Net dac sac cua ngdi n h a d Dfldng Lam chinh la sfl ket hdp hai hoa gifla dieu kien tfl nhien vd'n cd vdi nhflng kinh nghiem dan gian ciia dng cha dfle ket dflde tfl ngan ddi xfla [r]
Trang 1Nha d truyen thong cua cu dan lang Viet co Dudng Lam
N G U Y E N THI P H U O N G ANH=^
Trfldc day, hgc gia ngfldi P h a p
P.Gourou da tflng k h a i quat "Viet
Nam cd mdt nen Vdn minh diia tren thao
mdc" T h a t vay, den gifla the ky XX, d Viet
Nam tre gd van la nhflng vat lieu chfl yeu
dflng de xay dflng n h a cfla d ndng thdn d
Dfldng Lam, vdi dia hinh cua mdt lang
bdn sdn dia, ngUdi dan xfla da lam n h a go
tren gd cao de t r a n h lfl lut cdn p h a n da't
tha'p, dai trflng d a n h de ciiy Ifla, trdng
mau Da so cac n h a gd cdn lflu gifl dUdc
den nay cd tudi ddi h a n g t r a m n a m deu sif
dung vat lieu gd, tre, may la chinh TrUdc
day ngoai nhflng v a t lieu thao mdc nhfl: go
xoan, gd mit, tre, may cdn cd da ong mot
vat lieu xay dflng r a i ddc dao cua vflng
them t r u n g du D a n dia phfldng da khai
thac loai d a i nay lam vat lieu chfnh de xay
nha, xay tfldng bao Da ong la loai dai
ddi mau vang, trong t h a n h p h a n cd ti le
sat cao, dflde pha trdn vdi d a i da va nhieu
hdp chat khac Uu diem ciia loai d a i nay
la khi cdn d dfldi ldng dat thi nil mem, cd
the dd d a n g sdn ditdc t h a n h tflng vien,
nhflng sau khi la'y len khdi m a t dat, do tac
dung cua k h d n g khi thi vien dai r a n lai,
cang de dai n a n g d a m mifa vien gach cang
ran chdc nen cd do ben cao
Vi the, khdng jihiii khdng cd ly do nhieu
nha nghien cflu dat cho Dudng Lam cai
ten "Ldng Viet cd dd ong" vdi b a m y cbi
mgt lang Viet cd vdi nhieu di tfch kien trflc sit d u n g da ong lam vat lieu xay dflng nhfl: cong lang, dfldng lang ngd xdm, gieng nflde, n h a d, tfldng bao, dinh, chfla, lang md, l a l ca deu ditgc lam tfl' da ong Trung binh n h a d Dfldng Lam cd dien tfch tren dfldi 300 m^ va n h a nao cflng cd khudn vien, truyen thdlig nay den nay van cdn du'dc duy tri Xung quanh khudn vien nha d thfldng diidc bao hgc bang lifdng da ong tret mach dat, Cdng nha bao gid cflng
md lech ve mdt phia, khdng hfldng t h a n g vao gian chinh gifla nha, dd la mgt tuc kieng ky theo phong thuy khi lam nha d day Cdng vao san cflng dflgc xay bang gach da ong, cifa cdng thfldng lam bang gd
va cd then cai tay quay Loai then nay cd lac dung ngfldi d ngoai hay ngfldi d trong deu cd the ddng vao md ra khi can thiet Dieu nay cung la mot dac diem da tao nen tinh cong ddng va tinh tfl tri cua lang
Bd trf trong k h u o n vien nha thfldng co
n h a chinh (hay cdn ggi la n h a tren), nha phii (hay cdn ggi la n h a ngang), bep, khu
ve sinh, chudng t r a u , bd, ldn, ga, san, vfldn H a u bet cac gia dinh d Dfldng Lam Ths Nguyen Thi Phifdng Anh, Vien Viet Nam hgc va Khoa hoc phat trien, DHQG HN
Trang 262 Nghien cim Dong Nam A 6/2009
khong cd ao t h a ca Day cflng la dac diem
c h u n g ciia nhflng n h a vflng ven ddi, b a n
sdn dia
Ngdi n h a chfnh (cdn ggi la n h a tren),
thfldng dflde xay t r e n mdt n e n cao hdn
n h a n g a n g va n h a bep N h a chinh la ndi
sinh sd'ng cua gia dinh, thd cflng td tien va
t h a n t h a n h , la mdt thfl tai s a n de t r u y e n
lai cho con c h a u , cd the ldn gap hai hay ba
lan n h a phu, la ndi t a p t r u n g nhflng dac
t i n h kien true, dieu k h a c t r a n g trf.v v De
xay mdt ngdi n h a chfnh ngfldi t a phdi tiel
kiem h a n g chuc n a m Dfl n h a to hay n h a
