Nhiing nam 1925 - 1926, phong trao yeu nudc Nghe - Tinh ma ndng edt la lire lugng cdng nhan cd sir chuyen bien manh me, sdi ndi va phat trien theo khuynh hudng each mang do boat ddng[r]
Trang 1NGUYEN NHAN CHINH DAN T 6 I CAO TRAO CACH MANG 1930 -1931 Of NGHE - TINH
ThS NGUYEN TAT T H A N G
Cao trao Xdvilt Nghe - Tinh
(1930-1931), la sir khdi dau oanh liet va ve
vang trong hoat ddng lanh dao each mang ciia
Dang ta Gan 80 nam da trdi qua, nhieu nha
nghien cim lich sir trong va ngoai nudc da viet
ve Xd viet Nghe - Tinh Tuy vay, van cdn cd
mdt sd sir kien chua dugc lam sang td hoae cd
sir danh gia khae nhau, tham chi trai ngugc
nhau Bai viet tap trung phan tich nhiing
nguyen nhan ehinh dan tdi oao trao each
mang 1930 - 1931 d Nghe - linh, trong dd ed
2 nguyen nhan chung ea nudc va 3 nguyen
nhan mang tinh chat dia phuong
/ Chinh sdch dp birc, bdc lot ndng ni ciia
di qudc Phdp vd dia chii phong kien tay sai
Nam 1929, cuge khiing hoang kinh te the
gidi nd ra d hau khap cac nudc tu ban phat
trien Tai Phap, eugc khiing hoang kinh te nd
ra mudn hon cac nudc khac, nhung thdi gian
khiing hoang lai keo dai tdi nam 1936 De giai
quyet khd khan, de qudc Phap vira bdc lot
nhan dan trong nude, vira vo vet ciia cai d cac
nudc thude dia va phu thude Mue dich khai
thae cua thuc dan Phap d Viet Nam la vo vet
Khoa Lich sir, Trudng Dai hgc su pham Hul
tai nguyen va bdn nit nhan cdng ddng dao, gia
re eiia nhan dan ta, lam giau cho tu ban Phap
d chinh qude De dat dugc muc dich dd, chinh quyen thuc dan Phap khdng dau tu may mdc vao cdng nghiep, ban ehe cac chi phi san xuat
va ket hgp phuong thiic bdc lot phong kien lac hau de thu lgi nhuan cao Hau het cdng viec trong nha may deu la lao ddng thu cdng Cdng nhan vao lam thue trong eac nha may la nhiing ndng dan ngheo khd, bi tudc doat rudng dat d cac lang xa, phii huyen xung quanh thanh Vinh Hg dugc chu nha may nhan vao lam thue dudi nhieu hinh thirc nhu lam khoan, lam cdng nhat hoae an luong thang, lam viec theo khoan san pham nhung khdng
cd giay giao keo Khi nha may cd viec thi vao lam, khdng cd viec thi ra lam thue cac edng viee lat vat d thi xa hoae trd ve que cay rudng thue eho dja ehu Hang ngay hg phai lam viec tir 12 den 16 gid, vdi tien luong re mat Dieu kien lam viee, ddi sdng cdng nhan va gia dinh
hg vd cimg thieu thdn Tinh trang "bdn luang
non, mua hdng chiu " trd thanh phd bien trong
ddi sdng edng nhan
Di ddi vdi khai thae cac nganh edng nghiep,
tu ban Phap edn cudp dit, lap ddn diln d Nghe
Trang 2NHAN VAT - SU'KIEN
- Tinh Din nam 1929, d Nghe - Tinh da cd 45
ddn dien ciia bgn tu ban Phap, dien tich khai
thae len tdi 7.868 ha (rieng ddn diln cua ten
Vante d Phii Quy (Nghia Dan) rdng tdi 4.129
ha), gap 3 lan so vdi nam 1926' Thuc dan Phap
khdng nhirng vo vet tai nguyen, bdn nit nhan
lire, ma edn bdc lot vd han do nhan dan ta vdi
