HA THUC MINH'' cung biet dfldc rang nam the kf trflde dd, d xfl sd Vien Ddng nay, mdt trieu dai mdi ra ddi eflng vdi trai tim cua nd la kinh dd Thang Long, mgt trieu dai mdi ciia mdt[r]
Trang 130 Nghien ciiu Ton giao Sd2 - 2010
TON GIAO VA DAN TOC
NGHIN NRA/I THRNG LONG
B at ddu mdt nghin ndm Thang Long
k thdi ki Ly - Trdn Bdt dau thdi ki
Ly - Tran va xuyen sud't nghin ndm
Thang Long lai k tinh thdn bao dung cua
dan tgc
"Bao dung" (Tolerance), tieng Latinh
k "Tolerate", bdt ngudn tfl thdi ki "Cai
each Tdn giao" (Protestant Reformation)
d Phfldng Tay vao the ki XVI - XVII (1517
- 1648) Ggi la "bao dung" va eho du bao
dung den chan trdi gdc bien di nfla cflng
khdng the giai quyet mgi van dd tren ddi
nay dfldc "Bao dung" khdng cdn den
quyen uy eua luat phap nhflng lai cdn
den phep mau cua nhflng trai tim thanh
thien "Bao dung" tfl linh vflc tdn giao md
rdng sang linh vflc xa hdi va ca van hda
Cd le de giam bdt dfldc chflng nao hay
chflng na'y tfnh khd'c liet ciia the gidi
canh tranh sinh tdn, cho nen UNIiSCO
keu ggi eac qud'e gia, dan tgc tren hanh
tinh nay bdt ddu tfl nam 1996, hay chgn
ngay 16 thang Mu'di Mdt hdng nam k
"Ngay Bao dung Qud'e te" (International
Day for Tolerance)
Ai ai cung danh gia cao tinh than bao
dung vang len tfl Thanh dfldng Phfldng
Tay d the kf XVI, nhflng k h d n g p h d i ai
HA THUC MINH'' cung biet dfldc rang nam the kf trflde dd,
d xfl sd Vien Ddng nay, mdt trieu dai mdi
ra ddi eflng vdi trai tim cua nd la kinh dd Thang Long, mgt trieu dai mdi ciia mdt dan tgc quat cfldng, ba't khua't chju khdng bidt bao nhieu dau khd, ap bflc nhflng lai tran day tinh thdn bao dung
Bdi canh xuat hien "bao dung" the ki XVI d Phfldng Tay la nhflng cuge ehien
t r a n h sat phat kd ea ben ngoai ldn ben trong gifla eac ton giao bat ddng tfn ngufdng va cac giao phai ddi li khai "Bao dung" d Viet Nam the kf XI lai k sdn pham cua mdt dan tgc da'u t r a n h gianh ddc lap, gianh quyen k m ngfldi Mgt dan tgc da dd biet bao xfldng mau de gianh dgc lap, gianh quyen k m ngfldi, dt hdn hdn ai het, hidu ro gia tri eua dgc lap, gia tri ciia quyen k m ngfldi Cho dfl k tdn giao, chfnh tri hay van hda, xa hgi, v.v nguyen tde ed ban ciia "bao dung" k thfla nhan, tdn trgng nhflng gi khae vdi minh (accepter une chose avee laquelle il n'est pas en accord) Ndi each khac k thai do ddi xfl vdi nhflng gia tri khae minh (face a
ee qui est different de ses valeurs
-Wikipedia) Trong ldi keu ggi hfldng flng
PGS Nhii Nghien ctru Thanh phd Ho Chi Minh
Trang 2Ha Thuc Minh Nghin ndm Thdng Long 31
Ngdy Bao dung Qudc td, UNESCO cho
rang thfla nhan "da van hda" k tieu chf
ddu tien cfla "bao dung" Ddi vdi mdt dan
tgc bi ap bflc hang nghin nam thi "ddc
lap", "chfl quydn" va "binh dang" k yeu
cdu dfldc dat len hang ddu Cho nen
khdng pbdl ngau nhien ma cau ddu tien
