O day cd may diem dang chu y: a/ Cac cdng viec lam thue eua ngudi Ld Ld du d dau cflng deu la nhiing viec lao ddng thdng thudng; b/ Lam thue bang lao ddng thd sa, khdng qua dao tao [r]
Trang 1NGlTOfl LO LO TRONG MOI TRlTO^G KINH TE - XA H Q I
VUNG BIEN GlOfI VIET - TRUNG
PHAM DANG HIEN
I^gp tac phat trien kinh te bien giai
giua hai nuac Viet Nam va Trung Quoc theo
phac do "Hai hanh lang mgt vanh dai" dugc
khdi dgng tu thang 5 nam 2005, da dem lai
nhieu bien doi tren mgt vung rgng Ion
869.000km^ vai sd dan 184.000.000 ngudi d
hai ben dudng bien gidi Viet - Trung Theo
Quy hogch xdy dung vung bien giai Viet
-Trung den ndm 2020, dugc ban hanh tai
Quyet dinh so 1151/QD-TTg ngay 30 thang
08 nam 2007 cua Thu tuang Chinh phu, tren
tong dien tich 5.126.329 ha vung bien gidi
cac tinh tu Lai Chau den Quang Ninh dugc
hinh thanh mpt he thong cac cua khau, khu
kinh te cua Idiau, chg, mang ludi giao thong,
cum, diem dan cu do thj, ndng thdn vung
bien Cac dan tgc thieu so trong vung deu c6
dong tpc d hai ben dudng bien giai quoc gia
Thuc tien va trien vpng phat trien vung nay
tac dpng ra sao tai cac tpc ngudi d day? Bai
bao nay dua ra mpt phan tfch ve quan he tpc
ngudi qua thuc tien cac cpng ddng Lo Lo
thupc dja ban cu tru truyen thong cua hp d
cac huyen Meo Vac (Ha Giang) va Bao Lac
(Cao Bang), nai chiem 96,15% dan sd Lo Lo
cua ca nudc
1 Vai net ve lich su dan cu
Theo Tong dieu tra dan sd va nha d
Viet Nam ngay 1 thang 4 nam 1999, tpc
ngudi Ld Lo cd 3.307 ngudi, cu tru tap trung
d cac tinh Cao Bang, Ha Giang, Lao Cai, Lai
Chau tren cac dia ban ke sat dudng bien giai Viet - Trung Hg la mgt trong sau tpc ngudi
a nudc ta (Lo Lo, Ha Nhi, La Hu, Cdng, Si
La, Phu La), co chung nguon goc vai cac cpng dong Tang - Mien d Dong Nam A nhu: ngudi Ha Nhi, La Hu, Phu La, Cdng, Si La d Viet Nam; ngudi Di, Bach, Phoni, Lixu, Naxi, La Hu, Ha Nhi d Trung Qudc; ngudi Mien, Kaga, Karen, Kachin, Chin d Myanmar; ngudi Karen d Thai Lan; ngudi Hanyi, Sila, Lahu, Lolo d Lao
Ngudi Lo Lo co mat tu rat sdm va cu tni lien tuc d vung dat cue Bac cua Viet Nam tu khoang 2.000 nam nay (Abadie,
1924, tr 173-174; Dang Nghiem Van, Cdm Trgng, 1965; Cdm Trgng, 1978, tr 37) Cac tai lieu bien nien su thdi phong kien nuac ta
trich dan sach Duong thu cua Trung Quoc
cd nhae tai viec ngudi nuac Nam Chieu (to tien ngudi Lo Lo nudc ta va ngudi Di, Bach cua Trung Quoc) da nhieu lan gay khuynh dao he thong cai tri cua nha Dudng tren lanh tho nudc ta cac the ky VII - X (Dai Viet su
ky toan thu, Tap I, Tap III, 1998, Kham dinh Viet su thong giam cuang muc Tap I, 1998)
Theo mpt so nghien ciiu, co ba cupc
di cu ldn d thl ky X, XVI, XVII dua hang van ngudi Lo Lo vao nudc ta: Nam 937, sau cuoc chien tranh gianh quyen luc trong npi
bg quoc gia Nam Chieu; nam 1521, khi cupc noi day cua 18 "trai" ngudi Lo Lo vung Di
Trang 2Phgm Ddng Hien
Lac tren dia ban chau ty tri Hong Ha cua
ngudi Ha Nhi va ngudi Di d tinh Van Nam
ngay nay bj tran ap va nam 1613, sau cuoc
Ichdi nghia that bai cua ngudi Di d vung O
Tat thuoc tinh Quy Chau, Trung Quoc ngay
nay (Nguyen Chi Huyen va cong su, 2000,
tr 232; Vien Dan tgc hgc, 1978, tr 375-376)
Nhieu cuoc di cu nho le vai khoang vai tram
ngudi, vai chuc gia dinh ngudi Lo Lo tu dat
Trung Quoc sang nuac ta van dien ra trong
cac the ky gan day (Le Trung VQ, 1975,
tr 63) Dau the ky XX, tgc ngudi Lo Lo co
