Tif hai nam qua, eac nha cung cap trang thiet bi 6 to phai chiu hau qua tU sU tang gia nguyen lieu va sUc ep eiia giam gia thanh san pham, ciing nhU tac dong eua viec chuyen dia diem[r]
Trang 1THONG TIN
NGANH CONG NGHIEP 0 TO CUA CANADA
Ontario, khu vUc s a n xuat 6 to hang
dau Bac My
Ke tU nam 1965, Canada da khai thae
nhiing cd hoi md ra tU hoi nhap kinh te vdi Hoa
Ky - thong qua thoa thuan song phUdng "Auto
Pact" va sau do la NAFTA - de phat trien
nganh cong nghiep 6 to Den nay, nganh cong
nghiep 6 to ciia Canada tap trung hdn 60%
hu6ng den thi trUdng Hoa Ky Linh vUc nay
dong gop hdn 12% vao GDP ciia nganh che tao
(22% ciia vung Ontario) va cung cap viec lam,
mot each trUc tiep hoac gian tiep, cho 1/7 so'lao
dong tai cac khu cong nghiep ciia Canada
(550.000 ngifcJi)
Ke tU nam 2004, Ontario la khu vUc san
xuat 6 to hang d i u tai Bie My, vUcJt qua
bang Michigan, vo'n la cai noi ciia nganh
cong nghiep 6 to Bie My Cong nghiep 6 to
Canada tap trung d phia Nam Ontario,
giQa thanh pho' Windsor va Oshawa, xung
quanh Toronto va keo dai den tan trung
tam khu vUc san xua't 6 to cua Hoa Ky n i m
c( Detroit Trong nhiing nam gan day, san
xuS't 6 to CO xu hu6ng m6 rong hdn tren dia
ban tinh, dac biet la phia Bie Toronto
(Arthur, Shelburne, Elora, Palmerston)
Nha san xuat Idn thif 9 tren the gidi
Thi p h i n san xua't 6 to ciia Canada
General Motors
Chrysler
Honda
Toyota
Cami
Ford
32%
24%
16%
12%
8%
8%
Nguon: Desrosiers, 2006
Cae nha cung cap trang thiet bi cho
cong nghiep 6 to Canada
Canada
Hoa Ky
Nhal Ban
Chau Au
50%
25%
15%
10%
Nguon: APMA, 2006
Vdi san lUdng 2,5 trieu xe, trong nam 2007, Canada la nha san xua't Idn thU 9 tren the gidi
ve xe hdi va dflng dau toan cau tinh tren dau ngUdi Tuy nhien, tai Bie My, nganh cong nghiep Canada phai chiu sUc ep ngay cang Idn
tix Mexico, nU6c co kha nang thay the Canada
trong nam 2008 Trong nam 2008, ngUcJi ta dU kien nang sua't san xua't 6 to eiia Canada suy giam 19%, nghia la chi dat 2,09 trieu xe, trong khi san xua't Mexico vUdt 2,26 trieu xe
Gia tri san xuat ciia Enh viic nay dat gan 90
ty do la Canada trong nam 2006 (59,8 ty eho lip rap va 28,5 ty eho phu tung)
Cdc nhd sdn xudt: xu hudng trong
vong 20 nam qua khang dinh r i n g "Big 3" (GM, Ford, Chrysler) tiep tue mat thi phan cho "New North American Manufacturers", ehik yeu la nhiing nha san xua't Nhat Ban (Toyota, Honda) va eac hang nhap khau (Mercedes, Audi, Nissan, BMW, KIA, Volvo, Hyundai )
Cdc nhd cung cdp trang thiet hi: So
lUdng nhiing nha san xua't trang thiet bi hang dau va hang thU hai hien nay cl Canada Udc tinh la khoang 500 ed sd (theo APMA nam 2007) Nganh cong nghiep san xua't trang thiet bi 6 to dat 33 ty do la moi nam Tif hai nam qua, eac nha cung cap trang thiet
bi 6 to phai chiu hau qua tU sU tang gia nguyen lieu va sUc ep eiia giam gia thanh san pham, ciing nhU tac dong eua viec chuyen dia diem eua nha san xua't cl Chau A, Nam My/Mexico, Dong Au (Slovakia) Tuy nhien, nhiing cd hoi tang trUdng ciing rat dang ke,