nhieu thir thue nang ne, vd ly
Dugc chinh quyen thuc dan d thugc dia
dung tiing, quan lai, cudng hao cdn lgi dung
chiic quyen liing doan rudng dat cdng, lic hilp
nhan dan trong eae ky thu suu thue Dia chu
Nghe - Tinh sd hiiu rudng dat khdng ldn,
nhung kha ddng Ca Nghe - Tinh thdi iy chi
cd 14 dia ehu chiem tir 100 mau trd len,
nhung sd chu rudng ed rudng dat phat canh
thu td la 24.500 hd () nhieu lang xa ven sdng
Lam, ngudi dan lao ddng hau nhu khdng cd
rudng dat rieng, quanh nam hg phai cay thue
rudng dat ciia dia chii va eiia lang xa
Song song vdi sir bdc lot kinh te, "ca mdt
che do chinh tri nghet thd va dan ap da man
cua thue dan Phap cang lam tang long cam
phan ciia nhan dan: tir cudi nam 1929, hang
nghin vu bat bd xay ra d Bac, Trung, Nam"^,
trong dd, Nghe - Tinh cd nhieu ngudi bi Phap
bat va ket an tir hinh Tdi ac ciia thuc dan
Phap ddi vdi nhan dan Nghe - Tinh nam 1930
da bi phoi bay: "Thang de qudc Phap khai hda
cho dan An Nam nhu the dd, Khai hda gi?
Khai hda bang guom, bang siing Bao hd gi?
Bao hd bang triet pha, bat bd, tii day, chem
giet Dii de qude Phap ed gia danh nhan nghia
chang nira, ciing khdng che kin dugc mat na
ciia nd duoc"l
Chinh sach ap biic, bdc lot nang ne eua de qudc Phap va bgn quan lai dia chii phong kien trong giai doan nay da lam eho mau thuan giiia cdng nhan vdi tu ban, giiia ndng dan vdi dia chii va bao tnim hon la mau thuan giiia nhan dan ta vdi de qudc Phap ngay cang trd nen gay gat Day ehinh la mdt trong nhung nguyen nhan lam bimg phat phong trao diu tranh eiia nhan dan Viet Nam ndi chung va Nghe Tiiih ndi rieng Ldi thoat ciia hg liic nay
la phai diing len dau tranh each mang vi "Su ap biic va bdc lot vd nhan dao cua de qudc Phap
da lam eho ddng bao ta hieu rang cd each mang thi sdng, khdng ed each mang thi chet"^
2 Ddng ta ra ddi (1930) true tiip td chicc
phdt ddng vd lanh dao phong trdo ddu tranh ciia qudn chiing
Sau ngay thanh lap Dang Cdng san Viet Nam (thang 10-1930 ddi ten thanh Dang Cdng san Ddng Duong), ddng ehi Nguyen Phong Sac cimg ddng chi Le Mao, la hai iiy vien Trung uong phu traeh Trung Ky, chi dao viec xay dung va hgp nhat cac td chiic Dang d Trung Ky - true tiep ehi dao phong trao each mang d Trung Ky Cac tinh uy lam thdi dugc thanh lap la: Tinh iiy Vinh (bao gdm thanh Vinh - Ben Thiiy, hai huyen Hung Nguyen, Nghi Ldc va thi xa Thanh Hda), Tinh iiy Nghe An va Tinh uy Ha Tinh^
Do sdm ed td chiie Dang lanh dao va cac
td chiie quan ehiing rdng, manh nen cac khau hieu dau tranh d Nghe - Tinh cu the, thiet thuc, phii hgp vdi yeu cau cap thiet ciia eae ting Idp nhan dan Cac truyen don rai d thanh Vinh va mdt sd huyen nhan ngay ky niem
Trang 3Cach mang thang Mudi Nga nam 1929 da
mang ndi dung phan ddi de qudc Phap xir
chem Phan Van Than, Nguyen Van Dieu la
hai can bd cua Tdng Ndng hdi Nghe - Tinh
