Dudng nhien gifla hai each nhin dd cd mdi quan he rang budc, tac dpng qua lai lan nhau, nhUng vdi ngUdi nghien cflu mpt cdng ddng thi nha't thie't phai dat cpng ddng dd trong mdt kh[r]
Trang 1Nhan dien cong dong ngirdi Bo Lo d Ha TTnh
PHAM THANH TINH='
De nhan dien mdt cdng ddng ngUdi
-nhu ngUdi Bd Ld, chung tdi khao
sat hai each nhin: tren bd va dudi bien Dd
la each nhin khach the va chu the Dudng
nhien gifla hai each nhin dd cd mdi quan
he rang budc, tac dpng qua lai lan nhau,
nhUng vdi ngUdi nghien cflu mpt cdng
ddng thi nha't thie't phai dat cpng ddng dd
trong mdt khdng gian quen thudc ben
canh mpt cdng ddng khac trong mpt khdng
gian xa la Trong khoa hpc gpi la "tU duy
trong bdi cinh" Chung ta p h i i thfla nhan
rapi he thd'ng khep kin deu phu thupc rapt
cai gi dd nara ben ngoai he thdng" >
Cpng ddng ngUdi Bd Ld^^^ la mpt cpng
ddng rieng, khu biet trong nhflng nhdra cU
dan lam nghe bien d Ha Tinh Ngudi dan
dia phUdng gpi hp la ngUdi "ndd'c cau",
chuyen cau ca ngeai bien khdi va hp tU
nhan la ngudi Bd Ld
1 Cdng ddng ngudi Bd Ld dupc ngUdi
tren bd cei la "man di mpi rp", bj khinh bi
va bj gan vdi nhflng cai ten mang tinh
miet thj nhfl "Mfldng nudc man", "mpi be"
Cach nhin nay la theo quan diem ciia
ngUdi Viet sd'ng d ddng bang lay van hda
Ifla nudc lam he gia trj Vdi ngUdi Viet,
nfli rflng va bien ca la hai ndi ma hp rat sd
hai Vflng rflng nui la vflng "rflng thieng
nflde ddc", ndi "khi ho cd gay" rat nhieu
thu dfl , cdn bien la ndi "trdi nflde menh
mdng", "sdng to gid ldn" de bj chet dudi,
khdng biet bau vfu vao dau Mac dfl
trong thanh ngfl tieng Viet cd cau "rflng vang bien bac" nhflng chi la nhflng ndi cd the khai thac vat quy phuc vu chd cudc sd'ng ciia ngfldi ddng bang mac dfl rat nguy hiem Vdi ngfldi di bien ndi "rflng vang" va vang ca mat, ndi "bien bac" la bac ca mat Vi le dd, nhflng ngUdi d ddng bang Cdi nhflng ngudi sd'ng tren rflng la
"mei rfl", va - tren bien la "mpi be", la nhflng ke "an ldng d id", dan ddn, ngu ngd,
vd hpc, khdng bie't gi va bj khinh bi Vi vay khi raud'n xi va ai, ngfldi tren bd gpi la
"quan Bd Ld", "biet cdc gi"*'*^
Khi ngUdi Bd Ld len bd de trao ddi raua ban, ngudi tren bd nhan dien hp bing nhflng dac diera sau:
Ve dang ngudi: vi d dudi thuyen sud't ddi, hp chi ngdi nen than thi dai, chan thi
