den Xiem sau
nam 1907 Ddng thdi vdi dieu dd, chinh quyen
phong kien Xiem ciing chap nhan nhugng lai
cho Anh cac vung dat phu thudc Xiem d ban
dao Ma Lai de bao toan chu quyen dan tdc
Tuy nhien, dieu can nhan thay la de cd thi thye
hien dugc chinh sach ngoai giao "ddi dat lly
hoa binh" cirng nhu de cho chinh sach do di
den thanh cdng, chinh quyen phong kiln Xiem
da biet sir dyng lgi the cua vi tri nudc dem cua
minh trong quan he vdi Anh, Phap So vdi cac
nudc trong khu vye, Xiem cd dugc lgi the la
nam giiia sy tranh chap cua hai cudng qudc tu
ban Anh, Phap, (Ddng An thugc Anh va Ddng
Duong thudc Phap) cho nen nudc nay da lgi
dyng dieu do de can bang lye lugng thdng qua
viec ddi dat de bao toan chu quyen dan tdc
dieu ma mdt sd qudc gia cung thdi trong khu
•vyc khdng thye hien dugc Hon niia, trong viec thuc hien chinli sach ngoai giao "ddi dat lay hoa binli", chinh quyen phong kien Xiem lai cd lgi the ban so vdi cac nudc trong khu virc la Xiem lay dat cua cac nudc lang gieng nliugng lai cho cac nudc phuang Tay, trong khi dd cac nude trong khu vuc lai cat dat cua miiili cho nen da klidng bao ve dugc nen dgc lap dan tgc va rai vao ach thdng tri true tiep cua chu nghTa thye dan phuong Tay
Rd rang la chinh sach ngoai giao "doi dat lay hoa binh" cua cac chinh quyen phong kien Xiem tir nua sau nhiing nam 60 cua the
ky XIX den nhirng nam dau the ky XX dugc coi la mgt trong nhiing net dac trung trong chinh sach ddi ngoai cua Xiem thdi can dai Nhd chinh sach dd, Xiem khdng nhirng bao toan dugc toan ven lanh thd, duy tri dugc nen ddc lap dan tdc va chu quyen qudc gia
ma cdn giii viing boa binh an ninh cua dat nudc
Tai lieu tham khao
1 Dd Diie Hung Xiem Lu md ciea qua
con mdt sie thdn Viet Nam, Tap chi Quan he
Qudc tl, thang 7/1992
2 Vii^ Duong Ninh Mot sd chuyen di
lich sic the gidi, Nxb Dai hoc Qudc gia Ha
Ndi, 2001
3 Le Van Quang Lich sic vuang quoc
Thdi Lan, Nxb Tp Hd Chi Minh, 1995
4 Pham Viet Trung, Nguyen Xuan Ky,
Do Viet Trung Lich sie Cdmpuchia, Nxb Dai
hgc va Trung hoc chuyen nghiep Ha Ndi,
1982
5 Statepapers of Kingdom of Siam 1664
- 1885, Comp By the Siamese lagation in
Pris, London, 1886