khoang 12.000 ngudi, thuoc hai nhom dia
phuang la Lo Lo Den va Lo Lo Trang
(Abadie, 1924, tr 173 - 176) Theo sd lieu
thong ke cua cac cuoc dieu tra dan so trong
the ky XX d nuac ta, nam 1960 tgc ngudi
Lo Lo CO 6.898 ngudi, nam 1974 - 2.219
ngudi, nam 1979 2.371 ngudi, nam 1989
-3.134 ngudi, nam 1999 - 3.307 ngudi
Cac nghien cuu ve ngudi Lo Lo tu
cuoi the ky XIX den nay (Deveria, 1891;
Abadie, 1924; Le Trung VQ, 1975; Hoang
Hoa Toan, 1975; Vien Dan tgc hgc, 1978;
Khong Dien - Tran Binh, 2007 ) va cac
cuoc dieu tra dan sd ndi tren d nuac ta deu
cho thay ngudi Lo Lo cu tru lau ben tren dai
lanh tho ven bien gidi Viet - Trung Cac
diem dan cu Lo Lo hien nay ciing deu tap
trung d vung nay
2 Dac diem quan he toe ngudi
trudc nhirng nam 2000
2.1 Hang nghin nam qua, nong
nghiep nuang ray tu cap tu tuc la can ban
sinh ton, la nhan to chi phoi mgi quan he tgc
ngudi cua cac cong dong Lo Lo Gia dinh,
dong hg va xom {longlchdi) la nhirng thilt
che kinh te - xa hgi ca ban dft nen mang
luai quan he ngi tgc ngudi cua hg Cac gia dinh trong mdi ddng hg co ket vdi nhau chu yeu bdi ba loai quan he: i Thd cung to tien;
ii Tuong trg, giup do lan nhau trong lao
dgng, san xuat va ddi song; iii Cam ky hon nhan Quan he ngi cong dong xom cua ngudi
Lo Lo chu yeu la quan he giiia cac hg gia dinh va cac dong hg tren dia ban xom the hien qua viec thd cung than linh cua xdm va tuan thu cac phong tuc tap quan cua cong dong (doi cong, trao doi cac nguon luc san xuat, sinh de, cudi xin, ma chay, cham soc sue khoe, an ninh cong dong ) Giua cac xdm each nhau trong khoang nua ngay di bp thudng cd cac quan he lien ket, ho trg nhau
ve mgi mat: cac gia dinh den vdi nhau trong mgi su viec ldn nho, tu viec thd cung to tien,
hieu, hi, den nhftng cong viec mua vu (f)
khoang each xa hon nua ngay di bg, cac quan he giiia ngudi Lo Lo thudng dugc duy tri chu yeu thong qua cac dip thd tu, hieu hi
va dugc phat trien nhd cac cuoc hon nhan D6 thuang la nhiing quan he huyet thong va thich thuoc dugc duy tri, cung co chu yeu bdi tinh cam va traeh nhiem tam linh
Hien nay, too ngudi Lo Lo co hai nhom dia phuang la Lo Lo Den va Lo Lo Hoa Giiia ngudi Lo Lo Den va ngudi Lo Lo Hoa CO mgt so khac biet ve trang phuc, nhat
la trang phuc nil, nha cua, hinh thuc cu tru cua cong dong va le hgi, nhung deu duy tri dugc nhung net can ban cua van hoa Lo Lo: phong tuc su dung trong dong va cac bai Cling truyen thong trong ma chay, truyen thuyet Bo Trdi, Me Dat, von tu vung ca ban trong ngon ngir, y thuc tu giac tgc ngudi va
ten tu ggi "Man Dl" (Abadie, 1924; Hoang
Hoa Toan, 1975; Vien Dan tgc hgc, 1978; Khdng Dien - Trdn Binh, 2007 )
Trang 32.2 Ngudi Lo Lo dugc cac tgc ngudi
lang gidng nhu Hmong, Dao, Nung, Giay,
Ca Lao, Pu Peo, Tay ton vinh la cd cdng
khai pha (cu dan sdm nhdt) vung cue Bdc
nudc ta Mdi khi co djp cung bai ngoai trdi,
cac cpng dong tpc ngudi nay deu co le cung
hon ngudi Lo Lo tien chu (Hoang Hoa Toan,
1975; Le Tmng Via, 1975; Nguyen Chi
Huyen va cpng su, 2000; Lo Giang Pao,
2004 ) Dieu nay khien cho ngudi Lo Lo cd
mpt vj the dac biet dugc tran trgng trong
quan he giua hg vdi cac cong dong tgc ngudi
lang gieng
Ngudi Lo Lo c6 ban sac van hoa
rieng cua minh, song, hg tiep thu va chju anh
hudng nhat dinh ve phong tuc, tap quan cua
cac tgc ngudi trong moi vung, nhat la cac tgc
ngudi da so d moi nai O huyen Bao Lac,