n g i n va bj teo lai Khi len bd raua ban, ngudi phu nfl Bd Ld khuynh chan di nhfl chay, ngudi dfli ve phfa trudc, hai ban tay khud khud nhu bdi trong khdng khf va hp liii rat nhanh; nUdc da ngam den, tdc quan, dang ngUdi khde manh, m i t tinh; each an mac thi xuenh xoang ddn giin: rapt raanh ad vai Ddng lara nhupra nau, mdt cai vay nhupm nau t r a t bfln mau den cut liin
Ve tie'ng ndi: ngudi Bd Ld ndi li'u lo nhU chim Dd la rapt thfl tie'ng Viet rat ddn gian, vi hp khdng c i n ndi nhieu, vdi mdt thfl dpng nang va nhieu tfl rat rieng
* Ths Pham Thanh Tinh, Vien Nghien cflu Dong Nam A
Trang 2Phgm Thanh Tinh - Nhdn dien cdng ddng ngUdi Bd Ld a Hd TTnh 75
Mud'n mdi an cdm hp chi nei cdc ldc "cdm";
khi mua ban hp sfl dung mdt ldi dem
rieng: chach - 1, loi - 2, tham - 3, chd - 4,
keo 5, muc 6, h i p 7, bet 8, khudn
-9, nap - 10; tren mudi hp dflng tfl "ddng",
thi du: chach ddng chach - 11, ldi ddng ldi
- 22, tham ddng tham - 33 cho de'n
khUdn ddng khUdn - 99 Hp ban mdt chuc
ca thanh mUdi hai con
Ten con cai cung dupe dat theo so' thU
tU: mpt, hai, ba va phat am g i n nhu
tieng Quing Binh: hai > hdi, biy > bdi Hp
thudng dflng mdt so' tfl nhu mang ghenh
(day neo), dam rao (mdt doan dudng tren
bien) Nhin chung, each an ndi cua hp theo
kieu "an sdng ndi gid" tflc la ndi to, cut
lim, cd p h i n cue can Cd le tren bien diy
sdng gid ngudi ta it dflng ldi ma dflng cif
chi<^)
NgUdi Bd Ld sinh sd'ng tren thuyen nen
bj xem la "sd'ng vd gia cU, chet vd dja
tang", cho nen hp chi lay nhau cflng ngfldi
Bd Ld, khdng lay ngUdi ngdai NgUdi Bd
Ld Cifa Sdt lay ngUdi Bd Ld Cifa NhUdng
va cd quan he he hang vdi nhau Da phan
ngUdi Bd Ld d Quang Binh, Ha Tinh,
Nghe An deu hp Nguyen; cd khi hai chj
em lay hai an hem, con chfl lay con bac va
ngUdc lai Cd le vi the ma khi cd mdt dfla
con hoang (con lai) vdi nhflng ngudi khdng
phai Bd Ld thi dfla tre rat theng minh
NgUdi Bd Ld rat ddng cdn Bpn tre dfla np
cad hdn dfla kia nifa cai dau, nhi nhit bd
ldm ngdm tren thuyen nhu dan cua Dieu
dd di hieu bdi le sau nhflng ngay an dflng
ngu ngdi, hdm rait rinh rap con ca ngoai
khdi, ve den bd dan Be Ld ranh viec, rdi
khi bad td thuyen budn phai nara lai
the la sud't ngay raui thuyen keo kin, con
thuyen lie lfl theo nhjp dieu khdng phai
cua sdng gid Hp cdn cd thfl vui gi nfla
dau, va ngudi dan ba trd thanh cai may
de Bpn tre kheng dupc hpc hanh va ldn
d i n len trong cudc sd'ng ban nang, hoang
da Dfl nang dfl mUa chflng chi mac mpt chiee quan dfli dflpc may b i n g m i n h vai budm mau nau!
