Cu Dao ciing khdng quen nhan manh (thiic chinh xac va tinh te) vai trd ciia nhiing nhan vat Cdng giao nhU TrUdng Vinh Ky, Huynh Tinh Cua, Nguyen TrUdng To cho den hoc gia ngoai Cdng[r]
Trang 1Nghien curu Ton giao Sd7 - 2008
TON GIAO - VAN DE Ll LUAN VA THl/C TllN
NHAN THirc VE TON GIAO Nl/A DAU THE KI XX:
TRirCfNG HOP DAO DUY ANH
I i : : i ! u - (
Hoc gia Dao Duy Anh la ngiidi md
dau cho nhieu nganh khoa hoc xa
hoi va nhan van d Viet Nam"' Tuy vay,
c6 mot linh viic ma vi hoe gia nay cung co
nhiing dong gop doc dao ma chung ta
chiia CO nhutng nghien ciiu day dii, do la
nhiing dong gop ciia ong trong viec
nghien ciiu eac ton giao d Viet Nam, gep
ph^n dat nen meng cho nganh ton giao
hoc d niidc ta
Nam 2004, Triidng Dai hoc Khoa hoc
Xa hoi va Nhan van (Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha
Noi) c6 to chile cuoc hoi thao ve Dao Duy
Anh Tham gia hoi nghi, chung toi c6
trinh bay tham luan Ndi them mot khia
canh trong nghien ciiu cua hgc gid Ddo
Duy Anh: Tdn gido Khi d6, chiing toi rat
ban khoan la chiia co trong tay cuo'n sach
dac biet ciia Dao Duy Anh ma nhieu nha
nghien ciiu trong niidc va ngoai niidc den
nay v i n co'gSng tim kiem, do la cudn Tdn
gido Rat may sau do, chiing toi da diidc
nha nghien ciiu Dao Hung tang cho cuon
sach nay trong tii sach gia dinh, do nha
xuat ban Quan Hdi Tiing ThU d Hue an
hanh nam 1929, vdi biit danh Ve Thach*''
Bai viet ciia chiing toi, can cii vao
nhiing dong gop nghien ciiu ciia Dao Duy
Anh ve ton giao, diidc chia lam hai phan
sau day: Phdn thU nhat, nhiing dong gop
'" D 6 QUANG HUNG'*'
trong viec nghien ciiu ton giao d Viet
Nam Phdn thU hai, tac pham Tdn gido
va vi tri ciia no vdi sii ra ddi nganh ton
* GS.TS Vien Nghien curu Ton giao
1 Phan Ngoc trong bai viet GS Ddo Duy Anh: Ngudi
md ddu cho nhieu ngdnh khoa hoc xd hdi vd nhdn van d Viet Nam co nhan xet rang, ft nhat Dao Duy
Anh la ngudi sang lap va mo dau cho ba nganh: Van
hoa hoc vdi Viet Nam vein hda su cuaiig: Lich sir c6 dai Viet Nam voi cac tac phaim Lich su cd dai Viet
Nam \'dii de An Duang Vuang vd nude Au Lac: Dia
ly hpc lich sir voi cuon Ddt nudc Viet Nam qua cdc
ddi Xem: Tien phong clni nhat so 14/5/2000
2 Cuon sach Ton gido ciia Dao Duy Anh so di rat ft
ngudi biet den vi no co "sd phan dac biet" Trong
cudn Cuoc phdng vdn cdc nhd van ciia Le ITianh,
Nxb Ddi mdi Ha Noi 1943 tac gia cho biet ldi Dao Duy Anh khi diroc phdng van: "Ti!r dau nam 1928
den cudi 1929, Quan Hdi Tung Thu da ra duac 19
tap sach nho tii 50 den 120 trang, tuu trung cd 7 quyen ciia may ngudi ddng chf va 12 quyen ciia tdi
Quyen dau la Tri khdn quyen cudi cung la Trhi
gido" Trong cudn sach ndi tren, Le Thanh cdn ghi
rd ngudi duoc phdng van la "Ong Ve Tliach Dao Duy Anh"
Chung ta cung biet rang, cudi 1929 dau 1930, Quan Hai Tung Thu phai ddng cira vl nhi^u If do
Chfnh vi the cudn sach T('>ii gido ciia Ve Thach Dao
Duy Anh chac chan da khdng duoc phat hanh rdng rai Gan day, mot sd nha Viet Nam hpc ngirdi My van dang cd gang tim kiem cudn sach nay Tai ITiu vien Trudng Vidn Ddng Bac Co (EFEO) o Ha Ndi trong thu muc tu lieu Viet Nam ciia D Marr moi day, cd ky kieu ve cudn sach nay: TV-()7S(i Viet.reli-0088
Nhan day, chiing tdi cung het sire cam an nha nghien cu:u Dao Hiing, vi neu khdng cd cudn sach nay chac han bai viei ciia chiing tdi khdng the goi la nghiem tiic va day dii duac
Trang 24 • Nghien cuu Ton giao Sol - 2008
giao hoc Diicii day la nhiing noi dung cu the:
1 N H 0 N G D O N G G O P C U A D A O
DUY A N H T R O N G V I E C N G H I E N
C l / U T O N G I A O 6 V I E T N A M
Ciing v6i viec n g h i e n eiiu lich sii, dia
li, lich sii v a n hoa Viet N a m , tii lau Dao
Duy Anh da co n h i i n g n g h i e n ciiu ve ton
giao d Viet N a m r a i r a c t r o n g n h i e u t a c
p h a m , k h o n g ke tac p h a m c h u y e n biet la
cuon Tdn giao m a chiing toi se de cap d
p h ^ n sau Dii6i day, chiing toi co g a n g he
thong hoa lai n h i i n g d o n g gop ay cua ong
1.1 De CO n g a n h tdn gido hgc Viet
Nam, k h o n g t h e k h o n g c6 diidc sii n h a n
thiic he thdng ton gido, tin ngUcTng dI ciia
Viet Nam , , • y
Ton giao Viet N a m p h o n g phii, lau ddi
va tii t h e ki XVI trd lai day, co n h i i n g
chuyen bien r a t s a u sac Trii6c Dao D u y
Anh, ngiidi t a chi n h a n m a n h Tam gido
ddng nguyen ( K h o n g giao, P h a t giao va
Dao giao c h u n g mot n g u o n go'c), k h o n g ai
nghi den viec phdn loai cac t h a n h to
trong he t h o n g ton giao, tin ngiidng ca
