1) Neu vi ly do nao do, cang Niigata khong ducic md thi chinh phii hai nu6c cung liia chon mot cang bien khac tren bd phia Tay Nhat Ban de thay the. 2) Trieu dinh Tokyo va phe doi lap[r]
Trang 1INHAT BAN TRONG CHINH SACH DOI NGOAI CUA MY TRL/dC NAM 1905
TS Tran Thien Thanh
Dgi hgc Khoa hgc Xa hoi vd Nhdn vdn
Nhiing thap ky dau sau khi lap
nu'dc mac dU da cd nhUng dieu
chinh cho phii hdp vdi ldi ich cua
Mv trong nhiing hoan canh nha't dinh
nhung chil nghia biet lap van la phudng
cham xu the chu ye'u cua Hoa Ky trong
quan he vdi cac nudc chau Au Den khi
My "nhan ra" va hanh ddng de md rdng
va bao ve ldi ich cua minh ngoai pham vi
Tay ban cau nhiing hanh ddng dd da
dien ra trUdc tien d chau A chii khdng
phai chau Au
Trong qua trinh md rdng anh hudng
sang chau A trudc tien My hudng tdi de
che Trung Hoa Ngoai ly do mudn xam
nhap thi trudng rpng ldn day tiem nang
nay cdn cd mdt nguyen n h a n khac tac
ddng tdi quyet dinh cua My Dd la vao
cudi the ky XVIII dau rhe ky XIX
trong khi Nhat Ban va T n e u Tien thiic
hien chinh sach ddng cifa vdi hau bet
cac qudc gia trong dd cd My thi Trung
Qudc van cho phep tien h a n h nhiing
hoat ddng thudng mai ban che qua cang
Quang Chau
Can cu theo nhung tai lieu hien cd
con tau dau tien cua My ha neo d'bd
bien Nhat Ban la tau Lady Washington
do thuyen trUdng K e n d n c k chi huy
Lan bo neo tinh cd vao mua Xuan nam
1791 nay la de t r a n h thdi tie't xau
Ve mat thdi gian thdi diem nay cho
tha'y My khdng phai la qud'c gia
phudng Tay dau tien t h a m n h a p Nhat
Ban hay la qudc gia tim each khai
thdng q u a n he vdi N h a t Ban tru'dc tien Tuy nhien chinh sil xua't hien cua cac chien h a m My trong vting bien NTaat Ban mdi khien tinh the chinh tri thay ddi m a n h me
Sau lan bd neo tinh cd tai cifa ngo phia Ddng N h a t Ban vao n a m 1791 de'n cudi nhiing n a m 1830, nhieu t a u My da tie'n vao hai p h a n N h a t Ban Tai nhiing thdi diem nay, xua't p h a t til n h a n thiic
ve tiem n a n g kinh te va vi tri chie'n lUdc cua N h a t Ban quyet t a m bie'n Nliat Ban t h a n h mdt cu diem cua My d Thai Binh Dudng da dan trd t h a n h mdt chii trUdng ldn cua My, nhUng sii quan tam cua My ddi vdi N h a t Ban vdi tU each la mdt thi trudng tiem nang, mdt huyet mach giao thdng tren con dudng vUdn tdi cac qud'c gia phUdng Ddng chUa chiu tac ddng cua nhiing n h a n td' cd tam quan trong dac biet va nhiing cd' gang khai md con dudng tien vao Nhat Ban van chu'a t h a n h cdng
Den nhung nam 40 dau nhiing nam
50 cua the ky XIX nhUng yeu td' cd tam quan trong dac biet dd da xua't hien:
Mgt Id, de'n giua the ky XIX, My da
budc vao giai doan cdng nghiep hda va xay diing he thd'ng kinh doanh ldn Dieu dd cho phep My t r a n g bi vii khi hien dai cho cac h a m ddi t a u ldn vUdt dai dUdng
Hai la, n a m 1844, My dat dUdc budc
tien mdi trong qua t r i n h b a n h trUdng sang T r u n g Qud'c Ngay 3/7/1844, dai dien chinh phu My Caleb Cushing ky
Trang 2vdi Trung Qud'c Hiep Udc Vong Ha md 5
cang Quang Chau, Ha Mdn, Phiic
Chau, Ninh Ba, ThUdng Hai cho My
thdng thUdng va trad quyen hdp phap
cho ngUdi My sd'ng tai Trung Qud'c
Hiep udc nay da md ra cd hdi p h a t trien
mdi cho nen ngoai thUdng My Theo dd,
tdng gia tri h a n g hda van chuyen tren
cac t a u thuyen My da t a n g til 9 trieu
USD nam 1845 len tren 22 t n e u USD
vao nam 1860 [1, tr.22] Tuy chi chiem
tl le nhd trong tdng gia tri ngoai thUdng
cua My, nhUng budn ban vdi Trung
Qud'c da trd t h a n h ngudn ldi dang ke
cho mdt nhdm cac n h a tU ban cd
anb-hudng d My Ddi vdi ho, Trung Qud'c
tie'p tuc chie'm vi tri t r u n g tam trong
"giac md ve nen thUdng mai rdng md"
cua nUdc My trong tUdng lai
Ba Id, lanh thd My dUdc md rdng
n h a n h chdng ve phia Tay Theo dd,
dudng bien gidi phia Tay giap Thai
Binh DUdng dat tdi con s d t r e n 1920 km
vdi nhUng cang bien rdng ldn tren vinh
San Francisco va Pudget Sound
Sii ke't hdp giiia cac ye'u td tren da
