Y ngMa ljch sir cua Nghi quyet la d ehd tao nen sy nhat tii cao trong toan Dang, toan dan va toan quan, cham dut giai doan lung tiing, be tac ciia each mang mien Nam sau Hiep dinh Gi[r]
Trang 1NGU! p ' l l N G UDNG liNIHIJ 15 (1959)
VA MOT S6 KINH NGHIEM LICH SU"
TS TRAN TANG K H O I *
Oau Hiep djnh Gionevo, dat nude ta ra
(j)khdi cudc khang cMen chdng thyc dan
Phap vdi nhung the va lye mdi, song ngay thdi
diem dd da phai ddi mat vdi nhieu khd khan,
thir thach phire tap Ke thu mdi ciia dan tdc Viet
Nam la de qude My Meu cMen vdi tiem lye
khdng Id ve kinh te, quan sy va bin chat nham
Mem, giau mat eiia chii ngMa thyc dan mdi
Trong luc dd, xu the chung cua the gidi la
giai quyet cIc tranh chap bing thuong lugng,
hda binh Cae nude ldn trong he thdng XHCN
khuyen ta nen giu nguyen trang d mien Nam,
tap trung xay dung CNXH d mien Bac; hoac
cho rang Viet Nam can trudng ky mai phuc,
xay dyng va tich IQy lye lugng lau dai, ehd thdi
CO thuan lgi
Neu giu nguyen Men trang d mien Nam,
thyc Men "trudng ky mai phuc", dat nude ehiu
sy chia cat lau dai tM ddng bao mien Nam phai
chiu nMeu tdn that, hy sinh to ldn Thyc tien
each mang miin Nam giai doan 1954-1958 da
cho thay dieu dd: Ca miin Nam ton thit 9 phin
• Hgc vien CT-HC Quoc gia H6 Chi Minh
10 so can bd dang vien d Nam Bd: khoang 7
van can bd ding vien ta bi dich giet; gan 90 van can bg, nhan dan bi bat, bi hi day, gan 20 van bi
ha tin thanh tan tat, cM cdn khoang 5 ngMn so vdi 60 ngMn dang vien trudc do Ben Tre cdn
162 dang vien, Tien Giang cM cdn 92, Gia Dinh, Bien Hda mdi nai cM cdn 1 cM bd Dang,
d Khu V (luc nay gdm ea Tri-TMen va eye Nam Trung Bd) khoang 40%> tinh uy vien, 60% huyen uy vien, 70%) cM uy vien xa bj bat, bi giet, cd tinh cM edn 2-3 cM bd, 12 huyen ddng bang khdng cdn ca sd Dang Rieng Tri- TMen
cM cdn 160/23.400 dang vien trude dd' Hanh dgng khiing bd dien cudng, man rg ciia My - Diem da day mien Nam vao canh
"dau sdi, lua bdng", phong hao each mang cd nguy ca bi tieu diet Kha nang dau hanh bang phuong phap hda binh ddi thyc Men Mep thuang tdng tuyen cu theo quy djnh cua Hgi nghi Gioneva khdng cdn Van de dlt ra cho each mang d mien Nam la lam the nao de vira dam bao lgi ich tdi cao ciia dan tgc, vira gdp phan bao ve hda binh, dn dinh tren the gidi; vira giu dugc ddc lap, tir chu trong hoach dinh
Trang 2TRAO Ddl
dudng ldi, lai vira tranh thu dugc sy giiip da
cua Trung Qude va Lien Xd
Trong bdi canh day khd khan, phiic tap
nhu vay, Nghi quyet Hdi nghi Trung uang 15
(md rdng) "Ve tang cudng doan ket, kien
quyet dau tranh giu vung hda binh, thyc Men
thdng nhat nude nha" cd tam quan trgng dac
biet, la nggn dudc soi dudng cho each mang
mien Nam tien len
Nghj quyet khang dinh "each mang Viet
Nam do Dang lanh dao gdm 2 nMem vu chien
luge: each mang xa hdi chu nghia d mien Bac
va each mang dan tdc dan chii nhan dan d
mien Nam Hai nMem vu chien luge dd tuy cd
tinh chat khac nhau nhung quan he huu ca vdi
nhau, song song tien hanh, anh hudng sau sac
