Cin cu vao cic birc thu, bio cao cria Nguyen Ai Qu6e gui Qu6c te Cgng sin, cin cu vao h6i ky cua mgt so cin bg lao thinh each mang, nhung hgc vien cua lap huan luyen tai Quing Chiu, [r]
Trang 1NGUYEN AI QUOC VOI VIEC THIET L A P
v o l CACH MANG V I | T NAM ( 1 9 2 3 - 1 9 Z 7 )
PHAM THI LAI*
Tu nim 1923 den nim 1927 li nhung
nim thing lanh tu Nguyen Ai Qu6c
hch cyc boat dgng xiy dyng m6i quan he gin
each mang Viet Nam voi Qu6c te Cgng sin
va phong frao cich mang the giai
Trong Bao cao giri Qu6c te Cgng sin,
ngay 21-9-1923, Nguyen Ai Qu6e da neu
trim tit rinh hinh D6ng Duong ve chinh tri,
kinh te, xa hgi vi de ra mgt chuong trinh
hoat dgng, trong d6 chinh thuc de nghi Qu6c
le Cgng sin "xiy dyng diy hen lac giira
Mitxcova - D6ng Duong - Pan"' Cbi it nim
sau duong diy d6 di dugc thiet lip
Ngiy 11-4-1924, frong Thu gui Ban
Chip hanh Qu6c te Cgng sin, Nguyen Ai
Qu6c da nhin xet "Nhiing thugc dia cria
Phip noi chung vi D6ng Duong n6i rieng it
dugc biet den trong gioi v6 sin vi cgng
san Qu6c te Cgng sin vi Ding Cgng sin
Phap rit it dugc tb6ng tin ve nhiing gi xiy
ra 6 nhung thugc dia d6"^ Vi viy Nguoi de
nghi: "Cue th6ng tin cua Ding cin phii
* Bao tang Ho Chi Minb
dugc thinh lip" , vi "Neu chung ta mu6n boat dgng mgt cich c6 ich ve vin de thugc dia thi nhit thiet phai bit lien lac voi cic thugc dia d6"'' Nguyen Ai Qu6c chi ro ring "phii tao ra mgt cii gi d6 neu chua c6 gi" Cung trong buc thu niy, Nguyen Ai Qu6c noi ve chuyen di de khio sit vi nghien cim 6 Tmng Qu6c Nhiem vu cria Nguyen Ai Qu6c dugc quyet dinh: sau 3 thing luu lai 6 diy, Nguyen Ai Qu6c di Trung Qu6c de tim cich lien lac voi D6ng Duong Nguai dy dinh se "thiet lip nhiing m6i quan be giira D6ng Duong vi Qu6c le Cgng sin", se "T6 churc mgt co so th6ng lin
va tuyen fruyen"
Khi dugc Ban Chip binh Qu6c te Cgng sin tao dieu kien ve Quing Chiu (Trung Qu6c) boat dgng, Nguyen Ai Qu6c tiep tuc nhiem vy thiet lip duong diy lien lac
"Mitxcova - D6ng Duong - Pari"
Mgt thing sau, ngay 18-12-1924, tu Quing Chiu, Nguyen Ai Qu6c viet bio cio gui Doin Chu tich Qu6c te Cgng sin ve nhung c6ng viec da lim dugc
Trang 2SU' NGHIEP VA TU' TU'ONG HO CHi MINH
Tir day, tuy 6 cich xa Mitxccyva nhung
Nguyen Ai Qu6c vin thuong xuyen viet bao
cao, de xuat van de, giir moi lien he voi Qu6c
te Cgng sin, nhu nhi nghien cim Sophie
Quinn- Judge nhan xet: "Sy nghiep cria Ho Chi
Minh la mgt sgi chi lien ket frong quan he cria
Viet Nam voi Qu6c te Cgng sin"'
Chinh vi viy mi tuyen th6ng tin lien lac
cich mang qu6c te - Viet Nam dugc khai
th6ng, each mang Viet Nam dugc hoi nhip
voi cich mang the gioi va fro thinh mgt bg
phin cua cich mang the gioi, Cung tu do,
Nguyen Ai Qu6c tao dugc con duong tro ve
T6 quoc sau nhirng nam thing b6n ba rim