Ngudi Bd Ld ra't "me tfn" Hp tin vao
ma quy vi "treng nddc thi ngai (ngUdi), ngoai ndd'c thi ma" Do dd hp rat sd ma va thd cung ma de cau xin ma phfl hp va dflng lam hai hp Hp rat hay cflng quay: cung cfla lach, cflng den lach, cung khi b i t dau ra khdi va hp thudng ric cho ma ba thfl: mudi, gao va hoa xud'ng bien Hp rat thanh kinh, khi khan chip tay qua diu, mieng khan ndm, chi mong sao cho "di ndd'c nhe, ve ndd'c nang" NgUdi Bd Ld khdng thed dad Thien chfla mac dfl sau nay hp chung sd'ng vdi cpng ddng Thien chfla giae vflng bien
Quan he gifla ngfldi Bd Ld vdi ngUdi tren bd rat han che Hp chi len bd de ban
ca, mua lUdng thUc, dd dflng, xin nUdc ngpt dudi hinh thfle ddi chac la chinh
Hp thudng bj canh nha budn tren bd ep gia Hang tUdi sd'ng khdng the de qua ngay, phii ban dd ban thao (trai vdi cac hang khd tren bd de bao lau cflng dfldc) Sau nay de thuan ldi che viec mua ban, mdi thuyen cau ciia rapt gia dinh Bd Ld cd mdt "chu nd" tren bd Hp chd ngUdi Bd Ld vay tien, raua chiu, khdng lay lai vdi mot dieu kien la phai ban ca cho hp gia re hdn thi trUdng rapt vai gia P h i i ndi ngudi Bd
Ld vfla bj ngfldi tren bd khinh bi, bat nat, vfla bj thUdng nhan bdc let kha nang ne Hdn nfla, nhfl ngudi ta thudng ndi "bien la ciia trdi chd", khdng ai gied ma dupc gat, dfl gat b i n g mau, rad hdi, nUde mit Het mfla ca treng nha cflng rdng khdng, khdng
ai lam giau bang bien ci Vi the chd nen ngUdi Bd Ld that tha, ft sd dd hdn thiet
Hp chi raud'n ban nhanh, mua nhanh ma xud'ng thuyen Chi khi cd ngUdi chet hp mdi phai len bd chen trdm hdac nan ni de
Trang 376 Nghien citu Ddng Nam A 4/2010
xin che chon Khi chfnh quyen phong kie'n
td chUe thanh van chai node cau d vao mpt
lang nao dd thi hp tham gia sinh boat
cdng ddng mdt each long leo nhu "ghe" vao
ma thdi, chfl khdng chat che nhfl ngUdi
tren bd Ngay xUa d Thach Kim (Thach
Ha), ngUdi Bd Ld thudc van Ky Xuyen
Van nay dUde quy djnh nhu sau: "Thach
Ha phu Ha Nhj tdng, Kim Ddi xa, Ky
Xuyen van; ba cU ba nhap, phfl cfl thiiy
thUdng, thupng Dd Nai, ha Tan Sdt, chi
Dd Diem giang", djch la: Phu Thach Ha,
tdng Ha Nhj, xa Kim Ddi, van Ky Xuyen;
lflc den lflc di, d tren mat nUdc, phia tren
tfl De Nai, phia dfldi den Cifa Sdt, chd den
tan sdng Dd Diem; khi chet chon d mep
sdng
Cd le vui nha't ddl vdi canh con trai
ngudi Bd Ld la khi len bd ud'ng rUpu Sau
nhflng ngay lao ddng cat life tren bien, hp
ru nhau len bd Rupu d day rat ngdn: rUpu
nep dupc nau bang nUdc trong lay tan
mach ngudn; rUpu trong v i t nhu m i t meo,
rdt ra siii tam Cd ban hang diing rUpu
trong hfl sanh nflt la chudi khd, cang de
lau cang ngpt, ud'ng den dau bie't den day
rdi Ijm d i n tham den tflng t e b a e Cac trai
lang cfl vay quanh lay ce ban rUdu quen
tien trae rUpu muc Hp vfla ud'ng vfla tan
tinh nhflng khdng sam sd Neu cd anh nae
qua chen dd trd la bj canh trai lang tura ce
vUt xud'ng bien che ud'ng mdt tran nUdc
cang bung rdi mdi vdt len! Cd gai hinh
nhu cflng "nghien" cai mfli md hdi ndng
nae pha vj man mdi cua gid bien, c i cai
gipng ndi n i n g nang, khe dac vdi nhieu
tieng ldng khd hieu ciia top con trai Bd Ld