lan nhau, hd trg manh me cho nhau, nhlm
phuang hudng chung la giu vung hda binh,
thyc hien thdng nhat nude nha, tao dieu kien
thuan lgi de ca nude Viet Nam tien len chii
ngMa xa hdi"^
Sau kM phan hch dac diem tinh hinh xa hdi
mien Nam, Nghi quyet Hdi nghi Trung uong
15 da trinh bay mdt each cd he thdng dudng ldi
each mang Viet Nam d mien Nam Nghi quyet
xic dinh nhiem vy, vach rd phuang hudng va
kha nang phat trien cua each mang mien Nam:
Nhiem vu ca bdn cua each mang mien Nam la
giai phdng nhan dan khdi ach thdng tri cua de
qude, phong kien, thyc Men ddc lap dan tdc va
ngudi cay cd rudng, holn tiianh each mang dan
tdc dan chu
Nhiem vu tru&c mdt la danh do ach thdng tii
cua de qude My va tay sai, thanh lap CMnh phu
lien Mep dan tdc dan chu d mien Nam, thyc
hien thdng nhat nude nha, gdp phan bao ve hda
binh d Ddng Nam A va tiie gidi
De di tdi thang lgi, Nghi quyet khang dinh: con dudng duy nhat la khdi ngMa gianh cMnh quyen bang bao lye each mang ciia quan chiing Nghi quyet neu rd, mye tieu, con dudng each
mang mien Nam la "lay site manh cita qudn
chiing, dua vdo luc lugng chinh tri cua qudn chimg Id chit yeu, kit hgp v&i luc lugng vU trang di ddnh do quyin thong tri cua de quoc
vd phong kien, dimg lin chinh quyen cdch mgng cita nhdn ddn"
Du kiin khd ndng phat trien tinh Mnh, Nghi
quyet eho rang, "can phai cd mdt qua tiinh dau tianh lau dai va gian khd, phai tich eye xay dyng, eung cd va phat trien lye lugng each mang tM mdi cd the cd dieu kien nIm lay thdi
ca thuan lgi va gianh lay chinh quyen"'' Ben canh dd, each mang mien Nam van cd kha nang hda binh Kha nang dd tiiy la rat it, nhung can
ra sue tianh thii, ddng thdi tich eye chuan bi mgi mat theo hudng can ban la khdi ngMa danh
dd My - Diem
Net dac sac cua Nghi quyet 15 la da dat nMem vy giai phdng mien Nam ddng thdi vdi nMem vy xay dyng CNXH d mien Bac kM ly luan cua chu ngMa Mac- Lenin chua cd sy cM dan tuong ty; khi suy ngM cua mdt sd Dang Cdng san anh em, mdt bd phan can bd, ding vien va nhan dan ta dang bi cM phdi theo nhQng cMeu hudng khac nhau
Nghi quyet 15 the Men sy quan triet eua Dang ta ve quan diem bao lye each mang, quan diem mdi quan he hda binh va cMen hanh each mang cua chu ngMa Mac - LeMn Trong sudt qua tiinh ehdng My, cim nude Dang ta ludn xic dinh viec danh gia tuong quan lye lugng la diem xuat phat ca ban de giai quyet nhung van
de cMen luge va phuong phap cleh mang Nghi
Trang 3quyit 15 da danh gia dung tiiong quan lye
lugng giQa ta va dich Nhin chung tren ca nude
tM lye lugng cleh mang manh hon lye lugng
phin each mang, nhung rieng d mien Nam thi
lye lugng cleh mang cdn yeu hon lye lugng de
qude va tay sai Chd yeu ca ban ciia cM'nh
quyen My - Diem la khdng cd co sd xa hdi
rdng rai va vQng chac Do dd, Nghi quyet nhan
manh: Chung ta cd nhung thuan lgi rat co ban
de giQ gin hda binh, gianh lay thing lgi cho
each mang XHCN d mien Bac va each mang
dan tdc dan chu nhan dan d mien Nam, thyc
hien thdng nhat nude nha Nghj quyet cGng dy