VI du nhu trong linh vUe vat lieu nhe va he tho'ng cong nghe eao
San pham
Ty le xe ca (automobile)/xe tai (camion)
da thay ddi trong 30 nam qua: nam 1970, 78,9% xe san xua't la xe ca, nam 2006 ty le nay rdi xuong 50,4% That vay, trong vong
20 nam qua, san xuat xe tai hang nhe
"light trucks" da tang dang ke cl Canada
Trang 2Tuy nhien, c6 mot sU dao ngUcfe xu hudng
ke t u n a m 2005, do sii t a n g gia nhien Heu:
theo do, san xua't light trucks da giam
12,5% trong n a m 2006, d a t 1.107.8301 xe
Xu hudng nay co the m a n g lai nhflng
quyet dinh kho k h a n eho linh viic 6 to tai
Canada: Vao t h a n g 6/2008, GM da thong
bao dong cifa n h a may s a n xua't xe tai hang
nhe eiia minh d O s h a w a (mac du day la mot
trong nhiing n h a may san eo ldi n h u a n
nha't d B i e My), keo theo sU sa thai hdn
2.200 n h a n cong vao n a m 2009
- Doi vdi k h u vUe san xua't xe hang nang
(Large Goods Vehicle - LGV), dong gop cua
cong nghiep C a n a d a trong tdng san lUdng
tai Bie My dat mflc t r u n g binh doi vdi xe
tai, nhUng dac biet Idn trong san xua't xe
buyt, xe khach va nhflng phfldng tien dac
biet (70%)
Thi trUdng C a n a d a d a t vi tri thU 11
t r e n t h e gidi
Doanh so'ban cua xe tai h a n g nhe theo
thfldng hieu Chrysler
Ford
General Motors
Honda
Hyundai
Mazda
Toyota
Nissan
Khac
14%
14%
26%
10%
4%
5%
12%
4%
11%
Nguon: Desrosiers, 2006
Thi trfldng noi dia cua Canada dat khoi
Ifldng ban h a n g dao dong gifla 1,4 va 1,7
trieu xe/nam (1.614.700 n a m 2006), dflcic
phan phoi eho g i n 3.500 dai ly Nam 2006,
Canada fldc tinh eo 19,2 trieu xe, eo do tudi
trung binh la 8,4 n a m ; khoang 60,5% so xe
nay dang ky tai Ontario hay Quebec Bat
chap trd ngai do gia nhien lieu va cac dich
vu bao hiem cao, sfl giam gia cua dang ke
nay ciia 6 to da khien chflng ngay cang trd
thanh mot san p h a m thong dung
Giong nhfl xu hfldng d My, thi trfldng xe
hdi sang trong C a n a d a da gia tang cho den
nam 2005 (tang 38,3% tfl 2002 den 2005, va
dn dinh trong n a m 2006 vdi 139.000 xe)
Tuy nhien, thi trfldng nay viin rat khiem
ton (chiem 8,6"(.) va tinh canh t r a n h rat cao
(28 thfldng hieu trong linh vde nay)
Nhiing dac thu rieng biet so vdi Hoa Ky:
- Ngudi mua Canada bi thu hut bdi xe hdi CO kich thflde gon nhe: Mac du xe tai
h a n g nhe chiem Uu the truyen thdng (h^u het xe dflcic ban tai Canada trong 22 nam hen tiep la Ford F 150), doanh sd ban nhflng loai xe kich ed gon nhu Honda Civic,
va "sieu gon" n h u Toyota Yaris, da tang
n h a n h chong va chiem 45% thi phan trong nam 2006 Nhu cau ddi vdi loai san pham nay tang m a n h me tfl 18 thang qua, va cang dflcic cung co' do gia nhien lieu tang
- Mot chu y quan trong khac lien quan den cac van de moi trfldng, ddng thdi duy tri (hoac nang cao) hieu qua hoat dong ciia phfldng tien:
Neu san xua't xe chay b i n g dong cd hydrogen dfldng n h u bi lui den nam 2030, mot so' cac nha san xua't Idn da trien khai thflc hien cac cong nghe mdi, dac biet la sfl dung dong ed diesel-dien Hang Toyota Prius, vdi viec che tao dong ed cd dien chay tren dUdng va dong ed dien chay trong
t h a n h pho', da co dUdc sfl Ua chuong ngay cang tang
Hoat d o n g x u a t k h a u 6 to cua Canada da c h i u sU t h a m hut ke tU quy
c u o i n a m 2006
San pham 6 to cua Canada chu yeu phuc
vu cho boat dong xuat khau, trong do xua't
k h i u den My la 95% Vi tri chien lUdc cua cac hang 6 to (d Ontario) dUdc xem nhU mot dieu kien thuan ldi cho xua't khau 6 to sang My Xuat khau xe va phu tung chiem 77,6 ty
do la Canada (CAD) trong nam 2006, giam 6,4% so vdi nam 2005 Ngoai thi trUdng My, cac thi trudng xua't khau 6 to chinh cua Canada la Mexico (990 trieu CAD), Chau
Au (425 trieu CAD, so vdi 240 trieu trong nam 2000), Nhat Ban (50 trieu CAD), Trung Qudc (165 trieu CAD) va Han Qudc (12,4 trieu CAD)
Ngoai ra, nhap khau xe va phu tung chiem gan 80 ty CAD trong nam 2006, con sd nay khong thay ddi so vdi nam 2004 va 2005 Nhap khau nay chu yeu tfl Hoa Ky (58,5 ty hoac 71,5% CAD) Nhat Ban (6,7 ty C.AD), Mexico (5,3 ty CAD) Lien minh Chau Au (2,1
ty CAD), Han Qudc (1.8 ty C\\I)) va Trun^' Qudc (1,3 ty CAD)
Trang 3Tuy nhien, sau hdn 15 n a m t h a n g dfl,
kim ngach ngoai thfldng trong linh vfle d td
C a n a d a da t h a m h u t 6,6 ty CAD trong n a m
2007, trong k h i t h a n g dfl n a m 2005 la 3,5
ty CAD (tfl n a m 1999 den n a m 2001 t h a n g
dfl vfldt qua 10 ty CAD)
Sfl dao ngflde tinh hinh trong trao ddi
thfldng mai nay dflde ly giai do gia tri cua
ddng dd la Canada khdng ngflng dflde nang
cao trong n a m 2005 va 2006 de dat sfl ngang
b i n g vdi ddng do la My euoi n a m 2006 Xu
hudng nay se tang len trong nam 2008, bdi vi
tham h u t vdi My da t a n g gap doi trong 4
t h a n g dau nam, tfl -1,9 ty CAD so vdi cung ky
t h a n g 1-4 n a m 2007, len -3,7 ty CAD cung ky
nam 2008
C a c t h a c h t h U c
- Mot linh vfle chiu sfl k h u n g hoang ve
chuyen ddi:
Sfl cai td va ddng ciia cae ed sd cua GM,
Ford va Chrysler cudi n a m 2005 (cho de'n
cud'i 2008, Big 3 e i t giam 3500 viee lam), cho
th&'y r i n g Canada cung khdng m i l n dich vdi
nhflng thach thfle toan eau eiia nganh d td
Tinh hinh cang khd k h a n hdn trong nhflng
t h a n g g i n day dfldi hieu flng eiia rat nhieu
yeu to', dae biet la sfl t a n g gia eiia dong dd la
Canada, ket hdp vdi sfl t a n g trfldng cham lai
ciia kinh te My, da tac ddng xa'u doi vdi
nganh cdng nghiep d td va cac nganh cdng
nghiep che tao tai Canada Dieu nay eang
hdp ly hdn khi da so' d td san xua't d Canada
dflde xua't khau sang Hoa Ky, ndi ma thi
trfldng 6 td cung dang giam sut Canada
eung phai chiu thiet hai do cac n h a may eua
Big 3 san x u a t chu ye'u SUV hoac pick-up,
