d day tfl khau lam cdt den phat giay rdi hoan thien san pham ta tha'y cd sii ket hdp hai hoa cac yeu td' dudng net gifla nhflng dfldng thang cua yem ngfla, ciia chan ngfla va nhflng [r]
Trang 164 Nghien edu Dong Nam A 7/2009
Mot vai suy nghi ve nghe thuat do ma
trong cac nghi le cua Tur phu
GLANG N G U Y E T 4NH*
Dd ma la "can ndi" gifla the gidi
thiic tai va the gidi t a m linh, gifla
the gidi cua con ngitdi d a n g sd'ng vdi the
gidi cua nhflng "dang tdi cao", nhflng
ngfldi da k h u a t Chfnh vi vay, dd ma ddng
vai trd q u a n t r g n g trong cac nghi le, dac
biet la trong he thd'ng tin ngu'dng Tfl' phu
Ta da tha'y sii x u a t hien cua dd ma d
h a u bet cac dan le nhfl P h a t t a u , Md phu,
hay tiec cac T h a n h Dd ma lam d a n g Tfl'
p h u chu yeu la dd dat khi cd "ddn dat
hang" tfl ddng thdy Ngu'di lam ma di mua
ed't va c h u a n hi san ciic loai giay mau hoa
van t r a n g tri cflng cac p h u kien khac dem
den cac den, p h u va t n i c tiep lam tai dd,
dudi sfl giam sat cua ddng t;hay Dd ma Tfl
p h u dep hay khdng dep, to hay nhd p h u
thudc r a t nhieu vao ddng t h a y va tinh
hinh kinh te cua cac t h a n h ddng hay
ngUdi cd can can d a n g le Khi q u a n sat cac
dan l l chflng tdi n h a n tha'y dfldi gdc do
t a m linh, dd ma la mdt loai le vat de con
ngiidi tiep can va hfldng tdi t h e gidi sieu
linh Nhiing b a n t h a n dd ma cflng chfla
dflng cac yeu td cua nghe t h u a t tao hinh
yeu to s a n g tao cua ngitdi lam ma va b a n
t h a n nd cflng la mcit san p h a m nghe t h u a t l)huc vu t a m linh
1 C a c h t a o h i n h k h o i Neu xet dfldi gdc do n g h e t h u a t tao
h i n h thi each thflc tao h i n h cho dd ma dac biet la dd m a Tfl p h u chiu a n h hfldng cua nghe t h u a t d a n gian Dac trflng cua ldi tao
h i n h nay la sfl chfl t r g n g tfnh t h u a n mat,
t h u a n tay Nghe t h u a t d a n gian ludn gifl dflde sfl ddn gian mdc mac t r o n g each thflc tao h i n h va m a n g t i n h khai q u a t cao, khdng thfla, k h d n g t h i e u Day la ldi lao hinh ddn gi<in nhflng lai chfla dflng nhieu chi tiet quy dinh ve dfldng net, khdi tfch ro rang, khde k h o a n ma m e m mai, uyen chuyen Ddi khi c h u n g t a cam tha'y dd ma hdi ngd nghe nhUng van t h u a n mdt nhin
Nd the hien cai sieu thiic nhUng ma gan gfli, dem den cho chflng t a cai dep ve t h a m
my va tinh t h a n Cach thflc tao h i n h khdi ciia t a t ca cac
dd ma Tfl p h u v a n theo nhflng quy c h u a n tfl thdi xfla, nhflng t r o n g mdt vai tritdng bd)) lai gian Iflc;ic hdn so vdi ldi cd, nhfl toa thoi rflng, thoi nfli la mdt vi du Theo ldi
Giang Nguyet Anh NCS Vien Nghien cifu Van hoa
Trang 2cd, nd phai gdm ba p h a n tUdng t r u n g cho cd ba dau va chin dudi, nhUng ba dau lai
Thien phu, N h a e p h u , Thoai p h u va p h a n la h i n h ba m a t ngudi, day la mdt loai dd
de d dfldi cflng NhUng ngay nay ngUdi ma tUdng ddi dac biet chi cd d dd l l dang
lam dd ma da ddn gian va lu'dc bdt yeu to' Mdu thoai va cac 'vi t h a n noi sdng nudc
Thien p h u va T h u y p h u ma chi dflng mdt Lat ngflde lai van de neu dng Ld't t a m dau
sd hinh a n h de gdi ra cac yeu td' nay Khi khdng phai la hinh m a t ngUdi ma la dau
q u a n sat ta tha'y d t r e n cflng dgng Sdn rdn n h u Lot mgt dau thi se nhU the nao?