lieu cudc khdi nghia cua nhan dan mien Nam
cd kha nIng chuyen thanh mdt cudc ddu tranh
vii trang tru&ng ky
Trong Cach mang thing Tim nam 1945,
Ding ta da sing tao phuong thuc tien hanh khdi
nghia tu khdi nghia tung phan tien len Tdng
khdi nghia gilnh chinh quyen trong ea nude
Den cudc khlng chien ehdng My, cuu nude
Ding ta chi dao khdi dau cudc khdi nghia tu
khdi nghia tung phan tien len tdng khdi nghia
khi thdi co den de tien tdi gianh thang lgi holn
toin Dieu dd the hien mdt quy Mat chung la
con dudng gianh ddc lap, tii do cho cac dan tgc
thudc dja va phu thudc chi cd the thyc hien
dugc bang sue manh cua bao lye cleh mang,
bang cao trao each mang cua quan chung nhan
dan dudi sy lanh dao cua Dang Cdng san
Tuy khdng the tranh dugc nhung han che
nhat djnh, tuy ra ddi cham, song Nghj quyit
Trung uong lan thu 15, Khda 11 cua Ding da di
vio ljch su cudc khlng chien chdng My, cim
nude cua dan tdc ta Nghi quyet danh diu budc
trudng thanh cua Dang ta, thi hien sau sic tinh
than ddc lap, ty chu, nang dgng sang tao eua
Dang hong viec van dung ly luan Mac-LeMn vao each mang Viet Nam d mien Nam Nghi quyet da lam xoay chuyen tinh the, dap img nguyen vgng hire bach, ndng bdng cua can bg, dang vien va ddng bao mien Nam Y ngMa ljch sir cua Nghi quyet la d ehd tao nen sy nhat tii cao trong toan Dang, toan dan va toan quan, cham dut giai doan lung tiing, be tac ciia each mang mien Nam sau Hiep dinh Gioneva, thdi bung nggn lua each mang bang cao trao Ddng khdi 1959- 1960, md dudng cho cleh mang mien Nam tiep tyc tien len Ddng thdi tiep tuc
bd sung, phat trien va hoan ehinh dudng loi each mang mien Nam cua Dang ta trong cudc khang chien chdng My, cim nude
Gan 50 nam da trdi qua, vdi do lui ciia lich
su eho phep chung ta thay rd hon vai trd, y nghia lich sir to ldn va ca nhung khiem khuyet cua Nghi quyet Trung uong lan thu 15, Khda II ciia Dang ddi vdi sy ngMep giai phdng mien Nam, thdng nhat dat nude Dang ta due ket dugc mdt sd kinh nghiem hr qua trinh hoach djnh dudng ldi cleh mang
Thu nhdt, tru&c moi bu&c chuyen cua cdch mgng, cdn nhdn ro dm mint, bdn chdt cita chu nghia di quoc vd su da man, tdn bao ciia cdc thi luc chong doi cdch mgng Sy cham tre
trong viee tim ra con dudng di len cua each mang mien Nam sau kM Hiep dinh Gioneva dugc ky ket cd nguyen nhan la Dang ta danh gia chua dung am muu cua de quoc My, mac
du sdm xac djnh de qude My la ke thii chinh
nguy hiem nhdt tru&c mdt cita nhdn ddn ta
Viee phai doan My trude dd da khdng ky ket vao cac vln kien Hdi nghi ma chi ra mdt ban tuyen bd gM nhan, rd rang la mdt ddng thai cho thay ve sau nay, hg se khdng thyc Men Hiep
Trang 4TRAO Ddl
djnh Gionevạ Trong vai nam tiep sau đ, kM
de qude My da tryc tiep xam luge mien Nam,
tan sat can bd, dang vien v l nhan ta mdt each
man rg, dim phong tilo each mang mien Nam
trong bien mau, tM Dang ta van edn hy vgng
khi nang thdng nhat dat nude bing con dudng
hda binh Hay ndi each khlc, chiing ta van cdn
ao tudng ve tMen cM cua de quoc My hong
