Muc tieu ban ddu cia phong trdo Ddng du Viet Nam Id cau vien vd quan sy, nhung ngay ca ddn khi dua thanh nien sang du hge thi y tudng hoc thien ve quan sy vdn la tu tudng chi dao tro[r]
Trang 1DONG DU TRUNG QUOC VA VIET NAM THOTI CAN DAI
N G U Y I N VAN VUDNG*
Cd the thay rdng, trudc sde dp c i a
phuong Tay thdi can dai, hdu het cdc
qudc gia chau a ddu thi hdnh chinh sdch
ddng cua, ddng thdi tien hanh cac cudc cdi
cdeh, nhdm canh tan dat nudc nhung ddu that
bai, tieu bieu Id Trung Qud'c vd Viet Nam
Khi sic manh dan tgc khdng du de ciu nudc,
gidi tri thdc thdc thdi nhan ra rdng mudn ciu
nude thi phdi dung mdt he tu tudng mdi
Trong khi dd, Nhat Bdn duy tan cdi cdch
thanh cdng, trd thdnh tam guang cho cdc
qud'c gia Chau A hge tap Mdt ddng di cu rat
ldn hudng tdi qud'c gia trd trung Nhat Ban
mong mud'n hge tap vdi udc vgng "Phi qud'c
cudng binh", tieu bidu la hai nudc Trung
Qud'c vd Viet Nam md lich s i ggi Id phong
trdo Ddng du Trong xu the hdi nhap, md cia
dang dugc dat len hang ddu eho mdi qud'c
gia, nghien ciu phong trao Ddng du Trung
Qudc va Viet Nam thdi can dai se mang lai
nhieu y nghia thidt thyc
I Vai net ve phong trao ddng du
1 Phong trdo Dong du Trung Qudc
Nam 1840 nd ra cudc chien tranh thud'c
phien gida Trung Qud'c vdi lien quan cac
nudc Chau Au do Anh ddng ddu Den ngdy
29/8/1842 "Hiep udc Nam Kinh" dugc ky
ket Cdc nudc dd qud'c budc Trung Qudc md
5 cdng khau td Qudng Chau den Thugng
Hai(l) Trung Qud'c sau nam 1842 vdi hiep
udc Nam Kinh phai chap nhan md cia, hay
ndi cdch khdc la bi "budc cd keo di" Vdi thai do cam chiu, bi ddng, bao thi khdng nhan thdc het minh, den ngay ca khat vgng cia giai cap phong kidn cd nhan thic "Su Duang Di trudng ky dT chd Di"(2) cung khdng lam dugc
Cudc dg sic gida Nhat Bdn vdi Trung Qud'c Man Thanh trong chien tranh Gidp Ngg (1894 - 1895), Nhat Bdn vdi chien thdng dd da lam cho ngudi Trung Qud'c kham phuc Vdi sde cud'n hut c i a Nhat Ban bdng khau hieu "Hge phuang Tay, dudi kip phuang Tay, vugt phuang Tay"(3), ngudi Trung Qud'c da d at sang Nhat Ban du hge de mong mud'n ty cudng dan tdc, noi guang Nhat Ban
Phong trdo Ddng du Trung Qudc thdi can dai kdo ddi td nam 1896 - 1911, sd lugng ngudi Trung Qud'c yeu nudc sang Nhat Ban
du hoc la rat ddng, trong dd luu hoc sinh Ddng du chiem sd lugng ddng nhdt Tinh rieng td nam 1896 - 1911 da cd tdi hdng van ngudi Trung Qud'c sang Nhat Ban(4) Phong trdo didn ra vdi ndi dung da dang, phong phd
Ddng du Trung Qud'c la phong trao yeu nudc thdi can dai Tdc ddng den budc phdt tridn c i a phong trao yeu nudc, cudi the ky
Nghien ciiu vien, Vien Nghien cilu Trung Qu6c
'" Cung Tliir Dac, Phuong Du Ham (1993), Trung Quae
can dgi sucuaiig, Nxb Dai hpc Bic Kinh, tr.25
'^' Dang Tieu Binh (1984), Xay dinig chu nglua xd hgi ddc sac Trung Quoc, Nxb Nhdn ddn, tr.54,67
'" VTnh Sinh(1990), Nhdt Bdn can dm, Nxb Van hoa tung
thu, tr 109
'•*' Nguyin Van H6ng (2006), "Dong du Trung Quoc
-Viet Nam" mot hien tuong lich sil khu vuc thcfi can <$ai Tap chi Nghien ciJu Trung Quoc (sd 1), tr 41
Trang 2XIX - đu the ky XX Cing cd tinh thdn ai
qud'c, dáu tranh ehd'ng đ qud'c - phong kien,
tao nen nhidu phong trdo van đng chinh tri,