t r a n g la hinh dfle P h a t ba Q u a n am, day TrUdc tien, xet ve nghe t h u a t , chung ta se
la hinh a n h tfldng trflng cho Thien phu tha'y Lot mdt dau ma't di tfnh dgc dao,
Ddng de nhi chinh la ddng chfla Sdn sang tao ve h i n h thflc Nd hoan loan trd
t r a n g Tfldng trflng cho Thoai p h u ngfldi nen binh thfldng va ddn t h u a n la sfl md
ta da ve t h e m cac h i n h tdm ca d a n g bdi lgi phdng h i n h tfldng mgt con vat Va hdn
hay hinh sdng nflde Nhfl vay ve hinh thflc nfla nd cdn m a t di tfnh t h a n bf, linh
trinh bay cd sfl t h a y ddi nhflng ve m a t y thieng va tdn kinh Neu xet ta't ca cac yeu
nghia van cd day du Thien phu, Nbiic phu to tiio nen dng Lot t a m dau cifu vT, ta d l
va Thoai phu dang n h a n t h a y cd du Thien - Dia - Thuy
Hinh Chua Sdn trang, bai Chau va hdp nha't trong mdt chinh the Long vfl la
mfldi hai Cd deu mac t r a n g phuc cua ngfldi bidu hien cua khdng tfnh tflc la Thien
Man vdi quay (vay), chan quay (tiip re), phu, vay ca la bieu hien cua thuy tinh tflc
xay (that Iflng), m a n g (che ngiic) Tuy la Thoai phu, m a t ngudi la bieu hien cua
nhien, hinh Chfla Sdn t r a n g khac vdi hinh n h a n gian tinh hay chfnh Va Dia phu Phai
cac ba, cac cd h a u can d chd khdng bao gid chang Lot l a m dau cflu vT bieu hien cho
cam quat hay nhae khi d tay Hai lay Chfla "tam gidi ddng n h a t the ":'
Sdn t r a n g ludn du'dc lam dang rong sang Long tu (thuyen rdng) cd Idi liio hinh
hai ben, cfac biet cdn cd v a n h (re) quiit bieu khoe nhflng vdn gifl dflde net mem miii do
hien vang hao q u a n g phia sau dau Day la dugc ket hdp hai boa gifla cac dfldng
sfl bieu hien cho bac cao hdn sd vdi nhflng thdng va dfldng cong, cflng vdi cac m a n g
ngfldi hau can Theo d u n g quy chuan, hinh hinh ky ha t r a n g tri Theo cac dng ba ddng
cac ba, cac cd h a u can thiidng cdm d tay cflng nhfl nhflng ngfldi lam dd ma thi
mdt nhae khf hoac mdt vat dung khac t h u y e n rdng hien nay la loai ma cd nhieu
nhau de hdu Chfla Sdn t r a n g "Cd dang di§m khac biet n h a t so vdi kieu t h u y e n
trdng nhip, cd len day dan", cd h a u gUdng, i-gng ^d Toa long lau d t h u y e n rdng theo
cd hau p h a n , cd cd lai cam quat hoac cdi idi cd phai cd t a m mai t r e n cd hinh rdng
trau, iihach Dfl vi;iy, bay gid vdn cd c^au m a t nguyet (neu ngfldi t h a n h ddng
nhflng dan ma loai bd cac chi tiet nay, i^ nam) va la hinh ly ngfl vgng nguye^
ngudi lam ma the hien cd Sdn t r a n g dang (^g'u t h a n h ddng la nfl) Tam mai quay
hai tay theo ldi thdng thudng bdn phitdng tUdng t r u n g cho bd'n phUdng
Ld't t a m dau cifu vT tflc la mdt dng rdn t a m hfldng va cd bd'n dau dao Nhflng h^^
Trang 366 Nghien cdu Dong Nam A 7/2009
gid thi toa long lau chi cd hai mai va
khdng cd hinh rdng chau hay hinh ly ngU
d tren ndc mai
Dgc hai ben man thuyen la hinh cac
tien nfl cheo thuyen Hinh nhan tien nfl
nay phan ldn la dUdc in san tren giay va
khi lam thuyen ngudi lam ma chi viec dan
len ma thdi Trang phuc cua cac hinh nay
c^d sU khac nhau Cd ndi thi trang phitc
gid'ng nhu trang phuc cua cac nfl tfldng
ddi mfl cau, nai nit ggn ghe Cd ndi thi
trang phuc lai tiia cac nfl hau, tdc quan