duong ciru nuoc
Cin cu vao cic birc thu, bio cao cria
Nguyen Ai Qu6e gui Qu6c te Cgng sin, cin
cu vao h6i ky cua mgt so cin bg lao thinh
each mang, nhung hgc vien cua lap huan
luyen tai Quing Chiu, ke thira cic ket qui
nghien ciru cua mgt s6 nha khoa hgc, chring
t6i xin dugc phic bga lai he tb6ng giao
thong lien lac voi trong nuoc vi Qu6c te
Cgng sin do Nguyen Ai Quoc chi dao xiy
dyng trong nhirng nam 1924-1927, khi
Nguoi boat dgng 6 Tmng Qu6c
Nim 1925, sau khi thanh lip Hgi Viet
Nam Cich mang Thanh nien tai Quing
Chiu, Nguyen Ai Qu6c ban voi T6ng bg
xay dyng cic duong lien lac de dua don
cin bg, chuyen nhin tii lieu, sich bio, cu
nguoi ve nuoc tim chgn nhirng thanh nien
CO chi khi dua sang Quing Chau de tryc
tiep huin luyen chinh tri vi phuong phip
boat dgng cich mang, sau do ve nu(7c gay
dyng phong trio Theo ke hoach nay, cac
thanh vien cua to chirc Tam tam xa la nhung thanh nien yeu nuoc dang boat dgng
6 miin Nam Trung Quoc nhu Le H6ng Son, H6 Tung Mau, Le H6ng Phong dugc huin luyen diu tien va fro thanh hat nhin cria phong trio Diu nim 1925, theo
dk nghi cua Nguyen Ai Quoc, Le Duy
Diim dugc cir ve Nghe An lien lac voi nhom Phuc Viet cua Tran Phu, T6n Quang Phiet; Le Hun Lap dugc cir ve Nam Dinh tim gap Dinh Chuong Duong cring nhom hgc sinh truong Thanh Chung que Nam Dinh, Thii Binh, Thanh Hoa; Ho Tung Miu roi Quing Chiu sang Trai cay cua cu Ding Thuc Hua 6 Phi Chit, Thii Lan tim gap mgt s6 thanh nien yeu nuoc giiu nhiet huyet dua sang Quing Chiu de dy lop huan luyen
Nhung nguoi dy lap huin luyen dugc tung
ve nuoc tiep tuc tuyen tmyen, tip hgp, t6 chirc cho nhung nguoi khic sang dy l(7p sau
Trong thu giri mgt dong chi dai dien Ding Cgng sin Phap tai Quoc te Cgng sin, khoing diu nam 1925, Nguyen Ai Qu6c viet, Nguoi muon c6 tien de lam mgt s6 viec sau:
"a/ Co dugc mgt co so 6 trong nuoc b/ Co nguoi sin sang lam tuyen fruyen vien c/ Thyc hien viec tuyen fruyen den noi den ch6n va,
d/ Bat dau ngay cong tic t6 chuc
Khong c6 nguoi nao khic co the girip l6i frong viec nay, boi vi toi la mgt diy lien lac giir bi mat ke hoach cua chung ta
3- Tuyen truyen va lam c6ng tie khac, t6i phii:
Trang 3a/ Dich tai lieu
b/ In in n6
d Liy nguoi tir trong nuoc den Quing Chiu
d/ Huin luyen hg
e/ Phii bg tro vk"^
Chi sau d6 mgt thoi gian ngin, ngay
19-2-1925, Nguyen Ai Qu6c c6 mgt bin bio
cao khic gui Chu tich Qu6c te Cgng sin ve
vin de D6ng Duong, trong do viec xiy
dyng cic tram lien lac dugc Nguoi bio cio
rit cbi tiet:
"Chung t6i co tai Xiem mgt tram - co
so (de dua d6n nguoi ra vio) kha virng C)
do c6 chung 50 nguoi lim rugng doan ket
chit che vi truoc day da giup dugc rit
nhieu viec Gio diy, chung t6i phii t6
chuc bg lai ve mat chinh tri vi cring c6 co
