Luang buu chi dugc thanh todn dugc dua tren sir ddng gdp cua ngudi lao.. khi khdng the tien hdnh cdc bien phdp phuc ddng vdo Quy Bdo hilm qudc gia.[r]
Trang 1CHINH TR! -AN NINH CHAU AU
NfiM TRU COT TRONG H€ THONG RN SINH Xfl HOI
• • • CUR NUOC RNH HlfN NRV
PGS.TS Dinh Cong Tuan
Vien Nghien ciiu Chdu Au
H e thdng an sinh xa hdi cua nudc Anh phdp y hgc vd hd trg nghe nghiep De thuc chii yeu dugc dua vdo 5 tru cot: bdo hiem hien cac bien phdp ndy, nhirng td chiic bdo huu tri, cham sdc sue khoe, trg cap dm dau hiem huu tri da xay dung dugc mdt mang
vd mdt siic lao ddng, cham sdc tre em, bao I^QJ quy 1^5 vdi nhirng ca sd chuyen mdn
hod cao Dieu kien de nhdn cac phiic Igi phuc hdi chirc nang Id ben canh nguy ca ddi vdi
hiem thdt nghiep
1 Bdo hiem huu tri
Bdo hiem huu tri dugc thanh toan cho
nhirng ngudi d do tudi 60 ddi vdi nii vd 65
ddi vdi nam gidi Dao Iuat chdng phdn biet
gidi tinh d Anh da bdo hd nhirng ngudi lao
ddng thudc cdc gidi tfnh khdc nhau vd nghi
huu trong cdc do tudi khdc nhau Tuy nhien
dieu ndy khdng phdn dnh day du sir thanh
todn luang him d cdc do tudi khac nhau giira
phu nir vd nam gidi
Lgi ich cua bdo hiem huu tri bao gdm:
nhirng bien phap de duy tri, bdo ve vd phuc
hdi khd nang lao dgng vd trg cap ve huu cho
cac trudng hgp giam khd nang lao dgng hoac
khd nang lao ddng hoac gidm khd nang lao ddng, ngudi ta phdi cd 20 nam Id thanh vien ddng bdo Mem
He thdng bao hiem huu tri ciia nhd nudc bao gdm 2 ca che chinh: +) Co che bdo hiem huu tri nhd nudc, cd ten ggi Id Huu tri Nhd nudc ca ban (Basic State Pensions - BSP); 4-) Co che bdo hiem huu tri nhd nudc lien quan den thu nhap (State - Earning - Related Pension Scheme - SERPS) Ca che bdo hiem him tri nhd nudc ca ban (BSP) chu yeu ddnh cho nhirng ngudi khdng cd du thdi gian lam viec ddng gdp cho xa hdi vi nhirng ly do nhu trg cap cho than nhdn ciia ngudi qua cd Cac dm dau, benh tat, thdt nghiep, cham sdc gia bien phdp bdo ve vd phuc hdi khd nang lao dinh Phu nil vd nam gidi dugc nhdn miic ddng dugc uu tien ban so vdi cdc khodn trg luang tuang tu nhau Trong khi dd, SERPS cdp ve huu Luang buu chi dugc thanh todn dugc dua tren sir ddng gdp cua ngudi lao khi khdng the tien hdnh cdc bien phdp phuc ddng vdo Quy Bdo hilm qudc gia Ty le hdi chirc nang dugc hoac chi cd the cdp d ddng gdp trung binh la 25% trong tdng thu mdt thdi diem mudn han Cac boat dong nhdp vd thdi gian ddng gdp tdi thieu la 20 phuc hdi chu'c nang bao gdm nhirng bien nam
Trang 2NGHIEN CLfu CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°8 (1191.2010
Ca che huu tri nhd nudc ciia Anh bao
gdm luang huu trd theo tudn, cdng them
nhirng khodn huu tri lien quan den thu nhdp
Nhimg ngudi nghi huu cd thu nhdp khdng
ban che, khdng phai chiu nhirng tdc ddng den
cdc khodn him tri ciia hg Nhiing ngudi hoan
tudi ve huu ciia minh trong thdi gian 5 nam