ddi khan, quan ao nhe nhang thanh thdi
cheo thuyen Ty le hinh gifla ngfldi cheo
thuyen vdi ty le thuyen kha can ddi d day
ta tha'y neu de thuyen khdng va khdng bd'
trf sap xep hinh nhan thi de cd cam giac
thuyen bi nhd va khdng cd cam giac mgt
chiec thuyen rdng that
Viec khai thac ty le ngitdi trong toan
the khdng gian tUdng flng da dflde sif
dung ca d phUdng Ddng va phUdng Tay d
Viet Nam chflng ta thiiy tren cac mang
cham khac d cac cdn, vi keo cua nhieu
dinh lang, hinh ngitdi da dUdc sif dung
nhieu de mieu ta cac sinh boat thudng
ngay cua cdng ddng, mieu ta Udc vgng, suy
nghi cua ngUdi xfla ve cudc sd'ng d day ty
le cua hinh ngUdi xuat hien trong tdng the
cac mang cham khac cflng nhfl trong kien
true da tao nen cam giac cdng trinh kien
true cd khdng gian rdng hdn Trong kien
trflc Hy Lap cd dai yeu td nay cflng dflde
sit dting triet de d cdng cac cdng trinh
kien trflc hay tren ndc phia trfldc nha,
nhflng nhdm ngfldi ditdc tac vao dd da tao
cam giac ve ty le gifla hinh ngfldi va
khdng gian
Ong ngfla mau dd cd Idi tao hinh khoe khoan va khdi tfch rd rang nhUng lai cd net mem mai, uyen chuyen d day tfl khau lam cdt den phat giay rdi hoan thien san pham ta tha'y cd sii ket hdp hai hoa cac yeu td' dudng net gifla nhflng dfldng thang cua yem ngfla, ciia chan ngfla va nhflng dfldng cong cua hdm ngfla, dau ngfla, dudi ngiia, cdng vdi cac hoa tiet trang trf tren dng ngiia tao thanh mdt he thd'ng cac yeu to' tao hinh vd cflng phong phfl Phan ldn cac ma ngfla hien nay deu dflde lam theo ldi cd, ngfla dflng thang, tai dflng len, tfl phan flc xudng gan chan ngfla dflde che phu bang yem, tren iflng la yen trang trf hinh phudng, dudi ngiia cup xud'ng the hien dang dflng chau, ca bd'n chan deu cd
"vai" che Phan ddu ngUa cang, trdn khdi,
d gifla dinh ddu cd trang trf hinh hoa phu dung, hai ben yen ngiia chd ham thiec cflng cd trang trf hoa va tua rua budng thang Bdin ngUa ludn d tU the diing len chfl khdng ru xud'ng Di sau vao tim hieu tflng chi tiet ta deu thay ve mat tao hinh cflng nhfl each thflc trang trf deu cd dung
y rieng cua nd Bd'n chan dflng thang hoac hdi choai the hien dang khoe manh, sung man ciia ngiia chien Bdm ngfla va tai ngfla dflng dflng the hien cho sfl cflng cdi, oai phong Hinh bdng hoa phfl dung tren dinh dau bieu hien cho cai dep, cao sang, ddng thdi the hien day la ngiia than chfl khdng phai la ngfla thfldng
Neu quan sat phan cdt ma ta se tha'y hai chan trfldc cua ngfla dflde tao rieng nen trdng nd gan nhfl mot dfldng thdng va khi ndi vao vdi than nd khdng dflcic thuan mat lam Vi vay khi phat giay va hoan
Trang 4thien, ngUdi ta lam p h a n yem phia trUdc
litdn ra, n h d m giai quyet nhudc diem dd
Yem ngUa tao mdt hinh cong vfla gdi ra
phan flc vfla lam m e m dudng t h d n g d
phdn ed't ngUa, ddng thdi nd cflng la diem
n h a n khi nhin tfl p h i a trfldc vdi r a t nhieu
hoa tiet hoa van to nhd
Ma voi h a u n h u chi xua't hien trong tin
ngUdng thd Tfl p h u va cflng vdi ngiia,
thuyen rdng (Long tu - Tfldng - Ma) trd
t h a n h bg ma h a t huge phai cd trong mgi
dan le cua Tfl phu Ngay tfl phdn lam cot,
cdt cho ma voi phflc t a p hdn p h a n cdt cho
ma ngfla Nhflng ve ty le gifla cac bg p h a n