viec thyc Men Hiep dinh, cang dau tianh bang
phuong phap hda binh, dau tranh bang cMnh tii
đi tM hanh Hiep dinh tM phong trio cich
mang mien Nam cang tdn that nang nệ
Trong thdi dai ngay nay, am muu v l nhung
cMen luge chdng phi phong trao each mang,
thdng tri the gidi ciia chu ngMa de qude ma
diing dau la de qude My ngiy cang tham đc
va xao quyet, lai dugc ngyy trang dudi sy dieu
cMnh tinh vi cua chu nghia de qude Men daị
Nhung tdn that cua cleh mang mien Nam tiude
khi Nghi quyet Trung uong lan thu 15 ra đi do
ta khdng dinh gia day du, kip thdi ve ban chat
tham đc, nham Mem vl tan bao cua de qude
My la bai hgc xuong mlu ve nam rd ban chat
ciia chil nghia de qude, khdng ngimg nang eao
tinh than cinh gilc đi vdi am muu "Dien Men
hda binh" trong qui trinh hdi nhap Men naỵ
Thu hai, luon tin tuang vdo sue manh cita
nhdn đn, bdm sdt thiec tien, nhgy ben v&i su
thay doi cua th&i cuoc Ngay sau kM gat thyc
dan Phap ra khdi gudng miy cai tri va đc
cMem mien Nam, My - Diem dien cudng
khiing bd phong hao each mang mien Nam Tu
cudi nam 1954, de qude My va be IQ tay sai
Ngd Dinh Diem da gay ra nhung vu tan sit
dam mau d Hudng Dien - Ngan Son, CM
Thanh, Chg Dugc, Md Cly, Cu CM, Binh
Thanh, Chimg md nhieu dgt "td cdng", "diet
cdng", thang tay dan Ip cIc cudc dau ti-anh yeu nude ciia đng bao mien Nam; "dat mien Nam trong tinh trang cMen tranh"; ban hinh Luat 10/59, " dlt cdng san ra ngoai vdng phap luat", tMet lap 3 tda an quan sy dac biet d Sai Gdn, Budn Ma Thudt va Hue, dua cIc "bi can" ra xet xii, khdng can md cudc "tham cuu" (Dieu 12, Luat 10/59) Tu giua nam 1958 den dau nam
1959, phong tilo cleh mang mien Nam cIng bj tdn that nang nẹ Thyc tiang đ da tac đng den quan chiing nhan dan, lam niy sinh hi hrdng hoai ngM, khdng tm vao nhung chii tiuong, bien phip dau tianh do Dang de ra se gilnh dugc thang lgị Quan chung cho rang "dau tianh cMnh tii cM cd cira hue vl cira thua";
"dau tranh the nay tM se tdn that ldn" Do đ, quan chiing, can bd, dang vien til cac dia phuong mien Nam de dat, kien nghi dau tranh
vQ trang danh đ cMnh quyen tay sai Ngd Dinh Diem mdi cd the cim dugc nhan dan khdi che
do thdng tri tan bao cua chung Ngay cl chu truang dau tranh "tiiong đi hda binh" do Xu
uy Nam Bd de ra tai Hdi nghi Xir uy lan thir ba cung khdng dugc quan chimg tiep nhan
Nhan dan mien Nam tu Idu khong the song
nhu cU, khong the chiu mdi su thong tri tdn bao
vd da CO nhimg phdn img doi v&i chit truang đu tranh chinh tri khong con thich hgp v&i tinh hinh mien Nam The nhung, ngoai nguyen
nhan khich quan, trong giai doan naỵ Dang ta ehua that sy sau sit thuc tien each mang mien Nam, khdng thay het nhu cau chay bdng cQng nhu sue manh to ldn ctia nhan dan mien Nam trudc ach thdng tri tan bao cua ke thụ Do đ,
da cham chuyen hudng dau tranh eho phu hgp vdi tinh Mnh mdi vl dan den hau qui lye lugng each mang bi tdn that
Trang 535 nam sau, kM tdng ket mdt sd van de lich
su thdi ky 1954 - 1975, Bd CMnh tri Ban Chip
hanh Tmng uong (Khda Vll) da ket luan: Nghi
