Tuy nhien, trong thyc tien noi ehung, quyen lire eua Quoc vuong dugc iiy thac thong qua mpt he thdng song song: hien dai (nhung phan chinh dugc an dinh theo phap luat, giong nhu ndi [r]
Trang 1NHA Nl/aC QUAN CHU LAP HIEN
a MOT SO N U O C CHAU P H I
Kieu Thanh Nga*
Hien nay d chau Phi cdn ton tai ba
nha nudc quan chu lap hien, do la:
Morocco va Lesotho Quan chu
von la mo hinh nha nudc truyen thong ctia
chau Phi, d do qudc vuang la ngudi dung dau
nha nudc, song do theo chinh the quan ehu lap
hien nen quyen lyc dugc chia se cho thu tudng
- ngudi dung dau chinh phu Mac du deu la the
che quan chu, nhung su anh hudng dan chu
hoa chinh tri den mdi nha nude lai khdng
giong nhau bdi hoan canh lich su va dieu kien
kinh te - xa hoi cua mdi nudc cd sy khac nhau
ro ret
1- Vu'tfng quoc Morocco
Vuong qudc Morocco nam d phia Bae chau
Phi, vdi dien tich: 458.730 km^, dan sd nam
2007 khoang 34 trieu ngudi' Morocco von la
xu sd cua ngudi Becbe, tdng bi ngudi Arap
xam chiem va thdng tri Sang dau the ky XX,
cac the luc cudng qudc chau Au do hp dat
nudc nay (trong dd, Phap va Tay Ban Nha do
hp tu nam 1912) Nam 1956, Phap va Tay Ban
Nha da thua nhan nen ddc lap cua Morocco va
thang 8 nam 1957, Mohamed V len ngdi vua
cho din nam 1961 dng mat va truyen ngoi cho
Vien Nghien ciru Chau Phi va Trung Dong
con trai la vua Hassan II Vua Hassan 11 tri vi dat nudc trong 38 nam den nam 1999 ong mat
va truyen ngdi cho con trai la vua Mohammed
VI tri vi den ngay na)^
Che dp quan chu d Morocco la che dp quan chu lau ddi nhat tren the gidi, keo dai han
1200 nam Ke tu khi ddc lap cho den nay dat nudc nay da co 5 ban hien phap Quoc vuang
la chi huy toi cao cac lyc lugng quan ddi va chi dao hdi ddng bd truang qudc vuang lya chpn thu tudng va bd nhiem cac bd trudng theo de xuat cua thu tudng chinh phu chiu trach nhiem trudc quoc vuong va nghi vien Ngoai vai trd chinh tri cao nhat qudc vuong cdn nam giu quyen hgp phap tdn giao vdi tu each la ngudi dan dat cac tin dd va la con chau cua nha tien tri Do vay hoang cung van la tac nhan chinh tri trung tam ca trong linh vyc an ninh lan chinh sach kinh te
Hien phap nam 1996 cua Morocco da ciing
CO quyen cua nghi vien va lap ra che dp hai vien Nghi vien bao gdm Vien dan bieu (gom cac dai bieu dugc bau nhiem ky 5 nam bang phd thong dau phieu true tiep) va Vien co \an (dugc bau nhiem ky 9 nam bang phd thong dau phieu gian tiep) Morocco thdng qua che
dp da dang chinh tri, vdi khoang 30 dang phai hgp phap
Tgp chi nghien ciru C H A U PHI & TRWMG B 6 I \ C SO 09 (49) thang 9/2009
Trang 2Kieu Thanh Nga Nha nddc quan chu lap hien
Cuoc bau cu gan day nhat dien ra ngay 27
thang 9 nam 2007 da md ra trieu dai thu hai
cua Qudc vuang Mohammed VI Day la cuoc
bau cu cd sd lugng cd tri thap nhat trong lich
su chfnh tri Morocco, ehi cd 37% trong dd
Dang PI gianh dugc sd ghe cao nhat: 52 ghe
(chiem 16%), PJD dugc 46 ghi (chiem
14,15%), MP dugc 41 ghi (chilm 12,62%),
RNI dugc 30 ghi (chilm 12%)-\
Hien nay, Morocco la thanh vien cda mpt
sd td chdc quoc te va ung hd manh me cho
nhan quyen Hien phap Morocco dam bao rang
tat ca phu nu va nam gidi deu cd quyen binh
dang trudc phap luat, dam bao quyen ty do
boat dpng, y kien, dien dat, lien ket Mpi
cdng dan deu cd quyen dugc ddng gdp cdng
sue de xay dyng va bao ve dat nudc
Tuy nhien, vai tro eua nen dan chu trong
viec dam bao sy ty do d Morocco van bi gidi
ban trong nguyen tac cua ehe do quan ehu
Chinh vi vay yeu cau ve cai each dan chu
nham tang vai trd cua nen dan chu a Morocco
da dugc Quoc vuong Mohammed VI thirc hien
bat dau td nam 1999 khi dng len ngoi vua