trong tdng the thi ma ngfla lai de t h u a n
mat hdn ,so vdi voi Theo chflng tdi q u a n
sat thi binh thfldng phdn tao hinh ddu voi
dflde lam hdi be hdn so vdi p h a n t h a n voi
(chflng tdi da xem nhieu gia dinh chuyen
lam cdt tai lang Ddng Ho va mdt sd' lang
phu can thi deu tha'y nhfl vay) P h a n chan
voi hdi dai ket hdp vdi ty le dau be m a n g
lai cam giac voi hi gay nen khdng dUg'c can
xflng nhfl ma ngfla
Tao hinh cho ma voi gap phai khd k h a n
khi xif ly hinh thflc cho vdi voi, dai hay
ngan, dudi ra hay gap vao, cong hay
t h a n g Thdng thfldng khi lam ma voi
ngfldi lam ma thifdng cd xu hudng lam vdi
voi hdi cong va hudng vao phfa trong, each
xif ly nay lam cho vdi voi mem mai hdn va
t h u a n m a t hdn Khi p h a t giay len, ngUdi
lam dd ma da cd y thflc lam n h a n giay rdi
mdi phiit liMi cdt voi hoac bdi nhieu hd len
giay va khi p h a t len cdt thi xe dich giay de
lao ra cac p h a n n h a n giay nhfl da voi t h a t
Dieu nay da tao nc'ui hieu qua ve "chat
cam" niiinh hdn d ma ngUa Hg da de y
den nhflng dac diem cua vat the de rdi tim each giai quyet sao cho dep va co net sang tao
Khi q u a n sat ma dng voi d mgi gdc do, chflng tdi tha'y cd nhieu sU t h a y ddi hdn
ma ngUa Toan bd p h a n lUng voi con cd them h i n h yen, fiinh ngUdi q u a n tUdng va Igng vang Yeu to' nay da t h a y ddi dUdng
t h a n g d lUng voi de tao t h a n h mgt hinh phflc t a p hdn, cd ve dep hdn
2 M a u s a c Trong tin ngfldng thd M a u cd the khdng dn dinh ve hoa van t r a n g tri tren
dd ma, song m a n sac cua tiing dd ma van
la yeu td'dudc coi la dn dinh nha't Mau sac diig'e sif d u n g khi lam dd ma Tfl phu cd tinh c h a t quy udc theo mau dac trUng, dai dien cho Tfl phu: Mau dd - Thien phu, Mau x a n h - Nhae phu, Mau t r a n g - Thoai phu, Mau vang - Dia phu Cho nen chi can nhin vao mau sac la da biet ma nay dang cho phu nao, d dau Tuy nhien he thd'ng mau sac cua cac hoa van t r a n g trf thi khdng cd b a t cfl quy dinh nao ma tfly thugc vao y thflc cd tfnh sang tao cua ngfldi lam dd ma Vi vay, khi quan sat mgt san p h a m dd ma bat ky nao ta deu n h a n tha'y sfl phong p h u ve mau sac tren mdt mau chu dao
Ndi chuyen vdi bac P h u n g Dinh Xuat (Ddng Hd, Bdc Ninh), chflng tdi dudc nghe giai thich: dd ma xUa dUdc lam tfl loai giay bdi m a u M a u d day dUdc sif dung chinh la mau tU nhien Mau den tfl t h a n rdm nep, tfl c h a t t h a n la tre khd nen mau xdp, em va nhe Mau x a n h m a t chiet xuat
Trang 568 Nghien cdu Dong Nam A 7/2009
tfl la c h a m M a u v a n g a'm tfl hoa hoe hay
q u a d a n h d a n h Mau dd tim, chac nich tfl
hot sdi son t a n nhd M a u dd v a n g tfl c h a t
gd v a n g t r e n rflng dflde che nhd sdc ky rdi
cd dac Cdn m a u t r a n g dng a n h thi dflng
vd t r a i , diep nghien min Do m a u lam tfl'
cay cd thien n h i e n nen m a u sac khdng
dflde riic rd ma diu d a n g va hdp vdi vflng
ndng thdn Cdn n g a y nay, m a u sac sif
d u n g vd cflng phong phfl, m a u p h a m , m a n
cdng nghiep den r a t nhieu loai giay mau,
giay hoa khac n h a u dflde l a m d trong
nflde, d cac l a n g n g h e va ca n h a p k h a u
Cho nen dd ma bay gid sac sd hdn, bdng