quyet Trung uong 15 rat dung, lam xoay
chuyen hin tinh the, nhung trudc dd Dang cd
khuyet diem ve cM dao each mang mien Nam
Dac Met trong hai nIm 1957-1958, ta cd sai
lam trong chi dao cMen luge, cham chuyen
hudng cM dao dau tianh, cM nhan manh dau
tranh ehinh tri kM dich da dung bao lye phan
cleh mang, thang tay giet hai cin bd, nhan dan
Tu thyc tien ljch su each mang Viet Nam,
mdt tiong nhQng bai hgc duge Dang ta diic ket
trong qua trinh lanh dao la biet ling nghe
nguyen vgng cua nhan dan, sdm phat Men
nhQng tin Meu mdi cua ddi sdng thdng qua viee
tdng ket thyc tien mdt cleh thudng xuyen va
kjp thdi Nhung y kien, nguyen vgng va sang
kien cua nhan dan cd vai trd quan tigng trong
viee hinh thanh dudng ldi ciia Ding Chia khda
cua thanh cdng la biet dya vio nhan dan, xuat
phat tu thyc tien vl thudng xuyen tdng kit thyc
tien, phat Men nhan td mdi, tilng bude tim ra
quy luat phit triln Cung vi the, tong kit 20
nam ddi mdi dat nude, mdt trong nam bai hpc
kinh ngMem m l Van kien Dai hdi dai biiu toan
qude lan thii X cua Dang da neu la.' Doi m&i
phdi vi lgi ich cua nhdn ddn, dua vdo nhdn ddn,
phdt huy vai tro chit dgng, sdng tao cita nhdn
ddn, phu hgp v&i thiec tien, luon luon nhgy ben
v&i cdi m&i
Ba la, tinh dgc lap tu chii trong qud trinh
hogch dinh duong loi cdch mgng Trude bdn bl
thich thu'c, khd khin eua dat nude kM ke thu
pha hoai Hiep djnh Gioneva, dit nude Viet
Nam bi ehia cit thi nhung dien biln phire tap
tren chinh trudng quoc tl trong thdi dilm dd
cang tac ddng sau sic den sy lya chgn phuong thuc tien hanh each mang mien Nam va vi vay, tinh ddc lap tii ehu, ban llnh each mang va khoa hgc ctia mdt cMnh dang cdng san hon liie nao het can phai duge the Men tiong bdi canh day cam go eua each mang mien Nam
Sy quyet dinh khdi ngMa timg phan eua Nghi quyet 15 da dap iing nguyen vgng cMnh dang ctia nhan dan mien Nam, the Men diing vdi quy luat "d dau cd ap hire d dd cd dau tranh", tiude
sy da man, tan bao eiia ke thu chdng pha dien cudng each mang mien Nam ngay sau Hiep dinh Gioneva Quyet dinh do eung da "lam dao ldn
ca cMnh hudng Dien Kremli" nhu nha sir hpc Nga ILYA.V Gaiduk da thira nhan trong cudn sach "Lien bang Xdviet va cMen hanh Viet Nam"
Trong bdi canh phire tap Men nay, kM ma thdi ca va thach thuc dan xen, cac the lye thu dich van dang va tiep tyc thyc Men cMen luge
"Dien Men hda binh", hdng xda bd nhung thanh qua to ldn ma dan tdc ta da gilnh duge dudi su lanh dao cua Dang va lam cho nude ta chech hudng XHCN, nhihig kinh ngMem lich sir tir qua trinh hoach dinh dudng ldi each mang mien Nam van giu nguyen gia tri hong cdng eupc xay dyng va bao ve Td qude Men nay
1, 6 Xem: Ban chi daoTong ket chiln tranh true
thuoc Bg Chinh Tri: TPng kit cuoc khdng chien chong
My, cuu nude Thdng loi vd bdi hoc, CTQG, H, 1996,
tr.321,321
2, 3,4 Dang Cong san Viet Nam: Vdn kien Ddng
Todn lap CTQG, H, 2002, T.20, tr.62,82,82-83
5 Xem: NgM quyet Hpi nghi ldn thie sdu ciia Ban
Chdp hdnh Trung uang, Khoa n, thang 7-1954