Cuoc cai each da dua den cudc bau cd nghi
vien nam 2002 cuoc bau cu ma cac quan sat
vien dia phuang cho rang la cdng bang va ty
do Ben canh do, van de nhan quyen va eai
each d Morocco cung dugc chu trpng vdi viec
thanh lap Uy ban hoa giai va cdng bang
(Equity and Reconciliation Commission - lER)
de giai quyet viec lam dyng ten gpi cua nha
nudc - che dp quan chu Vdi nhdng kit qua da
dat dugc trong cai each dan chu cua Morocco,
thang 2 nam 2007, Trung tam nghien cuu qu6c
te va chien luge da xuat ban mdt nghien cuu
cd ten: "Vien trg nudc ngodi vd cai cdch Ardp:
Cdc bdi hoc ciia Morocco "\ Trong nghien
cdu nay, Morocco da cung c§p nhung kinh
nghiem thyc te ve cai each kinh tl va chinh tri,
qua do Morocco khang dinh cac nudc khac
trong the gidi Arap cd the thirc hien eung mgt
luc ca hai cdng cudc cai each, dd la: cai each kinh te va cai each chinh tri
Nhu vay, che dp quan chu a Morocco la mdt che dp truyen thdng lau ddi va dong mot
vai trd phap ly trgng yeu Do \a\ the che nav
la nhan to ehinh trong qua trinh cai each Cac chinh sach cai each chinh tri hien nay cua che
do quan chu la dua ra nhung chinh sach ma rpng ban nhung chinh sach da thyc hien thanh cdng trong lich su ke td khi doc lap, lan lugt tu nhung cai each xa hoi cua Hassan II, tiep dd la Mohammed VI de tien tdi mpt xa hdi dan chu ban
Budc sang giai doan 1996 - 2006 mpt loat cac cai each trong nhieu ITnh vyc da dupe thuc hien a Morocco Trudc tien, trong bp may tu phap thye hien myc tieu ciia nen ddc lap, hien dai boa va cung cd gia trj dao due cua phap luat Tuy nhien, nen ddc lap nay tiep tuc chiu nhieu sy can thiep cua che dp quan chu dang ngy tri tren dat nudc nay Quy che bau cu cung
da dugc cai each, md rdng quy md, dp tuoi gidi tinh Trong giao due, thyc hien tuyen bo
ve giao due va dao tao, da cho phep va ma rdng sy phd cap giao due, mpi ngudi dan diu dugc den trudng, md rdng dao tao nghi phat
trien ngudn nhan lyc ddi dao cho &k nudc
Phu nu tiep tuc dugc trau ddi nhung kiln thirc nham vda can bang vua dan xen tinh hien dai
va truyen thdng Tuy nhien viee cai each cac dieu kien sdng va cac dieu kien tham gia cac boat ddng xa hdi cua phu nu' Morocco la nipt van de tuang ddi khd khan, can nhilu no luc
va thdi gian
T6m lai tien trinh ty do hoa chinh tri da trai qua 50 nam ke tu khi gianh ddc lap tu tay ngudi Phap ehinh quyen Morocco da co mpt
sy thay ddi sau sac theo thdi gian, tu mpt nen quan chd chuyen che va cho tdi nay la mot nen quan chii lap hien, sy thay ddi nay da phan anh thyc trang thay ddi cda he tu tuang chinh tri Morocco Trong thdi ky hien dai boa va khi
10 Tap chi nghien ciru Cli.AU Pill & TKll.'KC B 6 \ G SO 09 (49) thang 9/2009
Trang 3Nha nUdc quan chii lap hien Kieu T h a n h Nga
chu nghia dan tdc ung hp phap luat chinh
thong cua chinli quyen Hassan II, ty do hoa va
toan eau boa ciing nhu phap luat qudc te da
bupc Quoc vuang Mohammed VI va eac dang
cam quyen phai dam phan vdi cac to chuc
chinh tri boat dpng vi dong dao nhan dan Nhu
vay, trong khi suot giai doan 1960 - 1970 quoc
vuang ludn duy tri luat ddc doan, thi hien nay
phan ldn cac nhan td ehinh tri dugc canh tranh
vi su anh hudng cua minh mac du van trong
khuon khd luat le cua mpt vuang quoc'' Quoc
vuong quan tam hon vao viec khuyen khich
xay dyng mpt trat ty xa hoi do giai cap tu san
trung kien thdng tri Hien nay nhirng ngudi
tham gia ehinh tri muon kiem soat tien trinh ty
do hoa chinh tri va thi trudng, mpt mat de bao
ve lgi ich kinh te trong mdi trudng canh tranh
quoc te dang gia tang va nhiing anh hudng cua