d i n tdi viec h i n h t h a n h tuyen dudng
bien t n i c tiep ndi San Francisco vdi
ThUdng Hai va Quang Chau Day la
dieu kien vd cimg t h u a n ldi cho sU khdi
dau ky nguyen thUdng mai cua My tren
Thai Binh DUdng Hien nhien, cac tau
My se phai di qua hai p h a n Nhat Ban
va N h a t Ban vdi vi tri dia ly mot qud'c
dao tren Thai Binh DUdng trai dai theo
mot vdng cung hep tif n a m len hac tren
3800 km tif 20°25' den 45"35' vi do Bae
vdi nhieu hai cang td't ngay cang chiem
vi tri quan trong trong he thdng giao
thUdng giuta My vdi cac qud'c gia phUdng
Ddng, dac biet la thi trUdng Trung Qudc
rdng ldn NhU vay, cd the ndi, sii phat
trien thUdng mai vdi Trung Qud'c da trd
t h a n h n h a n td tac ddng t n i c tie'p tdi
viec phai md cUa N h a t Ban khi nhu cau
can p h a i cd cac cang bien de cung ca'p
nhieu lieu, lUdng tbiic ciing nhU cac
nhu ye'u p h a m can thie't khac che cac
chuye'n di vUdt dai dUdng ngay cang trd nen quan trong Dieu dd lai dien ra trong bdi canh nhiing ldi ddn ve viec Nhat Ban cd trut lUdng ldn t h a n da lan truyen d My Ngoai trUdng My Daniel Webster da phat bieu rang, trut lUdng tram tich t h a n da nay la "mdt mdn qua cua ThUdng de, do Da'ng Tao hda ky thac xudng dUdi long da't cua quan dao Nhat Ban, de phuc vu ldi ich cua toan nhan loai" [1, tr.23]
Them vao dd, nhu cau can phai cd cac cang bien de tranh thdi tie't xa'u cho cac tau san ca voi, vd'n dang mang lai nhieu ldi nhuan cho My, da trd nen dac biet can thie't sau khi khdng it chuye'n di ke't thiic that bai tren cac bd bien day da va sUdng mil d cac hdn dao phia Bae Thai Binh Dudng Nhu cau nay trd thanh tac nhan tie'p theo day nhanh nd liic md cifa Nhat Ban cua My
NgUdi dUdc giao sii menh md cifa Nhat Ban la Dd ddc Matthew Calbraith Perry (1794-1858) Khac vdi hai chuyen
di bat t h a n h trong viec khai thdng quan
he vdi Nhat Ban trUdc day cua Dd ddc
J a m e s Biddle vao nam 1848 va Dd ddc Glynn nam 1849, Perry den Nhat Ban vdi sil chuan hi ky lUdng ca ve sUc manh quan sii
Ngay 15/7/1853, h a m ddi cua Perry gdm 4 t a u chien vdi nhiing cd may khdng id chay bang hdi nUdc tie'n vao vinh Edo, neo dau tai cifa bien cua
t h a n h phd' nhd d Uraga Ngay sau khi tdi Uraga, M.C Perry kien quyet yeu cau jdai dien chinh quyen Edo d day phai cho gap Tudng quan de tnic tiep trao qua va trinh t h u cua Tong thd'ng
My Biic t h u cua Tdng thdng My Filmore gifi chinh quyen N h a t Ban cd
ba yeu cau cd ban: Md cifa da't nUdc de giao lUu thUdng mai va thie't lap quan
he hiiu nghi giiia hai nudc; cifu trd va chiia tri n h a n dao ddi vdi cac thuy thu
My hi dam tau hoac gap nan d vimg bien N h a t Ban; chd phep My dUdc md met t r a m tiep nhien lieu cho cac doan
Trang 3t a u qua lai dinh ky giua California va
Trung Qud'c
TrUdc ap luc cua My va can cif thilc
te la Nhat Ban cdn nhieu ban che ve
kha nang phdng thu, tai chinh cung
nhu mdi lo ngai se phai chiu chung sd
phan nhu Trung Qud'c Mac phu Edo da
Ilia chon giai phap tuy khdng phai la
tron ven nhUng mang tinh hien thiic
hdn de duy tri nen ddc lap tUdng ddi
cua minh - thay ddi can ban chinh sach
ddng cua truyen thdng Ket qua la
ngay 31/3/1854 Matthew Calbraith
Perry, thay mat chinh phii My va Dai
hoc 81 Hayashi Noboru, ldo Satohiro
-Lanh chua Tsushima, Izawa
Massayoshi - lanh chua viing Mimasda,
Udono Choei - t h a n h vien Hdi ddng
Ngan khd Qudc gia Nhat thay mat
chinh phu Nhat Ban ky "Hiep Udc hda
binh va hiiu nghi" (cdn du'dc goi la Hiep
Udc Kanagawa), Hiep Udc gdm 12 dieu
vdi nhiing ndi dung cd ban:
1 Thiet lap mdi quan he hda binh
vutng chac, lau dai va thilc sii than hUu
giuta My va Nhat Ban
2 Md hai cang Shimoda va Hakodate
de tau My cd thd lay ciu, nUdc thiic
pham, than va cac nhu yeu pham khac
ma cac tau My can trong kha n a n g
cung cap cua Nhat Ban
3 Cuu trd va chua tri nhan dao ddi
vdi thuy thu My bi dam hay gap nan d
viing bien Nhat Ban
4 Trong tifdng lai neu chinh phu