sau khi da dugc hudng ca che him tri se
dugc hudng mire huu tri tang them Huu tri
cua nhQng ngudi khdng ddng gdp la khodng
32,25 bang/tudn, dugc thanh todn den nam
tren 80 tudi trong dieu kien hg cd nai d dn
dinh Cdn ddi vdi nhirng ngudi khdng du
sdng bang luang huu, hg se dugc hd trg
them ve thu nhdp Vdo nam 2000, cd khodng
10,5 trieu ngudi dan nude Anh hudng che do
huu tri ciia nha nudc, trong dd 64% Id phu
nil Trong giai doan 1998-1999, ngdn sach
huu tri chiem tdi 46% tdng chi phi an sinh xd
hdi d nudc Anh vd ty le ndy tiep tuc tang len
do miic do gid hoa dan sd d Anh ngay cang
cao
Cai each he thdng huu tri d Anh dugc
tien hanh nhieu lan, trong dd phdi ke den cdc
chien dich cai each sau:
+ Nam 1982, Chinh phii da cai each Ca
chd huu tri Nhd nudc ca ban (BSP), gidm
ddn muc ddng gdp ciia ngudi lao ddng tir
20%) trong tdng thu nhap xudng cdn 15% vdo
nam 1999
+ Luat An sinh xa hdi nam 1986 da
gidm lgi ich cua ngudi hudng huu tri trong
ca ch6 SERPS bdng each: ngudi lao ddng budc phdi cd thdi gian ddng bdo hiem xa hdi tren 20 nam mdi dugc hudng luang huu; gidm miic thanh todn SERPS tir 25% tdng thu nhdp xudng cdn 20%o vao nam 2009 + Tir nam 1997 cho den nay, Chinh phii
da cd gdng cai each he thdng huu tri theo hai muc tieu: +) Cung cap cdc dich vu huu tri tdt ban cho nhirng ngudi cd thu nhdp thdp; vd +) Chuydn ddn trdch nhiem cung cdp luong huu tir nhd nudc sang tay gidi chu Sdch Trang vdi tieu de "Ddi tdc trong qudn ly luang huu" ban hanh nam 1998 da chuyen mot phdn CO che hu'u tri nhd nudc sang tay tu nhan Vdo nam 2002, cd khoang 60% cac khodn luang huu la do nhd nudc quan ly vd
cd tdi 40%) luang huu Id tir cac quy huu tri tu nhan vd tiet kiem tu Mian
+ Vao nam 2001, Chinh phu thdnh lap
CO che huu tri theo cd ddng (Stakeholder Pension Scheme) Nhirng ngudi dugc hudng
ca che huu tri theo cd ddng budc phdi la nhirng cdng nhan di ldm day du thdi gian, cd miic thu nhdp binh quan Id tir 9.000-18.500 bang Anh/nam Miic ddng gdp cua ngudi lao ddng vdo ca che huu tri theo cd ddng la 20 bdng Anh/thang Ca che huu trf nay cd tu each nhu Id mdt quy huu trf tu nhan vd miic luang huu ngudi lao ddng se dugc hudng se thdp han miic thu nhdp binh quan, nhung se cao ban muc luang huu trung binh cua Nha nudc
Trang 3QfU 'iin tfu eSl ti'4HLq he, tliMig an iJiJi dca hoi
Being 1 Du bao tuong lai ciia he thong hu-u tri nudc Anh (BSP va ERPS)
Chi tieu huu tri trong tdng GDP (%)
So ngu'O'i ve hu'u (triiu ngudi)
2000 4,4 10,5
2025 4,4 12,7
2050 3,4 14,3
Nguon: DSS (1998), New Ambition for our
The Stationary Office
Ngodi cac ca che huu tri tren, ngudi lao
dong cd the chgn mdt ca che huu tri khdc, do
la CO che huu trf cd nhdn thdng qua ngan
hdng, cdng ty bdo hiem hoac cdc the ehe tdi
chinh khdc Co che nay ciing ddi xir cdng
bang giira nam vd nir vd nd mang tinh linh