Ly Thfldng Kiet tuyen bd' tren sdng Nhfl
Nguyet lai k :
"Nui sdng nflde Nam k do vua nflde
Nam tri vi"
Nguyen Trai khang dinh trong Binh
Ngd Dgi Cdo:
"Trai Trieu, Dinh, Ly, Trdn ndi ddi
dufng nflde,
Cflng Han, Dfldng, Td'ng, Nguyen ddu
k m chu mdt phfldng"
Quang Trung trflde khi tidn cdng vdo
Nggc Hdi, Ddng Da da tuyen bd':
"Danh cho sfl tri Nam qudc anh hflng
chi hflu chu"
Ne'u nghin nam trflde, Ly Thfldng Kiet
sieu viet chan If dd bang "sach trdi" (tiet
nhien dinh phan tai thien thfl) thi nghin
nam sau, Hd Chf Minh cung lai "sieu
viet" dieu do bdng "Tiao hda" "Tao hda" d
day khdng gi khac bdn k "nhdng quyen
khdng ai ed the xdm phgm diidc" k
"nhdng le phdi khdng ai ed the chdi cdi
dadc" (Tuyen ngdn Dgc lap nflde Viet
Nam Dan chii Cgng hda)
"Bao dung" k thfla nhan va tdn trgng
ldn nhau, khdng phan biet ldn nhd, manh
ye'u "Bao dung" khdng phdi vfl khf cua ke
yeu dflng de ddi phd vdi ke manh "Bao
dung" k "sfl ddm bao an toan khdng the
thidu cho toan the gidi" nhfl mgt chfnh
khach Phfldng Tay nao dd da nhan dinh
"Bao dung" khdng phdi k suy nghi cung
nhfl hanh vi cua ke nhu nhflde ma chfnh
k the hien tdm eao y chf kien cfldng cua dan tgc vflng tin d thdng ldi cudi cflng
"Bao dung" cung k sfl kiem che (La tolerance est un exercice et une conquete sur soi - Albert Memmi) Ddi vdi quan xam Ifldc da tflng "thui dan den tren Id bao ngfldc; Ham con dd dfldi hd' tai fldng" den ndi:
"Tat can nufdc Ddng Hai khdng dfl riia hdt vet nhd
Chat bet true Nam Sdn khdng dfl ghi hdt tdi ac"
Thay vi phdi den tdi, chflng lai nhan dfldc sfl khoan dung:
"Den nhfl thdn vd khdng giet, Dfle ldn hieu sinh
Nghi vi ke k u dai cua nha nflde, Tha ke bdng mfldi van si binh, Sfla hda hieu cho hai nflde
Tat mudn ddi chie'n tranh"
(Bdi phu nui Chi Linh)
M ma khdng bie't rdng "bao dung" cho
ke thu khd gap trdm nghin ldn bao dung cho ban be "Lay chf nhan thay cfldng
bao" {Binh Ngd Dgi Cdo) chang phai k
tmh thdn bao dung cua mdt dan tgc cd mdt khdng hai, dfldc tiep ndi tfl ddi Trdn
dd sao?
"Bao dung" khdng phdi k nhflng quan
he trao ddi ngang gid, thfldng k bieu
hicn bang nhflng bflde Ifli de tien Khdng
cd ke, suy tfnh thiet hdn Dai dfldng bao
la vi dai, nhflng lai tha'p hdn mgi con sdng, cho nen mgi con sdng ddu chay vd
nd Tinh thdn bao dung cua trieu dai Ly -Trdn cung rdng md nhfl vay Nghin nam Thang Long dfldc khai sinh cflng vdi tinh
Trang 332 Nghien cii'u Ton giao Sd2 - 2010
than dd Thang Long khdng phai chi vi
Thang Long ma bdi vi nd "d vao ndi trung
tam cua trdi dat, du'dc cai the' rdng cudn
hd ngdi Da dung ngdi Nam Bac Ddng
Tay, lai tien hifdng nhin song dfla nui
Dia the rgng ma bang, dii't dai cao ma
thoang Diin cif khdi chiu cdnh khd'n khd
ngap lut, mudn vat cung rat mflc phong
phfl, tdi tfldi Xem khdp da't Viet ta, chi
ndi nay k thang dia That k chdn tu hgi