Ca tuan ngoai bien sdng sanh nga
nghieng tren thuyen len bd hp cflng lai
sdng sanh nga nghieng khi da la nga say,
vfla ba vai ba cd, chan nam da chan chieu,
vfla ngheu ngao hat nhflng bai gi dd
Ngfldi say rflpu that hdn nhien, cdi md va
that bung nhUng cflng ce khi cad ngao ba't chap Phai chang bien da tao cho con ngUdi d day cai chat phdng tflng pha miu lang tif va rpng rai trong chi tieu Dd cd the la nhflng giay phflt vui ve dang nhd nha't khi hp len bd va cflng xda di bao dieu till nhue ara fle ma hp da bj ngudi ddi thj phi Khdng thieu nhflng mei tinh rat dep, rat say dam gifla mpt co hang rflpu tren
bd vdi nhflng con sdi bien Bd Ld Ke't qua ciia nhflng mdi tinh vung trom dd da cho
ra ddi nhflng dfla be dfldc vflt lai ben khe Had Had*'^^ de cho dan chai dfla ve nudi, cac ba me van chai dang nuoi con thay nhau cho bfl
De chuan bj di bien, ngfldi Bd Ld phai len bd xin nflde ngpt va dflng vae nhflng
vd td de dfldi kheang thuyen Nghe ngudi gia ke lai rang, khi cen ft ngudi, d day nfli Nam Gidi cd mpt khe da nUdc mat lanh Mdt dng thay dja ly ngudi Tau d dudi thuyen len khe lay nUdc va t r i m trd: hao hao (td't, td't), ngUdi dan dja phUdng lien gpi ten khe nUdc nay la Hao Hao Ong ta cdn phan: nhin day nfli Nam Gidi nhU mdt chie'c ghe lat sa'p, dan day chi sd'ng dUpc
b i n g nghe danh ca bien chfl khdng the giau len dfldc b i n g budn ban dfldng bien! Ngfldi dan bien g i n bd vdi khe nflde nay Tfl nhflng chiee nhu da t r i n g raud't d tren hang dpng, ddng nflde chay ra trong vit Ngfldi ta bac rapt day mang nUdc b i n g dng bUdng gia due rdng de d i n nUdc ngpt ra tdi miic nUdc bien sau 3, 4 sai tay cho thuyen cua dan di bien vao lay nUdc Hang ngay ngudi ta cho ngUdi len tan dau ngudn nhat het la rung de khe nUdc luon ludn sach Dan bien cfl the ud'ng nflde la b i n g bat, nha't la dam say rfldu ud'ng nudc Hao Hao
la tinh lai lien va dudi chan nfli, canh khe Hao Hao cd hai hdn da chdng chenh dupc ngudi dan gpi la Da Ong, Da Ba va
dd la ndi hen ho ciia nhflng doi trai gai
Trang 4Phgm Thanh Tinh - Nhdn dien cdng ddng ngifdi Bd Ld a Hd TTnh 11
lam n g h e bien
Dd la nhflng gi m a ngudi t r e n bd n h a n
dien dUdc ngudi Bd Ld NhUng neu t r e n bd
hd td ra v u n g ve, h a y dd m a t trUdc mpt cd
gai, ndi ap a a p flng , thi khi n h i y xud'ng
thuyen hp trd t h a n h con ngUdi k h a c b a n :
n h a n h n h e n n h u con rai ca, m a n h me n h u
con ca kinh, xdng xao n h u con sdi bien
2 NgUdi Bd Ld tU n h a n thfle ve minh:
Hp tfl Cdi la ngifdi ciia bien - ngudi Bd Ld
Bai hpc dau tien, de la ngudi ciia bien,
hp p h i i biet bdi, biet lan n h u ngudi sd'ng
tren m a t da't p h i i bie't di, biet chay Ngay
tfl khi sinh dudi t h u y e n , ngUdi bd' cat tfl
tam ludi lam t a Idt, gdi nhflm r a u vad
manh v i i budm n e m xud'ng bien, rdi t a m
con b a n g nUde bien Tfl giay phflt dd dfla
be cd mdt radl lien h e t a m linh vdi bien c i
NgUdi cha gpi la "nghiep bien" Neu n h u
cac cu n h a t a ndi "sinh n g h e tif nghiep" thi
ngUdi dan bien cd n g h e bien de sd'ng va
nghiep bien de chet!