hoat ban, do tudi md rdng ban so vdi cdc ca
che huu tri tren
2 Chdm sdc sicc khoe
Trong linh vyc cham sdc sire khoe, Nhd
nudc ddng vai trd chii dao trong viec cung
cap todn bd cac dich vu cham sdc sue khoe
cua ngudi dan Uy ban Dich vu sire khoe
Qudc gia (NHS), dugc thdnh lap vdo nam
1948, cd trach nhiem cham sdc siic khoe cho
ngudi dan tir cham sdc sue khoe ban ddu den
cham sdc ngudi benh, cham sdc siic khoe ldu
ddi, cham sdc ve mat vd nha khoa Ngoai
NHS, nudc Anh cdn tdn tai he thdng cham
sdc sue khoe tu nhdn, dugc chi tra thdng qua
cdc quy bdo hiem tu nhan, tuy nMen sd
lugng ngudi theo dich vu cham sdc siic khoe
tu nhdn rdt ft, chi chiem khoang 8% ddn sd
Theo sd lieu cua Td chuc Y td Thd gidi
(WHO), 86%) trong tdng chi tieu y td cua
nudc Anh nam 2004 la cua Chfnh phu, trong
dd cac td chu'c y te tu nhdn chi chidm 14%
chi tieu y te
country: a new Contract for Welfare, London,
NHS cd ngudn ngan sach chii yeu tir thue (thdng qua viec nop thue cho Quy Bdo hiem Qudc gia) Vdo nam 2008-2009, ngdn sach ciia Bd Cham sdc sue Mroe la khoang 98,6 ty bdng Anh vd phan ldn dugc chi tieu thdng qua NHS NHS hien nay dugc danh gia la ca quan cham sdc vd cung cap dich vu sue khoe ldn nhdt tren the gidi Nd cd trach nhiem cung cap he thdng dich vu todn dien cho toan bg ngudi dan nudc Anh, khdng phan biet tudi tdc, gidi tfnh, benh tat, tdn giao
O nudc Anh, quyen lgi cua ngudi dan trong viec hudng cdc dich vu cham sdc sue khoe la rdt ldn Ddi tugng dugc hudng bao hiem y te bat budc Id toan the ngudi dan sdng d Anh Todn the cdng nhdn, nhdn vien deu cd nghia vu bao hiem khi thu nhdp hang thang cua hg khdng vugt qua gidi han nghia
vu bdo hiem Tiep dd la ndng dan va cac thdnh vien gia dinh giiip viec, cac nghe si vd ngudi xudt ban, ngudi thdt nghiep, ngudi tan tat, ngudi nghi huu, sinh vien va nhirng ngudi dang hgc nghe thuc hanh Nhirng ngudi khdng cd nghia vu bao hiem cd thd tham gia bao Mem tu nguyen Ngudi dan dugc tiep can mien phf cac dich vu cham sdc sue khoe cua NHS khdng ;3han biet tudi tac
Trang 4NGHIEN CQU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°8 (n9).2010
gidi tfnh, benh tat, tdn gido; dugc sir dung
cdc phuang phdp dieu tri hien dai, dugc
quyen lira chgn thdng tin vd thay thudc, dugc
ddi xir cdng bang NHS se cd trach nhiem
thanh toan toan bd cac chi phi thudc men,
giudng benh va cac dich vu chdm sdc sue
khoe khac Tuy nhien, neu benh nhan lua
chgn phuang thuc dieu tri dich vu ket hgp
vdi nhirng yeu cau tu van tai benh vien NHS
se phdi tra chi phi dieu tri theo hod dan
Theo sd lieu dieu tra cua Bd Cham sdc sue
khoe Anh, cd tdi 73%) benh nhan dugc hdi
deu trd ldi Id hodn todn hdi ldng vdi nhirng
phuang thiic dieu tri cua benh vien va chi cd
.10% khdng hdi ldng vdi cdc dich vu ciia
NHS Cdc NHS d dia phuang cGng cd nhiing
dich vu cham sdc sue khoe rat tdt