cac the che, chinh phu nudc ngoai tdi toan bp
chinh sach trong nudc Mat khac, hp cung
muon tao sy anh hudng cua minh trong he
thong chinh tri Morocco, mac du che dp quan
chii van tdn tai nhu mpt co che lich sir
Nhung no lyc cai each cua quoc vuang
cung nhu chinh phu Morocco trong thdi gian
qua, da phan nao dap ung duge nhu cau cua
ngudi dan tren vuong quoc nay ve eai each dan
chu, phat trien kinh te va cong bang xa hdi Tuy
nliien, de dat dugc nliiing chi sd phat trien va sy
on dinh chinh tri, Morocco can no lyc hon nua
nham thoat ra khdi ddi ngheo, trong dd vai tro
ciia nha nudc quan chu can dugc dac biet phat
huy de phil hgp vdi dieu kien dat nudc va xu
the phat trien eua nhan loai
2- ViTdng quoc Lesotho
Vuang quoc Lesotho nam d mien Nam
chau Phi, toan lanh thd nam gpn trong ldng
nudc Cong boa Nam Phi, vdi dien tich 30.000
km", dan sd nam 2007 khoang ban 2 trieu
ngudi' Lanh thd Lesotho dugc chia thanh 10
tinh, moi tinh cd mdt ngudi quan ly mudi khu
moi khu dugc dung dau bdi mpt ngudi quan tri
khu Viing dk Basutoland dugc ddi ten thanh
Vuong quoc Lesotho sau khi gianh dupe doc lap tir tay ngudi Anh vao nam 1966 Tir do den nay, Lesotho thirc hien the che quan chu lap hien ludng vien, bau cu 5 nam mpt lan Dirng dau nha nudc la quoc vuang quoc \ uong chi
la hinh thirc khdng co quyen dieu hanh dat nude; dung diiu chinh phu la thu tudng, qii_\en lyc tap trung vao ta\' thu tudng
Tu khi doc lap den nay, Lesotho da trai qua nhieu giai doan, moi giai doan danh Llaii su thay ddi ve che dp chinh tri:
Nhung nam dau gianh dupe doc lap Lesotho la mpt nude dan ehu vdi sy tri \ i cua Quoc vuang Moshoeshoe 11 Budc sang giai doan 1970 - 1986 nen dan chu bi co hep lai bdi mpt sd sy kien xay ra T rude tien la sy kien c6 mdt sd vi pham trong cuoc bau cu nam
1972, thu tudng Leabua Jonathan da hu\ bo ket qua cua cudc bau cir va tuyen bd dat nudc dang trong tinh trang khan cap dinh chi hien phap, giai tan nghi vien Nam 1973 nghi \ien duge chi dinh thanh lap va lyc lugng cua thu tudng Jonathan gianh the ap dao Sy chdng lai chinh phu Jonathan ca trong lan ngoiii khien cho chinh phu nay phai ket hgp \ ice tao sire manh va sy roi loan trong nude, rdt cuoc diin den sy tiep quan cua quan dpi vao nam 1986 cho den nam 1993 mdi ket thiic Nhu \ a \ trong giai doan 1986 - 1993 Lesotho bi cai tri theo nguyen tac quan sy
Mpt chinh phu quan sy do Justin Lekhanya dieu hanh thirc hien sy cai tri Lesotho ciing \di quoc vuang va mpt ndi cac dan sy dugc quoc
\uang chi dinh Nhu va\, mac dii ve mat hinh thuc ehinh phu quan dpi da chuyen giao qu\en lyc cho quoc vuang va trong sir dieu hanh diit nudc cung cd mpt ndi cac dan sy (dai dien cho dan), nhirng thirc te mpi quyen dieu hiinh deu thupe chinh phii quan sy
Budc sang giai doan 1993 - 1998, Lesotho bat dau quay trd lai che dp dan chu vdi hien phap nam 1993* Cudc bau cu da dang dien ra vdi chien thang cua Dang Dai hoi Basotho
Tgp chi nghien ciru CHAU P H I & THU;\G B 6 I > ' G SO 09 (49) thang 9/2009 "11
Trang 4Kieu Thanh Nga Nha nddc quan chu lap hien
(Basotho Congress Party - BCP) va thu tudng
Ntsu Mokhehle vdi 65 ghe trong quoc hoi
Budc sang nam 1997 mpt so cang thang trong
gidi lanh dao BCP gay ra mpt so ran nut, thu
tudng Mokhehle huy bd BCP va thanh lap Dai
hoi Dan chu Lesotho (LCD) vdi 2/3 thanh vien
nghi vien Cudc bau cd da dien ra vdi chien
thang cua LCD gianh 79 ghe va phd thu tudng
Pakalitha Mosisili trd thanh thu tudng
Nhu vay trong hai thap ky dau tien sau doc
lap Dang Dan tpc Basuto lanh dao dat nudc
Chinh phu lap hien duge dugc khdi phyc nam