xa hdi, van hda sdi ndi khdp dát nudc Trung
HoạViec dua thanh nien sang Nhat Ban de
hge tap Id nen tdng đ duy tan, đi mdi dát
nudc, tao didu kien cho Trung Qud'c nhanh
chdng tidp can vdi khoa hge ky thuat phuang
Tay vd trao lim cia thdi daị Thdng qua
phong trdo Ddng du, ndn kinh te Tu bdn chi
nghTa mdt phan dugc du nhap vdo Trung
Qudc, kich thich cho sy phdt trien chu nghTa
Tu bdn d Trung Qudc Phong trdo Ddng du
Trung Qud'c cdm mdc cho thdi ky Trung
Qudc md rdng hoat đng ra ben ngodi, la
thdi ky van đng cdch mang d hdi ngoai, la
mdt trong nhdng nguyen nhan true tiep đn
den cugc each mang Tan Hgi nam 1911
Trung Qud'c cd md'i giao luu, quan he mat
thiet vdi cdc nudc Chau A nhu an Do,
Philippin, Viet Nam, Tridu Tien Ddng
thdi, Ddng du Trung Qudc la mdt "hien
tugng lich s i dao chidu trong quan he giao
luu van hoa Trung - Nhat thdi can dai"(5)
2 Phong trao Ddng du Viet Nam
Cung nhu phong trdo Ddng du Trung
Qud'c(6), phong trdo Ddng du Viet Nam cho
tdi nay cung cd nhidu quan diem khde nhau
tranh luan vd thdi gian bdt đu va kdt thuc
Cd quan diem cho rdng, phong trdo Ddng du
thdi gian dugc tính tu thdng 2/1905 khi Phan
Bdi Chau, Tang Bat Hd, Dang Tu Kinh len
dudng sang Nhat(7) Mdt sd y kidn nhan
dinh phong trdo Ddng du Viet Nam chi dugc
bdt dau khi Phan Bdi Chau dua Idp thanh
'^'Nguyen Van Hong (2006), "Dong du Trung Qudc - Viet
Nam" mot hien tuong lich sir khu vuc thdi can daị Tap chi
Nghien ciiu Trung Qudc (sd 1), tr 39
"" Xem them Nguyen Van Virgng (2008), Cdc ngd dudng
cua phong trdo Dong du Trung Quoc thdi can dgị Tap chi
nghien cuu Trung qudc, (sd5), tr 71 - 80
'" Dinh Xuan Lam (chij bien) (2003), Dgi cuang lich sir
Viei Nam, 12, Nxb Giao due, tr 137
nien Viet Nam đu tien sang Nhat hge vao khodng thdng 6/1905 Cd nhd nghien cdu lai chia phong trdo Ddng du 1dm hai giai doan la
"Ddng du cdu vien quan sy" va "Ddng du eau hge"(8)
Vd thdi diem kdt thic phong trdo Ddng du Viet Nam, xuát hien hai quan diem khac nhau: Quan diem cho rdng: phong trdo Ddng
du Viet Nam ket thic vdo thdng 10 - 1908 khi Phan Bdi Chau bi true xuát khdi Nhat Ban do chinh phi Nhat bdt tay vdi Phdp, ky hiep udc vao nam 1907(9) Cdn theo Shiraishi Masaya vdi nhdng tai lieu tuong đ'i phong phd va da dang bdng tieng Viet, tieng Trung, tieng Phdp, tidng Nhat, dng da chi ra rdng, phong trdo Ddng du Viet Nam kdt thuc vao nam 1909, đnh đu bdng viec
"Bd Ndi Vu vd Sd canh sdt bdt đu theo đi cac sinh vien Viet Nam tai Tokyo la dau nam
1909, chd khdng phdi Id mua thu 1908"(10) Theo quan diem cia ching tdi, ching tdi đng y vdi y kidn lay mdc thdng 2/1905 la thdi diem bdt dau cua phong trao Ddng du Viet Nam Cdn vd thdi diem ket thuc cua phong trdo, ching tdi nghieng vd y kidn la nam 1909, bdi vi day la mdc dugc nhidu ngudi chap nhan, cung Id mdt quan diem mdi, hon nda ehung tdi tin tudng vdo nhung nghien cdu cia Shiraishi vdi nhdng ngudn tai lieu phong phu d nude ngoaị
Phong trdo Ddng du Viet Nam didn ra td nam 1905 - 1909 da ldi keo dugc khoang
200 luu hge sinh Viet Nam sang Nhat, trong
đ hge sinh Nam ky han 100, hge sinh Trung
<" Chuang Thau (2005), Phan Bgi Chdu vd su lira chon con dudng Dong du, trich "Viet Nam - 100 nam phong