Tien ich cua bao hiem y te bat budc bao
gdm cac bien phap phdng benh, dieu tri benh
vd bdo hiem ddi vdi viec mat ngudn thu nhap
vi benh tat keo ddi Phdng benh bao gdm
kham sue khoe phdng cac benh nhu ung thu,
tim, tudn hodn mau, benh than, dieu dudng
vd hd trg phdng benh ve rang trudc tien cho
thanh thieu nien Tien Ich dieu tri benh bao
gdm dieu tri bdi bac sT vd nha si sd tai, dieu
tri tai benh vien vd cung cap thudc men,
bdng bang, thudc chiia tri vd thudc bd Trong
nhimg thap nien gdn day, viec sir dung cdc
thiet bi y te mdi, thudc chira benh mdi vd sd
lugng ngudi cao tudi tang len trong xa hdi da
ddn den sir gia tang nhanh chdng ve chi phf
dich vu ciia bdo hi8m y td bdt budc va hdu qud Id nhung ganh nang ddng gdp tang cao cua cd ngudi dugc bdo hidm vd ngudi sir dung lao ddng
Trong mdt thdp ky trd lai ddy, d nudc Anh cdn tdn tai hinh thiic chdm sdc sue khoe tai nhd, hay cdn ggi Id cham sdc xa hdi, cham sdc cdng ddng Dieu ndy dang gdy ra mdt sd mdu thudn giira vai trd ciia NHS vd hinh thiic cham sdc xa hdi cua dia phuang NHS cung cdp cac dich vu cham sdc sue khoe hodn todn mien phf, trong khi hinh thirc cham sdc xa hdi ddi hdi phdi ddng phf Hinh thuc cham sdc xd hdi dugc thdnh lap thanh td chiic ke tir dau thap ky 1990 theo Luat Cham sdc cdng ddng (1990) Theo hinh thiic ndy, chfnh quyen dia phuang dem den cdc dich vu cham sdc lau ddi tai nhd cho ngudi dan (chii yeu la ngudi gid) Vdo nam 1996, chi phf cham sdc sue khoe ciia hinh thirc cham sdc tai nhd chiem 0,36%) GDP, trong khi chi phf cua hinh thiic cham sdc sue khoe tai benh vien chidm 0,69%) GDP Vao nam 2000, Mnh thirc cham sdc sue khoe tai benh vien cd ve dugc ua chudng han (chiem 0,72% GDP), trong khi hinh thuc cham sdc sue khoe tai nhd chiem 0,34% GDP Do sd lugng ngudi gid ngdy cdng ddng nen chi tieu cho cham sdc sire khoe tai Anh cd xu hudng tang len, chidm 1,06% GDP nam 2000 vd cd thi chilm 1,08% GDP vdo nam 2010 vd 1,22% GDP vdo nam 2020
Trang 5QHjitiL ti<u eM tifUiq, he fJiiuig an ihdt JCH hpi
Bang 2: Su- lua chon hinh thiic cham soc sire khoe tai Anh (% GDP)
Cham soc tai nha
Cham soc tai benh vien
T6ng
1996 0,36 0,69 1,05
2000 0,34 0,72 1,06
2010 0,33 0,75 1,08
2020 0,37 0,86 1,22
Nguon: OECD (1999), Reform for an ageing Society
Bang 3 Ty le dan so Anh tinh theo nhom tuoi (%^
1995
2001
2011
2021
2031
2041
2051
Duoi 65
49,4
50,3
50,9
50,3
48,4
47,0
46,3
65-74
5,1 4,9 5,5 6,6 7,7 7,4 6,5
75-84
3,1 3,2 3,3 3,9 4,8 5,6 5,3
85+
1,0 1,2 1,3 1,5 1,9 2,3 2,9
65+
9,2 9,3 10,1 12,0 14,4 15,3 14,7
Tong
58,6 59,6 61,0 62,2 62,8 62,3 61,0
% dan so tren 65 tudi
15,7 15,6 16,5 19,2 22,9 24,6 24,1
Nguon: Goverment Actuary's Department, 2002
Gid hda ddn sd dang trd thdnh mdt trong
nhirng thdch thirc cua xa hdi Anh, khidn cho
chi tieu huu tri vd nhirng chi tieu cho cham
sdc sue khoe ngudi gid ngay cdng tang cao