1993 sau 7 nam thyc hien theo nguyen tac
quan sy Nam 1998, sy phan ddi manh me va
mpt cudc noi day vu trang da keo theo mdt
cuoc bau cu vdi nhieu bat ddng, sau dd da cd
sy can thiep tan bao cda luc lugng quan sy
Botswana va Nam Phi dudi sy bao hp cua
Cong ddng Phat trien mien Nam chau Phi
(SADC), tiep theo la viec phyc hdi cac cai
each hien phap lien quan den dn dinh chinh tri
va cudc bau ed quoc hdi mang tinh boa binh
da duge dien ra vao nam 2002*
Ve mat the che, Lesotho thyc hien the che
quan chu lap hien ludng vien Bp may eua nha
nudc bao gom: Ca quan lap phdp: Thugng
vien (33 thanh vien, trong do 22 thanh vien
theo nguyen tac cha truyen con ndi, 11 thanh
vien do quoc vuong chi dinh) Ha vien: (120
thanh vien dugc bau thdng qua bo philu trye
tiep va che dp bau cu theo ty le); Co quan hdnh
phdp: gdm cd npi cac (thu tudng va cac bd
tradng) cac bd nganh cua chinh phu Ban thu
ky ciia chinh phu; Ca quan tu phdp: gdm co
Tda phuc tham, Tda an tdi cao va Tda an hanh
chinh dia phuang Hien phap bao ve quyin ty
do ca ban cua cdng dan, bao gdm ty do ngon
luan ty do lien ket, ty do an ph§m, ty do hdi
hpp mpt each hoa binh va ty do tdn giao'"
Nhin mpt each so sanh, Lesotho la mdt nha
nudc quan chu lap hien dn dinh, it biln dgng
chinh tri, nghi vien bSu 5 nam 1 \kn theo
nguyen tac dan chu Nha nudc quan chu da va
dang no lye vi sy phat trien cua vuong quoc
Trong Tdm nhin Lesotho 2020 chi'nh phu da
nhan manh: Vao nam 2020 Lesotho se dat dugc nen dan chd dn dinh, thdng nhat va hoa binh vdi cac nudc lang gieng, cd nguon nhan lyc ddi dao, kinh te virng manh mdi trudng va cdng nghe phat trien manh De dat dugc diiu nay Lesotho cdng phai nd lyc vugt qua nhung thach thuc nhu: thyc hien viec trao quyen lap phap de thyc hien chdc nang giam sat: cai thien bd may tu phap de giai quyet sy tri tre trong he thdng tu phap; cung cap dieh vu cong cong cho nganlt dich vu va trach nhiem giai trinh Mpt dat nudc dan chu vdi quoc vuong dung dau nha nudc thu tudng dung dau chinh phu va cac ca cau quan ly dia phuang, ben canh dd, sy cai tri d Lesotho da dugc cung co bdi he thdng cho phep nhieu chinh dang tham gia trong nghi vien khuyen khich sy quan ly hieu qua cua chinh phd va quyen ty do trong cae phuang tien truyen thdng Ndi mpt each ngan gpn ban: Myc tieu trd thanh mpt dan tpc thdng nhat vao nam 2020 gan lien vdi vai tro cua che dp quan ehu la thdng nh§t dan tpc
3-Vu'dng quoc Swaziland:
Nam d phia nam chau Phi vdi dien tich: 17.365 km", dan sd nam 2007 khoang 01 trieu ngudi Swaziland la nudc nhd nhat miln Nam chau Phi, nhd thu tu d chau Phi (sau Mauritius, Cape Verde va Gambia) Vl mat hanh chinh, lanh thd Swaziland dugc chia thanh 4 khu vyc chinh (moi khu vyc co mot ngudi phu trach do qudc vuong chi dinh) voi
55 vung phu va 366 thu linh''
La mpt nha nudc quan chu nhung co ban hanh hien phap nen Swaziland dugc ggi la nha nude quan chu lap hiln, tuy nhien, do quyin hanh phap, lap phap va tu phap diu tap trung trong tay qudc vuong nen vl ban chat Swaziland van la nha nude quan chd chuyen che Qudc vuang Sobuza II ngy tri triiu dai quan chu lau nhat tren thi gidi, td nam 1921 cho den nam 1986 khi con trai cda Sobuza II la
fm Tap chi nghien ciru CHAD PHI & TKUNG BOi^G so 09 (49) thang 9/2009
Trang 5Nha nudc quan chii lap hien Kieu Thanh Nga
Mswati III tron 18 tudi len noi ngdi va tn vi
Swaziland cho den ngay naý^
Hon 30 nam ke tu khi doc lap, Swaziland
khong cd ban hien phap nao, sau nhieu lan
thirc hien cai each, ngay 26 thang 7 nam 2005,
Quoc vuang Mswati III da phe chuan hien
phap Swaziland Day la hien phap dau tien