Cuon Viet Nam vdn hda sii cUctng
(1938), trong p h ^ n tin ngUcfng vd te tii (tiet
II trong Thien thU ba), co the la lan dau
tien CO sii p h a n loai va he thong hoa cac
loai hinh ton giao, tin ngiidng d niidc ta
Cu Dao CO n h a n xet r a t diing ve "tinh
phiic t a p " ciia h e t h o n g ton giao, tin
ngifdng niidc n h a : "Triidc k h i c6 Cd Dd'c
giao du n h a p , ngiidi niidc ta dong thdi
Sling bai ca Trdi, P h a t , cac T h a n linh d
trong Vii t r u , cac quy th&n h a y linh hdn
ngu'di chet Muo'n chia r a cho de n g h i e n
ciiu thi ta co t h e p h a n biet n h i i n g tin
ngu'dng te tii t h u o c ve gia d i n h , thuoc ve
hiidng thon, t h u o c ve quoc gia va t h u o c ve
phiidng thuat"'"'
L a y doi tiidng t h d p h u n g l a m tieu chi chii y e u de p h a n loai la d i e u ton giao hoc
n a y v a n l a m Viec p h a n c h i a t o n giao, tin ngiidng
t r u y e n t h o n g t h a n h 4 k h u viic nhii vay,
CO t h e t o m t a t n h i i s a u :
- Te tii d gia tgc (theo cu Dao, "quan
t r o n g h d n ca"): T r o n g dd, "siing bai to
t i e n " vdi y n g h i a "lay sii d u y tri chiing toe
l a m m u c dich va c6 y n g h i a xa hoi s a u xa
la "dn s i n h t h a n h ciia to tien" Ngoai sii
siing b a i to t i e n , ngiidi t a con thd Thd
cdng va Tdo qudn la t h a n h e p mic
- Te tii d huang thdn: gom 3 loai, thd
T h a n h h o a n g ( q u a n t r d n g n h a t ) , thd Tho dia va thd P h a t K h o n g b a n den "lich sii"
T h a n h h o a n g Viet N a m , n h i i n g tac gia co
n h i i n g y k i e n s a u sac ve Dinh ldng va
Thdn tich, Thdn sdc O n g ciing r a t t i n h te
k h i p h a n b i e t sii k h a c n h a u ve "khong
gian t h i e n g " giiia Dinh va Chiia
- Te tii qud'c gia: H i e u ro sii k h a c biet
ve y n g h i a t h a n hoc ciia k h a i niem Thien Chiia (Dieu) ciia P h i i d n g T a y va Trdi ciia
P h i i d n g Dong, t a c gia da xep cae loai te tii diia t r e n " t h i e n n h a n c a m iing" va vai tro ciia n h a v u a t r o n g cac h i n h thiic te tii dac
b i e t n a y tii t e d a n N a m Giao, d a n Xa Tac,
V a n Mieu
- Te tu trong ddn gian: Vdi n h a n xet
r a n g , D a o giao d niidc t a bao triim k h a p
t h o n que n h i i n g k h o n g co t a n g ldp dao si
m a chi co thay phdp va dao Phii thiiy,
dong cot b a n dia Tii do, s i n h r a cac loai
te tii p h o n g phii, d a d a n g va ciing khong
it "md me tin n h a m nhi" Tac gia ciing
p h a n loai t h d cac To nghe va nhien than
( E s p r i t de la n a t u r e )
3 Dao Duy Anh Viet Nam van hda sif cuang Quan
Hai Tung Thu xuai ban Hue 1938, tr.203
Trang 3D 6 Quang Hung Nhdn thiic ve ton gido
T r o n g h e tho'ng cac ton giao ngoai
nhiing y k i e n due ke't ve Tam gido, Dao
Duy A n h ciing q u a n t a m den sii du n h a p
Cong giao va ca Tin L a n h vao niidc ta m a
ong goi la " t h e m mot t h i i ton giao mdi
theo nghi thiic La M a Giao hoi'"'"
Dao D u y A n h chiia noi den Cao Ddi
trong he tho'ng nay, co t h e bdi vi dao Cao
Dai d thdi diem 1937-1938 con xa la, con
P h a t giao H o a H a o s a p x u a t h i e n
"He tho'ng ton giao" ciia Dao Duy Anh
n h a n h chong co a n h hiidng den gidi
nghien ciiu L u d n g Diic Thiep, thuoc
nhom H a n T h u y e n , t r o n g cuon Xd hgi
Viet Nam, x u a t b a n 1944, k h i viet ve Xd
hgi sinh hoat, p h a n Hinh thiic tdn gido
gkn nhii tiep t h u tron ven "mo h i n h " cua
Dao Duy Anh
Le di n h i e n , Liidng Diic T h i e p ciing c6
nhiing y kien r i e n g ciia m i n h Ciing thiia
n h a n vai tro go'c re ciia da t h a n giao va
tin ngiidng quy t h a n , tac gia viet: "Khi
them dao Lao, dao P h a t , dao Khdng du
nhap, h i n h thiic Tdn giao ciia ngu'di Viet
Nam lai c a n g phiic t a p va lan Ion, tiiu
t r u n g v i n c6 mot dao go'c la siing bai to
tien c u n g h a i dao p h u la dao Lao va dao
Phat"'^' va "sd do" ciia tac gia la nhii sau:
- Siing hdi to tien: O n g coi "sung bai to
tien la q u a n t r o n g n h a t t r o n g gia toe vi
theo l u a n li va ton giao ciia t o a n quoc,
cha me liic song la a n h u e Idn n h a t ciia
minh"
- Te tii trong gia dinh: Tac gia t r i n h
bay cd b a n t h e o mo h i n h ciia ngiidi di
trudc .W',,'1 ''.u ,,', -•
- Te tu trong hUdng thdn: Cai mdi cua
tac gia la sii p h a n r a 3 loai doi tiidng thd
p h u n g ciia T h a n h h d a n g t r o n g d6 nha'n
m a n h vao Nhdn thdn (nhii T r a n Hiing
Dao va cac vi a n h h u n g d a n toe)
- Te tii ciia qud'c gia: Liidng Duy Thiep