tinh Cao Bang, hg chiu anh hudng va tiep
thu mgt so yeu to van hoa cua cac tgc ngudi
Tay va Nung, cdn d huyen Meo Vac, tinh Ha
Giang - cua van hoa Hmong Moi quan he
d6 the hien qua nhirng tuong dong, Idiac biet
van hda giiia cac nhom dja phuang, cac
vung ngudi Lo Lo va giua hg vai cac tgc
ngudi lang gieng d moi nai: dja danh, van
hoa cu tru, am thuc, trang phuc, phong tuc
tap quan trong san xuat, sinh boat v.v
Trong qua trinh cpng cu da tgc ngudi
tren dja ban mien nui, ngudi Lo Ld d nudc
ta thudng giu quan he nhu hoa Theo nhan
xet cua cac hgc gia ngudi Phap thi ngudi Lo
Lo d Viet Nam co bieu hien tinh each mem
mai ban nhirng ngudi dong tgc cua hg d
Trung Qudc (Abadie, 1924, tr 175) iTng xu
cua hg truac sue ep lan dat cua cac chau
ngudi Thai the ky XI - XII d Mudng Lay,
Phong Thd (Cam Trgng, 1973) va truac ap
luc thong tri cua cac thd ty ngudi Tay nhflng
the ky gan day d Bao Lac, Bao Lam (Hoang Hoa Toan, 1975; Dang Nghiem Van, 2001) Cling noi len cung mgt dieu d6 Dac diem nay giup ngudi Lo Lo thiet lap cac quan he tgc ngudi hai hoa vai moi trudng xa hgi - tgc ngudi tai moi vung cu tni
2.3 Lich su nhieu the ky cong cu va Ijch su dau tranh each mang da gan b6 ngudi
Lo Lo vai cpng dong dan tgc Viet Nam Ngay nay ngudi Lo Lo la mgt trong 54 thanh phan dan tgc Viet Nam Ben canh ngon ngu tpc ngudi cua minh, da so ngudi Lo Ld thao tieng noi cac tpc ngudi lang gieng gan ke va tieng phd thdng Dieu do giup tao ra mdi quan he hoa hgp giua hg vdi cac tgc ngudi khac trong mdi trudng xa hgi va quoc gia thdng nhat Thay cho chu viet truyen thdng
bi that truyen (mpt truyen thuyet ndi rang
"bo da an het chu" cua hg), ngay nay, ngudi
Lo Ld su dung chii viet chinh thuc cua qudc gia Viet Nam (ky tu La tinh) Hang ngan lugt ngudi Ld Ld da dugc den trudng hgc tap, nang cao trinh do hgc van Nhieu ngudi
Ld Ld, ca nam va nir da hpc den bac dai hpc Tpc ngudi Ld Ld ciing la mgt trong sd khdng nhieu tgc ngudi thieu sd nuac ta cd ngudi dat dugc hgc vi tien sT
Trong chinh the dan chu Viet Nam hien dai, ngudi Ld Ld tham du tich cue vao
he thdng quan ly dat nudc: co nhung ngudi
Lo Ld la dai bilu Qudc hgi, Hdi ddng nhan dan, can bg Dang, quan ly nha nuac cac cap
va tham du sau rpng vao he thdng chinh tri d
ca sd C) xom Cdc Xa Dual, xa Hdng Tri sd
hd CO ngudi tham du vao td chuc Dang (Chi bg) la 8,5%, Chinh quyen (Ban quan iy xom/thdn) - 4,2%, Mat tran Td qudc (Ban Mat tran xom/thdn) - 2,1%), Hgi Ndng dan (Chi hgi Ndng dan xom/thdn) - 61,7%, Hgi Cuu chiln binh (Chi hgi Cuu chien binh
Trang 48 Phgm Ddng Hiin xom/thdn) - 21,3%, Doan TNCSHCM (Chi
doan xom/thdn) - 19,1%, Hgi Phu nu (Chi
hgi Phu nft xom/thdn) - 70,2%) Cach thuc
ngudi Ld Ld don nhan cac ngay qudc le la
mgt bieu hien tdng hgp, phan anh su gan b6
vdi cpng ddng qudc gia/dan tgc Viet Nam O
xdm Cdc Xa Dual, ngudi Ld Ld hudng ung
rgng rai Ngay hdi Mat tran 18 thang 11 va su
hudng ung nay mang sac thai sinh hoat cdng
ddng ro ret: 95,1% sd hg tham du hgi hgp,
97,9%o xem van nghe chao mung, 70,2%
-tham du lien hoan thdn xa va 2,1%) - lien
hoan tai gia dinh Ngay Qudc khanh Mdng 2
thang 9 dugc 61,7%o sd hg hudng ung bang
each td chuc lien hoan tinh than va vat chat
trong gia dinh (Dieu tra hg thang 11 nam
2008) Ngay Qudc khanh da tham vao y thuc
va tinh cam, trd thanh mgt ngay le, ngay vui
mung, an sau vao tap quan sinh hoat cua gia
dinh, cua cdng ddng xdm la nhiing thiet che