(ngay 13 - 3 - 1930) Cae cap iiy Dang d
Nghe - Tinh da xuat phat tir tinh hinh thuc te
de phat trien va cu the hda khau hieu dau
tranh do Trung uong de ra cho sat hgp vdi yeu
cau ciia mdi tang Idp quan chiing nhan dan d
dia phuong
Nhd nhiing khau hieu dung dan eua Dang
ma ngay tir khi mdi ra ddi Dang ta phat ddng
dugc quan chiing cdng ndng tao thanh ddi
quan chii lire ciia each mang, va thu hut tang
Idp hgc sinh, tri thirc tieu tu san va cac tang
Idp yeu nudc khac
Phong trao 1930 - 1931 la ket qua tat yeu
eiia nhirng mau thuan kinh te, ehinh tri trong
Idng xa hdi Viet Nam, ma Dang ta la ngudi da
nam duge quy luat khach quan ciia sir phat
trien xa hdi, phat ddng quan chiing diing len
giai quyet nhiing mau thuan dd
3 Qudn chung cdng ndng Nghi - Tinh co
truyen thdng yeu nuac, ddu tranh anh dUng
chdng dp birc, bdc lot, y chi quat cuang chdng
ngoaixdm
Trong lich sir dan toe, "Nghe - Tinh da
ddng mdt vai trd quan trgng ddi vdi su
nghiep ciiu nudc va dung nudc"^ Tir khi de
qude Phap xam chiem nude ta, nhan dan
Nghe - Tinh ludn ludn cd mat trong eac
phong trao ciiu nudc va di dau trong cuge
dau tranh chdng Phap Noi day da sinh ra
nhieu nha yeu nudc ndi tieng nhu Tran.Tan,
Phan Dinh Phiing, Nguyin Xuan On, Le
Doan Nha, Phan Bdi Chau Truyen thong yeu nudc ay the hien bang nhiing hanh ddng diu tranh eua nhan dan nhu chdng suu thue, kien hao ly tham d, nhiing lam O mdt sd huyen nhu Thanh Chuong, Anh Son, Nam Dan, Dire Thg , nhan dan thudng diing ve
mdt phe, ggi la "phe kg "de ehdng "phe hdo "
tire bgn cudng hao Vien Kham sii Trung Ky
da phai thira nhan: "Thai ndo ciing vay, thdi
do chinh tri cua Nghi - Tinh diu lam cho chinh phii An Nam ban Idng, lo lang"
Truyen thdng yeu nudc ket hgp vdi sir ngheo khd den cue do ciia edng nhan va ndng dan
da khien eho Nghe - Tinh nhu mdt ddng cd khd, ehi chd cd nggn lira la bdc chay, nhat la khi cd Dang Cdng san phat ddng, lanh dao dau tranh
Truyen thdng yeu nudc, y chi chdng giac ngoai xam, bao ve ddc lap dan tdc, ehdng ap biic, bao quyen da trd thanh mdt truyen thdng tdt dep duge bun diie hang ngan nam d viing que ngheo nay Tir bao ddi nay, nhan dan Nghe - Tinh da khdng tiec mau xuong de ciing vdi nhan dan ca nude ehdng lai cae the luc ngoai xam va ndi phan Nha nghien ciru
Tran Van Giau viet trong bd Chdng xdm lang
nhu sau: "Dd la mdt viing (chi Nghe ITnh -T.G) hiem trd, ngheo ddi song lai giau truyen thdng dau tranh Ddi Tran da dimg viing nay ehdng quan Nguyen ciing nhu Le Lgi da thii hiem d day 6 nam, sau tien danh quan Minh thing lgi"l
Tinh than yeu nudc eua nhan dan Nghe -Tinh ciing dugc phan anh mdt phan qua tac gia va tae pham tho van yeu nudc d thdi ky
Trang 4NHAN VAT-SU'KIEN
dau the ky XX Trong cudn Hgp tuyin tha
vdn yeu nuac vd cdch mang ddu the ky XX^,
Nghe - Tinh cd 27 tac gia Trong sd dd, ba
ngudi da bi thuc dan Phap xir tir (Hoang