chi t h e m n h i i n g chi tiet quy dinh ciia Trieu d i n h ve te N a m Giao
- Te tii trong ddn gian: Tac gia ciing
n h a n m a n h vai tro cua Dao giao, trong d6 dac biet liiu y vai tro cua dao M a u , dao Phil thiiy va dong cot
Vao nhiing t h a p ki g i n day, co the noi,
N g u y e n H u y Lai n h a n g h i e n cdu Viet
N a m c h u y e n viet b a n g tieng P h a p la ngiidi CO q u a n niem tiidng doi de chap
n h a n ve he thd'ng tdn gido d Viet N a m
Khi dUdc mdi vie't ve ton giao Viet N a m
t r o n g bo TU dien tdn gido Idn do Paul
P o u p a r d chii bien x u a t b a n d P h a p nam
1986, ong viet: "Ngiidi ta co the p h a n biet
d Viet N a m : cac ton giao t r u y e n t h o n g c6
h g u o n goc b a n dia, cac ton giao n h a p noi (Khong giao, Dao giao, P h a t giao va Kito giao) va cac ton giao hon hdp (Syncretisme) ton tai d mien Nam Viet
N a m la Cao Dai va P h a t giao Hoa Hao"""
T r o n g muc tii cdc tdn gido truyen
thd'ng d Viet Nam, Nguyen Huy Lai p h a n
loai t h a n h s a u n h o m : thd trdi, thd ciing gia dinh, thd to nghe, thd t h a n h hoang, thd Cling quo'c gia, thd ciing nhien t h a n Van de "he tho'ng ton giao" ma Dao Duy A n h gdi r a den n a y chac h a n van cen
CO n h i i n g t r a n h luan, nhUng ro r a n g day
la mot gdi y d a n g chii y
1.2 T r d n g n g h i e n cdu ton giao, viec
lam ro cae k h a i niem cd b a n nhii tinh tdn
gido ( r e l i g i o r i t e ) h a y tdm thiic tdn gido
4 Dao Duy Anh \ let Nam van hoa su cuang Sdd
tr.223
5 Luong Dire Ttiiep Xd hdi Viet Nam Nxb Lien
Hiep Sai Gdn 1950, tr.306
6 Xem: Dictionaire des religions Pans 1984 p
1768-1769 Cd th6 ddi chieii sach ciia tac gia nay
qua cudn IJ.I tradition religieiise spirituellc et sociale
au \'ielnam sa confrontation aver le Christicinisme
Pans 1981
Trang 4Nghien curu Ton giao Sol - 2008
(religieuse) la ciic ki quan trong vi n6 la
chia khoa de hi§u dac tinh ddi so'ng ton
giao ciia cac dan toe va cong dong ngiidi
Co the noi ve mat nay, Dao Duy Anh
cung CO nhiing dong gop rat quan trong
Vao thdi diem viet Viet Nam vdn hda sii
cUOng chac la Dao Duy Anh chiia co dip
doc cac tac pham ciia cac giao si Dong
Phan Smh (Itaha) viet ve Tam giao nhii
cuo'n Tam gido chU vgng (khoang cuoi the
ki XVII, dau XVIII) Nhiing chSc r^ng,
Dao Duy Anh da chia se cai nhin ciia
Lmh muc M Bouillevaux giiia the ki
XIX: "Ngiidi Nam Ky tin tiidng d cac th^y
Phii thiiy nhieu hdn la cac nha sii vi hd sd
sieu hnh nhieu hdn la kinh sd Phat "*''
Sau nay dac diem do thuoc tam thiic
ton giao ciia ngiidi Viet diidc Linh muc L
Cadiere khai quat bang nhan xet: "Ten
giao thiic sii cua ngiidi Annam la thd
Cling cac than linh quy than (culte des
Esprits)'"^"
De CO nhan dinh ay ro rang la Dao
Duy Anh c6 ddng gdp quan trong khi nam
1938, cu da viet: "Cac tin ngu'dng ay (ban
dia-DQH) ve sau chiu anh hiidng ciia
nhiing dieu tin ngiidng quy than cua
Trung Quoc ma thanh nen ton giao niidc
ta"'«'
Dac biet, Dao Duy Anh cdn la ngu'di di
dau trong viec cat nghia cac khai mem lien
quan den ddi song tam hnh, tdn giao ciia
ngUdi Viet Do la mot viec lam het siic kho
khan Budc dau, vi hoc gia nay da diia ra
sii cat nghia mot so' khai niem vo'n rat phiic
tap nhU: hdn, vong hdn, phdch, via ma
nhieu khai niem den nay ciing khong de
chuyen ngii sang tieng Phiidng Tay
Nhan ro dac tinh da than d ngiidi Viet,
Dao Duy Anh da riit ra mot so' nhan dinh
quan trong khac Vi tinh each dung hda
ve ton giao, ngiidi Viet da tao ra "md tin ngiidng va te tii Ion xon, trong ay khong the nao phan biet diidc phan nad thuoc ve loai nao", la mot vi du
Ciing giong nhii nhan xet tren trong
cuo'n Xd hgi Viet Nam Ludng Diic Thiep
da cd mot ke't luan dang chii y: "Thai do liing chiing va thiet thiic lam ho dung hoa diidc cac ton giao va vi vay ho khong bao gid trd thanh nhiing tin do ciic doan nhii nhieu dan toe lac hau khac Ve ton
giao ngiidi Viet Nam van heai nghi: Xem
bdi ra ma, quet nhd ra rdc; De Idm hdn ddt, cdt nen dng Biit (tuc ngii) Cho nen,
sud't trong lieh sii Viet Nam nhiing ngiidi khac dao song sat canh nhau, van yen dn
la mot hien tiidng xa hoi rat thong thiidng: va chiia tving xay ra mot cuoc xung dot nao ve ton giao dan den dam mau do phan dan chiing tii y gay nen "(10)
1.3 Khi trinh bay ve cac ton giao, tin ngiidng cu the Dad Duy Anh khong nhiing td ra bao quat, hieu kha sau sac
giao li, giao luat, can go'c t\i tifdng cac
hien tiidng tdn giao ay ma cdn chi ra rat tmh te', so'ng dong ddi so'ng thiic hanh ton giao
