Kinh nghiem ciia cac nha nude dung tdp tren ve chi sd minh bach se giup ta ve phuong phap phdng tranh va diet trir nan tham nhung, cua quyen; Ddng thdi di sau tim hieu cac van de ve[r]
Trang 1CHINH TRI -AN NINH CHAU AU
NHfiN TO QUOC TE TRONG SCT PMHT TRIEN Xfi HQI
Vfi QUf^N LY X^ Hpl
Trong thai dai hoi nhap quoc te md\
hen he giua trong nuac va ngoai nuac het
sue chat che, tac dong qua lai lan nhau Su
phat trien xa hpi cua moi quoc gia khong the
khdng tinh den tac dpng ciia nhan td qudc te
Nhung nhan to nay co the tao ra thuan ipi
hay can tra su phat trien la tiiy theo nhan
thuc va each van dung nhung nhiin to do
trong tien trinh thuc hien nhung inuc tieu cua
xahpi
Co the de cap den ba khia canh ciia nhan
td qudc te tac dpng den su phat trien xa hpi
va quan ly phat trien xa hpi, bao gom:
1 Nhan thuc ve xu hucVng phat trien xa
hpi tren pham vi qudc te;
2 Nghien ciru va van dung kinh nghiem
quoc te trdng quan ly xa hpi;
3 Phat huy tinh tu chii, tu cuang ve
phat trien xa hpi va quan ly phat trien xa hpi
trdng quan he qudc te
1 Nhan thiic ve xu huong phat trien
xa hoi tren pham vi quoc te
Muc tieu ciia Dang va nhan dan ta la
den nam 2020 Viet Nam se tra thanh mot
nuac cong nghiep theo huang hien dai Vdi
duang loi lanh dao diing dan va su no luc
GS Vu DiTOTig Ninh
Dgi hpc Quoc gia Ha Npi
cua toan dan, chung ta co the dat dupc nhung chi so ve dp tang truong, ve tdng san pham quoc npi, ve thu nhap tinh theo dau nguai, ve kim ngach xuat nhap khau NghTa la ve mat dinh lupng, cac nha chuyen mon cd the tinh tdan va de ra cac chi tieu de dat va vupt muc
ke hdach
Song di voi su tang trudng kinh te phai
la su phat trien xa hpi Va den nam 2020, tren ca sd mpt nen kinh te cdng nghiep, xa hpi Viet Nam cd trd thanh mpt xa hpi cdng nghiep hay khdng, da dupe cai la mot xa hpi cong nghiep hay chua? Duong nhien moi quan he giCra kinh te va xa hoi gan bd chat che vdi nhau nhmig khong phai khi tien len kinh te cong nghiep thi xa hpi duang nhien
se trd thanh xa hpi cong nghiep Van de dat
ra chinh la lam cho xa hpi phat trien tuong thich vdi su phat trien ciia kinh te va muon vay, can nhan thuc diing xu the phat trien
ciia the gidi, hay ndi each khac la nhdn thdc dimg xu the tien trien ciia vdn minh nhdn logi qua cdc thai dgi
So vdi the gidi, chiing ta budc vao xa hpi cdng nghiep mudn hon vai the ky va ngay gid day van chua ra khdi thdi ky ma nen van minh ndng nghiep cdn dang chiiim
uu the trong ddi sdng kinh te va xa hpi
Trang 2NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°9 (108).2009
Trong khi dd the gidi da co budc tien kha xa
da \"uat qua thdi ky \an minh ndng nghiep tu
lau dang phat trien trong thdi k\ \an minh
cdng nghiep \a cac nudc tien tien da budc
dau tien vao thdi ky \ an minh thdng tin
Mudn dudi kip mpt khoang each dai
trong mpt thdi gian ngan thi trudc het phai
tha}' dupe xu the phat trien cua cac nen van
minh va nhung quy tac ca ban ciia timg nen