can ban cua tgc ngudi Ld Ld
3 Bieu hien mdi cua quan he toe
ngudi thoi ldnh te thi trudng
Do dia ban cu tru tuang ddi each biet
va nep sdng nuang ray nang tinh tu cap tu tuc
tren nui cao, do ddc ldn, kho khan ve giao thdng, chi tdi nhirng nam cudi cung cua the
ky XX va nhflng nam dau the ky XXI, phan ldn cac cdng ddng ngudi Ld Ld mai bat dau dugc huong lgi tu cac chinh sach ddi mdi kinh te cua nha nudc va chiu tac dpng cua cac yeu td kinh te co xu hudng thj trudng Day ciing la luc cac chinh sach md cua bien gidi, phat trien kinh te vung bien gidi cua hai nuac Viet Nam, Trung Qudc bat dau phat huy tac dung
3.1 Ve kinh te - xa hgi, su bien ddi the hien d quan he sd huu va trao ddi cac ngudn luc san xuat Tinh chat tuong trg, ddi cdng trong hoat dgng san xuat ndng nghiep nuang ray van con do, nhung bieu hien cua
da dang hda phuang ke muu sinh, phan hda
xa hdi, trao ddi/mua ban sue lao ddng dang ngay mdt ro Tai xdm Cdc Xa Dudi, xa Hdng Tri, quan he ddi cdng theo truyen thdng van dugc duy tri, song, 44,7%) sd hd
da c6 boat dgng tim kiem thu nhap bang lao ddng lam thue, trong do, 23,8%o sd hd cd nhu cau lam thue da tim dugc viec lam thue ngay tai xa
Bang 1 Tinh hinh di lam thue d xdm Cdc Xa Dudd nam 2008 Loai hg
Tdng sd
Khdng cd ngudi di lam thue
Cd ngudi di lam thue
g Trong xa
Trong huyen Trong tinh Trung Qudc Khac
Sdhd
47
26
21
5
4
2
9
1
%) trong ddi tugng
100 23.8 19.0 9.5 42.9 4.8
%) trong mau dieu tra
100 55,3 44,7 10,6 8,5 4,3 19,1 2,1
Nguon: Dieu tra hd, thang II
Trang 5-Su phat trien eua kinh tl nudi bd
nhung nam gan day d cac huyen Bao Lac va
Meo Vac da tac ddng manh tai su thay ddi
quan he san xuat d ngudi Ld Ld: nudi bo tu
muc dich tao sue keo trong ndng nghiep tu
tuc tu cap va su dung trong cung le da
chuyen sang muc dich tao ra san pham phuc
vu thi trudng O ca hai vung deu da xuat
hien cac thuong lai bd ban chuyen nghiep
ngudi LQ Ld Sd nay hoat ddng kinh doanh
trau bd dual hinh thuc lien ket vdn theo
nhdm, dat mua (tra tien "dat cgc") rdi thue
ngay chu nha nudi tiep tai ngay chg phien
hoac dip hen vai thuang lai ngudi Kinh,
ngudi Trung Qudc Theo each do, bd trd
thanh hang hda trong vdng quay "tien
-hang" va ngudi Ld Ld dugc cuon hut vao
quan he thj trudng dual hinh thuc thuang
mai va djch vu: mua va ban, thue nudi va
nudi thue, mua gom va ban ddn cho thuang
lai ndi dja va thuang lai Trung Qudc
C) thj tran Meo Vac, ngudi Ld Ld
dang tu chuyen ddi tu ndng nghiep nuang
ray truyen thdng sang cac nghe nghiep
khac nhu thg mdc, thg xay, lam edng thue,
dich vu an udng chg phien, budn trau bd,
ban san pham truyen thdng phuc vu khach
du ljch Hg khdng chi ed quan he vdi
ngudi Hmdng, Tay, Nung, Giay, Kinh,
Hoa thudng tru d dia phuang ma cdn cd
quan he vai cac ddi tugng thudc cac nhdm
xa hdi, nghe nghiep khac Trong sd nhirng
ddi tac cua quan he mdi cd the thay cac
thuang lai ngudi Kinh tu xudi len, ngudi
Han, ngudi Hmdng tu ben kia bien gidi
sang, khach tham quan, du lich ngudi
phuang Tay tu xa den
3.2 Nhd ca sd ha tang kinh te - xa
hdi vung cao phat trien md rdng nhung nam
gan day, quan he lien tdc ngudi cung trd nen
da dang va gia tang muc dp hoa nhap Trudc kia, ngudi Ld Ld cu tru thanh tung xdm rieng biet, hau nhu khdng cd gia dinh khac tdc ngudi cu tru trong xdm Ld Ld Nhirng nam gan day, phan nua cum dan cu trudc
day khdng lau van cdn la nhung longlchdi