Theo bao cdo cua Uy ban Thdng ke Anh, vdo
nam 1995, nhirng ngudi gia tren 65 tudi
(dien dugc hudng luang huu vd phdi cham
sdc sue khoe thudng xuyen) chidm 15,7%)
trons "'g ddn sd, nam 2021 cd the se tang
Ign u 19,2% vd nain 2051 se Id 24,1% Gid
hod ddn sd khien cdc dich vu cham sdc sue khoe va y te ngdy cang phdi md rdng
3 Trff cdp dm dau, mdt site lao dpng
He thdng an sinh xa hdi ddnh cho ngudi
dm dau vd mdt siic lao ddng dugc thuc hien
theo nMeu ca chd khac nhau Lgi ich ca;;
nhirng ngudi khdng thd di lam dugc GO dm dau dugc trg cap thdng qua co che thanh toan dm dau theo diing luat a;o:, (statutory Sick Pay) Nhirng ngudi mdt sue lao dong
Trang 6NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°8 (119).2010
dugc thanh toan trg cap thdng qua Ca quan
Hd trg thu nhap qua thdm tra tai san (means
- tested Income Support - IS) Ngodi ra,
ngudi dm dau, mat sii'c lao ddng cdn dugc
hudng trg cap thdng qua Ca quan Trg cap
cho nhirng Ngudi khdng cdn khd nang lao
ddng (Severe Disablement Allowance
-SDA) hoac Ca quan Trg cap cuoc sdng cho
Ngudi tan tat (Disability Living Allowance
-DLA)
- Tro cdp dm dau: Muc do thanh todn
lgi ich la rat khac nhau giira nhimg ngudi
khdng cdn kha nang lam viec do dm dau
hoac benh tat Ngudi chu cd trach nhiem tra
bdo hiem theo ludt dinh tdi miic tdi da la 28
tudn, mdi tuan Id 52,50 bdng
Ke tir nam 1995, chinh phu Anh dp
dung mdt ca che thanh todn mdi: Lgi feh cho
nhirng ngudi thieu nang luc Nhirng ngudi
dugc hudng ca che thanh toan nay la nhirng
ngudi da het thdi ban nhdn mire thanh todn
lgi feh trong thdi ban dm dau theo Mat dinh
hoac nhirng ngudi khdng du tieu chudn dugc
hudng lgi ich thanh todn dm dau theo Mat
dinh ke tir ngdy dm dau tien Ca che thanh
todn mdi dugc chia lam 3 miic:
- Miic thap Id 44,40 bang/tudn, cho 28
tudn dau tien;
- Miic cao la 52,50 bang/tudn cho tuan
tir 29 ddn 52;
- Mire dai han la 58,85 bang/tudn cho
tudn thii 53 trd di neu ngudi lao dgng thuc sir
khdng cd nang lire
Ca che ndy ciing tinh theo cdc nhdm tudi tang them vd cho nhiing ngudi sdng phu thudc vdo hg Bien phdp thir nghiem thudc Cling dugc dp dung ddi vdi nhiing ngudi khdng cdn khd nang lam viec Thir nghiem thudc dugc tien thdnh sau 28 tudn ngudi lao dgng khdng cdn ldm viec
- Trq cdp cho nhirng ngitdi mdt sicc lao dpng: Miic trg cap la 35,55 bang cdng them
cac miic lien quan den tudi cd the la 12,40 bang/tudn khi ngudi lao dgng do chua den tudi ve huu Lgi feh trg cap la rat khac nhau
do tai nan lao ddng hoac benh nan y Lgi feh trg cap ciia nhimg ngudi mat sire lao ddng do tai nan lao dgng dugc hudng la 15 tuan, mdi tudn 95,30 bdng Ngodi ra, ngudi mat sue lao ddng do tai nan cdn dugc hudng cac lgi ich khac cua bao hiem qudc gia nhu lgi feh danh cho nhiJTig ngudi thieu nang lire Lgi feh trg cap nhd d cho nhirng ngudi mat sue lao ddng ddi vdi ngudi dudi 65 tudi dugc dp dung thanh Mat ke tir nam 1992 Ngoai ra ngudi lao ddng bi mat siic cdn dugc hudng lgi ich cham sdc sue khoe cd nhan