Chi neu vai vi du Vi thay ro vai trd va
y nghia ciia "khdng gian thieng" trong
triidng hdp cdi Dinh ("lang nao ciing cd
mot cai nha chung viia la ndi thd than,
viia la ndi hoi tu ciia dan") vdi ngdi Chiia
nen tac gia ke't luan rat tmh te: "Vi Dinh
la quan he mat thiet vdi lich sii va sinh"
7 M Bouillevaux Cudc hdnh trinh sang Ddng
Duang Bail tieng Phap Paris 1858, tr.4
8 L Cadiere Tin ngifdng vd thuc hdnh tdn gido ciia
ngudiViet Ban tieng Phap, tap 1 Paris 1992, tr 6
9 Dao Duy Anh \ let Nam vdn hda sif cuang Sdd
tr.202
10 Lirang Dire Thiep Xfi hgi \ let Nam Sdd tr
327-328
Trang 5D 6 Quang Himg Nhdn thifc ve ton gido 7
h o a t ciia hiidng t h o n , n e n l a n g n a e ciing
cd; cen chiia t h i b a t t a t mdi l a n g moi cd,
vi sii thd P h a t k h o n g p h a i la viec cdng
ciia lang C h u a P h a t ed khi do d a n lang
xay diing d cho p h o n g c a n h t h a n h u, each
xa v u n g n h a d, roi giao cho mot t h a y chiia
trdng giii: cd k h i thi do tii n h a n hoac mot
ngifdi giau cd, mot dng q u a n , mot t h a y tu,
lay t u each ca n h a n m a thiet lap, roi
chieu mq t a n g ni den d """
Nghien ciiu P h a t giae, tac gia lUu y ca
gidi tdng ni lan gidi cU si deu q u a n trong
trong cdng dong n h a P h a t Hda ra, y kien
nay cua Dao Duy A n h da tien lieu mot van
de r a t thdi sii trong nghien edu cau true
Giao hoi P h a t giao Viet N a m hien nay
Dao Duy A n h chifa cd n h i e u cii lieu ve
Nam Tdng va Phfit gido Khmer
( T h e r a v a d a ) d Viet N a m NhUng bii lai,
cu lai cd n h i i n g y kien r a t bao q u a t ve
Bac Tdng (Dai Thiia) va Thien Tdng Viet
Nam''''\ ' • '
Mot sii kien q u a n trong la viec Dao
Duy A n h cho x u a t ban b a n dich cuo'n
Khda hu luc (Nxb K H X H , H a Noi, 1974)
T a t n h i e n , trUdc Dao D u y Anh, d Mien
Nam da cd h a i b a n dich: mot ciia Thieu
Chiiu (Nxb H u n g Long, Sai Gdn, 1961) va
mot b a n cua N g u y e n D a n g Thuc (Nxb
Khudng Viet, Sai Gdn, 1972)"^^' ,,
C) day, c h u n g t a k h o a n chUa b a n den
chat lUdng cua cac b a n dich nay so vdi
ban dich cua Dao Duy Anh NhUng du
sao, b a n dich cua cu Dao da dUdc thii
thach q u a thdi gian T r o n g cuo'n hdi ki
Nhd nghi chieu hdm (Nxb Tre, 1989), Dao
Duy Anh khi b a n ve "Nghien ciiu Khong
giao, Lao giao va P h a t giao" (chUdng XII),
cd ndi rd ve sii c h u y e n bien t h a i do cua
minh ddi vdi P h a t giao q u a viec d a n h
nhieu t a m siic cho b a n dich Khda hU luc
Chiing t a biet r a n g , ngay nhiing n a m 1932-1935, k h i p h o n g t r a o chan hUng
P h a t giao len cao, ciing nhU nhieu t r i thiic Tay hoc cd ten tudi dUdng thdi Dad Duy A n h ciing bdc Id q u a n diem "duy v a t
t h a i qua" cua m i n h t r o n g cai n h i n ddi vdi dao P h a t , dac biet la viec x u a t hien hai
cudn sach Vi sao tdi cdm dn dao Phdt ciia
sU Thien Chie'u (1936) va cudn Phe binh
Phdt gido cua Nguyen An N m h (1937)
Dao Duy A n h cd n h a n xet, Nguyen An
N m h luc dd "diing ve lap trUdng duy vat bien chiing m a phe b i n h P h a t giao Di xa
hdn tac gia sach Vi sao tdi cdm dn dao
Phdt, N g u y e n An N i n h da phe binh moi li
t h u y e t cd b a n cua P h a t giao vdi con m a t ciia ngUdi da t h d a n h a n nhiing luan diem
cd ban cua chu n g h i a Mac"""" Dao Duy Anh cung t h a n g t h a n cho rang, luc dd dng ciing chiu a n h h u d n g cua thdi quen d a n h gia cd n h i i n g d i n h kien vdi P h a t giao, coi dao P h a t la mot tdn giao yem the, chdi bd
n h a n sinh hoac dao P h a t la mot thii tdn giao chUa diing thU triet li duy tam, nhieu me tin gid'ng nhU nhiing tdn giao khac, the hien ngay t r o n g cudn sach ndi
tieng Viet Nam vdn hda sii cUOng
Vdi viec dich va cho m cudn Khda hU
liLC, tac p h a m tieu bieu cua Thien tdng
thdi T r a n , lai cua chinh vua T r a n T h a i Tdng, ngUdi diing len n h a T r a n hien hach
d nUdc ta t h e ki XIII, t r o n g tUa de t a p sach dich Dao Duy Anh viet: "Tran T h a i Tdn la v u a s a n g n g h i e p n h a T r a n , lai la
11 Dao Duy Anh \'iei Nam van hda sir cifoiig Sdd
tr.209-210 '
12 Xem: Phot hoc Thien thu tu trong: Dao Duy Anh \'iet Nam vdn hda sif cucrng Sdd tr.228-244
13 Xem: Dao Nguyen Ddo Duy Anh vd sdch
"Khda hu luc " Nguyet san Giac ngd, sd 6/2004
14 Xem: Dao Duy Anh Nhd nghi chieu hdm Nxb
Tre 1989 tr.l90 Cd the tham khao them bai viei
ciia chiing tdi v6 Nguyen An Ninh vd ton gido l"ap
c h f T r i e i h o c s d 11/2003
Trang 68 Nghien ciiu Ton giao Sd7 - 2008
tac gia sach Khda hU luc, la tac pham