thuan Ld Ld da cd them cac gia dinh tdc ngudi khac cdng cu Trong sd 10 xdm Ld Ld dugc khao sat d huyen Meo Vac, tinh Ha Giang va huyen Bao Lac, tinh Cao Bang da
cd tdi 5 xdm cd mdt hoac mdt sd hd ngudi Tay, Nung, Dao cdng cu vdi da sd hd Ld Ld
Ve quan he xa hdi va ngdn ngu: O thj tran Meo Vac va xdm Cd Tang, xa Xin Cai, huyen Meo Vac, 69 ngudi khac tdc
la ban be cua 20 dai dien hd gia dinh ngudi
Ld Ld cd thudc tinh tdc ngudi nhu sau:
1 Hmdng 31/69 (44,9%), 2 Tay 9/69 (13%), 3 Giay 9/69 (13%), 4 Dao 9/69 (13%), 5 Nung/Xudng 6/69 (8,7%), 6 Kinh 4/69 (5,8%) d xom Cdc Xa Dudi, xa Hdng Tri, huyen Bao Lac, trong sd 76 ngudi khac tdc la ban cua cac dai dien hd gia dinh cd: Tay 30 ngudi (63,8%)), Nung 17 ngudi (36,2%), Kinh 14 ngudi (29,8%), Hmdng
8 ngudi (17,0), Dao 4 ngudi (8,5%), Quy Chau tuc Nung Quy Chau 3 ngudi (6,4%)
Khao sat ve su dung ngdn ngu trong gia dinh cua 10 gia dinh Ld Ld d thi tran Meo Vac cho thay, cd 2 gia dinh chi dung tilng Ld Ld; trong sd 8 gia dinh cdn lai, ngoai tieng Ld Ld la tieng me de, cd 2 gia dinh cd su dung tieng phd thdng (Kinh) va tilng Hmdng, 1 gia dinh cd su dung tieng Tay va tieng Hmdng, 1 gia dinh cd su dung tilng Tay va tieng phd thdng, 4 gia dinh cd
su dung tilng Hmdng Trong sd 10 ngudi true tiep tra ldi phdng van cd 10 ngudi biet
Trang 610 Phgm Ddng Hii'n
tilng phd thdng, 10 ngudi thao tilng 17/47 ngudi ndi thao tilng Nung, 05 ngudi Hmdng, 5 ngudi thao hai thu "tilng ngoai" bilt ndi tieng Hmdng, 01 ngudi biet ndi (3 ngudi thao tieng Hmdng va tieng Tay, tilng Dao 6 chieu ngugc lai, trong sd 76
2 ngudi thao tieng Hmdng va tieng Trung ngudi ban khac tdc cua hg, chi cd duy nhat Qudc) Phan ddng dan dng ldn tudi ngudi mgt ngudi Tay biet ndi tieng Ld Ld
Ld Ld trong xa deu ndi dugc tieng Hmdng
va tieng Trung Qude va hg su dung cac
tieng nay thao han tieng phd thdng Tai
huyen Bao Lac, tinh Cao Bang, nai ngudi
Ld Ld cu tru gan ke vdi ngudi Tay, ket qua
khao sat 47 hd gia dinh tai xdm Cdc Xa
Dudi, xa Hdng Tri cho thay: i Trong giao
tiep ndi bd gia dinh cd 8/47 hd (17%)) cd
dung tieng phd thdng va 12/47 hd (25,5%o)
Dilu tra hg d xdm Cdc Xa Dudi, xa Hdng Tri cho thdy: Ngudi Ld Ld d day cd quan he gan giii va da dien hon vdi ngudi Tay, ngudi Nung; cac dip dam cudi, mung nha mdi la nhiing dip hg cd quan he "md" vdi nhieu tdc ngudi gan ke; cac djp le tet, ma chay ed chieu sau dac thu van hda tdc ngudi nen su hien dien va tan suat quan he lien tdc
cd dung tilng Tay; 34/47 ngudi true tilp tra ngudi cd han che han; quan he hai chieu chi
cd giiia ngudi Ld Ld vai Tay, Nung; quan he mdt ehieu chi cd tu phia ngudi Kinh va hau nhu khdng cd quan he giiia ngudi Ld Ld vdi ngudi Hmdng, Dao
ldi phdng van (72,3%)) cd the ndi tieng phd
thdng Trong sd 47 ngudi true tiep tra ldi
phdng van cd 44/47 ngudi ndi thao tieng
Tay, 34/47 ngudi biet ndi tieng phd thdng
Bang 2 Mdt sd chi sd quan he xa hdi - tdc ngudi d xdm Cdc Xa Dudi
Tdc ngudi
Cac dip quan he Dam cudi
Mung nha mdi
Letet
Ma chay
Lam kinh te
So ho Lo Lo dugc nguoi khdc toe den chia se
Tay
Nung
Kinh
Hmdng
Dao
42
32
22
2
3
89,4 68,1 46,8 4,3 6,4
27
24
13
3
3
57,4 51,1 27,7 6,4 6,4
6
2
2
-12,8 4,3 4,3
-10
2
1
1
-21,3 4,3 2,1 2,1
-23
16
-48,9 34,0
-So ho ngudi khdc toe dugc ngudi Lo Lo den chia se
Tay
Nung
Kinh
Hmdng
Dao
27
19
11
4
1
57,4 40,4 23,4 8,5 2,1
18
17
5
1
1
38,3 36,2 10,6 2,1 2,1
5
3
-10,6 6,4
-11