bay hdn, cd ve b a t m a t va dep hdn
Trong nghe t h u a t hgi hoii, mau sac
ddng vai trd q u a n t r g n g trong viec d a n h
gia gia tri t h a m my ciia tac p h a m Ddi vdi
dd ma cflng vay, m a u sac t h e hien q u a n
niem t h d m my ve cai dep Nd bd s u n g cho
ket cau tao h i n h de lam t h a n h sU lien ket
khdng t h e tach rdi h i n h va m a u , t h e m nfla
mau sdc tac ddng den thi giac gay sU chfl
y de ngfldi xem p h d n nao q u e n di n h u n g
yeu td cdn chita hoan chinh cua phitdng
thflc nghe t h u a t t a o h i n h d a n gian Tren
cd sd m a u quy dinh theo tflng p h u nha't
dinh, Thien phu, Dia phu, Nhae p h u va
Thoai p h u cac m a u sac k h a c dflde t h e m
vao de tao nen he thd'ng cd t i n h n h i p dieu
cua cac m a n g h i n h va cac m a n g m a u lam
t a n g t h e m ve dep cho cac loai dd ma
M a u sdc cua cac m a n g h i n h t r a n g tri
diig'c sif d u n g mgt each s a n g tao gdp p h a n
lam tdn t h e m ve dep cua cac loai dd ma
d a n g Tfl p h u t r e n cd sd cac mau gdc cua
cac p h u tUdng flng Ngu'di lam ma da cd y
thiic ket hdp va sit d u n g cac ca]) mau bd
tflc tim, vang, x a n h , dd de phdi mau cho cac p h d n n e n boa tiet T h e m vao dd cac loai giay m a u t r a n g k i m cd k h a n a n g b a t
s a n g dUde sif d u n g r a t n h i e u n h u m a u
t r a n g , m a u vang, m a u dd Cac loai m a u nay tuy theo dieu kien a n h s a n g khac
n h a u ma cd nhflng ve dep rieng Khi bay dan le t r o n g cac dien thd, hay ndi cd khdng gian nhd, hep, t h i e u a n h s a n g m a u
t r a n g kim "hflt" ta't ca cac a n h s a n g xung
q u a n h n h u den dien, n e n h a y a n h s a n g tU
n h i e n de t a o r a sU t h a y ddi cac sac m a u cua chflng khi p h a n q u a n g tfl cac ngudn sang Cdn khi bay dd m a d ngoai trdi thi
dd ma Tfl p h u gid'ng nhfl mot bfle t r a n h riic rd sac m a n , l u n g Iinh h u y e n do, phai
c h a n g vi t h e dd ma la mdt loai le vat khong t h e t h i e u t r o n g cac d a n le Tfl phu
3 C a c h t r a n g t r i
Cac yeu td' t r a n g tri dUcJc sii d u n g tai tinh vdi r a t n h i e u loai h i n h hga tiet khac
n h a u va dUdc bd' t r i da chieu, da hudng
Do dd, cac h i n h t r a n g t r i c u n g n h u m a u sac m a n g tfnh n h i p dieu cao, vd cflng nhip
n h a n g va u y e n c h u y e n Khi t r a n g t r i cho cac loai dd m a nay, ngudi l a m ma da chu trgng r a t nhieu den yen to'chi'nh p h u ciia cac m a n g hga tiet Cd le n h d t h e m a c h u n g
ta khdng cam tha'y cac hoa tiet, hoa van bi dan trai t r e n t o a n bd mgt m a t p h d n g Ta't nhien sfl bai trf nay h o a n t o a n cd chii dinh Mdi m a n g h i n h t r a n g trf la mgt diem nha'n t r o n g t o a n bd t d n g t h e ciia do
ma, ddi khi ngoai t i n h t r a n g trf nd cdn
k h a c phtic nhflng diem yeu ctia p h a n cdt
ben trong Ta da tha'y cac yeu td' t r a n g trf
nay dUdc set d u n g t r i e t de t r o n g viec bo'tri
Trang 6cac miing cham khac d dinh lang Viet
N a m Cac m a n g c h a m t r a n g tri t r e n cdn,
vi keo, xa, cot vfla l a m dep cho ngdi dinh
dong thdi giam bdt sfl ddn dieu n a n g ne
trong cau t r u e P h a i c h a n g day la sii
tUdng ddng trong n g h e t h u a t ?