tieu bieu cua Thien tdn d ddi Tran, va
Tran Nhan Tdn la vi vua anh hung cua
nha Tran, ma lai la Td thii nhat ciia phai
Triic Lam trong Thien tdn Viet Nam, cd
hai ngUdi deu ke't hgp mot cdch td't dep
hoat ddng tu hdnh vd hoat ddng kinh
bang tetht^'-'"
NhUng y kien ciia cu Dao ve Khong
gido Viet Nam, Lao hgc ciing lap lanh
rat nhieu tri tue va sU gdi y
1.4 NhUng y kien ve Kitd giao (Dao
Duy Anh goi la Cd Dd'c giao, hdp vdi'
dUdng thdi) d Viet Nam Mac dii chi danh
tren 3 trang ndi ve sU truyen ba dao
PhUdng Tay nay vao Viet Nam td the ki
XVI, nhUng Dao Duy Anh ciing cd dUdc
mot sd y kien rat dang quy
Thii nhat, vao nhiing nam 1960 cd y
kien ciia ThUdng tda Thich Nhat Hanh,
nhan dan lai nhan xet ciia cu Dao rang,
anh hudng cua Cd Dd'c giad d Viet Nam
"ciing khdng manh lam" vi nhan dan ta
phan Idn cho rang dao Cd Dd'c khdng thiia
nhan cung bai td tien la trai vdi luan li va
van hda cd' hiiu cua ta, cho nen dem long
ki thi va trong so' nhiing ngUdi theo Cd
Ddc giao thdi ay, "mot phan rat Idn la vi
ldi ma theo chU khdng phai la tin ngUdng
sau xa"*^*^' Vi thien sU nay hudng mot
nhan dinh, trach rang: "Dao quan da
thay dUdc nhUng nguyen nhan thudc
pham vi van hda tin ngUdng, nhUng dng
da khdng de cap den nhiing nguyen nhan
thuoc ve pham vi chinh tri"""'
Chung tdi nghi rang, ldi trach cd ciia
Thich Nhat Hanh cd phan khe khat Mot
cay but sii hoc lao luyen nhU cu Dao, chdc
khdng the "quen" yeu to' nay Ndi each khac,
Dao Duy Anh chdc biet rat ro, trong lich sii
truyen giao, yeu to'chinh tri ngay cang quan
trong, cang dam net Va lai, vdi mdt cuo'n
sach thudc the loai Lich sii vdn hoa, eu Dao
ed the khdng can phai di sau vao khia canh chinh tri ciia sU truyen giao ay
ThU hai, bii lai, Dao Duy Anh khi phan
tich ve sii chuyen bien manh me ciia van hda Viet Nam trong viec tiep xiie, dung do vdi van minh PhUdng Tay da cd nhung y kien rat dang chii y cd lien quan den viec truyen giao cu the la van de chU Qud'c ngii
Ve mat lich sU, vdi kha nang tU lieu d thap ki 30 the ki XX, Dao Duy Anh di nhien chi cd the khang dinh: A de Rhodes la thuy td chii Qud'c ngii, nhan manh dung dan qua trinh che tac chii Qudc ngii non 200 nam (tii A de Rhodes, qua P de Behame den L Tabert) Cu Dao ciing khdng quen nhan manh (thiic chinh xac va tinh te) vai trd ciia nhiing nhan vat Cdng giao nhU TrUdng Vinh Ky, Huynh Tinh Cua, Nguyen TrUdng To cho den hoc gia ngoai Cdng giao nhu Phan Ke Binh, Nguyen Ba Hoc, Tan Da, Pham Duy Ton, dac biet Nguyen Van Vinh va Pham Quynh trong viec hoan thien va
"thd'ng nhat Viet ngii" Danh gia dUdi day cua Dao Duy Anh ve nhan vat Dac Lo van cd y nghia thdi sii: "Ong nay la ngUdi sang tad ra chii Qud'c ngii nen ddi vdi cuoc Au hda nUdc ta cd cdng rat Idn: ma ddi vdi sU nghiep ciia de qud'c chii nghia d nUdc ta, vi nhiing sach dng ay viet ve ngdn ngii, dia li va lieh sU Viet Nam, dng
ay ciing la ngUdi dai cdng than""*'
15 Xem: Nhd nghi chieu hdm Sdd tr 193-194
Chung ta cung liru y rang, day la mot quan di^m diing ddn mdi me ngay d dau nhirng nam 1970 vi trirdc do gidi hpc thuat 6 Mien Bac ndi chung cd nhirng quan die'm "cimg rdn" kieu duy vat co gidi vdi tdn giao ke ca vdi dao Phat
16 Dao Duy Anh \'iet Nam vein hda sif cuaiig Sdd
tr.224
17 Thi'ch Nhai Hanh Hoa sen trong bieu Ufa Hoi
Phat tir hai ngoai xuat ban Paris 1966 tr.61
18 Dao Duy Anh Viet Nam vdn hda su cuang Sdd tr.320
Trang 7D 6 Quang Hung Nhdn thifc ve ton gido
N g h i a la, Dao Duy A n h cd cai n h i n
k h a t o a n dien, cap n h a t t r o n g viec d a n h
gia mot v a n de n h a y cam: nhUng ddng
gdp cua v a n h d a Cdng giao vdi t i e n trien
ciia v a n hda d a n toe, t h d n g q u a mdt sd
n h a n d i n h cd b a n m a n g a y nay c h u n g ta
van cd t h e tiep t h u dUdc v ; cj ; -i u';
2 TAC P H A M TON GIAO, MOT
D O N G G O P D A C B I E T CHO S U RA
D O l N G A N H T O N GIAO HOC 6
N U O i C T A ' '•
'•-''-NhUng ddng gdp ciia Dao Duy A n h ve
viec n g h i e n ciiu dich t h u a t , gidi t h i e u mot
sd tdn giao chinh d nUdc ta c u n g nhU mot
sd h i n h thUc tin ngUdng d a n gian rd r a n g
la k h a dac b i e t " "
Tuy vay, t h e o c h u n g tdi, tac p h a m Tdn
gido x u a t hien n a m 1929, cudn sach duy
n h a t cua Dao D u y A n h b a n triic tiep ve
nhUng van de li l u a n lien q u a n den tdn
giao hoc mdi cd y n g h i a dac biet trong sU
ddng gdp cua dng • , • , ( ; ; - •
Ndi d u n g cudn Tdn gido gom hai p h a n :
Phdn thU nhat, Dao Duy Anh t r i n h
bay mot sd' suy tU ve nhUng nguyen n h a n