\ an minh Du la chu nghTa tu ban hay chu
nghTa xa hpi thi mpt xa hpi cdng nghiep hien
dai deu phai tuan theo nhung quy tac chung
phii hpp vdi nen san xuat cdng nghe tien tien
Theo Ah in Toftler trong Dot sdng thu ba cd
the diic ket nhung nguyen tac ca ban ciia xa
hpi van minh cdng nghiep la mpt xa hdi
dupe lieu chudn hda, cluiyen mdn hoa dong
bg hda vd tap trung hda' Trong khi do, a
trinh dp cua \ an minh ndng nghiep ben canh
nhimg uu diem cd tinh truyen thdng xa hdi
ta cdn mang nhieu nhupc diem can dupe
khac phuc de thich nghi \di xu hudng chung
cua the gidi Cd nhieu each de phan tich
nhimg mat yeu kem nay nhung tuu chung,
cd the neu len 4 diem yeu ca ban trong xa
hdi la: thieu ky- lugt thieu chinh xdc thieu
phdi hgp vd thieu trdch nhiem Da\' khdng
phai la hien tuong dung vdi tat ca mpi nganh
tat ca mpi nghe va tat ca mpi ngudi song
neu quy chieu vao bat cir mdt ITnh vuc nao,
tu giao thdng \a\ dung, thuang mai den
giao due y te \ a cac ca quan quan ly xa hdi
deu cd the phat hien ra dieu nay Dd la he
qua khd tranh khdi cua nhung thdi quen hinh
thanh trona hana naan nam cua nen van
' Xem Al\ in TofTler: Dai sdng thu ba Nxb Chinh tri
Quoc gia Ha Noi 1996
minh ndng nghiep ma khdng phai bdng chdc
cd the khac phuc ngay
Ngay na\ do nhirng dieu kien lich su
su phat trien cua Viet Nam dang dien ra hien
tuong "chong ldn" "dan xen" giua ha nin
\an minh Hinh anh ngudi ndng dan di xe
may ra canh ddng ldi xudng biin sau keo cay sau con trau, tay van cam dien thoai di dpng ndi chu\en vdi nai xa khdng cdn la hien
tuong la Cu nhin \ao cac "thdnh phd -ldng" hay cae "ldng - do thi" ma chung ta
dang sdng thi thay ro su dan xen, ddng thdi
cung bpc Id "do venh" giOra cac nen \ an
minh ndng nghiep, cdng nghiep va thdng tin trong xa hpi ta ma mudn tien len nhat thiet phai khac phuc
Su lanh dao cua Dang chi'nh la khang dinh ducmg hudng phat trien cua xa hdi Viet Nam theo xu the cua van minh cdng nghiep
va budc dau tien vao van minh thdng tin Do va\ can chieu theo cac quy tac ca ban cua
xa hpi cdng nghiep ma khac phuc nhung mat yeu kem, td chirc thuc hien theo nhung quy tac chung cua xa hdi hien dai Chung ta da het sue cd gang bang nhieu chii truong, chinh sach va bien phap de dua su phat trien
di vao nen nep cua nd, nhung neu chua xac dinh mdt each chinh xac \ a day du nhung quy chuan cua mdt xa hpi cdng nghiep thi su phat trien xa hpi khdng tranh khdi bi tri tre
va lac hau khd hdi nhap vao ddng chay chung cua xa hpi hien dai
2 Nghien ciiu va van dung kinh nghiem quoc te trong quan ly xa hoi
Trudc chung ta da cd nhieu nudc tien
len con dudng van minh cdng nghiep va da
Trang 3Odidn lo (iitoe te
gat hai thanh cdng trong su phat trien xa hdi
va quan ly phat trien xa hdi Hpc tap kinh
nghiem va van dung vao hoan canh cu the
ciia nudc ta la dieu rat can thiet de cd the di
tat va dudi kip (chua ndi den di tat ddn dau)
Nhung hpc tap ai va hpc nhu the nad? Chiing