trgng yeu cua bd'n phufcing dii't nflde cflng
k ndi kinh dd bac nha't cua de' vifdng
mudn ddi" {Chieu dcfi dd)
Kinh dd Thdng Long khdng phai la sfl
lfla chgn tuy tien, khdng phai la menh
lenh khien cfldng mdt chieu khdng phdi
"kham thfl" cfl the' md chap hanh ma k
"nhfl ha" cd nghia k k n g nghe sfl phan
hdi Mac ddu kinh dd Thang Long dfldc
dat trong quan be dung hda ldi fch ca
tren lan difdi (dan cuf khdi chiu cdnh khfm
cflng; kmh dd bac nha't cua de vfldng) ca
khdng gian (ndi hdi tu trgng ye'u cfla bd'n
phfldng), thdi gian (mudn ddi)
UNESCO da keu ggi cac qudc gia rdng
"phat trien" la quan trgng nhflng "phat
trien lien tuc" (Sustainable
Development)'" k i cang quan trgng hdn
vi "tfldng k l chung cfla chflng ta" Khdng
phai chi bie't hdm nay ma cdn phdi biet
ngay mai khdng phai chi biet de'n the he
hien tai ma cdn phai biet den the he
tfldng lai Khdng gian va thdi gian tuy
khac nhau nhu'ng Phfldng Ddng va
Phfldng Tay, qua khfl va hien tai khdng
the khdng cd nhflng diem tfldng ddng
Dai vdn hiao Phap, Voltaire (1694
-1778) trong tac phdm "Ban vd bao dung"
(Traite sur la tolerance) da ea ngdi tinh
thdn bao dung cua Phfldng Ddng "cai gi
khdng thfch thi dflng k m cho ngfldi khac" (kl sd ba't due, viat thi fl nhan) Thai do tdn trgng ddi phfldng trong khi tranh luan ciia dng dfldc thien ha xem nhfl la didn hinh cua tinh than bao dung vd tfl tifdng Tuy khdng tan thanh quan diem ciia Rousseau nhflng dng van tuyen bd;
"Tdi khdng ddng y vdi quan diem ctia dng, nhflng tdi se da'u t r a n h het minh de dng
cd the ndi len tiong ndi ciia minh" (Je ne suis pas d'accord avec ce que vous dites, mais je me battrai jusqu'au bout pour que vous puissiez le dire)''^'
Tuc ngfl Viet Nam tfl bao ddi nay chang phai cd cau "suy bung ta ra btrng ngfldi, he ta khdng mudn thi ngfldi chang
fla" dd sao? Trong Tdn ddc va Ci.iu ado
cung deu khuyen ngufdi ta nen k m nhfl viiy va nhan loai cung da xem dd nhfl lii nguyen tde vang (Golden Law) trong quan he ddi xfl bao dung d ddi
Nha Tran ba lan ddnh bai quan Nguyen xam lifdc, ddi quan hflng manh nhat the' gidi kic bay gid Sfle manh thdn
ki nao da tao ra chie'n tfch cd mdt khdng hai cua mgt dan tde vfla thoat khdi nghin ndm hi dd hd nhfl vay? Cd le tinh than
"bao dung" cua dan tgc da gdp phdn khdng nhd tao ra sfle manh thdn ki dd Vao cudi Ha, ddu Thu nam Canh Ty (1300), Tran Hflng Dao d'm nang Trdn Anh Tdng ddn tham va hdi dng vd kd sach chdng quan xam Ifldc "Bf quyet" ma Trdn Hflng Dao tdm lai chi cd hai chfl "ddng tam" Thrii Dinh, Le, Ly thdng ldi k vi
"tren dfldi ddng long, dan t i n h khdng li
1 Kliiii mem duoc UNFiSCO de xuai nam 1987
2 Co le John Rawls (1921-2002) lai di hoi qua xa khi ong dat ra ciiu hdi mil chiing may ai muoii tni ldi
do lii: "Lieu co can phiii bao dung ca phan bao dung hay l<h6ng'?" (Doit-on tolerer les intolerants?)