so d6 ve mat kinh te, bing cich mo rgng
n6." Nguoi tb6ng bio nhirng viec phii lim
trong nim:
"a) Thiet lip mgt co so boat dgng tai
Quing Chiu
b) Thiel lip nhung co so giao tb6ng:
1 C) Quing Tiy
2 O phia cyc Nam Quing D6ng
3 6 Bing Coc
4 CJ Tich Kho (diem ket thric cria during
xe lua Bing C6c vi cich Lac Phich 20
ngiy duong)
5 Ci Lac Phich, tren t i ngan s6ng Me
K6ng va each Trung Ky 15 ngay duong,
c) Phii mgt d6ng cbi ve 6 trong nuoc de
thu thip va chuyen tin trie
d) Phii mgt hoac nhieu d6ng chi lim
viec tren cac tau thuy di lai giira Trung
Quoc va Dong Duong"''
Qua bin bio cio nay va mgt s6 h6i ky cria cic d6ng chi hgc vien lop huin luyen Quang Chiu^ cho thiy, Nguyen Ai Qu6c di din din thiet lip dugc nhifrig tuyen giao thong lien lac, dua d6n nguoi va van chuyen tii lieu, sich bio sau diy:
- Tuyen Mong Cdi - Qudng Chdu, xuit
phit tu Ben Ngy, Nam Dinh, di xe lua den Hii Phong, xu6ng tiu di M6ng Cii, vugt s6ng Ca Long den co so lien lac Ii nhi 6ng D6 Phit Khang, o ben do Na Sio Tu (Tmng Qu6c), sau d6 xu6ng thuyen bu6m
di Bic Hii, re vao s6ng Hoang Ph6, r6i di tau ngugc len Quang Chiu,
Le Duy Diem 16 chuc mgt doan 10 nguoi di theo tuyen nay, g6m: Trin Phu, T6n Quang Phiet Nguyen Nggc Ba, Nguyen Vin Lgi, Phan Trgng Binh, Phan Trgng Quing, Hoing Vin Tring Khoi hinh di Quing Chiu ngay 14-7-1926 Hanh frinh cria doin theo during Vinh Ha Noi -Hii Phong - Mui Nggc - M6ng Cii - Na Sio Tu - D6ng Hung,
Tai mien Bic, Le Hiiru Lip 16 chuc nh6m thanh nien Nam Djnh - Thii Binh dugc mgt doan 10 nguoi: Nguyen C6ng Thu, Nguyen Danh Thg, Nguyen C6ng Viet, Dang Chiu Tue, Nguyen Kim Cuong, Nguyen Danh Te.,, Doin Ien during vao tmng tuin thing 7-1926 theo hanh trinh Nam Dinh - Hii Phong - Mui Nggc - M6ng Cai - Ciu Bic Luin - D6ng Hung
- Tuyin Lgng Son-Long Chdu-Ngm Ninh
(Qudng Tdy) din Qudng Chdu Tuyen nay
ket hgp during xe lua, during bg, during thuy, vugt qua nhieu nui non hiem tro D6ng chi
Trang 4SU' NGHIEP VA TU' TU'ONG HO CHi MINH
Nguyen C6ng Thu, hgc vien lap thir hai, sau
khi hgc xong, dugc giao nhiem vu ve Bic
Ky, li giao lien da din during cho nh6m
d6ng chi Pham Vin D6ng va nhieu nguoi
khic di theo tuyen during nay, sang hgc IcDp
thu ba Rieng 6 Bic Ky va Tmng Ky frong
nim 1926 va diu nim 1927 c6 khoing 180
nguoi theo during lien lac cua Nguyen C6ng
Thu qua Lang Son sang C6ng Chap toi
Quing Chiu^,
- Tuyen Bang Cdc - Qudng Chdu, xuit
phat tu Trai ciy cria Ding Thric Hira 6 Bin
Dring - Phi Chit, di Bing C6c, xu6ng tiu
tuyen H6ng K6ng- Quing Chiu,
Diy la tuyen dua don nhirng thanh nien
tir Nghe An, Ha TTnh di nhu Vuong Thuc
Oinh, Le H6ng Son, H6 Tring Miu, Pham
H6ng Thii, Le H6ng Phong,,, vi tir Xiem
sang truoc do Ho Tring Miu 16 chirc cho
Ding Thii Thuyen cung mgt so thieu nien
