Sang the ki XIII, nhieu thUdng nhan An Do theo dao Hdi da de'n day, Theo giao sfl Lfldng Ninh va giao sfl Dang Dfle An thi "chac chan r i n g ngfldi An Do Hdi giao da gdp phan r[r]
Trang 1Net mdi trong biic tranh ton giao
Dong Nam A theky XIII
BUI THI ANH VAN*
1 Tai Dong Nam A (DNA) luc dia
Campuchia
vao gifla the ki XII, tai Campuchia,
Phat giao Dai thfla va Balamdn giao md
nhat dan, dac biet dfldi trieu vua
Pharanindravacman II (khoang gifla the
ki XII) va trieu vua Jayavacman VII
(1181-1218) De'n gifla the'ki XIII, ngfldi
Thai xam nhap vao Campuchia va mang
theo Phat giao Tieu thfla Tdn giao nay da
nhanh chdng bam re va ngay cang phat
trien rdng rai d Campuchia vdi tac ddng
"each mang" Trong cud'n "Chan Lap
phong thd ky", Chu Dat Quan cho biet: 0
Campuchia khi dd da cd cac tin dd sfl sai
ciia ddng Phat giao Tieu thfla; va tfl sau
Jayavacman VII, Phat giao Tieu thfla
Xay-Ian ngay cang ldn manh d
Campuchia "Lang nad cflng cd dien thd
hoac thap Phat giao (stupa) Dfle vua
cung di le Phat, Ong tflng de'n mgt ngdi
chfla bang vang, trfldc cifa cd mdt tfldng
Phat bang vang"[l], Tdn giao nay da ddn
day Balamdn giao vao ndi cudi cung la
trieu dinh va hoang gia
Lflc trieu dai Ang-co suy tan cflng la
lflc Phat giao Tieu thfla Xay-Ian chfnh
thd'ng do ngfldi Mdn du nhap vao Mianma
va dflcic ngfldi Thai truyen ba rdng rai d DNA luc dia, da nhanh chdng thay the cho Balamdn va Phat giao Dai thfla
Nhfl vay, tfl gifla the ki XIII trd di,
Phat giao Tieu thfla dfldc truyen ba va ngay cang cd ddng dao sd'Iflcing tin dd, la'n
at va danh bai dan Phat giao Dai thfla va Balamdn giao Va nhfl the, thanh phan cfl dan trong xa hdi cd sti thay ddi Ndi dflng hdn, ddi sd'ng tinh than cita ngUdi Campuchia da khac trUde, Tin dd Phat giao Tieu thfla ngay mgt chiem flu the trong thanh phan cfl dan Campuchia
Mianma
Tfl nifa sau the ki XII, dac biet dudi trieu dai vua Narapatisithu (1173-1210), Phat giao Tieu thfla Xay-Ian bat dau dfldc
du nhap vao Mianma Va ngfldi dau tien
cd cong truyen ba tdn giao nay la ngfldi Mdn
Dfldi trieu dai Pagan, Mianma dfldc danh gia la thtic sfl bfldc vao ky nguyen
mdi, dflcic nhan dinh la "the'ky vdng" ciia
dat nflde nay [2] Cac dng vua Mianma mo dao cd ra't nhieu chinh sach de cd vu, khuye'n khich tdn giao nay phat trien va trd thanh tdn giao chinh thd'ng trong ca nflde Dfldi sti chi dao ctia Shin Araham, cac nha sfl toa di khdp ndi de truyen giao
Ths Bui Thi Anh Van, TrUOng Cao dSng Npi vu Ha Noi
Trang 2Bm Thi Anh Vdn - Net mdi trong bifc tranh ton gido Dong Nam A 67
Vi vay sd lUdng tin dd ngay cang t a n g len
dang ke H a n g ngu t a n g lfl xua't hien va
dan trd t h a n h lflc Ifldng xa hdi d a n g ke,
dfldc td chflc theo mdt he thd'ng chat che
tfl T r u n g fldng de'n dia phfldng
Chfla chien, t u vien ngay cang nhieu
Day la ndi tdn n g h i e m nha't, nen dfl chien
t r a n h cd xay r a lien mien, nhflng cac ngoi
chfla v l n b i n h yen Thdi P a g a n , mdi ong
vua deu cd gdng xay diing mgt ngdi chfla
ldn Cd the ndi m a t do di tfch kien trflc
chfla t h a p d P a g a n day dac Tieu bieu cd
the ke den nhflng ngdi chfla nhfl; Chfla
A n n a d a , chfla D h a m m y a n g y i , chfla
S a b b a n n u Thdi dai P a g a n dUdc coi la