Trang 4Ha Thuc Minh Nghin ndm Thdng Long 33
tan" (thfldng ha ddng due, dan tam bat li)
Ngay d thdi Trdn "mdi rdi Toa Dd va 6
Ma Nhi bd'n mat bao vay", the ma quan
dan ta da danh cho chflng tan tac, phdi
"bd tay chiu trdi" Dd k "nhd vua tdi ddng
ldng, anh em hda thuan, ca nflde ddn sfle
lai" (quan than ddng tam, huynh de hda
muc, qudc gia tinh lufc) "Ddng ldng" k
"nhdt trf", k "doan ke't", k "thd'ng nhat"
"Thdng nha't" khdng phdi tfl ddn dieu de'n
ddn dieu ma la tfl dien den diem, tfl da
dang den tap trung Ndi each khac, "ddng
tam" chfnh k san pham cfla "bao dung"
"Bao dung" edn cd nghia k "khoan
thfl" (Forgiveness) "Khoan thfl" k
"khoan dung", "tha thfl" cho nhflng ai cd
ldi vdi minh O ddi, pham nhflng ai biet
tha thfl cho ngfldi khac cung k tha thfl
cho chfnh ban than minh Tha thfl cho
mot ldi k m cd the tha thfl difdc cd khi cdn
cd y nghia hdn nhidu ldn khen thfldng cho
mgt thanh tfch Dieu kien "can" d "bao
dung" k "quen" chfl khdng phai k "nhd"
"Nhd" khdng phdi de, nhflng "quen" cang
khd hdn nhidu Cd le trong lich sfl chfla cd
thdi ndo lai cd nhidu bieu hien ve "bao
dung", "khoan thfl" nhfl d thdi Trdn
Khdng biet Dgi Viet sa ky todn thii vd
tinh hay ed'y ghi chep nhflng mdu chuyen
sau day de eon chau cd mdi me quan he
"tidn trao chao mflc" trong thdi budi kinh
te' thi trfldng thi hay nhd k'y dflng quen
nhflng chuyen tuy xfla ma nay:
Bao dung gida Trdn Hiing Dgo vd
Trdn Quang Khdi
Trdn Hflng Dao va Trdn Quang Khdi
vd'n cd hidm khfch vdi nhau nhflng khi td
quo'c k m nguy, vdi tinh thdn bao dung,
hg sdn sang vflt bd mgi an oan cu Trdn
Hifng Dao an cdn tam cho Trdn Quang
Khai: "Hdm nay difdc tam cho thfldng tfldng" Quang Khdi cung ndi: "Hdm nay ban hanh dfldc quo'c cdng tam cho" Hai
vi tfldng da lap cdng ldn cho ddt nflde
Khoan tha eho Trdn Khdnh Dii
"Khi ay thuydn vua dd d ben Binh Than Nufdc tridu xud'ng, gid thdi manh,
cd mdt chiec thuydn ldn chd than efli, ngfldi k i thuyen ddi ndn la, mac ao ngan Vua chi va bao vdi can thdn rang: "Ngfldi kia cd phdi k Nhan Hue Vfldng khdng?" Lap tfle sai ngfldi cheo thuyen nhd dudi theo, den cfla Dai Than tbi dudi kip Quan hieu ggi: "Ong k i kia, vua sai ddi nha ngfldi" Khanh Dfl ndi: "Ong gia k ngfldi budn ban, cd viec gi ma ggi den?" Quan hieu vd thuat lai nhfl vay Vua ndi:
"Dung k Nhan Hue Vfldng rdi, ne'u k ngfldi thufdng at khdng dam ndi the" Vua lai sai ndi thi di ggi Khanh Dfl de'n ndi, mac ao ngan, ddi ndn k Vua ndi: "Nam nhi cufc khd den the k cflng" Xud'ng chieu tha tdi
Khoan dung cho Cii Dd
"Tha tdi cho tieu hieu k Hoang Cfl Da Trflde day, vua cho cac quan hdu can an xoai, Cfl Da khdng dfldc an Khi quan Nguyen den ben Ddng, Cfl Dd ngdi thuyen nhe trd'n di De'n Hodng Giang gap Hoang Thai Tfl di thuydn ngfldc len Cfl Da tranh sang bd sdng ben kia, thuyen di rat gap Quan quan hd to len:
"Quan Nguyen d dau?" Cfl Da tra ldi:
"Khdng bidt, cac ngfldi di ma hdi nhflng ngfldi an xoai ay!" Vi vay, Thai Tfl xin ghep Cuf Da vao tdi cufc hinh de ran nhflng ke k m tdi bat trung Vua ndi: "Cfl
Da tdi dang gie't cd hg, song ddi xfla cd viec Dfldng Chan khdng dfldc an thit de den ndi k m cho quan nflde Trinh bi thua
Trang 534 Nghien CU'U Ton giao Sd2 - 2010
Viec cua Cfl Da la ldi cua ta Ben tha chet
cho danh giac chudc tdi"
Nhflng chuyen nhfl the' cd le cdn ra't
nhidu, rat nhidu ma Dgi Viet sd ky todn
tha khdng thd ghi chop het dfldc Nhflng
bay nhieu chuyen cflng du de the hien
tinh thdn bao dung cfla thdi dai Ly - Trdn,
thdi dai md ddu cho nghin ndm Thang
Long Cd le chie'n tranh tfldng tan da k m
cho John Locke (1632-1704) thau hieu
the nao k gia tri cfla "bao dung", cho nen
trong Bdn ve hao dung (Essai sur la
tolerance, 1667)''^' dng he't ldi ca ngdi dieu
ma theo dng chi cd nd mdi cham dflt
tranh chap trong thien ha (Cessez de
combattre ce qu'on ne peut changer) Ong
tin rang bdn tfnh cfla con ngfldi la bao
dung Gia nhfl dng cd dip den tham que
hfldng thdi Ly - Trdn thi ldng tin cua dng
chdc chan se dfldc chflng thflc
Khdng phdi xif a ma ngay ddu the' ki
XX thdi, khdi lfla cua Dai chien The' gidi
ldn thfl nha't chufa tan dfldc bao k u ,
ngufdi ta k i truydn tay nhau mdt tac
pham ggi k "Bao dung" (Tolerance) cfla
Kendrick Willem Van Loon (1882-1944),
tran ddy tmh thdn bao dung Van Loon
cho rang, ca tfnh chf cd the tdn tiai trong
tinh thdn bao dung, phat hien gia tri cfla
ca tfnh k mgt bflde tien ldn cua nhan loai
Thien ha khdng biet da dgc ki doan van
sau day trong tac pham Khoan dung ciia
dng chfla ma danh nhau thi vdn tiep tuc
danh nhau:
"Cudc sd'ng vd'n k mdt sfl miao hiem
ddy quang vinh, nhflng cud! cflng nd lai
bidn thanh cai dang sd Sd dl nhfl vay k
bdi vi cho den tan bay gid sfl sdng an toan
ciia con ngufdi dang hi phu ddy ndi lo sd
Tdi cdn phdi lap lai mgt ldn nfla rdng:
Hdt thay nhflng ngudn gd'c ciia bat khoan dung ddu rat khflng khiep"
Chie'n tranh tdn gido d Phfldng Tay la ngudn gde ciia "bat bao dung" (Intolerance) Tfl the ki VII den the ki XVII, trong khoang mdt nghin ndm lien tiep xay ra nhieu ldn "chie'n tranh tdn giao" Chang han "Thap tuf vien chinh" (Crusads, 1091-1291), "Ba mfldi nam chien tranh" (Thirty Years' War, 1618-1648), "Chie'n tranh tdn giao d Phap" (French Wars of Religion, 1562-1598),
"Chidn tranh thu phue k n h thd da mat" (Reconquista, 718-1492) Nhflng cudc sat phat ggi k "Thanh chien" ma tieng Arap ggi k "Jahada" (nghia k cd'het sfle minh) thfldng dfldc tien hanh theo quy trinh tfl
"dflng tam", "dung mdm", "dung tay" den "dflng kiem" Trong khi do, tdn giao
d Phfldng Ddng thi hdu nhfl khdng he xay
ra chien tranh Phat giao d thdi ki Ly -Trdn khdng phai k ngudn gd'c ciia "bat bao dung" ma chfnh k ngudn gd'c cfla "bao dung" Ly Cdng Uan, tac gid ciia kinh dd Thang Long, vd'n xuat than tfl nha chfla Nam vi vua dau nha Trdn ddu k nhflng Thidn sfl ddc dao Trdn Nhan Tdng lai la