Nhat Ban danh cho bat cu qud'c gia nao
khac nhung dac quyen va ldi ich ma
nudc My chua dUdc hUdng thi nudc My
va cdng dan My mac nhien cd quyen
hudng nhu'ng dac quyen va ldi ich tUdng
tu ma khdng phai thdng qua dam p h a n
ciing n h u sU tri hoan nao
5 My cd quyen cif mdt lanh siI ddng
tai Shimoda vao bat cii thdi diem, nao
trong vdng 18 thang kd tii ngay ky hiep
dinh nay neu mdt trong hai chinh phu
My hoac Nhat Ban thay r i n g sii sap
xep dd la can thiet
Hiep udc nay dUdc Qud'c hdi My thdng qua ngay 15/7/1854 va dUdc Tdng thd'ng Filmore phe chuan ngay 7/8/1854
Nhin chung Hiep Udc Kanagawa da dap ling diing va day du yeu cau trong biic t h u cua Tdng thd'ng Filmore gUi chinh quyen N h a t Ban trUdc dd Ndi dung hiep Udc p h a n a n h ra't ro muc tieu cua My ddi vdi N h a t Ban, dd la md cifa cac hai cang Sd lUdng dieu khoan de cap t n i c tiep hoac cd lien quan de'n noi dung nay la 3/12 va dUdc dat len hang dau chi sau p h a n nguyen tac chung Ben canh dd, cd mot ndi dung dang chii
y khac la dieu k h o a n quy dinh My dUdc quyen ddi xif tdi h u e qud'c TrUdc My chua he cd qud'c gia nao dUdc Nhat Ban nhUdng bd cho hudng nhiing Uu dai nhu the Cdn dd'i vdi My, day la lan thii hai
My gianh dUdc quyen nay trong quan
he vdi cac qud'c gia chau A, sau hiep Udc Vong Ha ky vdi T r u n g Qud'c nam 1844
Y nghia quan trong ve mat luat phap cua dieu k h o a n nay (dieu 9 trong Hiep
udc Kanagawa) the hien d ba diem: Mgt
Id quy dinh trach nhiem thiic hien mot
chieu Trong khi de cap de'n trach nhiem cua N h a t Ban ddi vdi My dieu khoan nay khdng he ndi tdi quyen tudng tii cho N h a t Ban ciing nhU trach
nhiem ve phia My Hai Id khdng gidi
b a n ve p h a m vi thdi gian Chinh dieu nay da md dudng cho My gianh ta't ca cac quyen ldi ma N h a t Ban ddng }' de cho mdt nUdc thU ba hUdng va md dudng cho My trong cac cudc dam phan
tiep theo Ba Id, khdng quy dinh dieu
kien thiic hien tuf phia My Mac dii dac diem nay chi dUdc the hien d nhiing tif cudi cung cua dieu 9, nhUng la ndi dung ra't dang chii y Ke tii n a m 1778, My ludn img hd m a n h me viec ap dung quy che ddi xif tdi h u e qud'c trong quan he qud'c te nhUng la ddi xif cd dieu kien, nghia la sii md rdng ldi ich cua qud'c nay cho qud'c gia kia phai dUdc den dap tUdng dUdng Tuy nhien, My chi ap
Trang 4dung tinh "cd dieu kien" nay trong quan
he vdi cac qud'c gia "van minh" Ddi vdi
cac qud'c gia "khdng van minh", khi
n h a n tha'y viec ap dung dieu nay la
khdng can thie't va t h a m chi la di ngUdc
lai ldi ich cua My, My se lay ly do nay
de tii chdi md rdng nhiing dac quyen
cho mdt nUdc thU ba khac [2, tr.276]
Day chinh la ly do giai thich tai sao
menh de "khdng dieu kien" nay lai dUdc
dUa vao trong hiep Udc ky vdi Nhat
Ban Ndi each khac, tai thdi diem ky
Hiep udc Kanagawa, My khdng coi
Nhat Ban la qud'c gia "van minh" va
ngang h a n g vdi My
Can cif bdi canh ky ket "Hiep Udc hda
binh va hUu nghi" My - N h a t Ban, cd
the tha'y, hiep dinh nay cd y nghia vd
Cling quan trong Trifdc bet, nd cimg cd
niem tin cua ngUdi My ve kha nang
hoan t h a n h sif menh md rdng lanh thd
va anh hudng ve phia Tay, mdt sii
menh ma My cho la "sU menh hien
nhien" cua minh Ddng thdi, cha'm dUt
215 nam theo dudi chi'nh sach ddng cifa
cua N h a t Ban va md ra mot trang sif
mdi trong quan he qudc te giufa My va
Nhat Ban Day ciing la nguyen cd de
cac cUdng qudc phUdng Tay theo My
budc N h a t Ban phai ky cac hiep Udc
tUdng tii
Tuf thiic te tren, cd the khdng dinh
My da ddng vai trd then chd't trong viec
md cifa N h a t Ban "Chinh tac ddng cua
My da md ra mdt the cudc mdi trong
quan he qudc te cua N h a t Ban giai
doan tien Minh Tri" Cdn vdi N h a t Ban,
"Viec ky cac ban hiep Udc da dUa Nhat
Ban den cudc k h u n g hoang nhUng
Nhat Ban khdng cdn sii liia chpn nao
khac bdi vi nd chUa du m a n h de chdng
lai phUdng Tay" [3, t n 4 ]
Tuf nam b a n le do cho tdi trUdc khi
dien ra cac sil kien dUa N h a t Ban dan