Trung Mau, Tran Hiiii Luc, Nguyen Dinh
Hd), hai ngudi tuan tiet de giir trgn khi tiet
(Dang Thai Than, Tran Ddng Phong) Trir hai
ngudi khdng thay ndi den mang an ehinh tri,
tat ca sd edn lai deu bj Nam Trieu ket trgng
tdi, tir an tir hinh den khd sai nhieu nam, nhieu
ngudi bi day ra Cdn Dao
Truyen thdng yeu nudc, chdng giac ngoai
xam, ehdng bao quyen, ap birc bat cdng da trd
thanh mdt gia tri van hoa dugc ddng bao ca
nudc ndi chung va nhan dan Nghe - Tinh ndi
rieng ghi nhd, mai mai tran trgng, gin giir va
phat huy
4 Nghi - Tinh sam xdy dung dugc khdi
lien minh cdng ndng vimg chdc, cdng nhdn
Nghi - Tinh da phdt huy vai trd tien phong
trong cdc cuoc ddu tranh
Vinh - Ben Thiiy trd thanh trung tam edng
nghiep va thuong mai ciia tu ban Phap d
Trung Ky va Trung Lao 6 day cd gan mdt
chuc nha may, xi nghiep Trir nha may
Trudng Thi la nha may sira chiia xe lira cho
ca xii Trung Ky do nha nudc quan ly, cdn lai
la cac xi nghiep che bien cua cac cdng ty tu
ban tu nhan nhu nha may diem, nha may ca
hop, nha may ddng rugu chai va cac nha may
cua, xe gd xuit khiu "Sd lupng edng nhan d
Nghe - Tinh din nam 1930 ed khoang 6.000
ngudi"'°, trong dd cd khoang hon 4.000 ngudi
tap trung d Vinh - Bin Thuy Cd nha may tap
trung tir 600 din 1.000 cdng nhan nhu nha
may diem va nha may sira chiia xe lira Trudng Thi Gang Ben Thiiy ngay mdt md rdng, sd lugng cdng nhan bdc dd hang hda tren ben cang hang ngay cd khoang 500 den
600 ngudi
Cdng nhan Vinh - Ben Thuy cd mdi lien
he chat che, tu nhien vdi ndng dan d mien Trung, nhat la bdn tinh Thanh Nghe Tinh Binh Ddi ngii cdng nhan d Nghe -TTnh xuat than tir ndng dan bi ban ciing hda, lai hoat ddng ngay d Nghe - Tinh la xir sd ciia cha dng hg, nen sir gan bd ciia cdng, ndng d day chang nhiing do hoan canh cimg bi de qudc bdc lot, ma cdn vi ehung huyet thdng, chung phong tuc tap
quan "Nhiiu cdng nhdn, sau gid lam viee
vd ngay nghi, lgi vi lang sdng vdi gia dinh, khdng thoat ly hdn rudng ddt", lgi ciing bi
dp birc, bdc lot" Cdng nhan va ndng dan
cd mdi quan he khang kbit vi edn nhieu rang budc ve mat gia dinh, huyet thdng, ddng huong va phong tuc la dae diem khac biet ciia giai cap cdng nhan va ndng dan d Viet Nam ndi chung, Nghe - TTnh ndi rieng
so vdi cac nudc tu ban phuang Tay Chinh
sir khac biet ay la tiin de lam xuat hiin ldn
ddu tiin a mgt thdnh phd thugc dia (Vinh
- Bin Thiiy) su kien cdng, ndng bdt tay nhau giira trdn tien nam 1930, dudi su lanh dao ciia giai cdp cdng nhdn Sir lien
he rudt thit ay giira cdng nhan va ndng dan Nghe - Tinh "da khien cho eugc dau tranh ciia giai cap cdng nhan va ndng dan d day, hudng irng nhau mdt cac true tiep va hda lan lam mdt" 12
Trang 55 Vdn la dia bdn hogt ddng chinh ciia Tdn
Viet cdch mang Ddng vd Ddng Duang Cong
sdn Lien doan, Nghi - Tinh sdm co mgt Ddng
bg manh, nhiiu ea sd trong nhdn ddn