ta da cd y thirc ve viec nay, da cU nhieu doan
can bd di khao sat nhieu nudc va da cd gang
van dung kinh nghiem cua hp vao thuc tien
nudc nha Song nen phan ldai 3 ddi tuong
can dupc khao sat:
Trudc het Id nhirng nirdc cd trinh do
phdt trien cao: O day viec quan ly phat trien
xa hdi gan nhu hoan thien vdi he thdng luat
phap chuan muc ciing nhifng ca che chat che
va phuong phap dieu hanh hieu qua Dd la
nhii'ng mau hinh can dupc khad sat, sdng cai
khd la tir trinh dp rat cao, van dung vao mdt
mdi trudng cdn rat thap nhu d ta thi rd rang
Cd nhieu dieu chua the thich ung Tuy nhien,
viec khad sat cac nudc Bac Au, vdi dan sd
quy md vua phai, vdi nhung thanh tuu trang
phat trien xa hdi dan chu va cdng bang, vdi
trinh dp quan ly xa hdi chat che thi se dem
lai nhieu Ipi ich cd y nghTa thuc tien Kinh
nghiem ciia cac nha nude dung tdp tren ve
chi sd minh bach se giup ta ve phuong phap
phdng tranh va diet trir nan tham nhung, cua
quyen; Ddng thdi di sau tim hieu cac van de
ve chinh phu phiic Ipi, an sinh xa hdi va ve
ly thuyet phat trien ciia hp
Nhimg nirac cdch day vdl ba thdp nien
dd timg cd xudt phdt diem thdp gdn nhir ta,
nha cd thai gian hda binh xdy dimg (trong
khi ta phai tien hdnh khdng chien) hg dd
tirng budc bdt kip xu the cdng nghiep vd hien
dgi Lay mdt sd nudc Ddng Nam A hay Dai
Loan, Han Qudc lam vi du Hp da giai quyet nhirng van de tuong tu nhu ta hien nay trong budc chuyen tu xa hdi ndng nghiep sang xa hdi cdng nghiep Den nay, trinh dp phat trien cua hp chua phai la da cao, tham chi cdn nhieu van de can giai quyet de xa hpi thuc su phat trien theo hudng hien dai NghTa la day chua phai la nhung mau hinh hoan had Nhung chinh tu su chua hdan had dd ma ta thay dupc nhung van de ciia ta nam trdng dd
va tim hieu each xu ly ciia hp ciing nhiing thanh bai ciia hp Viec Dang, Nha nudc ta cd quan he giad luu vdi cac dang cam quyen, vdi cac chinh phu va cac chien lupc gia ciia cac nudc nay chinh la de khai thac nhiing kinh nghiem gan gui va thiet thuc ddi vdi ta
Nhirng nudc cimg trong phgm trii y thirc
he XHCN nhir ta, dac biet la Trung Qudc,
phai trai qua nhieu su dieu chinh de thich irng vdi nen kinh te thi trudng se cho ta nhieu kinh nghiem gan gui Dang tren tien trinh cai each, md hinh nay ciing chua hdan thien, nhung chinh tir nhirng thanh bai ciia
hp ma riit ra nhirng kinh nghiem rat thiet thuc vdi ta Nhieu ngudi cd dip khad sat hdac tham quan Trung Qudc van dat ra cau hdi: Tai sad mpt nudc ddng dan nhu vay, trinh dp van minh ndng nghiep van cdn dam net ma tao nen dupc sir phat trien xa hpi tuang ddi ky luat va trat tu, it nhat la d cac thanh phd? Hp giai quyet kha gpn gang nhung van de dang cdn nhuc nhdi ddi vdi ta nhu: giai toa nha dat, quan ly do thi, trat tu giao thdng Vay, kinh nghiem trong viec phat trien xa hdi va quan ly phat trien xa hpi ciia hp la gi? Ndi dan gian hon, kinh nghiem
"tri nudc" tir hdi cai each den nav la ai?