trong ban 30 nam qua cua Swaziland Ban
hien phap bat dau cd hieu lyc tu ngay 8 thang
2 nam 2006 Ca cau Nha nudc bao gom cac ca
quan: Hdnh phdp - quoc vuang (dung dau nha
nudc), thu tudng (dung dau npi cac), ndi cac
(do vua chi dinh thdng qua sy gidi thieu cua
thil tudng) Lap phdp - Nghi vien gom eo Ha
vien (65 thanh vien, trong đ 55 thanh vien do
bau cu, 10 thanh vien do quoc vuang chi dinh)
va Thupng vien (30 thanh vien, trong do 10
thanh vien do Ha vien ehi dinh va 20 thanh
vien do qudc vuang chi dinh) Tu phdp - he
thong toa an song song, gom cd toa an truyen
thong va mpt he thong toa an La Ma - Ha Lan
(Roman - Dutch) Theo luat va phong tyc cua
ngudi Xoadi, quoc vuang nam quyen tdi cao
ve hanh phap, lap phap va tu phap Tuy nhien,
trong thyc tien noi ehung, quyen lire eua Quoc
vuong dugc iiy thac thong qua mpt he thdng
song song: hien dai (nhung phan chinh dugc
an dinh theo phap luat, giong nhu ndi cac) va
truyen thdng (giam bdt ca cau chinh quyen
truyen thong theo nghi thuc) O Swaziland, thu
tudng va npi cac hoat đng theo sir dieu hanh
ciia quoc vuang Quoc vuong phai phe chuan
luat phap thdng qua ca quan lap phap trudc
khi trd thanh luat Swaziland khdng co ehinh
dang nao, che dp ehinh tri cua Swaziland la sy
pha trdn cua che dp quan ehu chuyen che va
che do quan chu lap hien
D I tiin hanh cai each hien phap, hai hoi
ding tu \kn do cac anh em trai Qudc vuong
Mswati III dung dau dugc thanh lap de di
trung c^u dan y ngudi Xoadi ve cac van de
hiln phap Ddng thdi, nam 1996 Quoc vuang
da thilt lap Hdi đng xet lai hien phap
(Constitutional Review Commission - CRC)
va cac giai doan thyc hien van theo quan diem cua hoang gia tir nam 1959 Chirc chu tich Hoi dong dugc trao cho hoang tu Vlangaliso Dlamini (mpt chuyen gia luat va la em trai cua Quoc vuang Mswati III) Tuy nhien thang 2 nam 2001 (4 thang trude khi CRC hoan thanh viee xet duyet ban thao hien phap) hau het cac
to chuc nhan quyen va ung hp dan chu trong vuang quoc da bae bd cac giai doan thirc hien
va tien hanh sua doi dy thao hien phap Vi vay, Quoc vuang Mswati III da phai chi dinh mpt Uy ban soan thao hien phap mdị Den ngay 31 thang 5 nam 2003 dy thao mdi da dugc dua ra de ban luan song no da bi cac td
chuc xa hoi dan sy a Swaziland chi trich manh
me Bdi vi dy thao hien phap mdi van khang dinh quyen lyc nam hoan toan trong tay che dp quan chu, van co gang de duy tri nhung nguyen tac mang tinh hoang gia (che dp quan chu chuyen che cuoi cimg cua chau Phi can Sahara) Nhu mpt he qua, yeu cau ve vai tro thong tri cua che dp quan chii trong nen chinh tri Swaziland ve ca ban van la mpt dau hoi đi vdi ngudi dan Phan doi lai ban dy thao hien phap nay, hai to chirc chinh tri ldn nhat Swaziland la Phong trao Dan chu Thong nhat Nhan dan (Peoplés United Democratic Movement - PUDEMO) va Dai hdi Giai phdng Dan tpc Ngwane (Ngwane National Liberator} Congress - NNLC) cung vdi cae lien minh lao dpng da khong thua nlian ban dy thao hien phap nam 2004 trong Toa an dan sy toi cao cua Swaziland Tuy nhien, vao thang 3 nam 2005,
dy thao hien phap nay van dugc thdng quạ Hien phap dugc xay dyng tren co sd cac thanh vien eua Hoi dong da tham khao y kiln ciia cac chuyen gia xa hoi va luat phap ding thdi da nghien cuu the ehe quan chii nghi vien
cua Anh Ban hien phap dugc coi nhu "mgt he thong lap hien mdi cho Swiizilund' nhung
thyc ra no van khong lam thay đi nen tang ca ban cua chinh the quan chu hien hanh; Quoc vuang Xoadi van la ngudi dung dau ca quan
Tgp chi nghien ciru Cll.iu PHI & TKDNG BỐG so 09 (49) thang 9/2009 \T