thdi ki xay diing den mieu vi dai n h a t
treng lich sif kien trflc M i a n m a Cac n h a
sif hgc n h a n dinh; Viec xay dflng h a n g
loat cac chfla ldn thdi P a g a n the hien vai
trd to ldn ddi vdi ddi sd'ng kinh te-xa hgi
ctia n h a n d a n Mien Giao sfl
A.S.Phua-ni-van trong cud'n "Chinh sdch vd thu dogn
thdc ddn" da viet: "Chfnh P h a t giao la
khuon thfldc ctia ddi sd'ng tfl tfldng xa hgi
Mien Va chc de'n t a n ngay nay del vdi
ngfldi dan Mien va P h a t tif, t r e n thflc te
van ddng nha't, khdng the tach rdi T a i ca
ddi sd'ng chinh tri, xa hgi Mien tfl Hoang
t h a n h cho tdi thdn xa deu xoay q u a n h
P h a t giao va t a n g dd P h a t giao" [3]
Cfl dan M i a n m a tfl day di theo P h a t
giao Tieu thfla Ngfldi Mien ddng nghia
vdi P h a t tif Dd cflng la nguyen n h a n cd
ban de tao nen sfl hoa hdp gifla ngfldi
Mdn, Pyu va ngfldi Mien P h a t giao Tieu
thfla T h e r a v a d a dfldc t r u y e n ba rdng rai
va an sau trong tfl tfldng ciia nhflng ngfldi
dan ndi day va trd nen " Mien Dien boa,
xa hdi hoa t r e n qui md rdng ldn va s a u sdc
tdi mflc trd t h a n h mdt dac trflng van hoa
truyen thd'ng." [4] Dao P h a t Tieu thfla
thtic sfl trd t h a n h phong trao qudn chflng
va cd a n h hfldng sau rdng de'n quan chflng
n h a n dan
Ldo
N a m 1253, n h a nflde N a m Chieu bi tan
r a dfldi vd ngfla cua q u a n Mdng cd Dai bg
p h a n cfl d a n T h a i khong chiu dfldc sU tan pha ciia q u a n Mong cd da tien h a n h di cU vdi td'e do ao at xud'ng phia Nam Mdt bg
p h a n ngUdi Thai da de'n thUdng luu va vflng ta n g a n sdng Me-kong (nay thugc
l a n h thd Lao.) 0 Lao lflc do, cac nha nude thd'ng nha't chfla dflgc t h a n h lap ma v l n chi la cac "mfldng cd" Ngfldi Thai vao va sd'ng hoa trdn vdi ngfldi Lao (ngfldi Kha), trd t h a n h nhflng chu n h a n chu yeu cua da't nflde nay va dfldc ggi ten chung la
"ngfldi Lad' Ngfldi Thai theo P h a t giao Tieu thfla, nen khi vao day hg da mang theo tdn giao nay va truyen ba rdng rai trong qua trinh sinh so'ng vdi ngfldi Kha Tiep dd, de'n XIV, P h a t giao.Tieu thfla cflng theo ngfldi Khd-me xam n h a p vao Lao, cang khien cho tdn giao nay cd dieu kien de p h a t trien m a n h hdn Den thdi vua Xam Xem Thay (1373-1416), dao
P h a t T h e r a v a d a ngay cang dfldc xac lap vi trf qud'c giao Dfldi trieu dai vua Phd Thi
Xa lat (1520-1549), n h a vua ca'm n h a n dan Lao thd "ma" Tfl dd, dao P h a t cang
p h a t trien Den thdi vua Sulinka Vonga thi tdn giao p h a t trien den mflc chiem vi trf tuyet doi trong ddi sd'ng xa hgi Lao
Thdi Lan
The kl XIII, khi n h a nflde Sukhothay
ra ddi va ngfldi Thai da trd t h a n h cfl dan chii the ciia mdt qud'c gia thd'ng nhal Ngfldi Thai da nhiet tinh chad ddn dong
P h a t giao Tieu thfla T h e r a v a d a tfl Srilanka tdi lam qudc giao
Dfldi sfl cai q u a n ciia qudc vfldng Rama Kamheng, ngfldi Thai da ha'p thu dfldc
Trang 368 Nghien cim Dong Nam A 5/2009
nhflng yeu to' tdi dep nhat ciia nen van
minh ma hg tie'p xuc Qud'c vfldng ra't chfl
y den viec cha'n hflng van hoa giao due,
tfch cflc de xfldng Phat giao Srilanka
Rama Kamheng da thinh cau tang doan
Phat giao Srilanka d Luc khdn de'n de
hoang dfldng Phat phap Nha vua da cho