6
-23,4 12,8
-1
2
-2,1 4,3
-Nsnon: Dieu tra hd, thang 11 na
Trang 73.3 Thdi ky 1980 - 2000, cac quan he
cfla ngudi Ld Ld vdi ben kia bien gidi ldng
xudng sau su cd thang 2 nam 1979 Vai sir
md cfla va thdng thuong bien gidi nhung nam
gan day, ngudi Ld Ld d cac xdm Cd Ldng,
Cd Tang, Me Nang, xa Xin Cai, huyen Meo
Vac tim lai hg hang ngudi Di cua hg d huong
Phu Ninh, chau Van Son, tinh Van Nam,
Trung Qudc Tuy nhien, do sd gia dinh cd cac
quan he than tdc khdng nhieu, khoang each 3
ngay dudng bd va nhiing yeu td Idiac cua ddi
sdng hien dai da lam cho mdi quan he nay
khdng gift dugc vai trd quan trgng nhu thdi
kinh te tu cap tu tuc Them vao dd, chung
Ididng cdn dugc cung cd bdi cac cudc hdn
nhan ddng tdc Nhirng cudc hdn nhan xuyen
bien gidi d ngudi Ld Ld tai xuat hien trong
nhiing nam gan day da dien ra theo chieu
hudng hoan toan khac truyen thdng: 6 trudng
hgp ket hdn vdi ngudi Trung Qudc dugc biet
den d cac xdm Cd Tang (huyen Meo Vac),
Khau Ca, Khau Trang (huyen Bao Lac) deu
la nu lay chdng ngudi khac tdc va deu nay
sinh trong qua trinh nhung ngudi nay di lam
thue d Trung Qudc (ket hdn khdng theo
phong bac truyen thdng va cung khdng theo
quy djnh luat phap cua hai nudc)
Trong bdi canh thdng thuang bien
gidi, ngudi Ld Ld cac xa Xin Cai, Thugng
Phung, huyen Meo Vac cd quan he luu
thdng san pham thudng xuyen hon vdi phia
ngoai bien Nhu cau ldn ve ndng, lam san va
kha nang cung ung du loai hang hda da dang
ca ve chat lugng va gia ca cua thi trudng
ngoai bien kich thich san xuat va tieu dung
cua ngudi Ld Ld vung bien Quan he mau
bien tu do giup hp tieu thu san pham "dugc
gia", de dang mua sam dugc nhiing vat
dung, cdng cu, may mdc phu hgp vdi tui
tien va kha nang su dung cua hg Dd la dieu
ma trudc day chua bao gid cd Quan he nay
dang dua hp thoat dan khoi tinh trang san xuat tu cap tu tuc, khep kin, biet lap ve kinh
te, xa hdi, ddng thdi ciing gan hp ngay cang chat ban vdi cac ddi tac d ngoai bien 6
xa Hdng Trj, huyen Bao Lac, do cu tru each
xa dudng bien gidi Viet - Trung, ngudi Ld
Ld d day it cd giao dich chg phien vdi phia ben kia bien gidi Nhung mdt phan thu nhap dang ke cua hg la ban cac lam san va thao dugc sang Trung Qudc thdng qua trung gian
la cac tdc ngudi Nung, Hmdng sdng giap bien ddng thdi cd nhieu ddng tdc d phia ben kia bien gidi
Nhung nam gan day, nhu cau viec lam da dua mdt sd kha ddng ngudi Ld Ld sang Trung Qudc lam thue Phan tich ca cau lao ddng lam thue cua cac hd tai xdm Cdc
Xa Dudi thang 11 nam 2008 cho thay: 42,9%) sd hd cd ngudn thu nhap bang lao ddng lam thue da tim viec lam thue d Trung Qudc (xem Bang 1) Ba xdm cd ngudi Ld Ld (Cd Tdng, Me Nang, Cd Lang) cua xa Xin Cai ciing cd nhieu ngudi di lam thue tu do d ben kia bien gidi Cd Tang la xdm cd sd ngudi di lam thue d ben kia bien gidi nhieu han va ciing cd sd xe may nhieu hon cac xdm khac Thdi diem thang 11 nam 2007, xa Xin Cai gdm 19 xdm, 637 hd, cd khoang
100 xe may thi rieng xdm Cd Tang (vdi 27 hd) chilm han 10 xe Hoat ddng lam thue d ben kia bien gidi gdp phan quan trpng trong viec mua sam nhung chiec xe may loai phan khdi ldn hien cd d xdm Cd Tang Sd ddng nam gidi ngudi Ld Ld trong dp tudi lao ddng thudng di lam thue de kiem tien; viec lam nuong, chan nudi deu do phu nu lo lieu Hoat ddng tim kiem viec lam va thu nhap d ben kia bien gidi dang hinh thanh nen nhung ludng di cu theo mua cua mdt lugng ngay cang ddng ngudi Ld Ld Hang nam, chi rieng d tung mau nghien cuu d Bao Lac