Ddi vdi nhirng ngudi khdng ddng gdp, trg cap cho ngudi giup viec mien thue la 31,20 bdng/tuan hoac 46,70 bang/tudn n§u ngudi benh d tren tudi 65 dang can dugc cham sdc sue khoe cd nhan Trg cdp cham sdc ddi vdi ngudi tan phe la 35,25 bdng/tuan, dugc thanh toan cho nhirng ngudi tir tudi 16 din tudi ve huu
Trang 7QU 'iiiL ti^ eSi fj'^uig he tJiMig, ait sJnh jca hSi
4 Bdo hiem that nghiep
Theo luat dinh, thdt nghiep la nhirng
ngudi lao ddng tam thdi khdng cd quan he
lao dgng, dang tim viec ldm cd nghia vu bdo
hiem, trong dd phai ddnh quydn cho ca quan
lao ddng nd luc mdi gidi de tim ra mdt viec
lam khd di han va da dang ky that nghiep vdi
ca quan lao ddng Trong trudng hgp dd,
nhimg ngudi thdt nghiep, sau khi da man ban
chd viec, cd quyen xin tien that nghiep theo
mire thdi gian ldm viec cd nghia vu bdo hiem
trudc kia va theo do tudi tfnh vao thdi diem
dang ky Quyen hudng tien that nghiep cao
nhdt hien nay Id 6 thdng ddi vdi ngudi lao
ddng tre Trg cap that nghiep dugc nhdn khi
khdng cdn quyen hudng tien thdt nghiep, khi
thod man mgi dieu kien dac biet ciia nghia vu
va khi trinh bay yeu cdu cua minh vdi ly do
khdng cdn phuang tien sdng nira Trg cap
that nghiep tren nguyen tac dugc gia ban, ddi
nhat den trdn 65 tudi
Trg cap thdt nghiep d Anh Id 46,45
bang/tudn ddi vdi nhirng ngudi sdng ddc
thdn vd 75,10 bdng/tuan ddi vdi nhirng ngudi
dang trong tinh trang ket hdn, dugc hudng I
nam trong bat ky mdt giai doan thdt nghiep
nao Trong thdi ky dang dugc hudng lgi feh
that nghiep hoac dm dau, ngudi thdt nghiep
cd thd dugc thudng them trg cdp thai sdn, trg
cap ddo tao trong vdng 8 tudn hoac ft ban
Nhirng ngudi dugc hudng Igi ich thdt nghiep
phdi la nhirng ngudi dang cd viec lam trudc
dd, khdng phai Id nhirng cdng viec mang tfnh
chat nguyen trong cdng ddng Nhirng
ngudi dugc budng lgi feh thdt nghiep phai Id
nhimg ngudi khdng tu nguyen nghi viec hoac mdt viec lam do pham tdi Hg dang mudn tim kiem cac ca hdi viec lam khac va phdi cd nhirng ly do hgp ly de tir chdi nhan nhimg viec lam khdc
Nhirng ngudi that nghiep d Anh cdn dugc hudng sir hd trg thu nhap Hd trg thu nhdp dugc thanh toan cho nhimg ngudi khdng ldm viec, hoac lam viec dudi 16 tudn/gid, nhiing ngudi cd cac ngudn tdi chinh thap ban muc trung binh nhdt dinh Khodn hd trg thu nhap se la tir 28 bdng/tuan cho mdi ca nhan dudi 18 tudi, den 73 bdng/tuan cho nhirng ca nhan tren 18 tudi, cho cdc gia dinh, cha/me ddc than, ngudi nghi huu, dm dau dai ban, benh tat
Ca che hd trg thu nhap quy dinh mgt sd lugng thu nhdp ma mdi ngudi phdi cd den khi dugc hudng Nhirng ngudi cd tiet kiem hoac tien vdn tren 8.000 bang la khdng hgp phap de dugc hudng hd trg thu nhap Nhirng ngudi cd tiet kiem tir 3.000 den 8.000 bang