Trang 4NGHIEN CQU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°9 (1081.2009
Tir nhung loai hinh tren, cd nhieu cau
hdi can dupc giai dap den nai den chdn tir ly
luan den thuc tien xa hpi de due rut thanh
nhirng kinh nghiem ca ban ma ta can van
dung, can lam theo Ro rang la trong van de
nay, nhan td qudc te neu dupc khai thac diing
se tao nen cai ma ta thudng gpi la "Ipi the
cua ngudi di sau"
3 Phat huy tinh ty chii, t y cuong ve
phat trien xa hoi va quan ly phat trien xa
hoi trong quan he quoc te
Kinh nghiem qudc te cd nhieu, rat da
dang, rat phong phu, nhung rut ra dupc dieu
gi cho ta, gan Ipc kinh nghiem gi cd Ipi nhat
lai la van de cua chinh ta, bat ngudn tir tinh
than tu chu va tu cudng ciia ta Trong thdi
dai toan cau hda va hdi nhap, quan he ddi
ngoai dupc md rdng, thuan Ipi cd nhieu song
thach thuc khdng it, nhat la khi dung trudc
nhirng sire ep tir nhieu phia
Chpn lua con dudng phat trien xa hdi la
cdng viec cua tirng qudc gia, timg dan tdc,
song mudn ldi keo qudc gia dd, dan tpc dd di
theo minh lai la chinh sach ciia cac nudc ldn
Nhat la khi ma tiem luc kinh te cua ta chua
cao, nang luc qudc phdng ciia ta chua manh,
trinh dp quan ly xa hdi cua ta cdn non yeu thi
gin giij dupc quyen tu chu khdng phai la de
dang Su phat trien xa hpi thieu dn dinh, viec
quan ly phat trien xa hdi thieu minh bach,
niem tin cua ngudi dan bi xdi mdn bdi nan
cua quyen va tham nhiing ehinh la ke hd de
cac luc lupng ddi nghjch tang cudng can
thiep Ma sir Idi keo va can thiep do dien ra
dudi nhieu hinh thirc, thdng qua cac td chirc
chinh phu va phi chinh phu, hoat dpng dudi
cac hinh thirc chinh quy va phi chinh quy, sir
dung cac thu doan bao luc va phi bao lire khien cho tinh hinh ben trong khdng yen, quan he ben ngoai khdng dn
Trong tinh hinh dd, phan tich day dii bdi canh qudc te va hieu rd y dd cua tung ddi tac
la CO sd de xir ly mdi quan he ddi ngoai mdt each diing dan va linh hoat vua bao ve dupc chu quyen qudc gia, vira giii: dung dudng hudng phat trien xa hpi Kinh nghiem ve ddi sach cua cac nudc nhd dirng ben canh lang gieng to ldn se dem lai bai hpc ve each img
xu de vua giu dupc quyen tu chu, vira phat huy dupc tinh tu cudng va van duy tri mdi quan he huu nghi, hpp tac vdi ben ngoai Tir ba diem tren, dieu co ban va cd y nghTa quyet djnh van la xay dung thuc luc, cung cd va tang cudng thuc luc Thue luc d day bat ngudn tir su lanh dao dung dan cua Dang, tir y chi tu cudng nham phat huy sire manh cua nhan dan, thiic day su phat trien xa hdi va quan ly tdt sir phat trien xa hdi
Cach day 65 nam, khi cudc The chien 2 sap ket thiie, trong bdi canh dat nudc dimg trudc nguy ca quan Ddng minh tran vao dudi danh nghTa giai giap quan Nhat, Dang da ra
Thdng cao: "Chit y rdng: Ta co mgnh thi hg mdi chiu "dem xia den " Ta yeu thi ta chi la mgt khi cu trong tay ke khdc, ddu ke dy cd the Id bgn ddng minh cua ta vgy " '
Hoan canh ngay nay da ddi khac, song
cd the va can phai coi day la ldi canh bao rat nghiem khac ma den hdm nay, gia trj thuc tien van cdn nguyen ven
- DCSVN: Van kien Dang, Tap 7, Nxb Chinh tri Quoc
gia, HaNoi, 1996, tr.l44