Trang 6Kieu Thanh Nga Nha nddc quan chii lap hien
hanh phap va chiu trach nhiem chi dinh thd
tudng, npi cac, nhung ngudi lanh dao va tham
phan''\ Hon nua, khdng cd mgt van ban nao cd
the trd thanh luat neu khdng cd sy phe chuan
cua qudc vuang Ban hien phap mdi cung cho
phep qu6c vuang chi dinh 20 thanh vien trong
30 thanh vien cua Thugng vien, 10 thanh vien
trong 65 thanh vien Ha vien Qudc vuong van
dung dau quan dpi, lyc lugng canh sat va he
thdng nha tu Dieu the hien sy ddc doan cua
che dp quan chu Swaziland trong ban hien
phap nay chinh la viec bd qua cac chinh dang,
trong khi dd npi dung "tu do hgi hgp vd lien
kei" lai dugc cam doan trong chuang 4 cda
hien phap nay
Khac vdi Lesotho, tinh hinh chinh tri cua
Swaziland vd ciing bat dn va cang thang dd la
hau qua cua sy dau tranh ddi dan chu giua cac
lyc lugng tien bd va che dp quan chu Mac dii
boat ddng cua chinh dang da bi cam tu nam
1973 va che dp quan chu van tiep tuc thdng tri
dat nudc vdi mpt ban tay thep nhung dieu do
da khdng he lam nan long cac lyc lugng tien
bd nhu: Dai hdi Giai phdng Dan tdc Ngwane
(NNLC), Phong trao Dan chu Thdng nhat
Nhan dan (PUDEMO) va Dai hoi Thanh nien
Swaziland (Swaziland Youth Congress) Ba
lyc lugng nay thong nhat trong mdt mat tran
chung dugc gpi la Lien minh Dan chu
Swaziland (the Swaziland Democratic
Alliance - SDA) SDA da dua ra sy chi trich
he thdng chinh tri hien nay, mpt he thdng dugc
bien hd bang mdt che do quan chu lap hien
Them nua, sy keu gpi eai each chinh tri dang
gia tang trong eac td chuc bao thu nhu: Nhom
van hda Sive Siyinqaba Sihahle Sinje va Lien
doan Lao ddng Swaziland (the Swaziland
Federation of Labour - SFL) , eac phong trao
chinh tri bi mat van tang len nhu de thach thdc
ban chat phan dan ehu va ddc doan cua chinh
phu Swaziland Sau khi che dp Apatheid d
Nam Phi sup dd, cac phong trao nay da gianh
dugc sy tin cay cua ddng dao tang ldp nhan
dan, dac biet la tang ldp lao dgng Han thi, cac
phong trao nay cdn nhan dugc sy khuyen khich cda cdng ddng qudc te, dac biet la My Nhung dau hieu nay cho thay Swaziland co mdt ca hdi tdt va cdng bang trong viec tao nen
sy chuyen giao sang che do dan chu va dat dugc ty le tang trudng kinh te dn dinh Nen kinh te Swaziland dugc da dang hda d mpt mirc
dp vda phai bdi nd cd mgt hang rao bao quanh
la giai cap tu san dan tpc da chung tdc da dugc thue trong cac doanh nghiep san xuat, giai cap nay cd the tich luy vdn mdt each doc lap va tung budc nam lay sy quan ly nha nudc Tat ca dieu do cd the thyc hien mpt each de dang neu nhu nha nudc quan chd ddng sang mpt ben Tuy nhien, che dp quan chu van la qua dam thep giang xudng mpi tang ldp Swaziland, khien cho cac cudc dinh cdng cua cong nhan dien ra khap nai tren quy md qudc gia, dan den
sy bat dn chinh tri ngay cang tang
Vdi sy ra ddi cua ban hien phap nam 2005 ngudi ta hy vong rang ehe dp quan chu se dap ung dugc mdt phan nao dd viin de cai each dan chd cho ngudi dan, tuy nhien vai tro cua che
dp quan chd mdt lan nua lai dugc cung cd han, khien cho cac phong trao ddi dan chu lai tang len, sy bat dn chinh tri ludn tdn tai tren vuang qudc nay Mdi day, nha lanh dao ddi lap ciia Swaziland, Masuku Mario da mpt Ian nua phe phan che dp cua Qudc vuang Mswati III, ong yeu cau phai cd sy bien ddi cua tdng the xa hdi, dng cho rang he thdng chinh tri cua chinh phu hoang gia thyc sy chua bao gid dugc cai each cho nen nhung tia hy vgng ve che dp dan ehu chi loe len rdi lai tat di Cac y kien khac cho rang mac du che dp quan chu la mpt the ehe chinh tri truyen thdng cua chau Phi, ngudi chau Phi coi trpng nhung nha lanh dao truyen thdng cda hg, nhung qudc vuang cung can phai thyc hien nhieu cai each dan chu, bdi le qudc vuang can phai nhan ra rang cuoc song dang thay ddi quyet liet va khdng the ap dung nhung nguyen tac cua che dp quan chu de dan