se gidm lugng tien hd trg thu nhap dugc hudng
Nam 1996, nudc Anh da dua them mdt hinh thuc phiic lgi mdi - trg cdp cho nhiing ngudi dang tim kiem viec ldm dd thay thd cho lgi feh that nghiep vd ho trg thu nhdp cho nhimg ngudi thdt nghiep Ca chd mdi ndy tap trung chii ydu vdo viec giup da
nhirng ngudi that nghiep tim viec lam fit ca
nhung ngudi thdt nghiep ddu yeu cau ;phai ky cam ket se tim kiem viec lam Hdu hit nhimg ngudi nhdn phiic lgi tir ca chi mdi r.cy' phai qua phuang phap thdm dinh thu rdiap trudc
Trang 810 NGHIEN CQU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°8 (119).2010
khi trg cap, vd lgi Ich dugc trd theo cdc ty le
do hodn canh gia dinh quyet dinh muc ca
ban de hd trg thu nhdp
4 Chdm sdc tre em
Cham sdc tre em la mdt trong nhii'ng ndi
dung CO ban cua chuang trinh an sinh xa hdi
cua nude Anh Vdo nam 1999, nudc Anh cd
khodng 59 trieu ngudi, trong dd cd 15,8 trieu
tre em vd ty le tre em giam tir 25%) dan sd
vdo nam 1971 xudng cdn 20% vdo nam
1991
Nam 1946, Anh ban hanh Ludt Tre em,
trong dd ehinh quyen dia phuang cd trdch
nhiem cung cap cac dich vu cham sdc tre em
theo nhieu hinh thiic khdc nhau Vdo nam
1963, Ludt Tre em va Thanh nien ra ddi,
cung cap nhieu hinh thiic cham sdc tre em
nhu tu van, giiip da, chi dan vd cung cap
phiic lgi xa hdi cho tre em Vdo nam 1969,
Luat Tre em vd Thanh nien sira ddi da dem
lai nhieu quyen ban cho ngudi me trong thdi
ky mang thai vd cham sdc tre nhd Ludt Tre
em sira ddi nam 1970 da lap ra nhirng ke
hoach cham sdc tre em tu nguyen ddi vdi cac
td chiic, cd nhan va ngudi me mang thai
dugc hudng nhieu quyen lgi ban tir he thdng
phiie lgi xa hdi Vao nam 1989, Luat Tre em
lai dugc sira ddi mdt lan nira, trong dd quy
dinh tre em can phai dugc bdo ve toan dien,
ngudi me cd trach nhiem nudi dudng, chdm
sdc dira tre cho den khi trudng thanh vd cac
CO quan dich vu xa hdi can phdi cd nhirng
bien phap can thiep va bdo ve tre em trong
nhirng tinh hudng cu the Tre em can phdi
dugc dang ky vdi cac dia phuang de dugc
bdo ve de trdnh bi lam dung gidi tinh, lam dung cdm xiic, ddi xir khdng cdng bang Hdu het nhirng ngudi phu nir mang thai deu dugc nhdn nhirng khodn trg cdp thai sdn dugc chi trd true tilp tir ngudi chii lao ddng vdi mire tdi da la 18 tudn Cd hai miic co ban sau:
+ Nhirng ngudi phu nir dang lam viec dugc quyen nghi 26 tudn vd hudng 90% mire luang binh quan cua mdt tudn trong 6 tudn ddu tien vd d ty le thdp ban 52,50 bdng/tuan trong nhirng tudn tiep theo
+ Nhiing ngudi phu nir khdng dugc hudng che do thanh toan thai san, vf du do
hg tu lam chu, gan day dang cd sir thay ddi cdng viee dugc hudng mire trg cap 52,50 bang/tudn va dugc hudng trong 18 tuan Tat cd nhiing ngudi lao ddng dang mang thai deu cd quyen nghi 14 tudn thai sdn Ngudi phu nil cd the dugc hudng muc thanh todn Id 100 bang tir quy xa hdi neu nhu cha/me cua hg dang dugc hudng trg cdp thu nhap, tfn dung gia dinh hoac trg cdp do mdt khd nang lam viec Che do nay ciing dp dung cho nhirng ngudi phu nir trong thdi ky cd con nhd