lop Ly Ty Trgng 6 D6ng Bic Xiem sang
Quing Chiu theo during Bin D6ng - Phi
Chit - Bing C6c - H6ng K6ng - Quing
Chiu Toi Quing Chiu, nhirng ngurifi nay
dugc ghep voi nhiing nguoi tu trong nuoc
sang thanh mgt lop khoing 20 nguoi, khai
giing vao thing 8-1926 vi ket thuc vao
khoing thing 10 cring nim
- Tuyin giao thdng tren cdc tdu buon
ciia Trung Qudc, Anh, Phdp, Nhdt chgy
duang Sai Gdn Hai Phdng Hdng Kong
-Thuong Hai, c6 co so cria ta li nhifrig thuy
thu yeu nuoc vi giac ngg cich mang li nguoi
Viet Nam vi nguoi nuoc ngoii Nguyen
Luong Bing, hgc vien lop thu hai dugc giao
phy frich lien lac tuyen during bien niy Khi
lop hgc thu hai kit thuc, Nguyin Ai Quoc cir Phan Trgng Binh, Nguyen Vin Lgi ve Sai Grin giy dyng co so cich mang va hep tuc tim chgn nguoi dua sang Quing Chiu huin luyen Den Sii Grin, qua cic m6i quan he huyet thong hoac ban be quen biet, sau mgt thoi gian ngin Phan Trgng Binh va Nguyen Van Lgi da giic ngg dugc Ngo Thiem, Le Manh Trinh, Le Vin Phit Qua giao thong during thuy cua to chijc, ba nguoi Ien tau Dai Phuc Tinh di tir Sai Gon sang Quing Chiu vao cuoi nim 1926 diu nim 1927 Do la lop thanh nien yeu nuoc diu tien 6 Nam Ky sang
dy lap huin luyen do Nguyen Ai Qu6c dio
tao Tiep do, tir Sii Gon nhieu doin thanh nien Nam Ky dugc to chirc di theo during thuy sang Quing Chiu
- Tuyin lien Igc vai Qudc ti Cong sdn vd
dgi dien cdc ddng anh em a Mdtxcova Khi
den Quang Chau, Nguyen Ai Qu6c lam phien dich cho phai bg B6r6din, do vay Nguoi da su dung he tb6ng giao th6ng lien lac cria Hang R6xta Khi co cong viec gip, cic lien lac dugc thyc bien qua dien dai, Binh thuong, thu tir, bio cao, bio cbi,,, dugc chuyen bing during thuy, tren cic tiu burin cria Lien X6 chay during H6ng K6ng -Thugng Hii - VIadiv6xt6c, moi chuyin thu
CO the mit hing thing, Diu nim 1931, khi phong frio cich mang 6 Viet Nam bi din ap, Nguyen Ai Quoc qua during hen lac voi Sai Grin, da nim dugc tinh hinh 6 Viet Nam, phong frio bai c6ng 6 Sii Grin va viit nhieu bio cio giri Qu6c te Cgng sin Ngoai
mgt s6 thu vi bio cio da c6ng bo frong Hd Chi
Minh Todn tdp, con khi nhieu tii lieu Bio tang
Trang 5H6 Chi Minh moi suu tam dugc dang to chuc
dich, xic minh, giup cho viec nghien cuu ve
tuyen lien lac nay cung cic boat dgng cua
Nguyen Ai Qu6c Ding Cgng sin Viet Nam
Voi cic tuyen giao th6ng lien lac dugc
xay dyng, ve co bin Nguyen Ai Qu6c da
giir lien lac dugc voi trong nuoc va Qu6c te
Cgng sin Trong hai nim ruoi 6 Quing
Chau, Nguoi da hoin thinh mgt kh6i lugng
cong viec rit Ion:
- Trong bao cio giri Ban Phuong D6ng
Qu6c te Cgng sin, Nguyen Ai Qu6c viet:
"Mac du thieu thoi gian va tien, nho sy
giup do cua cic d6ng cbi nguoi Nga vi An
Nam, chung t6i di c6 the: 1) Dua 75 thanh