Ve each thflc t r a n g tri cd diem khac
biet gifla cac gia dinh lam m a d cac hinh
Chua Sdn T r a n g va nhflng ngfldi h a u can,
hoa van hoa tiet t r a n g trf deu sfl d u n g loai
giay t r a n g kim m a u s a n g t r a n g , tUdng
trUng cho dd t r a n g sfle bac ma ngfldi dan
tgc hay deo Ddi cho lai dflde diem xuyet
nhflng dudng hoa tiet m a u vang
Ong Lot t a m d a u lai dUdc gian bdng
giay trdng Hg cdt tia h i n h vay r a n , hoac
vay ca t h a n h nhieu Ic'ip rdi gian chdng len
n h a u P h a n ngUc cua dng Ld't thi dUdc
t r a n g trf khac di, cd gia dinh t r a n g tri
bang nhieu h i n h cdt giay nhfl h i n h long
vu, lai cd ndi cdt nhfl h i n h t u a r u a , nen r a t
khd xac dinh dd la h i n h gi Phfa trfldc
ngUc dng Ld't t a m dau cd b a cai yem che di
p h a n cd, p h a n yem nay cd le dflde t r a n g tri
cdng phu n h a t vdi cac h i n h hoa tiet khac
nhau va nhieu mau sac khac n h a u P h a n
dau la ba hinh m a t ngfldi diidc td ve va
diem nhdn, dau doi mu cau hoac k h a n xep
dflde cham trd hoa van cat b a n g giay bac
thiec O day cd mot chi tiet tfldng ddi thfl
vi, neu ngfldi trinh ddng la n a m thi m a t
ngfldi phai dgi k h a n xep cdn neu la ngUdi
nfl thi m a t ngfldi lai ddi m u cau va cd deo
hoa tai Qua t r a o ddi vdi dng ddng chung
tdi dflcJc biet trong dao Mau cd cau "cai
nam vi nfl, cai nfl vi nam", luc bien t h a n h
nfl, luc li.ii hien t r a i , day la cai "hinh
tfldng" cua MAu, sU "the hien" cua Mau,
cho nen Lot t a m dau cflu vT cd the la nam, cflng cd the la nfl d day, van de gidi tfnh khdng cdn q u a n trgng trong h i n h tfldng ve Thoai p h u la Lot t a m dau nfla m a chi bieu hien cai t h a n t h a n h , bien hoa quyen nang cua t h a n chii m a thdi
O ma t h u y e n rdng, tfl p h a n dau rdng trd xud'ng (phan t h a n rdng) dflde t r a n g trf theo nhieu each khac n h a u , cflng nhfl each d u n g m a u sac khac n h a u Cd ndi ngfldi t a t r a n g trf n h u vay ca hoac viiy rdn, keo dai tdi t a n p h a n dudi bang giay
t r a n g kim m a u bac, chd khac lai dUdc cat dan b d n g nhflng day hoa nhieu mau, t a p
t r u n g t r a n g tri tai hai ben m a n thuyen va tfl p h a n cd rdng tdi p h a n dudi rdng
P h a n gifla t h u y e n la toa long lau Cd cdm t r e n mai cd hai loai dd la cd thdn va
cd lenh, cd t h a n hinh may hoac hinh thoi, cdn cd lenh la cd cheo, h i n h t a m giac Theo ldi cd bd'n cd lenh quay vc bd'n hfldng, vdi bd'n m a u khac n h a u bieu hien cac h a n h : Mgc - Xanh, T h u y - Trdng, Hod - Dd, Thd
- Vang, n h u n g bay gid thi bdn cd lenh deu mau trdng P h i a trfldc va sau toa long lau
cd hai long v a n g de che cho Mdu khi di du ngoan Chi tiet nay khdng n h a t thiet cd
t r e n t h u y e n rdng, day la p h a n t r a n g tri
t h e m cua tflng gia dinh khi lam dd ma Nhflng theo c h u n g tdi khi t h e m hai chiec long vang, t h u y e n rdng trdng sang trgng hdn va nd m a n g t h e m bieu trflng cho quyen Iflc (mau v a n g chi d u n g cho cac bac vua chfla)
P h a n phfa dudi thuyen (day thuyen) dflcic t r a n g t r i bdng nhflng t u a dai cdt tfl giay trdng de che p h a n de thuyen (phan