len vi tri mdt cUdng qud'c tren Thai
Binh DUdng va canh t r a n h vdi My trong
qua trinh t r a n h gianh a n h hUdng va
quyen ldi d k h u viic nay, muc tieu cd
ban trong chinh sach cua My ddi vdi
N h a t Ban la md rdng hOn nUa canh cifa
da md vao da't nUdc mat trdi moc Muc tieu dd dUdc thiic hien thdng qua vai trd cua Townshend Harris, ngUdi da dam
n h a n nhieu sif menh ngoai giao ciia My
d chau A, trong dd cd viec ky ket hiep udc vdi Xiem nam 1856
Sau 10 t h a n g kien tri dam phan va mot lan de doa dung vii liic de gay sUc
ep, ngay 17/6/1857, T, H a r n s - Tong lanh sii dau tien cua My tai Nhat, da ky vdi N h a t Ban Hiep Udc Shimoda Theo
dd, N h a t Ban phai md cifa Nagasaki cho cac tau budn My; ngUdi My cd quyen cU tru lau dai d Shimoda, Hakodate va cd quyen chi dinh them mdt phd lanh sii; quy dinh ty gia trao ddi cd' dinh giuta ddng tien My va Nhat Ban, Nhat Ban n h a n dUdc tdi da 6% hoa hdng tren trong lUdng chenh lech binh quan h a m lUdng vang va hac giuta ddng tien My va Nhat Ban thay vi 25% nhu de nghi ban dau cua Nhat Ban; ngUdi My pham tdi tren da't Nhat Ban
se bi xif phat theo luat phap My trUdc mot ban bdi tham ngUdi My; lanh sii
My tai Nhat Ban cd quyen tdi bat cii dau tren lanh thd Nhat
Viec ky hiep Udc nay da md dudng cho Harris tdi Edo va ky hiep Udc hutu nghi va thUdng mai vdi N h a t tai day Ngay 7/12/1857, T Harris dUdc dich than Tudng quan tiep kien d phao dai Edo Day la sut kien quan trong the hien sil nhUdng bd ldn tif phia chinh quyen Edo Chinh quyen Edo quyet dinh dieu
dd bdi ho n h a n dUdc thdng tin tU nhutng ngUdi phien dich d Nagasaki cho biet rang ham ddi Anh da ta'n cdng va dot pha HUdng Cang vi chinh phu Trung Hoa khdng thiic hien dung ldi cam ke't Vien cao uy Ha Lan d N h a t Ban cung khuyen chinh quyen Edo khdng nen tri hoan n h u n g dieu da ky ket
Cac cudc dam phan My - Nhat ve ky ket hiep Udc thUdng mai chinh thufc bat dau ngay 12/12/1957 va keo dai hdn 7
Trang 5thang Ngay 29/7/1858 Td tudng Ih
Kaman No Kami cua Nhat Ban ky vdi T
H a r n s "Hiep Udc huu nghi va thUdng
mai" (HU Yedo) tren chien ham My tha
neo d Vinh Edo Hiep udc gdm 14 dieu
vdi cac ndi dung chinh:
1 Tdng thdng My cd quyen lap mdt
van phdng ngoai giao tai Yedo va cd
quyen cu cac lanh sii hay lap van phdng
lanh sii ddng tai ba't cif mdt hay tat ca
cac cang bien dupc Nhat Ban mO cifa
cho My thdng thudng theo cac dieu
khoan cua hiep udc nay Nhan vien
ngoai giao va Tdng lanh sii My tai Nhat
cd quyen di lai tu do tren dat Nhat
Chinh phu Nhat cd quyen lap mdt
van phdng ngoai giao tai Washington
va cu cac lanh sii hay lap van phdng
lanh su ddng tai bat cu mdt hay tat ca
cac cang bien cua My Nhan vien ngoai
giao va Tdng lanh sii Nhat Ban tai My
cd quyen di lai tii do tren dai My
2 Neu dupc yeu cau tdng thdng My
se ddng vai trd hda giai thien chi ddi vdi
cac van de khac biet cd kha nang nay
sinh giuta chinh quyen Nhat Ban vdi cac
cudng qudc chau Au
3 Md them cac cang va t h a n h phd'
Kanagawa Nagasaki (vao ngay
4/7/1859) Niigata' va Hiogo (vao ngay
1/1/1860) cho ngudi My tu do budn ban
(trU thudc phien) di lai (trong pham vi
quy dinh) thue dat mua nha cifa thue
nhan cdng TU ngay 1/1/1862 ngu'di My
dupc phep den sdng o Yedo va tU ngay
1/1/1863 0 Osaka vi muc dich budn ban
4 My dupc hupng quyen lanh sii tai
phan va quyen tdi hue qud'c
Hiep Udc nay dupc Qudc hdi My
thdng qua ngay 15/6/1858 sau dd du'dc
Tdng thd'ng Buchanan phe chuan ngav
30/6/1858
So sanh ndi dung Hiep Udc Yedo vdi
ndi dung hai ban hiep Udc tren cho
thay, Hiep Udc Yedo md rdng hdn nUa
quyen Ipi thifdng mai cua My tren
nguyen tac tu do thudng mai, ddng thdi
thiet lap quan he ngoai giao chinh thuc
va hdp tac quan sU giUa hai nUdc Qua
ba lan ky hiep udc, My dUdc chap nhan chd tau vao 6 cang Hakodate, Shimoda, Kanagawa Nagasaki, Niigata va Hiogo Neu so s a n h vdi cac nUdc phUdng Tay chiing ta tha'y d khu viic bien N^hat Ban t a m boat ddng cua cac dpi tau My