nien An Nam den hgc 6 Truong tuyen
tmyen do chring toi t6 chuc 6 Quing Chiu,
2) Xuit bin 3 to tuin bio nh6, 3) Phii
nhirng nguoi tuyen truyen vua moi dugc
dio lao ve Xiem, Trung Ky, Bic Ky va
Nam Ky, 4) Thinh lip mgt lien doin cich
mang do mgt uy ban g6m 5 uy vien 6
Quing Chiu linh dao, lien doin di bit re
khip noi trong tit ci cic xu D6ng Duong
d6""' T6ng kit lai, tu nam 1926-1927,
nhieu thanh nien yeu nuoc 6 khip mgi mien
dat nuac Viet Nam, ke ci Viet kieu 6 Xiem
da den Quing Chiu dy cic lap huin luyen
chinh fri, khoing bon 200 nguoi Trum mil
tham Phip o Dring Duong li Miciy thi dy
doin CO khoing 250 nguoi dugc huin luyen
6 Quing Chiu, trong d6 c6 200 cin bg dugc
hing ve nuoc boat dgng so con lai dugc gui
di hgc 6 Truong Dai hgc Phuong Dong"
Cac hgc vien fro ve nuoc vi ve Xiem boat
dgng tro thanh nhung nguoi tuyen truyen
chri nghTa Mic - Lenin va tri chuc cich
mang a trong nuoc vi 6 Xiem
- Cic tuyen giao tb6ng lam nhiem vu dua ngurii, dim nhiem viec van cbu>'en sich
bio, tai lieu tu Quing Chau voi frong nuoc
va vai Quric te Cgng sin, trong do co nhieu s6 bao Thanh nien, Linh cdch minh, Cong
nong, Viet Nam Tiin phong, Sich Duong Kdch minh di theo Nguyen C6ng Thu ve Hi
Noi qua during Lang Son, theo Nguyen Luong Bing tu Quing Chiu qua during bien
ve Hii Pbring, Hii Duong
- Ngoii viec dua ngurii sang Quing Chiu huin luyen, hgc tip, Nguyen Ai Quric crin lya chgn ngurii giri di hgc Tmong Dai hgc Phuong D6ng (Mitxcova - Lien X6), tmring Quin chinb Hoing Phri Nhirng ngurii diu lien di theo con during niy li Trin Phu, Le H6ng Phong Theo A.A X6c616p'^ da c6 53 ngurii Viet Nam sang hgc Truring Dai hgc Phuong Dring bien eon b6 so luu 6 Luu trir Lich su chinb tri - xa hgi qu6c gia Nga
- Mgt noi dung cin trao doi la, frong bin Bao cio ngiy 19-2-1925, giri Chu tich Quric
te Cgng sin ve vin de D6ng Duong, Nguyen
Ai Qu6c neu dy dinh thiet lip cic co so giao th6ng trong do c6 mgt co so 6 cyc Nam tinh Quing D6ng, Tmng Qu6c, tuc li ri D6ng Hung Trung Qu6c, tiep giip voi M6ng Cii cria Viet Nam (nam 1926 thi trin Dring Hung thugc tinh Quing D6ng, nim 1957 nhip ve Quing Tay) Theo bio cio ket qui khio sit
ve con during xuit duong cria doin hgc vien cich mang diu lien sang Quing Chau, mgt
s6 hgc vien cria lop huin luyen di ke lai va
dua doin khio sit di theo hanh trinh ma hg
Trang 6SU' NGHIEP VA TU' TU'O'NG H 6 CHi MINH
da di tu nim 1926, Mong Cii la diem doin
dimg chin truoc khi sang dit Tmng Quoc
Yai cac tuyen giao thong lien lac, Nguyen
Ai Qu6c da thyc hien dugc tim nguyen cua
minb khi roi Mitxcova, tro ve gin To qu6c
"di vao quin chung, thuc tfrih hg t6 chirc hg,
doan ket hg, huin luyen hg, dua hg ra dau
franh gianh ty do, dgc lip"
I, 2, 3, 4 Hd Chi Minh Todn tap CTQG, H,