Nhiing nam 1925 - 1926, phong trao yeu
nudc Nghe - Tinh ma ndng edt la lire lugng
cdng nhan cd sir chuyen bien manh me, sdi
ndi va phat trien theo khuynh hudng each
mang do boat ddng tich cue cua mdt sd tri
thirc tan hge nhu Tran Phii, Ha Huy Tap,
Nguyen SI Sach Trong bdi canh do, ngay
14 - 7 - 1925, Dang Phue Viet dugc thanh lap
tai Nghe An Trong sd nhiing ngudi du hgp cd
nhieu ngudi que Ha TTnh, nhu Le Van Huan,
Tran Phu Chju sir tac ddng manh me cua
Hdi Viet Nam Cach mang Thanh nien Dang
Phue Viet da ehuyen hda, ddi ten nhieu lan, de
den thang 7 - 1928, lay ten la Tan Viet Cach
mang Dang (ggi tat la Tan Viet)'^ Tan Viet la
mgt td chirc tieu tu san yeu nudc nhiet thanh,
dia ban hoat ddng ehii yeu la d Trung Ky
Tir sau nam 1928, Tan Viet va Hdi Viet
Nam Cach mang Thanh nien da ed co sd kha
rdng d Nghe - Tinh (d Nghe An, eo sd Tan
Viet rdng hon co sd Thanh Nien, d Ha Tinh
hau het hau het la co sd Tan Viet) Tdng bd
Tan Viet va Ky bd Thanh nien ddng d thanh
Vinh, Nghe An, trd thanh dau mdi ciia dudng
day lien lac vao Nam ra Bac dua ngudi xuat
duong sang Thai Lan Dieu kien dd khien
eho CO sd each mang d Nghe An mau chdng
phat trien Den khi nhdm Ddng Duong Cdng
san Dang thanh lap, eir ngudi vao Bac Trung
Ky van ddng thanh lap Dang Cdng san (6
-1929), thi eac co sd ciia Thanh nien va mdt sd
dang vien Tan Viet da chuyen thanh td chiic
va dang vien cdng san Thang 9 - 1929, cac dai bieu cd xu hudng cdng san trong Tan Viet
da hgp, ra "Tuyen dat" Ddng Duong Cdng san Lien doan''' Trude dd Hgi Viet Nam Cach mang Thanh nien ciing da phan hda thanh hai td chirc cdng san la Ddng Duong Cdng san Dang va An Nam Cdng san Dang Nhu vay, la budc vao nhiing thang giira nam 1929, d Nghe - Tinh da ed eo sd cua Ddng Duong Cdng san Dang va Ddng Duong Cdng san lien doan Sau Hdi nghi hgp nhat eae td chirc cdng san, thanh lap Dang Cdng
san Viet Nam, viee thong nhdt Ddng a Nghi
-Tinh dugc tiin hdnh thuan lgi Ddi vol Hd TTnh, cudi thdng 3 - 1930, phdi vien Trung uang da vdo td chirc mdt cuge hgp tgi bin dd Thugng Tru (xd Thiin Ldc - Can Ldc), lap ra Tinh ddng bg Hd Tinh Dd la ket qua tat yeu
ciia cuge dau tranh dan tdc va giai cap trong hai tinh, ddng thdi ciing la sir chuan bi tat yeu, dau tien cd tinh chat quyet dinh cho budc phat trien mdi ciia phong trao each mang d Nghe -Tinh sau dd
Ve sd lugng dang vien va cac td chiie quan ehiing d Ha Tinh, theo sd lieu bao cao ngay
27 - 12 - 1930 ciia Xii uy Trung Ky va bao cao cua lanh tu Nguyen Ai Qudc giri Qudc te Cdng san ngay 20 - 4 - 1931, sd dang vien trong 149 chi bd la 1.332 ngudi (chilm 89% tdng sd dang vien d Trung Ky) Cac td chirc quan chung nhu Cdng hdi, Ndng hdi, Thanh nien, Phu nir phat trien tuong ddi manh ban Cdng hdi d Nghe - Tinh gdm mdt ban chap hanh Tdng cdng hgi tinh va cac ban chap
Trang 6NHAN VAT - SU'KIEN
hanh d eac nha may vdi 312 hdi vien (chiem