la rdng ldn n h a t va My ciing la nUdc ma Nhat Ban phai n h a n nhUdng nhieu nha't trong quyen du'dc phep vao cang
N h u vay, ve mat phap ly My la nUdc gianh du'dc nhieu dac quyen nha't Vdi
nhutng dac quyen nay My thitc sit "keo" Nhdt Bdn vdo ddu tritdng thitdng mgi qudc te - ndi dang dien ra nhitng xung dot ve ldi ich giita cdc citdng qudc
Ben canh dd nhUng quy dinh trong Hiep udc Yedo ve quyen lap van phdng ngoai giao cua My tai N h a t Ban va vai trd cua tdng thd'ng My trong viec giai quyet cac van de khac biet cd kha nang nay sinh giua chinh quyen Nhat Ban vdi cac cUdng qud'c chau Au cho tha'y
My da dat dupc n h u n g t h a n g Ipi ldn hdn
ve ngoai giao ditgc quyen can thiep sdu hdn vdo chu quyen Nhdt va do dd sit phu thugc ve ngogi giao cua Nhdt vdo
My ngdy cdng gia tdng
Tuy nhien, sau khi dan dau doan
"dieu h a n h phao h a m " cua cac cu'dng qud'c n h a m md cifa N h a t Ban trong nhutng n a m 1850, budc sang dau nhutng nam 60 cua the ky XIX My lai chuyen sang vi tri theo sau nhUng cudng qudc nay L}' do cd ban la nudc My dang vudng vad cudc Ndi chie'n giuta hai mien
Nam - Bae Ngoai trUdng 'My William
Seward da yeu cau cac cdng sii My d Nhat Ban ciing nhU t r e n k h a p the gidi phai hpp tac vdi Anh va P h a p den chiing nao cd the de chan kha nang cac nudc nay cdng n h a n chinh quj'en do cac bang ly khai mien N a m lap nen (chinh quyen Hdp b a n g My)
Cimg thdi gian dd, ddi sd'ng chinh tri
xa hdi N h a t Ban d trong tinh t r a n g het sifc cang t h a n g va ngay cang phUc tap Cudc da'u t r a n h giua trieu dinh va phai
Trang 6ung hd trieu dinh (phai Tdn vUdng
nhUdng di) vdi Mac phu dien ra gay gat
Trong cudc da'u t r a n h nay My ciing vdi
Anh va P h a p dUng ve phia Mac phu
Ngoai ly do neu tren, cdn cd hai nguyen
nhan khac giai thich dieu nay Thit
nhdt, Thien hoang Komei tU chdi phe
chuan hiep Udc Mac phu vUa ky vdi My
Thd hai, ngan chan sii p h a t trien cua
phong trao chd'ng lai ngUdi phUdng Tay
trong dd cd My^ Dan chiing tieu bieu la
vu sat hai Henry Heusken, trp ly cua T
Harris vao ngay 15/1/1861
Ve phia Nhat, sii suy giam uy liic
cua Mac phu Edo sau cudc chinh phat
Choshu lan thuf hai khdng t h a n h cdng,
sii phat trien cua phong trao "Tdn
vUdng dao Mac" thay cho "Tdn vUdng
nhUdng di" trUdc day cimg vdi sii ke vi
cua Thien hoang Mutsuhito sdm cd tU
tudng cai each da tac nen nhiing ap lilc
buoc Tokugawa Yoshinobu phai chap
nhan ldi khuyen trao t r a quyen liic
chinh tri cho trieu dinh Kyoto, cha'm
dift 267 nam tdn tai cua chinh quyen
Tokugawa T h a n g 1/1868, Thien hoang
Mutsuhito ra lenh trua't quyen Shogun
va thanh lap chinh phu mdi gdm dai
dien cac the liic cd tU tudng cai each
Ngay 14-3-1868, Thien hoang Minh Tri
tuyen bd "Ngii dieu ngii the van" - mot
cUdng linh chinh tri xay diing da't nUdc
theo mo hinh phUdng Tay, the hien
dudng loi can ban cua chinh quyen mdi
va quyet t a m tiep n h a n van minh
phUdng Tay de canh t a n da't nUdc
Sau khi n a m chinh quyen, chinh phu
Minh Tri da tien h a n h met cudc cai
each xa hpi k h a toan dien tren cac mat
h a n h chinh, kinh te - tai chinh, van hda
- giao due, q u a n sii Vdi nhiing bien
phap cai each dd, che dp phan quyen
trUdc day da bi xda bd, N h a t Ban trd
t h a n h mdt qud'c gia t r u n g Udng tap
quyen, bat dau dat nen t a n g cho sii
hinh t h a n h thi trUdng thd'ng n h a t trdng
ca nUdc va ciing tad tien de cho chu
nghia tU ban tai N h a t p h a t trien Lilc
lUdng quan sii dUdc xay diing theo md hinh chau Au Hoat ddng san xua't, lUu thdng h a n g hda va tien te dUdc thiic day Mot he thd'ng giao due qud'c gia vdi ndi dung va tU tudng hien dai dupc trien khai xay dilng
Trong qua trinh can dai hda do d Nhat Ban, My ddng mdt vai trd it quan trpng hdn so vdi vai trd "ndi trdi" trong viec thiic hien sU menh md cifa va md rdng hdn nUa canh cifa da md vao da't nUdc mat trdi mpc trUdc day Vai trd nay chil yeu the hien tren ba phUdng dien:
Mgt la, vai trd cd' va'n Vai trd nay
lien quan chat che vdi chu trUdng "hpc tap phudng Tay" cua N h a t Ban
De trien khai k h a u hieu cd tinh chien lupc: "Hpc tap phUdng Tay, dudi kip phUdng Tay, di vUdt phUdng Tay", chinh quyen Minh Tri da thUc thi mot trong nhung chinh sach ldn cua minh, dd la 'Van minh khai hda" He qua la, mot cao trao hpc tap cac nUdc phUdng Tay da dien ra d Nhat Cho den cudi thdi ky Minh Tri, Nhat Ban da mdi khoang
3000 cd' van nUdc ngoai tdi Nhat de tU van cho chinh quyen Minh Tri trong qua trinh hoach dinh chinh sach va tbiic hien cac muc tieu can dai boa Nhat Ban can cU vao the manh cua tUng qud'c gia trong cac linh viic de mdi chuyen gia tdi cd' van cho minh Cu the: cd van ve hai quan dUdc mdi tU Anh, ve luc quan dUdc mdi til Phap, ve luat dupc mdi tU DUc, cdn vai trd cua cac cd' va'n My chu yeu la trong cac linh viic ddi ngoai, tai chinh, giao due va ndng nghiep
Ddng gdp cua cac cd' va'n My da dUdc chinh phu Nhat ghi nhan Mot trong nhutng cd' va'n My ndi tieng nha't trong thdi Minh Tri, Tudng Charles LeGrande, ngUdi t h a m gia vao viec hoach dinh h a u bet cac cac chinh sach ddi ngoai quan trpng n h a t cua Nhat Ban trong sudt nhutng nam 70 cua the
ky XIX, da dUdc Thien hoang Minh Tri trao tang Huan chUdng Mat trdi mpc (Order of the Rising Sun) vao nam 1875
Trang 7Hai Id vai trd thiic day trao ddi
budn ban giuta hai nu'dc
Ngay sau khi Hiep udc Kanagawa
dupc ky ket cac thu'dng n h a n My da cd
gang md rdng quan he thu'dng mai vdi
Nhat Ban Tuy nhien cho de'n nam
1859 vi nhieu ly do, nha cam quyen
Nhat Ban h a u nhU chi cho phep thUOng
n h a n My mua h a n g boa cua Nhat Ban
ddng thdi ban che viec ban h a n g cua hp
vao Nhat Ban Chinh vi vay khdi lUdng
va gia tri hang hda Nhat Ban nhap vao
My ludn ldn hdn khdi lupng va gia tri
hang hda My xua't sang Nhat Ban
Sau khi Nhat Ban md cUa thudng
mai vao nam 1859 quan he thUdng mai
song phudng giua My vdi Nhat Ban mdi
cd dieu kien phat t n e n Chi vai t u a n
sau khi van phdng lanh sii My tai Nhat
Ban dupc t h a n h lap (thang 7/1859)
cdng ty thu'dng mai Walsh Hall and
Company cua My da md cifa h a n g dau
tien tai Yokohama Tii' dd t r u n g binh
mdi nam cd khoang 20 den 40 tau My
cap cang nay va Yokohama trd t h a n h
mot trong nhutng dau mdi budn ban
quan trpng cua thu'dng n h a n My
Den nhiing nam 1861-1865 quan he
budn ban giiia hai nu'dc tam thdi chutng
lai do My vu'dng vao cudc Ndi chien giua
hai mien Nam-Bac Sau nam 1865
trong quan he kmh te - thudng mai My
- Nhat Ban dien ra mdt siI kien cd y
nghia quan trpng gdp phan dUa boat
ddng thuong mai giUa hai nUdc len bUdc
tang trUdng mdi dd la Hdi chp trien
lam qud'c te td chiic tai Philadelphia
nam 1876 Hdi chp nay da thilc sii
quang cao cho cac mat h a n g cua Nhat
ddng thdi tao cO hdi cho gidi thUdng
nhan My tiep can va nam lay cd hdi ky
hdp ddng mua cac loai h a n g hda do
Nhat san xuat dac biet la to sd'ng lua
tra tiep den la dd sOn mai gdm sU
ddng, long nao ,
Tif phia My, mat h a n g dupc Nhat
Ban chu y dac biet la dau mo, Dau mo
dupc gidi thieu dau tien d Yokohama
nam 1868, Den dau n h u n g n a m 1880 dau trd nen r a t can thiet va phd bie'n Nhap k h a u dau md t a n g n h a n h chdng tuf 4.000 thiing n a m 1870 len 980.000 nam 1880 N a m 1883, chinh phu Nhat ca'm n h a p k h a u dau md dUdi dp chay
115 dp N a m 1888, My xua't k h a u dau Baku^ vao N h a t Ban va til dd tie'p tuc cung ca'p dau gia re cho Nhat Trong 6.143.000 USD gia tri xuat khau thi 3.783.000 USD thudc ve dau md [4 tr.96] Ngoai ra My cdn xua't sang Nhat nhieu mat h a n g khac nhU ddng hd, dd
da, giay da, hot my, thudc la, bd, suta, sach vd
Nhin chung trong ta't ca cac nudc cd quan he thUOng mai vdi Nhat Ban My
la ban h a n g ldn nha't vdi gia tri budn ban h a n g n a m dat 23 trieu yen Trong khi dd T r u n g Qud'c ban h a n g ldn thii hai cua N h a t chi dat xa'p xi mot mia con sd nay Tuy nhien cho den cudi the