xay dflng chfla Aranik de cung dfldng mdt
vi tang cd tri tue cao sieu; ddng thdi cho
xay dflng nhieu cdng trinh Phat giao
khac Thanh phd' Sukhothay cd ra't nhieu
cdng trinh Phat giao dd so bao bgc ben
trong tfldng thanh 0 Thai Lan khi dd, ai
ai cflng theo Phat giao: " Dfle vua Rama
Kamheng, vi chfla te xfl Sukhothay nay,
cflng cac hoang than, cdng chfla, qui tdc,
tfldng linh, dan dng cflng nhfl dan ba
chang tfl mdt ai, khdng phan biet ngdi thfl
deu thd Phat" [5]
Gifla chfla chien va nha vua cd mdi
quan he chat che Hau nhfl cac trieu dai d
Thai Lan deu phai diia vad uy tin va sfle
manh ctia gidi tang lfl Phat giae Trdng
trieu dinh cflng nhfl ngoai xa hdi, uy tin
cila nha sU la rat Idn Mgi ngfldi deu coi
trgng nha sfl Sfl gan gfli vdi dan chflng, la
ngfldi bao ve dao dfle truyen thd'ng cua
Phat giao, la ngUdi thudng xuyen day bao
cho ngUdi Thai phai sd'ng nhfl the nao cho
dung vdi nhflng giao 11 ciia Phat phap 0
Thai Lan cflng nhfl Mianma, con trai phai
di tu vai thang va "hang nam cd khoang
10% sdnam gidi d Thai Lan sd'ng trong cac
nha chfla", "gia tai ciia hg lflc nay chi cd 3
ta'm ao ca sa mau vang, mdt chiec bat sat,
mdt chiec kim, mdt chiec dai lUng va mdt
manh vai lgc nflde."[6], Nha chfla vfla la
trung tam tdn giao vfla la trung tam ciia
xa hgi, la mgt trong nam thanh phdn ciia
cd ca'u l&ng xa d Thai Lan (Gia dinh, ddng
hg, ddng toe, chua va trfldng hoc), Nhflng
giao If ctia Phat giao Ti§'u thfla da tha'm
nhuan trong ddi sd'ng tu tudng ciia ngUdi Thai, Cd le vi the ma mgt s d n h a sif hgc da nhan dinh ring: 'V^iec truyen ba Phat giao Tieu thfla trong the ki XIII cung cd vai trd quan trgng trong viec "ket dinh", tao nen mdt xa hdi mdi d Sukhdthay khi dd" [7],
2 Tai DNA hai dao
Cac qud'c gia DNA hai dao cd nhieu hfldng lieu, khoang san va dac biet cd nhieu thfldng cang thuan Icii cho viec budn ban Do dd thfldng gia cac nflde (trong dd
cd ban la ngfldi An Do), de'n day budn ban
va truyen dao ngay mdt nhieu, dac biet tfl the ki XIII "Cac thfldng cang va cac trung tam budn ban da dflcic md mang va phat trien dgc theo cac bd bien DNA Dd cung
la mdi trfldng het sfle thuan ldi cho nhflng thfldng nhan Hdi giao de'n day budn ban
va truyen dao"[8], Inddnexia la qud'c gia dau tien d khu
vfle DNA tie'p thu Hdi giao qua cac thUdng
gia An Do bang con dUdng giao lUu budn ban Sang the ki XIII, nhieu thUdng nhan
An Do theo dao Hdi da de'n day, Theo giao sfl Lfldng Ninh va giao sfl Dang Dfle An thi "chac chan r i n g ngfldi An Do Hdi giao
da gdp phan ra't quan trgng trong viec thuc day sfl phat trien ciia thu cdng va thfldng nghiep d day, phat trien kinh teva sti phan hoa xa hgi"[9] Cflng vdi sti giao lflu va phat trien kinh te, dao Hdi theo dd
ma phat trien ngay cang phd bien, tham chi phat trien nhanh chdng va ddn ep cac tdn giao cu
Theo tai lieu cd cl Trung Qud'c, dao Hdi vao Inddnexia cdn sdm hdn nfla Bdi le,
nam 1281 Malayu da cti hai sfl thin theo dao Hdi sang trieu co'ng Hoang d§' nh& Nguyen, Mgt hi$n vat khao cd c6 bia k^
1296 tim tha'y cl Sumadra da ndi vfi' H6i
Trang 4Bid Thi Anh Vdn - Net mdi irong bifc tranh Ion gido Dong Nam A 69
vUdng S u m a d r a da qui theo dao Hdi va
nhUng ngUdi Hoi giao da lam chii hai cang