43,5% sd hdi vien cua 12 tinh ca nudc) Ndng
hdi deu cd td chirc tai khip cac phii huyen,
gdm 40.467 ngudi (chiem 96% tdng sd hdi
vien ciia 12 tinh ca nudc) Thanh nien cd td
chiic d Nam Dan, Thanh Chuong, Anh Son,
Hung Nguyen va Ha TTnh, gdm 864 ngudi'l
Nhu vay, so vdi eae dia phuang khac, d Nghe
- Tmh, lire lugng each mang liic dd la tuong
ddi manh va day chinh la diem khac biet giiip
cho phong trao each mang d Nghe - Tinh
phat trien len den dinh eao
Tir ngay 1 - 5 den ngay 30 - 8 - 1930, cd
97 cuge bai edng va bieu tinh ciia cdng ndng
Nghe - Tinh da nd ra, dd chinh la tien de ciia
Xd viet Nghe - Tinh Tren co sd dd, ddi quan
chinh tri hiing hau ciia quan ehiing hinh
thanh Sue manh ciia ddi quan nay da lam
sup dd mdt phan bd may thdng tri ciia de
qudc Phap d ndng thdn tir nhiing ngay dau
thang 9- 1930
1 Xem Le Van Tuc: Ddng vdi vdn de rudng ddt
trong phong trdo Xoviet Nghe TTnh thdi ky 1930
-1931, Luan an Tien sT Sir hgc, Thir vien quoc gia, ky
hieuLA.04.07679,tr.30
2 11, 12 Ban Nghien cuu ljch sir Dang: Xoviet
Nghe-Tinh ST,H,tr 5,6,7
3 Bai noi chuyen cua dai bieu Dang Cong san trudc
le truy dieu nhQng ngudi thiet mang trong cuoc bieu
tinh a Nghe - TTnh, TL Cue Luxi trii Trung uong
Dang, phong sl 40, DVBQ 48, tr 1
4 Ho Chi Minh Todn tap CTQG, H, 1995, T.3, tr 9
5 E)en hoi nghj ngay 29 - 4 - 1931, Xii uy Trung
Ky quyet djnh bo Tinh uy va Thanh uy, lap ra hai Khu
uy Vinh va Ben Thiiy dat dudi sir lanh dao true tiep cua Xii liy Con hai huyen Hung Nguyen va Nghi Lgc giao
ve cho Tinh uy Nghe An
6 Phat bieu cua dong chi Le Duan tai Dai hoi tinh Dang bo Nghe An, nam 1967
7 Bao cao ngay 15-7-1931 cua Saten, Kham sir Trung Ky
8 Tran Van Giau: Chong xdm lang, NXB TP Ho
Chf Minh (tai ban 2001), tr.677
9 Hap tuyen tha vdn yeu mcac vd cdch mang
ddu thi ky XX (1900 - 1930), NXB Van hoc, H,
1989
10 Tran Ba De: Lich sic Viet Nam tic 1858 den nay,
NXB Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi, H, 2001, tr 132
13 Nam 1926, do bj lo sau lan rai truyen don doi chinh quyen Phap tha nha yeu nudc Phan Boi Chau (11-1925), Hoi Phuc Viet doi ten thanh Hoi Himg Nam Sau nhieu lan lien lac vdi Hoi Viet Nam Cach mang Thanh nien de ban bac viec hcrp nhat khong thanh, Hoi Hung Nam lai doi ten la Viet Nam Cach mang Dang (1926), roi Viet Nam Cach mang dong chi Hoi (1927), cuoi cung la Tan Viet Cach mang Dang (14-7-1928)
14 Trong cuon Lich sic Xoviet huyen Can Loc,
cac tac gia co trich dan mpt doan trong hoi ky ciia mot can bo Tan Viet noi ve sir ra ddi Dong Duong Cong san lien doan Tuy nhien, can cii tren nhieu nguon tai lieu, theo chiing toi sir kien Dong Duong Cong san lien doan dugc thanh lap ngay 31 -12-1929
la thieu chinh xac
15 Tran Huy Lieu: Lich sic tdm muai nam chong
Phdp, Quyen thic 2, tdp thuang, Ban Nghien ciai Van
Sir Dia xuat ban, H, 1961, tr.80