Trang 812 Phgm Ddng Hii'n ciing nhu d Meo Vac (xdm Ld Ld) deu cd
hang tram lugt ngudi Ld Ld sang Trung
Qudc lam thue Va hoat ddng nay dang cd
chieu hudng gia tang
Lam thue, dac biet la lam thue d ben
kia bien gidi, la mdt bieu hien mdi trong
quan he tdc ngudi cua ngudi Ld Ld O day
cd may diem dang chu y: a/ Cac cdng viec
lam thue eua ngudi Ld Ld du d dau cflng
deu la nhiing viec lao ddng thdng thudng;
b/ Lam thue bang lao ddng thd sa, khdng
qua dao tao la mgt bd phan quan trgng trong
kinh te hd cua mdt sd ddng gia dinh ngudi
Ld Ld, nhat la nhiing hd ngheo; c/ Lam thue
trong ndi cdng ddng phan anh mdt idiia canh
phan hda xa hdi trong ndi tdc ngudi Ld Ld;
d/ Lam thue cho tu nhan va cac td chuc kinh
te cua ngudi cac tdc ngudi ]<Jiac (Tay, Nung,
Kinh d Bao Lac; Hmdng d Meo Vac) phan
anh tuong quan mdi (ve nang luc kinh te)
trong quan he giiia ngudi Ld Ld vdi cac tdc
ngudi da sd d mdi khu vuc cu tru; e/ Lam
thue d Trung Qudc dai ngay vdi sd ngudi
ngay cang ddng cho thay kha nang thu hut
lao ddng cua thj trudng ngoai bien va xu
hudng tim kiem thu nhap cua ngudi Ld Ld
trong mdi trudng kinh te - xa hdi mdi dang
hinh thanh d vung bien gidi Viet - Trung
3.4 Cac yeu td toan cau hda nhu du
ljch, hgp tac lao ddng qudc te, truyen thdng
dai chung, thdi trang, thi hoa hau, truyen ba
dao Tin Lanh ciing dang tao ra nhiing mdi
quan he mdi d ngudi Ld Ld Su phat trien cua
du ljch va md rdng quan he hgp tae lao ddng
gifta Viet Nam vdi cac nudc dang tac ddng
tdi quan he tdc ngudi cua cac cdng ddng Ld
Ld theo cac chieu khac nhau: O tinh Ha
Giang, hai thiet che van hda cua ngudi Ld Ld
da dugc dua vao gudng dich vu du lich la
"Lang van hda truyen thdng Ld Ld Chai" xa
Lung Cu, huyen Ddng Van va "Nha van hda
du ljch cdng ddng cua dan tdc Ld Ld xdm Sang Pa A" thi trdn Meo Vac Mdt sd hp ngudi Ld Ld d 2 huyen nay da cd ca hdi ban cac san phdm van hda Ld Ld cho khach du ljch (thdi gia nam 2007 la 3-5 trieivT?d nu phuc Ld Ld truyin thdng) C) huyen Bao Lac, tinh Cao Bdng, ke tu nam 2007, mdt hd Ld
Ld d xdm Cdc Xa Dudi, xa Hdng Tri da cd
ca hdi lam "dich vu" cho cac doan du ljch lu hanh (ca khach qudc te va khach trong nudc): theo thdng tin cua dan xdm, trong 11 thang ddu nam 2008 da cd khoang han chuc lan doan khach du lich vl xdm, an nghi trong ngay tai nha dng S Chu nha cho biet, dng dugc tra 20.000d/ngay/khach
Cac phuang tien truyen thdng dai chung (bao chf, phat thanh, truyen hinh, bang dia ) dem van hda Ld Ld den vdi cdng chung trong va ngoai nudc va dua hg den vdi ngudi Ld Ld Trang phuc nu Ld Ld cd sue hap dan ddi vdi cac chuyen gia thdi trang, cac nha thiet ke mau thdi trang trong nudc va nudc ngoai Nhieu doan Jdiach du ljch va nghien cuu thdi trang da den cac xdm Ld Ld tim hieu ve van hda, trang phuc truyen thdng
va kha nang phat trien det may truyen thdng cua ngudi Ld Ld d day theo hudng tao ra hang hda Lugng khach du lich trong nudc va qudc te quan tam den van hda Ld Ld ngay mdt tang dang dem lai ca hdi thu nhap (tuy chua nhieu va mod chi cho mdt sd it hd gia dinh) va giao tiep da dang tdc ngudi d ngay tai cac cdng ddng ca sd cua ngudi Ld Ld
Tham du quan he hgp tac lao ddng qudc te ciing dem lai nhung bien ddi da chieu Hai thanh nien Ld Ld xdm Cdc Xa Dudi di xudt khau lao ddng bj phia Malaysia tra ve (do suy thoai kinh te), trong khi gia dinh hg vdn cdn ng ngan hang khoan