ra ddi ciia tdn giao (ma dng goi la "uyen
nguyen tdn giao"); tdn giao va vai trd cua
nd t r o n g lich sii, dac biet la van de tdn
giao vdi dao diic • • r
Phdn tha hai, Dao Duy A n h lUa chon
hai bai tieu bieu de dich va xem nhU
p h a n " P h u luc" cua t a p sach nhd nay, mot
la bai ciia B R u s s e l Vd'n de tdn gido; mot
la bai ciia T h a i N g u y e n Bdi Dem mi diic
thay cho tdn gido Ngoai ra, dng cdn d a n h
p h a n Tii khao (mot s d t h u a t ngU chon loc
lien q u a n den ten giad hdc) ; •
-2.1 N h i i n g q u a n diem, n h a n thiic cua
Dad D u y A n h ve tdn giao
2.1.1 TrUdc het, t a c gia de cap den
t h a i do cua n h a n loai vdi va'n de tdn giao
Theo dng, thiic tai tdn giao d a n g la "mot
v a n de r a t t r o n g dai" t r e n t h e gidi luc dd
va t r o n g n h a n thUc thiic te loai ngUdi da
bi p h a n chia t h a n h hai xu hudng: •• > ' - N h i i n g ngUdi theo "thuyet t a n
t h a n h tdn giao": Xu h u d n g nay, theo tac gia, lai cd h a i cap do k h a c n h a u Nhdm thii nha't "la phai n h a n tdn giao tUc la dao diic"*^°* N h d m thii h a i "la p h a i n h a n tdn giao cd t h e duy tri dao diic"
Su " p h a n loai" n a y cua Dao Duy Anh
d a n g chu y d chd, t r o n g bdi canh dau t h e
ki XX, khi m a k h u y n h hUdng duy vat, duy khoa hoc d a n g t h d n g the, ngUdi ta ra't it ndi den "dao ddc tdn giao" SU
"phan loai" nay cua Dao Duy A n h n h e
n h a n g , k h a c h q u a n nhUng ciing la sii
"nhac nhd" ve sii t h i e u sdt trong n h a n thiic a'y ' '
- N h u n g ngudi theo " t h u y e t p h a n dd'i tdn giao": Theo Dao Duy A n h dd la nhUng ngUdi coi t r o n g tri thUc khoa hoc, de cao nhUng p h a t m m h khoa hoc ve v a t li, thien v a n hoc, s m h vat hoc Nhiing ngUdi nay da ddn p h u n h a n "moi gia tri
t h d n h n h " vd'n la mot t r o n g nhUng xua't
p h a t diem nay sinh y thUc tdn giao Hdn
t h e nUa, c u n g vdi sii p h a t trien cua nhieu mdn khoa hoc khac, sii phe p h a n tdn giao ngay cang m a n h me toan dien hdn Tac gia viet: "Sau tU-nhien khoa hoc thi
lich-s d - h o c , t d k h i p h a t d a t g d n d a y , cCing
19 Gan day, gidi nghien ciru chii y den ddng gdp ciia Dao Duy Anh trong viec suu tam, gidi thieu hinh
thirc gidng biit trong tin ngudng va van hpc dan gian
Tham kliao: NguySn Thi Thanh Xuan (phien am va
chii thich) Kmh dao Nam (Dao Duy Anh sUu tiim
va khao chii-c) Nxb Lao Ddng, 2007; va bai gidi thieu cudn sach nay ciia Dang The Dai, Tap chf Nghien cii-u Tdn giao, sd 8/2007,
20, Ve Thach Tdn gido Sdd, tr 1.,
Trang 80 Nghien curu Ton giao Sd 7 - 2008
p h a n ddi tdn giao Idm Lich-sii-hqc p h a n
ddi tdn giao lai m a n h h d n tU-nhien k h e a
hoc nUa, vi r d n g tdn giao la cdt giai q u y e t
van de sinh b o a t cua loai ngUdi m a lich
sii thi bieu thi cai k m h n g h i e m ve s i n h
hoat cho nen sU p h a n ddi cua lich sii lai
cang nguy h i e m hdn N h u n g tdn giao cao
dang deu xem n h a n v a t s a n g giao n h u
Cd-dd'c (Christ), P h a t - d a ( B o u d d h a ) ,
Ma-hd-me (Mahomet) la eiic t r o n g , cho r d n g
cai n h a n each va k i n h n g h i e m ciia ho la
cai bieu hien cua c h a n li t u y e t dd'i
Hudng chi t h e gidi la tien bo k h d n g
ngiing, mud'n cho t h e gidi n g a y n a y tien
bq thi ta p h a i tdn t r o n g cai tii do ca t i n h ,
khdng t h e lay cai k m h n g h i e m dac t h u
n h a t thdi ay m a l a m quy p h a m cho vd sd
ngUdi, k h i e n ai na'y deu hi xua Ida vao
mot con dudng m a k h d n g t h e tU do p h a t
trien dUdc"'""
Dao Duy A n h k h d n g ndi rd m i n h u n g
ho phai nao NhUng rd r a n g q u a sii t r i n h
bay lap l u a n cua h a i xu hUdng ay da cd
the tha'y la dng u n g ho p h a i " p h a n dd'i tdn
giao", ma doan k e t cua p h a n n a y dng da
viet mot each kin dao: "Tdm lai, n h a
tU-nhien k h o a hoc va n h a lich-sii-hqc cho
r a n g cai kien giai cua tdn giao la md hd
lam lac t r o n g thdi dai hoc t h u a t
xudng-minh, khoa hoc p h a t t r i e n vd l u a n dd'i vdi
van de gi, deu p h a i giU t h a i do p h e b i n h
nghien cUu de cau cai giai d a p cho thiet
thiic chu k h d n g t h e giai quyet b d n g tdn
giao dUdc"'""'
2.1.2 Trinh bay ve n h u n g "uyen nguyen
cua tdn giao" Dao Duy A n h cd cai nhin bao
quat dac biet dng thuoc so' nhiing hoc gia
Viet N a m dau tien bdc Id cam t i n h vdi
n h u n g q u a n diem macxit ve tdn giao cdn
ra't mdi me d Viet N a m luc dd
TrUdc day, khi n g h i e n cUu n h u n g ddng