Nhirng diia tre ldn d Anh dugc hudng tir Quy An sinh xa hdi ddnh cho tre em la 10,40 bang/tudn, vd 8,45 bdng/tuan ddi vdi nhiing diia tre khac Ngudi me dugc mien thul vd dugc thanh toan cho den khi dua tre 16 tudi
vd 19 tudi neu nhu dira tre do dugc giao due ddy dli Ngoai ra, lgi feh ddi vdi nhung dua
Trang 9QluiiL ij'u cM ti'mLQ, he Umiig ait didt aE/2 hc}i 11
tre chi cd cha hoac me dugc hudng them la
6,30 bang/tudn
Ddi vdi nhirng god phu d do tudi dudi
hoac tren 60, nlu chdng hg khdng dugc
hudng luang huu trudc khi chit, deu dugc
nhdn khodn thanh todn miln thue Id 1.000
bang sau cai chet ciia chdng, do Ca quan Bdo
Mem qudc gia thanh todn Nhimg god phu cd
chdng chet vi tai nan lao ddng hoac benh
hilm ngheo ciing dugc hudng lgi feh tuang
tu Ngudi me god cd gia dinh tre dugc nhdn
trg cdp ddnh cho me god la 58,85 bang/tudn
vd them 9,85 bdng/tuan neu cd mdt con vd
11,05 bdng/tuan neu cd nhirng diia con khac
Huu tri CO bdn ciia god phu la 58,85
bang/tudn dugc dp dung cho nhiing ngudi d
do tudi 55 cd chdng da chet hoac khi hg
khdng cdn dugc nhan trg cap me god Mue
huu trf cho nhirng god phu d do tudi 45-54 la
tuang tu Dieu Mat nay dugc dp dung ke tir
11/4/198 8 cho den nay Nhirng god phu ciing
dugc hudng lgi feh tir ca che thuang tat khi
lam viec Ddi vdi nhirng ngudi dan dng cd
vg da chet, hg dugc hudng luang huu tuang
tu nhu ddi vdi nhirng god phu
Tai lieu tham khao
1 Dinh Cdng Tudn (chu bien) Hi thong
an sinh xd hpi cua EU vd bdi hoc kinh
nghiem cho Viet Nam, NXB khoa hgc xa hgi,
2008
2 Chu Hoang, Ddm bdo xa hpi Men
trgng vd cdi cdch cua xd hpi Anh, Tap chf
Nghien UTJ Chdu Au, 5/2003
3 Dai su quan Anh tai Viet Nam, Gidi thiiu Vuang quoc Anh, Tinkinhte.com
4 Camilla Bassi, Multicultural, racism and class in Britain today, Anti-Racism
Solidarity 3/106, 9/2/2007
5 Sir William Beveridge, Social Insurance and allied services, HM 50,
CMND 6404, 11/1942
6 IFAU Institute for Labour market
policy evaluation Welfare reform in the UK, 1985-2002, Working Paper 2002
7 IFAU Institute for Labour market
policy evaluation Welfare reform in the UK, 1997-2007, Working Paper 2008
8 Jonathan Hopkin and CMista van
Wijinbergen, Europeanization and Welfare state change in the UK, Paper for
RECWOWE workshop, Siences Po., Paris 26-8/11/2009
9 Raymond Vanderputten, The Anglo -Saxon Model: a critical view, Conjoncture,
10/2005
10 Walter Lorenz, Decentralisation and Social Services in England, Social Work &
Society, Vol 2, Issue 2, 2005
11 Joseph Rowniree Foundation,
Poverty and social exclution in Britain,
9/2000
12 The Kingfund, Funding adi'li zocial care in England, Briefing, 3/2009