de nha't True lam Thien vien Thdi ki Ly -Trdn k thdi ki "tam giao nha't nguyen" hay cd the ggi k "tam giao bao dung" Trieu Ly va tridu Trdn ddu cd md nhflng khoa thi "tam giao" Chdng hian nhfl khoa thi "tam giao" nam 1195 ddi Ly, khoa thi
"tam giao" nam 1247 ddi Trdn, v.v Ve sau, ddi Le ddc tdn Nho g k o , si phu dfldc dfle ra tfl cai Id "cfla Khdng san Trinh" cho nen da ed each nhin hinh nhfl khdng dfldc bao dung ve qua khfl Phan Huy
Chu trong Lich trieu hie'n chadng logi chi
3 Sach viei bang tieng Latinh, Jean Le Clerc dich ra tieng Phap nam 1710
Trang 6Ha Thuc Minh Nghin ndm Tiidng Long 35 cung cd ve d d n g t i n h vdi nhflng phe p h a n
cfla cac sfl gia ddi s a u r d n g "Lao, P h a t k
md hd", "Dao chf cd mdt, ngoai diio t u
t h a n , te gia, t r i qud'e, b i n h thien h a r a
k h d n g cdn cd gi ggi k Dao nfla", "Dao
P h a t , dao Lao vd'n k h d n g nen theo vi dao
T h a n h ldn r d n g sao k i cd dao k h a c s a n h
n g a n g dfldc?"'" Tuy nhien, thdi ki Ly
-T r d n k thdi ki cufc t h i n h trong lich sfl
p h o n g kie'n Viet N a m , thdi ki " n h a n tai
ddy day" (Lich trieu hien chiidng logi ehi)
k dieu m a h d u nhuf k h d n g ai cd t h e phfl
n h a n "Bat khua't", "bao dung" va "phdn
t h i n h " k nhflng chfl v a n g md ddu cfla
n g h i n n d m T h a n g Long
Khi ndi vd "bao d u n g " U N E S C O da
lien kdt "bao dung", " n h a n quydn", "tfl
do", lai vdi n h a u (Tolerance m e a n s
r e s p e c t for H u m a n Right a n d Freedom)
" N h a n quydn" cd tfnh phd q u a t vd tfnh
dac thfl T u y e t ddi hda tfnh phd q u a t
cflng nhuf tfnh dac t h u ddu sai nhif n h a u
" N h a n quydn" Id q u y e n k m ngfldi, quydn
k m ngfldi cao nha't cfla con ngfldi cua
d a n tgc c h a n g p h d i k q u y e n ddc lap, tfl
chu h a y sao? T r i e u dai Ly - T r d n c h d n g
phdi da thflc h i e n didu dd sao? Kinh dd
T h d n g Long c h a n g p h a i k k i n h dd n g h i n
n d m cfla q u y e n k m ngfldi dd sao?
Dfldng n h i e n , ddc lap, chu quyen c u n g
k h d n g p h d i m a c n h i e n la cd tuf do N e n
n h d r d n g Hd Chf M i n h ndi " K h d n g cd gi
quy hdn ddc l a p va tfl do" chfl k h d n g phdi chi cd "dgc lap" ma thdi "Tfl do" k h d n g phdi k cai gi xa vdi ludn dfldc d a t d thi tfldng k i va cang k h d n g p h a i k d tbi hien tai hodn t h a n h Tinh t h a n "bao dung" da
d e m lai ddc lap, chu quyen thi cung se
d e m k i tfl do, h a n h phfle cho d a n tgc Didu dd da dfldc t u y e n bd' r a t rd r a n g
t r o n g Tuyen ngdn ddc lap ngay 2 t h a n g 9
n a m 1945:
"Ta't cd mgi ngu'di ddu sinh r a cd quydn
b i n h ddng Tao hda cho hg nhflng quydn
ma k h d n g ai cd t h e x a m p h a m dfldc, trong nhflng q u y e n ay, cd quydn dfldc sd'ng, quydn tfl do va quyen mflu cau
h a n h phfle"
Mdt khi t i n b t h d n bao d u n g trd t h a n h hdi thd cfla cfla d a n tgc, cua mdi ngfldi Vict N a m t h i n g h i n n d m T h a n g Long tuy
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