2000, T l , t r 204,251,251,251
5 Sophie Quinn-Judge: Ho Chi Minh - Nhimg ndm
thdng im lac nam 2003, ban dich tieng Viet, fr 16
6, 7, 10 Ho Chi Minh Todn tap sdd, T.2,
frl6-17, 141-142,241
8 Bao cao khoa hoc ciia ong Dao Duy Ky,
Chii tich Hoi dong khoa h(?c Bao tang Cach mang
Viet Nam, Truang doan khao sal con during xual
duong ciia doan hgc vien each mang dau tien sang
Quang Chau nam 1926, dang tren tap chi Xua &
Nay, so 265, thang 8 - 2006
9 Di tim ly tuang, lap III, H6i ky, Ban NCLSD
Thai Binh xu5l ban, 1969
II Dan theo Pham Xanh: Nguyen Ai Quoc vai
viec truyen hd chit nghia Mdc-Lenin d Viet Nam
(/92/-/9i0; Nxb Thong hnly luan, 1990, fr 151
12 A A Xocolop: Quoc te Cong sdn vd Viet
A^am, CTQG, H, 1998
13 Theo bai viet cua dong chi Tran Quoc Hoan,
nguoi thap tiing Bac di tham tinh Hai Ninh
(2-1960), c6 nhieu kha nang, nam 1926, Nguyen Ai
Quoc da ve den Mong Cai Su kien nay da dugc tac
gia Trinh Kien de cap trong bai: "Lanh tu Nguyen
Ai Quoc da Iimg ve Mong Cai nam 1926?", noi san
Thong tin tu lieu ciia Bao tang Ho Chi Minh, so 13,
thing 9-2006, Thai gian froi qua, cau hoi van con
bo ngo, Khi tim dugc tim ban do do Nguyen Ai Quric ve, v(M nhifrig dia diem la ca sri lien lac dugc Ngurii danh dau, chiing toi thay can phai nhac lai sir kien nay, de cimg nghien cim va di den ket luan Dring chi Tran Quoc Hoan ke lai rang: Sau khi noi chuyen tai cuoc mit tinh a thi xa Mong Cai, khong can nguoi dan during, Bac da di tir san van dong den thing mot 16 sir a ben bri song Bac Luan, tham phan xuong ve bat Rrii lo sir, Nguoi di den cau Bic Luan Dimg fren cau, ngam thi xa Mong Cai phia Viet Nam va Dong Hung phia Tmng Quoc, Bac noi, thoi Imric ben nay la don Phap, ca tam tai phap phoi bay, ben kia la dat Turing, ca thanh thien bach nhat bay Cau da bac qua song nho hep, nhung nhan dan di lai de dang, chg bua doi bri tap nap, chieu chieu thanh nien hai bri song tam mat, qua lai nhu thuong Noi rrii, Bac nhanh nhen qua cau, sang Dong Hung, Trung Quric, tham Truong lieu hoc Dong Hung Bac hoi tham co giao day hoc ri truang nay tir nam 1926, la con gai ring chii Iri bat noi lieng
ri day crin khong? Ngurii con nhac den Chi bo Dang Cong san Tmng Quric a Dong Hung ma Ngurii co tham du nhieu lan Tat ca nhifrig chi tiet do ggi cho chiing ta can nghien ciai, xac minh xem nam 1926, Nguyen Ai Quoc co den Dong Hung khong? Vi neu
da den Dong Hung thi viec Ngurii tro ve Mong Cai khong khri khan gi Nam 1926, su hgp tac Quoc-Cong van dien ra tot dep, vay lieu co kha nang, nhri sir giup da cua Tinh iiy Quang Dong, Dang Cong san Tmng Quoc, Nguyen Ai Quoc den Dong Hung Mong Cai kiem fra cong viec xay dung tram lien lac
de van chuyen tai lieu ve nuac, dua don ngurii sang Quang Chau hgc tap