ky XIX, gia tri h a n g hoa My xua't sang Nhat van chie'm ty le tha'p hdn nhieu so vdi gia tri h a n g hoa N h a t xua't sang
My Nam 1885 ty le nay la 10% (:My) so vdi 42% (Nhat Ban) Nam 1889 dp chenh lech nay cd giam di ddi chiit nhu'ng van d mUc 9% (IVIy) va 37% (Nhat Ban) [4 tr.96]
Ba Id Ipi dung lan nhau de thiic hien
muc tieu xam lUdc va banh trUdng
Mdi quan he ldi dung lan nhau dd dupc p h a n a n h rd qua cudc chien t r a n h Nhat Ban - Dai Loan (1874) Nhat Ban
Luu Cau (18781881) va N h a t Ban -Trung Qud'c (1894-1895) Trong cudc
chien tranh xd?7i litdc Ddi Loan ndm
1874 sii img hd cua My ddi vdi Nhat
Ban the hien d chd ngay tii dau chinh phu My da khdng b a n che ngudi My phuc vu cho N h a t Ban Mdt trong nhUng dan chiing tieu bieu cho dieu nay la chinh phu My da ddng y de Tudng Charles LeGrande tii chiic dai dien lam thdi My d T r u n g Qud'c de tdi
N h a t Ban lam cd'va'n cho Bd Ngoai giao
N h a t trong viec hoach dinh nhieu chinh
Trang 8sach quan trpng trong dd cd chinh sach
xam lUdc Dai Loan Khi h a n h ddng cua
Nhat bi chinh phu Anh va trieu dinh
Man T h a n h phan ddi gay gat, ve mat
hinh thiic My p h a n ddi viec chinh phu
Nhat Ban thue sy quan va t a u thuyen
My, nhUng thiic chat "mai den budc
quan trpng cudi cung My mdi cam dung
:au thuyen My lam cdng cu van chuyen
cho Nhat Ban, cdn viec ngan ca'm sy
quan My phuc vu cho N h a t thi lai cang
do dii khdng quyet dinh Cho den khi
Trung Qud'c quyet dinh p h a n ddi cudc
vien chinh dd thi lanh sii My d Ha Mdn
mdi chinh thUc ra lenh cho hp rut lui,
nhUng lenh nay lai dUa di trUdc khi
dupc uy quyen Do dd ma hp khdng he
cha'p h a n h gi ca" [5, t r l 5 ] Sau khi
hanh dpng quan sii cifa N h a t tha't bai,
trong qua trinh dam phan N h a t Ban
-Trung Qudc, dai dien lam thdi My d Bae
Kinh S.W William la phu ta dac liic
cho phia Nhat Ban va cd anh hUdng
nha't dinh tdi viec ky ket hiep Udc Bae
Kinh t h a n g 10/1874
Ddi vdi vdn de Litu Cdu (Ryukyu)
-mdt vUdng qud'c hpp tu bdi nam nhdm
dao chinh nam d mien Nam Nhat Ban
va phia Ddng cua luc dia Trung Hoa, ca
My va Nhat Ban deu ldi dung lan nhau
de thiic hien ke hoach b a n h trUdng cua
minh Nam 1872, My va N h a t ky mdt
thda udc bi mat vdi ndi dung My ddng y
de Nhat Ban thdn tinh Luu Cau, ddi lai
Nhat Ban phai tdn trpng thda t h u a n
nam 1854 giUa LUu Cau vdi M y \ Vdi sil
hau t h u i n ngam cua My, Nhat Ban da
yeu cau vua LUu Cau ngiing cdng nap
nha T h a n h (1878), sau dd tuf y ddi LUu
Cau t h a n h mdt huyen cua N h a t (1879)
Khi quan he N h a t - Trung trd nen rat
cang thang, ciiu Tdng thd'ng Grant da
ddng y vdi de nghi cua trieu dinh nha
Thanh dUng ra dam n h a n vai trd "hda
giai" mau t h u i n Trung Qudc - Nhat
Ban Trong cudc hdi dam bi mat vdi
Nhat t h a n g 7/1879, G r a n t khuyen Nhat
khdng nen h a n h ddng vdi va neu khdng
"cac liet cUdng chau Au se can cU vao ldi ich cua hp de ket thiic chien tranh" va khuyen N h a t nen dung phUdng phap dam phan t n i c tiep de chiem Luu Cau [5, tr.26] Theo ldi khuyen ciia Grant, Nhat Ban va Trung Qud'c da tien hanh dam phan tai Bae Kinh nhUng khong dUa lai ke't qua Sau dd, ldi dung cd hpi nha Thanh phai ddi dau vdi de qud'c Nga trong va'n de bien gidi, Nhat Ban
d i n chiem ddng LUu C i u va sap nhap vao dia phan / l a n ' Satsuma
Trong cudc chien tranh Nhdt Bdn -Trung Quo'c xung q u a n h van de Trieu
Tien (1894-1895), be ngoai My tuyen bo' "trung lap", nhUng tren thiic te van img hp va giiip dp N h a t Ban bang each: tao dieu kien cho gian diep Nhat Ban boat ddng, lien he va che giau cho
h a n h dpng t a n bao cua N h a t Ban; phan ddi de nghi cua Anh ve viec dung bien phap "lien hpp can thiep" giuta nam nUdc Anh, Diic, Nga, P h a p va My
de ket thiic chie'n t r a n h Trung - Nhat Tuy nhien, khi Nhat Ban budc chinh phu Trieu Tien chap nhan ach bao hp cua Nhat va thUa thang tien vao Man Chau, ban dao Lieu Ddng, My vdi va khuyen Nhat Ban "nghi boa" vdi Trung Qud'c va yeu cau dUdc lam "trung gian dieu dinh" cudc chien Diia tren nhutng tinh toan ldi ich qudc gia, Nhat Ban ddng