gdp ve m a t n a y cua N g u y e n An N i n h ,
chiing tdi d a cd n h a n xet: N h a each m a n g
cd vi t h e "linh h o n " ciia p h o n g t r a o yeu nUdc d a u t h e ki XX d Mien N a m , n h a bao
n h a b o a t d o n g c h i n h tri xa hdi ndi tieng
n a y da "kin dao" gidi t h i e u q u a n diem cua Mac ve tdn giao khi dng dich n h i i n g doan
q u a n t r o n g t r o n g cudn s a c h ndi tieng Gdp
phdn phe phdn triet hgc phdp quyen cua Heghen
T h a t thii vi trUdng h d p ciia Dao Duy
A n h ciing nhU vay S a u k h i n e u m e t vai
q u a n diem c u a n h i i n g hec gia nhU kieu Lucrece vdi l u a n diem: "Tdn giao sinh ra bdi long sd h a i " (La religion est nee de la
p e u r ) , Dao D u y A n h da d a n h mdt doan
dai de ca ngdi q u a n diem c h i n h lodi ngUdi
dd sinh ra tdn gido ciia Cac Mac (theo ldi
Viet cua tac gia) O n g viet: "Ong Cac Mac ndi r a n g : "NgUdi t a lam ra tdn giao chd
k h d n g p h a i tdn giao lam r a ngudi ta Thiic r a t h i tdn giao la cai y thUc t h a n
m a t , va cai c a m t i n h b a n t h a n cua ngUdi
t a k h i ngUdi t a chUa den dUdc cai n h a n each h o a n toan"""""
N g a y n a y n h i i n g cau v a n q u a n trong
n a y cua M a c d a dUdc dich "hien dai" hdn,
n h u n g cai h o n ciia l u a n diem thi van nhU
vay >'y]i
Dao D u y A n h c u n g td r a r a t thich t h u
vdi phUdng p h a p phdn dnh ludn mdcxit
gdn lien vdi l u a n diem ndi t i e n g k h a c cua Mac: "Tdn giao c h d n g q u a la sii p h a n a n h
h u ao " Tac gia viet vdi mot giong van khiic chiet, b a m r a t c h a t n h u n g "menh de gd'c" cua Mac: "Cai "the gidi tdn giao"
c h d n g q u a la cai p h a n a n h cua "the gidi
t h u c t a i " vay" (Le m o n d e r e h g i e u x n'est que le reflet du m o n d e reel)'"^'
21 Ve Thach Tdn gido Sdd tr.67
22 Ve Thach Tdn gido Sdd tr.67
23 Ve Thach Tdn gido Sdd tr.8
24 Ve Thach Tdn gido Sdd Ir 1 1
Trang 9D6 Quang Himg NImn thifc ve ton giao
T r e n ed sd q u a n diem duy v a t lich sii
va p h a n a n h l u a n macxit ve hien tUdng tdn
giao, Dao Duy A n h ciing la mot trong
nhiing ngUdi d a u tien da p h a n tich sii ra
ddi cua tdn giao trong lich sii va ddi sd'ng xa
hoi luc dd Tac gia n h a n m a n h "hoan canh
xa hoi" eiia tdn giao (tinh lich sii cu the
theo l u a n diem cua Mac "Nha nUdc a'y, thdi
dai a'y, d a n tdc a'y sinh r a tdn giao a'y") Dao
Duy Anh r a t luu y den trUdng hdp nhflng
dan toe lac h a u , nhflng nhdm xa hdi "vdn
dfldng n a m s a u trong hoan canh tfl nhien"
la nhflng k h u vflc de nay sinh tdn giao,
t h a m chi sfl me tin tdn giao
2.1.3 Vai trd c u a tdn giao t r o n g lich sii
la mot v a n de q u a n t r o n g k h a c trong tac
p h a m Tdn gido cua Ve T h a c h TrUdc het,
tiep t h u y k i e n cua A n g g h e n ve sfl tien
t r i e n cua cac h i n h thflc tdn giao trong lich
sii, Dao D u y A n h da p h a n biet sfl chuyen
bien tfl tdn gido da thdn (tfldng flng giai
doan che do m a u quyen) chuyen s a n g
quan niem ddc thdn (khi loai ngfldi
c h u y e n s a n g che do p h u quyen, tu trUdng,
q u a n chu c h u y e n che)
Hdn t h e nfla, Dao Duy Anh ra't q u a n
t a m den sfl tien t r i e n cua ddi sd'ng tdn
giao thdi can dai t r o n g cac xa hoi Au-My
k h i ma cac k h u y n h hfldng tfl tfldng ve tfl
do ca n h a n , chu n g h i a duy li p h a t trie'n
trong cac cuoc each m a n g tfl s a n Ve sfl
xua't h i e n dao T m L a n h d Phfldng Tay luc
dd (Dad D u y A n h dich chfl
" P r d t e s t a n t i s m e " la "Tan giao", "tdn giao
each mang"), dfldc dng coi "la cai bfldc
d a u t r e n con dfldng giai p h d n g ciia tfl
tfldng t r o n g tdn giao", k h d c p h u c dfldc
mot sd h a n che cua Cdng giao La Ma ma
dng goi la "CUu giao"
Dao Duy A n h cdn t r i n h bay r a t rd vai
trd ciia cac n h a k h a i s a n g P h a p va Tay
Au t r o n g tie'n t r i n h ciia "phe binh tdn
giao" O n g viet: "Nhflng n h a triet hoc duy
v a t l u a n hoi ay nhfl Diderot, Holbach nhflng n h a t r i e t hoc chinh tri nhfl Voltaire, M o n t e s q u i e u , deu la nhflng n h a phe b i n h tdn giao ra't kich het, cung la nhflng n h a tien k h u cho cuoc Dai Cach
m a n g P h a p Cudc tdn giao each m a n g , va cuoc Dai Cach m a n g P h a p la hai cai giai doan d a u t r o n g sfl giai p h d n g t i n h t h d n cua loai ngfldi""^^'
Dac biet, Dao Duy Anh td rd sfl khach
q u a n tinh tao khi n h a n xet rdng: The gidi
loai ngfldi ke tfl the ki khai sdng da cd
nhflng bfldc tien dai ve kinh te, xa hdi,