nay 0 k h u vfle lan can S u m a d r a - vflng
Pai-xai da tim tha'y nhflng di v a t cd xfla
n h a l dfldi h i n h thflc md chi cd nien dai
1297 cua vua M a l i k a n Salek- n h a vua
theo dao Hdi
Cudi the XIV, dao Hdi da t r a n k h a p
Inddnexia Da cd mgt so' qui tdc theo Hdi
giao, dfla vao ngfldi An-Hoi, tfl lap lam
tieu qudc vfldng, n h a n da dd ma cat cfl
Mgt so' tieu qud'c khac, t h a m chi do chinh
ngfldi An-Hdi lap nen Indonexia rdi vao
tinh t r a n g k h u n g h o a n g t r d m trgng va
phan biet t h a n h h a n g loat nflde nhd, ma
h l u bet theo Hdi giao
Tieu bieu cho cac qud'c gia DNA theo
Hdi giao la Malacca Viec cai giao s a n g
dao Hdi ciia S u m a d r a - P a r a i ; Malacca,
B l c J a v a va cac vflng khac cua q u a n dao
Ma lai, gdp p h i n thflc day viec buon b a n
qud'c te vdi phfldng Tay va sil ldn m a n h
cua cac qud'c gia Hdi giao d k h u vfle nay
Van boa A n - P h a t bi day Ifli, chi cdn lai
da'u vet t r e n dao Bali Theo tien si Ngd
Van Doanh thi Hdi giao cflng la mdt trong
nhflng yeu td' "tac ddng vao vfldng qudc
Srivijaya va lam t a n r a nen van boa d
Malaixia, Cflng chinh Hdi giao da gdp
p h i n xd dd toan bd gia s a n t i n h t h i n
truyen thd'ng chiu a n h hfldng an Dd cua
Srivijaya" [10] Tfl day trd di, Hdi giao gdn
lien vdi cudc sd'ng cua hg, trd t h a n h tdn
giao chinh thd'ng tai cac qud'c gia nay Dai
da so' n h a n d a n theo dao Hdi Dd la sti
thay ddi ldn lao so vdi nhflng the ki trfldc
do Khong chi dflng lai d dd, Hdi giao da
dfldc tiep tuc t r u y e n ba de'n Inddnexia,
Malaixia, Xingapo, PhiUppin, B r u n a y ,
Thai Lan, C a m p u c h i a , N a m Viet N a m vk
Mianma Tin dd Hdi giao trong t h a n h
p h i n cfl dfin DNA n g l y mdt ddng hdn
Van boa t r u y e n thd'ng DNA r a i phong phfl bdi sfl tiep t h u cd chgn lgc nhflng yeu td' mdi cua nhflng nen van minh ldn ben ngoai, nhfl An Do, T r u n g quo'c Tuy nhien, trong qua t r i n h dd, cfl dan DNA van bao lflu nhflng gia tri van boa truyen tho'ng Ket hdp mgt each sang tao van hoa ban dia vdi cac yeu to' v a n hoa ngoai lai, tao nen sfle sd'ng m a n h liet cua nen van boa dan tgc minh Va den the ky XIII, khi Phat giao T h e r a v a d a va Hdi giao dat chan den
k h u vfle nay da cd tac dgng "each mang" Nhflng yeu to'tdn giao cfl dan bi danh bai, thay the vao dd la nhflng m a n g mau ciia nhflng tdn giao mdi P h a t giao Tieu thfla
va Hdi giao xam n h a p vao da tao nen mgt
xu hfldng mdi trong tfl tfldng cfl dan DNA
Va ndi nhfl GS Lfldng Ninh thi; "The ki
X n i , DNA chuyen minh" [11]./
TAI L I E U THAM KHAO
1, 10 Ngo Van Doanh, Nhdng bien ddi chinh
tri- kinh te'xd hgi vd vdn hod a DNA the'ki XUI Tai heu ca nhan Tr 3, 10
2 Moreco I.V, Lich sd Mien Dien, Nxb KH
Matxcdva 1997 Tr 73
3 Nguyen Dinh Ld, Dd't nUdc Chiia Vdng,
NXBGD 1988 Tr 29
4 Vu Quang Thien, 6 xd Chiia Vdng, Nxb
VH-HN, 1988 Tr.66
5 6 Que Lai, Tim hieu lich sd, van hod Thdi
Lan, Tap 1, Nxb.KHXH 1994 Tr 63, 72
7 Le Van Quang, Lich sd vUang qudc Thdi
Lan NXB TP.HCM 1995 Tr 35
8,11- Lfldng Ninh (Cb), Lich sd vdn hod thegidi
cd- trung dgi, Nxb GD 1998 Tr.269-270
9 Ludng Ninh, Dang Dfle An, Lich sd the gidi
trung dgi, Q2, Tap2 - Nxb.GD 1976 Tr.56