De day con biet bdi, ngUdi b d ' q u a n g cdn
xud'ng bien Dd b i n n a n g tU ve t h a n g be
v i y vflng t r o n g nUde, hai t a y hai chan dap
bi bom m i t xdt dd n g i u vi nUdc bien
man Cho den khi nd chim dng bd mdi tflm
tdc Idi len va dd'c ngflde chd nflde trdng
mdm t r a o ra, b u n g xep Rdi dng lai tiep
tuc q u a n g con xud'ng bien D i n d i n dfla be
ldn len vdi bien va hpc dfldc cac kieu bdi:
bdi n h a n h , bdi c h a m , bdi Ifldt seng, bdi
ngiia n g i m i n h nghi t r e n bien khi met, ke
ca viec di lai t r e n bien: hai vai lac di lac lai
va chuyen d i n tdi dich Nhd sUc day ciia
nude ngudi t a di lai n h e n h a n g tii de t r e n
bien sud't ngay n a y q u a ngay k h a c Cdn
luc t a p lan t h i r a t gian khd, nha't la nhflng
ngay ddng r e t bue't, nflde bien kee m a n g
bd hdng: ngfldi cha chd cdn ud'ng can b a t
nudc m i m m a u c a n h gian rdi c i hai cflng
lan xud'ng day bien che den luc m a u tai ri
udt, m a t n h u bj trdi ra, lflc dd ngudi cha mdi che cen len m a t nUdc
De chd ddi m a t s a n g r a n h i n chd tinh, ngudi d bien cho eon a n gan ca n h a m Ddi
m a t ciia c h a n g t r a i Bd Ld nheo nheo, nhUng cU n h i n m a u trdi sac nUdc bie't mUa
n a n g bao bflng r a sao, du doan nudc c h i y
h u d n g nao, ca len h u d n g nao Hp nhin tha'y ca nhflng cay rao*^* cua minh gifla bien khdi xa tit mfl t a p t a n c h a n may ma
m a t ngUdi t h u d n g k h d n g t h a y Cd dem sUdng mfl day dac, cay r a e d lan nudc sau
25 sai, each bd g i n 50km nhUng hp van
c i m lai, chem sdng, ludn gie ra di vdi cai giac q u a n linh c i r a ciia m i n h de tim den rad n h a Hp n h i n m a u nUdc t h a y ddi de dean biet leal ca gi d a n g chay dUdi nUdc
H i u n h u cac giac q u a n cua ngudi di bien deu dUdc h u y ddng cflng mdt lflc, va
b a n g luyen t a p , b a n g t r a i nghiem de'n dp trd t h a n h b i n n a n g de cam n h a n dfldc thdi tiet, dflpc ludng ca d dudi nUdc Ta't
ca dupe tdng hpp lai tad nen m e t k h i n a n g linh c i m t u y e t vdi va Ung xif r a t n h a n h nhay, chinh xac k h i cd nhflng t i n h hudng
b a t ngd xay ra M a t n h i n trdi nhin nUdc, tai nghe tieng sdng ve vad t h u y e n , mfli ngifi mfli bien, Ifldi nem mfli gid NgUdi
ta gpi c h u n g la giac q u a n thfl sau
Ddi b a n tay ciia hp s i n sfli vet seo cua day cUde a n vao t a n thjt, t a n tflng dot ngdn tay, vdi:
"Sud't ddi cbi may thudc day Kee di kee lai mdn tay van cdn" Khi kee day n e e m a y t r a m thudc, khi ked h a n g chuc c h a n g cau van (mei chang
k h d i n g 35 - 40 sai tay), khi gap ca td phai budng ldng day cau de chay theo ca, khi ra sflc keo ca lai t h u y e n ndi nhfl n h a thd
N g u y i n Ngpc Phfl: "Ngfldi Bd Ld hp trdi ca bien khdi t r o n g vdng tay cua minh" va gifla khdng gian bien rdng ldn m e n h mdng
Trang 578 Nghien cdu Ddng Nam A 4/2010
khdng bd ben, cen ngUdi chi xoay t r d n ca
cupc ddi m i n h t r d n g mdt k h o a n g t h u y e n
t h u n g va khi gap bao to' con t h u y e n nhU
chiee la t r e bj d a n v a t t r e n sdng
Cude ddi sd'ng "theo dudi con ca" da tao
cho hp nhflng n a n g liic dac biet: t h d n g
hieu t r a n g sao sdng gid t u d n g t a n , t h d n g
hieu ngU t r u d n g c h i n h xac gifla bien khdi,
n a m dupe quy l u a t sinh t r u d n g va di
chuyen ciia mdi loai ca, t i n h t o a n dupe
thdi tiet, thdi gian (con ca nao, Ua mdi gi,
cMu a n luc nao, t r o n g gid t r a n g nao, d cdn
nude nao ) K h a c vdi n g h e ludi la chi b i t ,
cdn n g h e cau t h i p h i i mdi mpc cdn ca Do
dd ciia mdi, each mdi la mpt n g h e t h u a t
r a t d a n g k i n h ngac cua ngUdi Bd Ld
Va hdn b e t gifla cai sd'ng va cai chet
t r e n bien khdi khi gap bad td hp p h a i cd
leng d u n g c i m , p h i i cd t i n h t h a n cpng
ddng, phai b i n h t i n h de xif ly cac t i n h
hudng Va t h a r a chi p h i i biet hy sinh
m i n h de cflu ngfldi Cdn bad n a m 1996 da
lam che h a n g t r a m be m a n g trdi d a t vao
cifa Sdt Ta't ca nhflng ngudi c h e t bien ay
deu lay day trdi c h a n , trdi t a y m i n h vao
n h a u cho khdi m a t xac C h e t bien tdi
nghiep lam: "chim t h a ca ria"!