n h a n thflc luan, va ngay cang cd n h a n thflc dung ddn hdn ban chat van de tdn giao Nhflng dng khdng cd cai lac quan qua mflc, cang khdng cd sfl ndn ndng mud'n "khdc phuc tdn giao" nhfl khdng it cac nha tU tudng, chinh tri xa hoi dUdng thdi T h a t doc dao khi chinh dng canh bao rang, tuy chUa
m a n h Idm, nhUng tren the gidi: "cudi the ki XIX trd lai day, ta lai thay cam tinh tdn giao phuc hung, ma nhieu nhd tU tudng
n h u Victor Cousin, Auguste Comte, Spencer, K a n t lai toan chu trUdng khdi phuc the lflc ciia tdn giao de giao cho tdn giao cai trach nhiem chi phdi xa hdi'"'''' Ngay nay, khi da bfldc vao the ki XXL chung ta cang tha'y sfl "canh bao" cua Dao Duy Anh la het sflc thflc tien khi da quen vdi n h a n dinh "the ki XXI la the ki cua tam linh hoac se chang la gi ca" (A Malreaux) Nhflng Dao Duy A n h trong logic cua
m i n h cung k h d n g lan trd'n mot cau hdi
q u a n trong khac: "NgUdi ta khi nao mdi
t h o a t li h d n dfldc cai me tin tdn giao?" Rat
de hieu la, cung nhfl n h i e u tri thflc cd cam
t i n h vdi c h u n g h i a M a c , D a o D u y A n h
25 Ve Thach Ton gido Sdd, tr 12
26 Ve Thach Tdn gido Sdd tr.l2
Trang 1012 Nghien cun Ton giao Sd7 - 2008 cung chi cd the nhdc lai cai logic "li tfldng"
ciia Mac khi con ngfldi muo'n khdc phuc tdn
giao: "Ngfldi ta ma dfldc giai phdng ve kinh
te khdng phai canh tranh ma mflu ca
nhan smh ton, the thi cd the thoat khdi cai
tinh trang smh hoat day du ciia "loai
ngfldi", nhan loai se dfldc hoan toan tfl do,
ddi vdi tfl nhien nhan loai se hoan toan
chien thdng, vay thi cai quan niem tdn giao
cung se theo dd ma tieu diet"'"''
2.1.4 Tdn giao cd nhieu mdi quan he
cd ban vdi ddi sd'ng chinh tri xa hgi va
van hda Nhflng trong tac pham nay, Dao
Duy Anh chi liia chon pham trfl "tdn giao
vdi dao dflc" Vi sao vay? Theo thien y cua
chung tdi, cd le tac gia cuo'n sach tdn giao
biet rat rd rdng, "tdn giao vdi dao dflc"
trong ddi sd'ng thflc tien d nfldc ta luc dd
van la cau chuyen dfldc ban dinh nhieu
nhat Va lai, pham tru dae dflc la mot
diem nhan cua mdi quan he "tdn giao va
van hda" cung rat phd bien trong nhan
thflc xa hgi va thflc hanh tdn giao
Trfldc het, tac gia trd lai phe phan
phai "tan thanh tdn giao thfldng cho rang
tdn giao tflc la dao dflc hoac tdn giao cd
the duy tri dfldc dao dflc" Ddng thdi, dng
cung dfla ra quan niem rieng cua minh:
"Tdn giao la dflng ve cai quan he cua
ngfldi ta ddi vdi quy than, dao dflc la
dflng ve cai quan he cua loai ngfldi ddi vdi
nhau trong xa hoi" Rd rang, Dao Duy
Anh, mot mat van theo ldi hieu Phfldng
Tay quen thudc ve dinh nghia tdn giad
"religion", mot khai niem Phfldng Tay da
bat ddu quen d Viet Nam luc dd; mat
khac va quan trong hdn Dao Duy Anh
mud'n phan tach "dao dflc tdn giao" ndi
rieng vdi dao dflc xa hgi ndi chung
Dieu quan trgng la d chd, d thdi diem
dd, cung nhu nhieu t n thflc hi chi phdi
bdi "chu nghia duy vat cd gidi", Dao Duy
Anh cho rdng, tdn giao va dao dflc la nhflng gia tri thflc tai chd'ng ddi nhau, khdng the dung hda
Tac gia dfla ra mot vi du, "Phat giao thi giang cai dao dflc ca'm due va bd' thf,
"Khdng giao thi giang dao dflc nam tdn nfl ti, cung dao dflc tam cfldng ngu thfldng", hay "Giad Cd dd'c thi giang dao dflc doe thdn, dao dflc kho hanh cflng dao dflc phuc tflng tieu cflc" de di den ket luan rang nhflng thfl dao dflc tdn giao ay khdng cd ed sd xa hdi vflng vang
Ngay nay chung ta da vfldt qua nhflng nhan dinh ed phan phien dien nhfl the NhUng chung ta cung khdng quen rang trong thdi ki Chien tranh lanh, the ki XX nhu la "the ki ciia nhflng thai cflc", ve mat khach quan chfla that thuan ldi de con ngfldi ed the binh tinh nhin nhan nhflng gia tri tich cUc ciia dao dflc tdn giao
Mot khia canh gay nhieu tranh cai
dUdng thdi la va'n de khoa hgc vd tdn
gido, it nhat cung trong mdi lien he vdi
van de tdn giao va dao dflc
Dao Duy Anh cung cd cai nhin "tien bo
va kha pho bien" trong gidi tri thflc luc dd
la "khoa hgc tfl nhien phat trien chflng nao thi quan niem tdn giao giam sdc di chflng a'y" (dng da vien dan tfl Kopernic Galilee, Newton, Darwin de chflng minh them dieu ay) va mot luan de cd tinh he luan la "nhd khoa hge ma con ngfldi cd the tfl chii, thdng tri dflde thien nhien", theo dd "eai quan niem tdn giao khi a'y khdng phai danh ma cung phai tieu diet"'^*^',
Cd le chung ta khdng phai binh luan them gi d chd nay
2.1.5 Tac gia cung da danh 2 trang
cho nhflng Ket ludn cua minh
27 Ve Thach Tdn gido Sdd tr 14'
28 Ve Thach Tdn gido Sdd lr.21