Trang 9vay 20.000.000 ddng d l chi phi khi ra di
Hdi nhap va toan cau hda da md cho hp ca
hdi vugt ra khdi quan he tu cap tu tuc truyen
thdng, chat hep, luan quan trong ngheo ddi,
nhung rdi lai tra hg ve que vdi mdn ng ldn
tren lung va ddi dien vdi tinh trang khdng cd
thu nhap Sang Trung Qudc lam thue tu do
cd thl se la mdt hudng hg tim kiem de mong
thoat khdi tinh trang be tac hien nay Tuy
nhien, he qua cua chuyen xuat khau lao ddng
khdng may dd khdng chi cd vay Nd tiep dan
va tiep bien nhiing nhan td rat can he tdi van
hda truyin thdng cua tdc ngudi: mdt trong
hai thanh nien dd da theo dao Tin Lanh va
gift mdi lien he thudng xuyen vdi cac ddng
dao d nai khac Mat khae, tai xa Hdng Tri va
mdt vai xa khac cua huyen Bao Lac (ciing
nhu d huyen Meo Vac, tinh Ha Giang), dao
Tin Lanh dang phat trien trong cac cdng
ddng ngudi Hmdng, Dao va da anh hudng
tdi ngudi Ld Ld Manh nha cua bien ddi van
hda dudi hinh thuc thay ddi tin ngudng dang
dien bien d gan va d ngay trong ndi bd ngudi
Ld Ld dang bdt dau tac ddng tdi cac quan he
tdc ngudi cua hp
4 Thay ldi ket
Quan he tdc ngudi la mdt thudc phan
huu CO cua ddi sdng mdi tdc ngudi Chung
phan anh vi the va sir gan ket cua tdc ngudi
vdi mdi trudng nhan van va thdi dai Nhieu
the ky qua, ban sac van hda tdc ngudi cua
cac cdng ddng Ld Ld d nudc ta dugc bao
tdn, phat huy va phat trien trong mdi quan he
gan bd vdi cdng ddng dan tdc Viet Nam Su
phat trien kinh te bien gidi Viet - Trung hien
dai dang chi phdi manh me tdi flng xu muu
sinh cua ngudi Ld Ld, tao ra mdt mdi trudng
xa hdi mdi tich hgp nhieu sac thai, chieu
kich kinh te, xa hdi, van hda, ca hdi va thach
thuc doi vdi su phat trien cua hg, dua hg den
vdi nhung quan he mdi ciing nhu tao ra tien
de bien ddi cac quan he truyen thdng Thuc tien kinh te xa hdi vung bien gidi Viet -Trung cho thay cac yeu td cung tieu san pham va hang hda, cung ung viec lam va thu nhap phu hgp dang tac ddng chi phdi tdi xu hudng quan he tdc ngudi Tao sue hap dan eho cac yeu td do cua thj trudng ndi bien la tien de cho dinh hudng va quan ly cac quan
he tdc ngudi noi chung Va cac cdng ddng
Ld Ld Ididng la ngoai le
Tai lieu tham khao
1 Abadie M (1924), Les races du Haul -Tonkin de Phong - Tho a Lang - Son, Paris
2 Khdng Dien - Trdn Binh (2007), Dan toe Lo Lo d Viet Nam, Nxb Thdng tdn Ha Ndi
3 Dgi Viet sir ky toan thu (1998), Tap I,
ni, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hdi, Ha Ndi
4 Nguyen Chi Huyen va cdng su (2000),
Nguon goc lich sic toe ngudi viing bien giai phia Bdc Viet Nam, Nxb Van hda dan tdc Ha Ndi
5 Ly Hanh San (2006), "Ddi net vl tiang
phuc cd truyen cua ngudi Ld Ld", Tgp ehi Ddn toe hoe, Sd 2
6 Hoang Hoa Toan (1975), "Ngudi I ^ Ld
d Bao Lac Cao Bdng", Tgp ehi Ddn toe hoe, Sd 2
7 Tdng cue Thdng ke (2001), Tong dieu tra ddn sd va nhd d Viet Nam 1999, Nxb Thdng
ke, HaNdi
8 cdm Trgng (1978), Ngucn Thdi o Tdy Bde Viet Nam, Nxb Khoa hgc xa hdi, Ha Ndi
10 Dang Nghiem Van (2001), "Vai net
ve tinh hmh giai cap mien Ddng Bao Lac (cudi
till ky XIX ddu till ky XX)", fl-ong: Ddn toe Vdn hoa Ton gido, Nxb Khoa hgc xa hdi Ha Ndi
11 Vien Dan tdc hgc (1978), Cde ddn toe it ngudi a Viet Nam (ede tinh phia Bde),
Nxb Khoa hgc xa hdi, Ha Ndi
12 Le Tnmg Via (1975), "Vai net vl dan
ca phong tiae Ld Ld", Tap ehi Ddn toe hoe So 1