ap nhung y tudng mdi cua con ngudi; nhu vay
cd nghTa la qudc vuang dang dc chi sy tien
fl4- Tap chi nghien ciru CHAU PHI & TIMING B6>iG so 09 (49) thang 9/2009
Trang 7Nha nddc quan chu lap hien Kieu T h a n h Nga
trien trong mpt nudc dang phat triln Mong
muon cua ngudi dan Swaziland hien nay la
dugc tham gia vao nhung cudc bau cd ty do va
cong bang De lam duge dieu nay, chinh phu
Swaziland can phai thyc hien:
- Cac cudc tranh luan cua cu tri da dang
phai dugc ty do tren ca sd eac tieu chuan va
nguyen tac dugc ung hd rpng rai
- Dam bao cd mdt Hdi ddng bau cu ddc lap
va ty do
- Dam bao tat ca cac td chuc va chinh dang
deu CO the hanh dpng theo quan diem cua hp
mpt each ty do, va dieu nay can dugc nhan
thuc va thdng qua cae phuang tien truyen
thong, he thdng tda an va nhung ca quan khac
mpt each day du
- Dam bao tat ea cac ung cd vien co the truy
nhap thong tin cua minh tdi mpi ca quan; canh
sat phai bao ve mpi ngudi nhu nhau khdng
dupe d6ng vai tro la mpt lyc lugng phan quyet
rieng ciia che do
Cho du la cha truyen con noi hay dugc chi
djnh thi che dp quan chti chuyen che ludn co
quyen lyc tuyet ddi, mac du nha vua cd the chi
dinh mpt thu tudng va cac thanh vien cua
"chinh phu" de hp hoat ddng nhu la nhung
ngudi CO van va ung hp nhung sac lenh cua
che dp quan chu Cac nudc lang gieng ciia
Swaziland da co sy thay doi ldn lao de dat
dupe sy dan chu Han mdt thap ky trudc day
Nam Phi da lat do che dp Apatheid, md ra mpt
ky nguyen mdi cho toan dan Nam Phi
Namibia cung da gianh dugc doc lap va hoa
binh tro nen vung chae han vdi sy hgp tac vdi
Mozambique Tuy nhien, Quoc vuang
Mswati III cua Swaziland van khdng co dau
hieu nao tu bo sy kiem soat va nam giu quyen
lyc dl thanh lap mdt che dp nghi vien bau cu
dan chil Mac du hien phap nam 2005 dugc
dua vao sd dyng, nhung nhung dieu khoan
cua n6 lai tap trung bao ve che dp quan chu
cua Qu6c vuong Mswati III qua manh, den
mdc dat nude ehi co the tdn tai mpi che do quan chu chuyen che ma thoi
4 Ket luan
Nhu vay, qua ba mo hinh nha nudc quan
chu cdn lai a chau Phi co the dua ra mot so
nhan xet nhu sau:
Doi vdi Vuang quoc Lesotho da\ la moi nha nudc quan chu lap hien on dinh it bien dpng chinh trj, nghi vien bau 5 nam 1 liin theo nguyen tac dan ehu Nha nudc quan chu dii \ a dang nd lyc vi sir phat trien cua \uong quoc
Trong Tdm nhin Lesotho 2020 chinh phu dii
nhan manh: Vao nam 2020 Lesotho se dat dupe nen dan chu on dinh, thong nhiit va hoa binh vdi cae nudc lang gieng co nguon nhan lire doi dao kinh te vung manh moi irudng \a cdng nghe phat trien manh De dat dugc dieu nay, Lesotho cung phai nd lire vugt qua nhung thach thuc nhu: thyc hien \iec trao qu\cn lap phap de thyc hien chdc nang giiim sat; cai thien bp may tu phap de giai quyet sy tri tre trong he thdng tu phap; cung cap djch \ u cong cdng cho nganh dich vu va trach nhiem giai trinh Mpt dat nudc dan chu vdi quoc vuong dung dau nha nudc thu tudng dirng diiu chinh phu va cac co ciiu quan ly dia phuang, bC'n canh d6, sy cai tri o Lesotho da dugc cung co bdi he thong dugc thong qua cho phep nhieu chinh dang dugc tham gia trong nghi \icn khuyen khich sir quan ly hieu qua cua chinh phil va quyen ty do trong cac phuong tien truyen thong Noi mpt each ngan gpn ban: Myc tieu trd thanh mpt dan tpc thong nhiii \ iio nam 2020 gan lien vdi vai trd cua ehe dp quiin chu la thong nhat diin tdc