eac chung loai ed doanh so' ban h a n g suy
giam trong nhflng t h a n g g i n day Cdng
doan Canada - CAW da ed' g i n g dam phan
de khuyen khich cac n h a san xua't Hoa Ky
chuyen ddi sang san xua't nhflng xe kinh te
va tiet kiem nguyen lieu hdn
- Nhflng lo sd ve mot euoe k h u n g hoang
trong linh vfle d td tai Canada:
C a n h t r a n h tfl Mexico va mien N a m
Hoa Ky cung la mot t r o n g nhflng khd k h a n
de duy tri thi p h a n eua C a n a d a trong
NAFTA Theo n h a n , dinh cua n h a tfl van
Dennis DesRosiers, thi trfldng se tiep tue
suy giam eho den 2009 (doanh so'ban h a n g
vao k h o a n g 1,5 trieu xe) trflde khi phue hdi
trd lai
- Tuy nhien, n g a n h cdng nghiep C a n a d a cung ed nhflng ldi t h e vflng ehae:
N a n g sua't lao dong eao: Theo bao eao
2007 -ciia n h a tfl v a n Harbour, C a n a d a la da't nflde ed n a n g Ifle s a n xua't d td eao nha't
d B i e My: l i p r a p mot ehiec xe m a t t r u n g binh 21 gid t a i C a n a d a , t r o n g khi tai My thdi gian n a y cao hdn 8% va tai Mexico la 82%) C u n g theo Harbour, C a n a d a cd nhflng
cd sd cdng nghiep d a t hieu s u a t eao n h a t (nha may dflng h a n g d i u , h a n g thfl 2 va thfl 4 ve lap r a p d td d B i e My)
Mdi trfldng t h u e m a n g t i n h canh t r a n h :
t h u e n h a p k h a u ddi vdi eac cdng ty, lien bang va eua eac dia phUdng tha'p hdn ty le
t h u e lien b a n g tdi thieu ciia My (34%) Ngoai ra, r a t n h i e u k h o a n ehi tfl t h u e d a n h
de thuc day b o a t dong nghien cflu va p h a t trien - R&D
Nhflng chfldng t r i n h eua lien bang va cae dia phUdng hd trd dau tU: tfl n a m 2004, cac doanh nghiep ed the dUdc hudng ldi tfl
"Ontario Automotive Investment Strategy",
mot chfldng t r i n h ho trd d i u tU vao R&D va boat dong dao tao vdi k i n h phi len de'n 500 trieu CAD
Ngoai ra, trong t h a n g 6/2007, chinh quyen Ontario cung da thdng bao xay dflng mot chfldng t r i n h mdi de hd trd dau tU vao linh vUc d td, h u d n g sU q u a n t a m vao mdi trudng; chUdng t r i n h nay dfl kien trd cap
650 trieu CAD, dfldi h i n h thflc hd trd, eho cac dii a n dau tfl trong cac linh vfle nhfl tiet kiem nhien lieu, eac cdng nghe mdi, va giam bdt Ifldng k h i t h a i
Cac qudc gia mdi ndi cflng la nhflng thi trfldng mdi cho b o a t dong xua't k h a u ciia
C a n a d a Ngoai ra, sfl t a n g gia ciia ddng euro so vdi dong ddla My da k h u y e n khich mot sd
n h a san xua't C h a u Au d a u tU vao B i e My Day la trfldng hdp cua Fiat, t a p doan nay
da nha'n m a n h r i n g ho da t h u e day sfl quay trd lai tai B i e My, n h i m san xua't chung loai xe Alfa Romeo trong n h a may dfl kien dat tai Ontario Ontario cung d a n g hoi dam vdi Volkswagen AG, vd'n quyet dinh md rdng sU hien dien tai B i e My •
NgUdi dich: Nguyin Khanh Vdn
Vien Nghien ciiu Chdu My
Nguon; L'industrie automobile au Canada
UBIFRANCE