C h i n h bien da day cho ngUdi Bd Ld trd
t h a n h ngudi cua bien Ngay c i nhflng cen
vat sd'ng d dfldi bien cflng day che hp ldng
c h u n g thiiy n h u dei s a m chet c u n g k h d n g
rdi n h a u (khi b a t dupc cap s a m , ngUdi t a
p h a i dpi nUdc sdi vao c h a n mdi gd dUdc
c h u n g ra), ca ngUa song cd ddi chet cflng
cap ddi!./
2 Cpng ddng xa hpi bao gdm mpt loat yeu to'
xa hpi chung mang tfnh phd quat Do la nhflng mat cpng ddng ve kinh te, ve dia ly,
ve ngon ngfl, ve van hda, ve tin ngifdng, ve tam ly, ve ldi sd'ng Nhflng yen to' nay trong tinh tdng the cua no tao nen tinh dn dinh va ben vflng cua mpt cpng ddng xa hpi Cpng ddng xa hpi theo Tfl dien bach khoa Viet Nam, tap L H., 1995, tr 601
3 Mpi vo'n la ten gpi dan tpc Mifdng khong mang tinh miet thi nhU Mpi Bi, Mpi Vang (ngifdi Bi, ngifdi Vang) Ngifdi Mudng tu gpi minh la Mel co nghia la ngifdi, cung nhif ngifdi Thai gpi minh la Tay (ngifdi), ngUdi Malayu gpi minh la Orang (ngifdi) Tfl Moi bien ddi thanh Mon
> Mpi (theo quy luat bien am) NgUdi Han gpi cac dan tpc phifdng Nam bang cai ten miet thi: Man di Tfl "man" co the la each ghi am tfl "mon" Ngifdi Viet, vdi tif tifdng Dai Viet (dan tpc ldn) cung gpi theo: mifdng man, mpi rd
4 Mpt vai dac diem ngfl am, cho chflng ta du doan la ngUdi Bd Ld ndi theo phifdng ngfl Quang Binh
5 Khe Hao Hao, ten gpi mot khe nifdc ndi tie'ng d nui Nam Gidi tren bd bien Thach
Ha - Ha Tinh
6 Rao la mpt cay tre cpt da nhif mpc tfl difdi nifdc len, dUdc vay quanh bdi nhflng tau la lam ndi ca i n nap de can - xem p h i n sau
C H U T H I C H '
1 Xem Pham Viet Hifng Ben ngoai khoa
hpc//Tap chi Khoa hpc va To qud'c, so'
thang 3 - 2010, tr 21 - 25
T A I L I E U T H A M K H A O
1 Pham Viet Hung Ben ngodi khoa hgctiTap
chi Khoa hpc va To qudc, sd thang 3 - 2010
2 Hpi ddng Quoc gia chi dao bien soan tfl dien bach khoa Viet Nam Tfl dien Bach khoa Viet Nam, tap I Trung tam bien soan tfl dien bach khoa Viet Nam, H., 1995, 963 tr
3 Trung tam Khoa hpc xa hpi va n h a n van Qudc gia, Vien Nghien cflu Van boa dan gian Van hda dan gian lang ven bien Nxb Van hda dan tpc, H., 2000, 650 tr
4 v a n Ldi cb Dja chf van hda mien bien Quang Binh Nxb Van boa Thdng tin, H., 2001, 427 tr