Trong khi do, tien trinh ty do hoa chinh iri
da trai qua 50 nam ke tir khi giimh doc lap lir tay ngudi Phap, chinh qu}'en Morocco dii co mpt sir thay doi sau sac theo thdi gian tir mot nen quan chu chuyen che va cho tdi na\ la mot nen quan chii lap hien, sy thay ddi nay da phan anh thirc trang thay doi cua he tu tuong chinh
Tgp chi ngliien ciru CHAU PHI & TKIWG B6.>'G SO 09 (49) thang 9/2009 15
Trang 8Kieu Thanh Nga Nha nUdc quan chii lap hien
tri Moroccọ Trong thdi ky hien dai hoa va khi
chu nghla dan tgc ung hp phap luat ehinh
thong cua chinh quyen Hassan IỊ ty do boa va
toan cau hoa cung nhu phap luat qudc te da
bupc Quoc vuang Mohammed VI va cac dang
cam quyen phai dam phan vdi cac td chdc
chinh tri boat dpng vi dong dao nhan dan Va
nhu vaỵ trong khi sudt giai doan 1960 - 1970
quoc \'uang luon duy tri luat doc doan thi hien
nay phan ldn cac nhan td chinh tri duge canh
tranh \i sy anh huang cua minh mac du van
trong khuon khd luat le cua mdt vuong qudc
[(1)] Qudc vuong quan tam ban vao viec
khu\'en khich xay dyng mpt trat ty xa hdi do
giai cap tu san trung kien thong trị Hien nay,
nhung ngudi tham gia chinh tri mudn kiem
soat tien trinh ty do boa ehinh tri va thi trudng,
mpt mat de bao ve lgi ich kinh te trong moi
trudng ma a đ cd sy canh tranh qudc te dang
gia tang va nhung anh hucmg cua cae the che,
chinh phil nudc ngoai tdi toan bd chinh sach
trong nudc Mat khac, hg cung muon tao sy
anh hudng cua minh trong he thdng chinh tri
Morocco, mac dii ehe do quan chu van tdn tai
nhu mpt CO che lich sụ
Nhirng no lyc cai each cua quoc vuong
cung nhu chinh phu Morocco trong thdi gian
qua, da phan nao dap ung dugc nhu cau cua
ngudi dan tren vuong qudc nay ve cai each
dan chụ phat trien kinh te va cdng bang xa
hoị Tu\ nhien de dat duge nhiJng chi sd phat
trien va sy dn dinh chinh trị Morocco can no
lyc ban nua nham thoat ra khdi đi ngheọ
trong do vai trd cua nha nudc quan chu can
dugc dac biet phat huy de phu hgp vdi diiu
kien dat nudc \'a xu the phat trien cua nhan loaị
Chil thich:
Morocco Monarchy, http: www.en Wikipedia
' The Moroccan Monarchy, http: www.rovaltv.nu
' Morocco 's Election in 9/2007
Adam Wolfe (2007): "Morocco: democracy,
Islam, monarchy", http: www Isn.ethz.ch
' Adam Wolfe (2007): "'Morocco: democracy,
Islam, monarchy",/;//p.- www Isn.ell^z.ch '' Shana Cohen, Larabi Jaidi (2006), Morocco Globalization & It's Consequences Routledgẹ 2006 ' The Moroccan Monarchy, htlp: wivụrovaliỵiui
" http: www.Lesothọgov.Is ' http: WW W.Lesothọgov.Is
"* Lesotho, hup: www.Infoleasẹcoin
" Swaziland, A/rp www Visitswazịcom '" Swaziland, http: www Visitswazịcom
'•' www.statẹgov
'"" Swaziland, http: www Visitswazịcom ' Swaziland, http: WWM' Visitswazịcoin
Tai lieu tham khao
1 hup www.statẹgov
2 Morocco Monarchy, http: wvvw.en Wikipedia
3 Morocco Monarchy, http: www.en Wikipedia
4 Reform in Morocco (1996 - 2007), http: www Arab-reform.net
5 Reform in Morocco (1996-2007) http:w\vv*' Arab-reforin.net
6 http: www.Lesothọgov.ls
7 http:www.lesothọgov.Is
8 Lesotho, http: www.Infoleasẹcoin
9 Shana Cohen, Larabi Jaidi (2006), Morocco Globalization & It's Consequences, Routledge
10 Center of Stratergics and International
Studies (2007), Arab reform and Foreign Aid: The Lessons from Morocco
11 Adam Wolfe (2007), Morocco: democracy, Islam, monarchy, http: www Isn.ethz.ch
12 The Moroccan www.rovaltv.nu
http
Monarchy, http:
13 Lesotho Politics, ^_ iesolhọ blosspot com
14 LesothoPolitics, hUp:wM>w.iss.cọza
u Tgp chi nghien ciru CHAU PHI & TRUING BỐG so 09 (49) thang 9/2009