be, ngfldi ta deu p h a i tien h a n h cac thii
tiic, nghi le r a t can t h a n de cau xin sfl phfl
hd do tri, che chd ciia trdi d a i t h a n t h a n h ,
phai xem tudi, xem ngay l a n h t h a n g tdi de
lam le ddng thd (le cflng t h a n thd dia de
xin da't lam n h a ) , le cat ndc, le gai sao, le
k h a n h t h a n h n h a mdi N h a chfnh thdng
thfldng cd tfl 3 den 5 gian, n h a ldn thfldng
la 5 gian 2 chai, khdng cd n h a cd so' gian
chan Theo q u a n m e m t r u y e n tho'ng cua
ngfldi Viet sd' le tflcing triing cho sfl may
m a n , sinh soi p h a t trien vi vay khdng cd ai
lam n h a cd so' gian c h a n N h a thfldng la
ba, n a m hdac bay gian, Ngfldi Dfldng L a m
thfldng t r u y e n t u n g cau: "Nhdt gian cd
qud, nhi gian lung, tam gian phu quy, td
gian bdn" Sd' gian le cdn dap flng l u a t
t h a m my dfla t r e n sfl ddi xflng, vi theo
truyen thdng, b a n thd td tien p h a i d a t d
gian gifla Vi vay dai da so' n h a d Dfldng
Lam thudc d a n g b a gian, n a m gian hay
n a m gian hai chai (di)
Hien n h a cflpg la mdt yeu to' dac biet
dflde chfl y trong ngdi n h a cua ngfldi
Dfldng L a m N e u nhfl P i e r r e Gourou
n h a n xet rang;"d ddng bdng sdng Hdng,
nhdng nhd cd hien ud nhdng nhd khdng cd
hien d sdt cgnh nhau", thi d Dfldng L a m
n h a nao cflng cd hien, hien n h a chay dgc
sudi chieu dai m a t tien n h a , hep n h a l la
90 cm, rdng n h a t la 160 cm, ggi la "hien
mdt chieu", cd n g h i a la hien rdng du chd
t r a i mdt cai chieu Nhflng n h a cd chai (di), hien bd' trf dgc ca ba gian n h a chinh d m a t trfldc Ngoai h i e n thfldng cd bfle dai che
n a n g dflde lam b a n g t r e dflng lam ndi cat mdt sd' v a t d u n g t r o n g gia dinh hoac de trdng Hien nay mdt sd' ft n h a da sfla chfla, xay kfn hien b a n g gach, t r a t xi
m a n g tfl nen n h a den t r a n va de cifa sd thdng r a s a n hoac dflng cifa chdp b a n g gd
t h a y cho c a n h dai b a n g t r e t r u y e n thd'ng, Cac ngdi n h a d DUdng L a m deu dUdc dUng theo kieu 4 hoac 6 h a n g c h a n cdt Cac cdt deu dUde dting t r e n nhflng hdn ke
b a n g da Ldng n h a cita loai n h a cd 4 h a n g
c h a n hep hdn n h a 6 h a n g chan De md rdng t h e m k h d n g gian sit d u n g ndi that, mdt sd' n h a cd t h e m mdt h a n g nfla ngoai hien Vi the cd nhflng n h a cd 5 hoac 7
h a n g c h a n cdt N h a cd kfch thfldc cac gian chinh ldn hdn gian phu Nhflng n h a Idn 5 gian 2 chai thi ba gian chinh hoac 5 gian chinh thfldng cd kfch thfldc b d n g n h a u Dd cao cua n h a h a u h e t la mdt tdng, nha
t h u d n g cd n e n hien cao b d n g n e n n h a Mai
n h a k h d n g dUde cao hdn d i n h lang, chti yeu lam hai mai dd'c, hai ddu hdi n h a duOc xay kfn, giat cap len dinh mai Ngdi lOp mai cflng cd n h i e u loai k h a c n h a u Mai dinh, chfla, mieu, n h a gd da sd' dflcic ldp
b a n g ngdi mfli h a i , ben dfldi Idt t h e m ngdi vudng Nhflng loai ngdi mfli hai cd kfch c3
r a i nhd (10x15x1,5cm), n e n mdt ngdi nha
5 gian thi p h a i c a n mdt so' lfldng ngdi ra't ldn thi mdi phit kin h e t dflcic S a u nay nha
0 Dfldng L a m da c h u y e n s a n g Icip mai loai ngdi mdc hay cdn ggi la ngdi tay, hay ngdi sdng C a u cd Idn (3,8x2 l x 3 c m ) Ngay nay, cac loai ngdi h a i , ngdi mdc ft dflcic san xuat, nen n h i e u gia d i n h da sif dting loai
Trang 3Nguyen Thi Phucmg Anh - Nhd a truyen thimg ciia cuddn 63
ngdi xi m a n g cd kfch thfldc ldn hdn, gia