Trang 770 Nghien cdu Dong Nam A 7/2009
gia ehd'ng xud'ng da't de dd thuyen) Cac tua nhdm tdn them ve dep, ddng thdi td dam giay dUdc dflng nhieu trong phan trang tri them tfnh cha't Iinh thieng cua dng voi cua thuyen rdng, manh che toa long lau, dang ve Tfl phu
cac tua Igng tren thuyen Neu binh thudng Co voi dUdc trang tri them mdt hinh nhin chflng ta se khdng tha'y dUde sfl dac day boa deo qua chudng vdi ngu y khi cac sdc cua nd, nhUng khi cd gid, cac tua nay than linh ddn voi di den dau mgi ngu'di dung dua dem lai cam giac that hdn ve sii jgu biet va chuan hi ddn tiep Phdn yem chuyen ddng ciia thuyen tren mat nUdc Tfl phia trfldc hdi cong dUde vien mgt dudng nhflng yeu tdddn gian dem lai nhflng hieu trang tri xung quanh, d gifla yem la mdt qua khdng ngd ve tao hinh cung nhu cam ^ ^ n g trang tri chiem phan Idn dien tfch giac that ve sU vat da chflng td tai nang Mang hinh nay chu yeu la cac hoa tiet
trong viec ket hdp cflng nhu xd ly cac yeu hoa, la hoac cac hinh ky ha, phan dUdi
td tao hinh ciia dng cha ta trong viec che ydm la cac tua dai, nhd dUde gdn them tao dd ma ndi rieng cflng nhfl trong cac loai vao Khdng gid'ng nhfl d ma ngfla cac hinh hinh nghe thuat ndi chung hoii tiet d yem trfldc thfldng la hinh hd Trong ma voi, phdn trang trf chu yeu phu, hinh rdng chau hoac hinh phUdng, dUcic tap trung vao ddu voi, phan yem thi d ma voi chung tdi chi tha'y cac boa tiet trfldc ngiic va phdn yem xung quanh Dau hoa van, hi each dieu Theo ngfldi lam ma voi cflng nhu ngiia cd hinh trang trf bdng thi khdng ai biet hoa van theo ldi cd va ldi hoa phfl dung bieu hien day la loai voi quy mdi cd gi khac nhau va tai sao lai cd sfl
de dang len Tfl phu Tfl phia trfldc vdi cho khac biet nhfl vay
den phan nga voi la mgt mang trang trf Phdn yem d hai ben cflng dudc trang trf ldn, chu yeu la cac hinh hoa van nhieu cau ky nhung cflng vdi tinh than la cac mau sdc dUdc cdt trd tinh xao Neu nhin hoii tiet hoa la, cac hinh trang trf nay phfa chfnh dien thi nhflng hinh trang trf dflde bd'trf theo cac hinh vudng, hinh chfl nay mang tfnh anh hiidng tfl each trang nhat hoac theo cac hinh vdng trdn Phan tri cho voi ciia tdn giao an Do Phan vdi yem chiem phan ldn trong tdng the ma vgi sit dung gia'y trang kim va vd nhan voi, vi vay each sdp xep hoa tiet hoa van giay de dien ta da cua voi nhii that Hoac cd nhieu each hdn d phan trUdc Khac vdi vdn dflng giay vang va cat them hinh ma ngfla, tren Iflng voi cd them ngfldi trang tri bieu hien cho cac ngan d vdi voi quan tUdng, Igng vang va cd bd'n cd lenh Viec trang trf nay tuy thudc vao ngUdi lam Theo ldi lam ma cd thi ngUdi quan titctng
ma, mdi ngUdi cd each xd ly khac nhau phai cam trUcJng day voi vdi the ngdi chan Hai chiec nga dflde gian giay trang hoac giang sang hai ben Them nfla ngfldi quan mau bac hudng ve phia trUdc, cd ndi lai tUcing dau ddi mfl tru chfl khdng ddi mu lam hai nga cheo vao nhau bieu hien day cau hoac khau xep trd hoa, mat ngfldi
la loai voi dfl, mdi ben chan nga cua voi quan tUdng cflng cd quy dinh rieng khi ve dUdc dinh tbiun mgt bdng hoa trang trf trang trf: phai cd rau quai ndn, long may