y vdi de nghi nay cua My
Sau khi ky ket hiep Udc ket thuc cudc chien t r a n h Nhat - Trung vdi nhutng dieu khoan cd Ipi cho Nhat Thien hoang Mutsuhito da gifi thU cam
dn Tdng thdng My Cleveland BUc thU
cd doan:
"Trdng cudc chien t r a n h giuta de che cua chiing tdi vdi de che Trung Hoa, nay da ket thiic bang mot hiep Udc hoa binh, theo sii chuan y va nhiing chi dan sang sud't cua Ngai, cac nha ngoai giao
va cd van My d Trung Qud'c da md rdng cifa van phdng cua minh tiep ddn t h i n dan cua chiing tdi d Trung Qud'c va rat nhieu lan cd gang giiip dd hp
Trang 9giai doan ke't thiic, mdt l i n nuta cac
dai dien cua My t a i Tokyo va B i c
Kinh, theo sU uy q u y e n cua Ngai, da
de x u a t each ma t h e o dd T r u n g Qudc
cd the tiep can t n i c tiep chinh phii cua
c h u n g tdi Ddng thdi cac dai dien My
tai hai nUdc da tim each t h u c day
nhUng cudc tiep xuc t n i c tiep giUa
chinh p h u h a i nifdc N h a t B a n va
T r u n g Qudc Dd la nhUng bUdc md d i u
de tien tdi viec dam p h a n giai quyet
dut k h o a t t i n h t r a n g x u n g dot
N h a n dip nay, c h u n g tdi bay td sii
cam dn sau sac tdi Ngai ve nhutng
h a n h ddng ciia Ngai cung nhU ciia cac
n h a n vien dUdi quyen Ngai vi nhUng
h a n h ddng dd k h d n g chi giiip lam
giam nhUng gay go gian khd va khd'c
liet cua chien t r a n h va dUa tdi sii
t h a n h cdng cua cudc d a m p h a n boa
binh ma cdn t h a t c h a t hdn sdi day
doan ket va l a n g gieng hutu hao giUa
hai nUdc c h u n g ta" [6, tr.969]
Npi dung bUc thU khdng chi cho
tha'y rd mdi quan he hdp tac giiia N h a t
Ban va My trong cudc chien t r a n h b a n h
trUdng cua N h a t d luc dia chau A ma
cdn phan a n h mdt thiic te la trong ky
nguyen Minh Tri, vai tro ''trung gian
hod gidi thien chf cua My "ddi vdi cdc
vdn de khdc biet cd khd ndng ndy sinh
gida chinh quyen Nhdt Ban' dd md
rgng ra ngodi phgm vi ''vdi cdc nitdc
chdu Au" vd vitdn tdi cd cdc qudc gia
ndm trong chinh sdch xdm litdc cua
Nhdt Bdn •
Tdi lieu tham khdo:
1 Neumann, W L (1963), America
encounters Japan: from Perry to
Baltimore
2 Murase, S (1976), "The Most-Favored-Nation Treatment in Japan's Treaty Practice During the Period 1854-1905",
American Journal of International Law,
70(2), pp 273-297
3 Hoare J.E (1994), Japans Treaty Ports
and Foreign Settlements, J a p a n Library
4 Nitobe, I (1891), The Intercourse between
the United States and Japan, The John
Hopskin Press, Baltimore
5 Thieu Dinh Huan (1977), Chinh sdch Vien
Dong cua My trong thdi ky duy tan d Nhdt Bdn, Vien Thong tin Khoa hoc Xa hoi, HN
6 United States Department of State (1895),
Foreign relations of the United States, with the annual message of the president, transmitted to Congress December 2, 1895,
Part II, US Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C
Chu thich:
1) Neu vi ly do nao do, cang Niigata khong ducic
md thi chinh phii hai nu6c cung liia chon mot cang bien khac tren bd phia Tay Nhat Ban de thay the
2) Trieu dinh Tokyo va phe doi lap vdi Mac phti quan niem viec ky ket cac hiep Udc vdi nu6c ngoai cua Mac phii la hanh dong "ban nttdc" - di ngifdc lai mong muon ctia Thien hoang, khong dUdc long dan Til do, phong trao "img ho Thien hoang - Loai trii' lu man di" ("Ton wfdng nhtldng di") no ra manh me Nhiing cuoc tan cong, sat hai ngiidi phifdng Tay dien ra mot each pho bien Chinh quyen Edo td ra rat liing tiing trong
viec xii ly cac cuoc chohg doi trong niidc
3) Day la loai dau dUdc khai thac d Azerbaijan 4) Thang 7/1854, Peny dimg thu ddan de doa vii trang buoc nha cam quyen Ryukyu ky thoa thuan dong y cho My dat cac kho du trii than d vung bd bien Ryukyu, ngUdi My co quyen tU do buon ban va di lai d Ryukyu
5) Han: Phien, la nhiing khu vUc dia-hanh chinh
dd cac daimyo trUc tiep quan ly