t h a n h tha'p hdn, do ben va do t h d n g cao
hdn nhflng lai k h d n g cd dflde tac dung
dieu hda nhiet do trong n h a nhfl cac loai
ngdi t r u y e n thd'ng
Gd lam n h a d Dfldng Lam thUdng la gd
xoan rflng da n g a m trong bfln den khoang
mgt n a m de len nflde n a u bdng cd the
chdng dflde mdi mgt sudi ca t r a m nam
Cifa n h a phd bien dflde lam theo kieu bfle
ban "thUdng song hg hdn" chu yeu la bao
trOn ddng ben, gd dac khdng cham khde,
chi cd dfldng vien Mdi gian thfldng cd 4
canh va mdi c a n h cd 2 mdng ghep vao
ngfldng cifa, t h e n cai bdng gd d da ngang
tren cifa Ngfldng cfla b a n g go dac, cao
khoang 40 cm va each nen khoang 10 cm
Theo kinh nghiem cua ngfldi dan Dudng
Lam, de k h o a n g each gifla nen nha va cfla
nhfl vay cd muc dich thdng khf va t r a n h
am tha'p mdi mgt cho ngfldng cifa
Bd p h a n chju lflc chinh cua nhflng ngoi
nha d Dfldng L a m la cdt go Cac cot gd
thfldng difdc d a t len t r e n chan t a n g bdng
da Khdng d u n g tiidng chiu lflc nhfl nha
hien dai ngay nay, n h a d Diidng Lam h a u
bet dflng he k h u n g gd chju lflc Chinh vi
vay, mdt ngdi n h a go cd the thao ra hap lai
neu chu n h a cd n h u cau sifa chfla hoac
mua ban
Ngoai ngdi n h a chinh cdn cd n h a difdi,
gdm nha n g a n g va bep N h a n g a n g khdng
phai la mdt hien lifdng phd bien nhfl n h a
bep, vi vay nhieu gia dinh khong lam nha
ngang N h a bep va n h a n g a n g t h u d n g ddi
dien song song va vudng gdc vdi nha
chfnh, ddi khi n h a hep ndm d phfa ngoai
viidn triidc m a t n h a Neu n h a chfnh
hudng nam thi nhii hep thUdng ndm d
phia ddng n h a chinh, tflc la phfa hflu, vi
gian nay giiinh cho p h u nfl va ndi lflu trfl
Ifldng thflc dflng vdi thfl tfl "nam ta, nfl hflu" Vi trf nay r a i t h u a n tien cho ngfldi phu nfl thfldng phai qua lai nhieu lan gifla nha tren va n h a dfldi nhflng khdng phai
n g a n g qua trfldc b a n thd td tien d Dfldng Lam cflng nhfl d ddng b a n g sdng Hdng, de
t r a n h boa hoan, n h a bep khong lam lien
ke vdi n h a chfnh hoac ndi n h a chfnh bang mgt h a n h lang Mdt sd' gia dinh danh mdt
p h a n n h a bep l a m c h u o n g ldn hoac chudng ga, cflng cd nhflng trfldng hgp chudng ga, chudng ldn n a m d trong vUdn Doi dien vdi n h a hep va vudng gdc vdi nha chinh, n h a n g a n g cflng khdng dinh lien vao n h a chinh Day la loai nha nhd vdi bo sfldn ddn giim dflng lam kho chfla dung cu ndng nghiep nhfl cay, bfla, cudc, thuong, may tudi lua, nong, nia, rd ra, xe dap.v v trfldc day cdn cd nhflng dung cu nhif cdi xay, k h u n g cifi, cdi gia gao
San cflng la mot bo phan thiet yeu cua nha d ndng thdn cd nhiem vu ndi lien cac khdng gian lai vdi n h a u tao nen the lien hoan, lien tiep, hai boa N h a chfnh, nha ngang, n h a hep cflng qua san de ra ngo San thfldng cd binh chfl n h a t va dflde lat bang gach Bat Traii^ hoac gach nung
Tom lai: Trai qua nhieu bien co lich
sfl, Dfldng Lam hdm nay van gifl dflde nhieu kien trflc, ket cau khong gian nha d cua mdt lang cd t h u a n Viet Hien nay d Dfldng Lam cdn litu gifl ditgc hdn 800 ngoi nha cd cd nien dai tfl 100 den 200 nam Net dac sac cua ngdi n h a d Dfldng Lam chinh la sfl ket hdp hai hoa gifla dieu kien tfl nhien vd'n cd vdi nhflng kinh nghiem dan gian ciia dng cha dfle ket dflde tfl ngan ddi xfla de xay dflng nen nhflng ngdi nha truyen thd'ng m a n g dac trflng ket ca'u ngdi n h a cua cfl dan ndng nghiep, chifa hi tac ddng nhieu cua ldi sdng dd thi./