Trang 8hoa mac va mac ao x a n h hoac tfm luc (day
la nhflng chi tiet lam theo ldi cd ma chflng
tdi ghi chep t r o n g q u a t r i n h k h a o s a t cac
dd ma) T h u c r a hien nay ma h i n h voi, dac
biet la nhflng chi tiet lam theo loi cd dUdc
thay ddi nhieu va p h u thuoc vao each che
tao ma: neu ngUdi ddng t h a y biet phep thi
ngfldi lam m a se lam theo kieu biet phep
va ngUdi ddng t h d y k h d n g biet p h e p thi se
lam theo kieu khdng biet phep Ndi nhU
vay, nhiing thflc ra ngfldi ddng t h a y chi cd
yeu cau c h u n g ve kfch thfldc va so' hidng,
chfl cdn ve cac chi tiet cflng nhfl p h a n
t r a n g trf thi tuy thugc vao ngUdi lam ma
Cung gid'ng nhU ma voi, viec t r a n g trf
chu yeu cua ma ngUa la d p h a n yem va
p h a n yen Hoa van t r a n g trf d p h a n yem
ngfla cd mgt so mdtfp chfnh nhfl hinh
rdng chau m a t nguyet, hd phfl, phUdng,
hinh hoa va dai hoa van difdc cat trd cdng
phu chay sud't p h a n yem Man sac va
each t r a n g trf cua cac hoa van tren toan
bg phan yem ngUa tuy thugc vao y thflc
tflng ngudi lam ma chit khdng cd biit ky
quy djnh nao Muc dich ciia cac hinh
t r a n g trf ket hdp vdi m a u sac d day n h a m
lam dep hdn cung nhfl s a n g trgng hdn cho
dng ngfla
Yen ngfla dflde t r a n g trf each dieu hinh
chim phfldng vdi muc dich n h a n m a n h
day la ngfla d a n g cac vi t h a n nen phai
khac vdi ngfla binh t h u d n g hoac ngfla di
danh t r a n Dau ngUa cung dUcic tao hinh
va t r a n g trf khii cdng phu M a t ngiia md
to Id mui to, h a m r a n g n h e ra gay cam
giac m a n h me Tfl p h a n d a u ngfla xud'ng
cd thon diii bieu hien con ngfla dep ma Cd
the niii, nghe t h u a t tao h i n h d a n gian chi
chfl trgng yeu td t h u a n m a t chfl khdng can t h a t gid'ng, nhflng nhin vc t h a n thai ngfla ma cdn hdn ca ngfla t h a t dudi ban tay tai t i n h cua ngfldi lam ma Bang viec sfl d u n g n h u a n n h u y e n cac yeu to tao hinh, each p h a n bd cac hoa tiet kheo leo
hg da tao nen mdt san p h a m dep ca ve ndi dung lan h i n h thflc de bay td sfl tdn kinh vdi cac d a n g t h a n linh
Do ma Tfl p h u cd nhieu loai khac nhau nhflng khi p h a n tich ve gia tri nghe t h u a t chflng tdi chi chgn ma Sdn t r a n g Lot tam dau cflu vT va bd long tu, titdng, ma vi cac loai ma nay deu xua't hien trong t a t ca cac dan le ciia Tfl p h u cflng nhfl chfla dflng nhieu tfnh nghe t h u a t dac trUng Cd the ndi, dd ma Tfl phu, le vat tdn kinh dang len cac vi t h a n , khdng ddn t h u a n la nhflng thfl do b a n g giay de hda sau mdi dan le,
ma nd cdn chfla dUng the gidi quan tam linh cua ngUdi Viet Hdn the nfla chung thuc sU la nhflng tac p h a m nghe t h u a t dan gian Viet Nam./
TAI L I E U THAM KHAO:
1 Tran Lam Bien (2003), Do thd trong di
tich cua ngUdi Viet, Nxb Van hoa thong
tin Ha Ngi
2 Nguyin Thai Lai (2002), Lang tranh Dong
Ho, Nxb My thuat Ha Ngi
3 Hoang Lan (2002), "Dd ma trong tin
ngifdng dan gian Viet", Dien ddn Vdn
nghe Viet Nam, (3), tr.39-41
4 Ngo Dfle Thinh (Chu bien) (1996), Dao
Mdu d Viet Nam, 2 tap, Nxb Van hoa
thong tin, Ha Ngi (24a: tap 1, 24b: tap 2)