trao Ddng du va hop tac Viet - Nhat d^ bao tdn va phat trien di san van hoa Huế, Hue, tr 34
'" Dinh Xuan Lam (chCi bien) (2003) Dgi cuang lich sir Viet Nam, t2, Sđ, tr 146
'"" Shiraishi Masaya (2000), Phong trdo đn lgc Viet Nam
vd quan he ciia no vdi Nhdt Bdn vd Chdu Ạ Tu tudng cua Phan Bgi Chdn ve cdch mang vd the giai, 11, Nxb Chinh
tri qudc giạ Ha Npi, tr 44
Trang 3ky udc 50, hge sinh Bde ky udc 40
ngudi(ll)
Phong trdo Ddng du Viet Nam thuc chat
la phong trao yeu nudc, phong trao chinh trj,
mdt hien tugng lieh su mong mud'n bdt nhjp
theo tridn sdng cia thdi dai, the hien mdt
nhan thdc dung quy luat lich su Phong trao
Ddng du la mdt trudng hoc dao tao vd rdn
luyen cdc mang cho thanh nien Viet Nam d
Nhat Ban ddu the ky XX Rieng Phan Bgi
Chau, ngudi true tiep lanh dao va td chdc
phong trdo dugc tdn la "nhd cdch mang cd tu
tudng canh tan ldn nhdt cia Viet Nam ddu
the ky XX"(12) Vdi nhdng hoat ddng c i a cu
va phong trdo Ddng du, da de lai nhidu bdi
hge kinh nghiem cho phong trdo cdch mang
Viet Nam nhdng nam tidp theo
II Mot sd diem tuong dong va d| biet co
ban cua phong trao Ddng du Trung Qudc
va Viet Nam
1 Mot sd diem tuang dong
l.I Ve then diem lich sit
Phong trdo Ddng du Trung Qud'c va Viet
Nam didn ra vdo cud'i the ky XIX - dau the
ky XX, khi hau het cdc cudc da'u tranh cua
cd hai dan tdc deu that bai
d Trung Qud'c, sau khi cdc nudc tu ban md
cda vdo nam 1840 bdng cudc chidn tranh
Nha phien thi phong trao dau tranh yeu nudc
cdng bdt dau Phong trdo Thai Binh Thien
Qudc that bai, ddnh da'u sy that bai cia
phong trao ciu nudc theo dudng ldi cia giai
cap ndng dan, phong trdo Duong Vu that bai
ddnh da'u sy that bai cia con dudng ciu nudc
theo tu tudng phong kien, chinh bien Mau
" " Phan Bdi Chau, Todn tap (2000), 16, Nien Bidu, Nxb
Thuan Hda Trung tam van hoa ngdn ngu Ddng Tay, Ha
Noi, tr 146
" " Chuang Thau (2005), Phan Bgi Chdu vd sit lua chgn
can dudng Dong du, trich "Viet Nam - 100 nam phong
trao Ddng du va hgp tac Viet - Nhat a bao tdn va phat trien
di san van hda Hue"", Hue', tr 38
Tua't edng bi ddn dp Cac nudc de qud'c am mim chia cdt Trung Qudc, nguy ca Trung Qud'c trd thanh mdt nudc phu thudc
d Viet Nam, sau hiep udc 1862, 1874,
1883, 1884, Viet Nam dan ddn trd thanh mgt nudc thudc dia Phong trdo dau tranh cua nhan dan Viet Nam cdng Ian lugt that bai vay la, cud'i thd ky XIX - ddu thd ky XX
ca Viet Nam vd Trung Qud'c ddu dat ra cau hdi ljch s i la phdi cd mgt dudng ldi cdu nudc mdi, tu tudng mdi Phong trao Ddng du didn
ra khi nguy ca dan tdc dang ddn gdn ma nhdng ngudi yeu nudc da sdm nhan ra Phong trdo Ddng du Trung Qud'c, Viet Nam nhu mdt hien tugng ljch s i xa hdi vao cud'i the ky XIX - dau the ky XX, phdn dnh nhu can can dai hod cua cdc qud'c gia Chau A, cung la eau tra ldi c i a ljch s i khi phong trdo each mang trong nudc be tdc
1.2 Phong trdo Ddng du Tritng Qudc, Viet Nam deu chgn diem de'n Id Nhdt Bdn
Cdc nhd chinh khdch c i a ca hai nudc da deu tim den Nhat Ban dd cau vien trg, cdu hge, va mdt thdi, hg da gap nhau tai Tokyo, tao nen mdt cdng ddng nhdng ngudi "ddng benh" d Chau A Tai day, quan he each mang gida Viet Nam, Trung Qud'c vd cdc nudc chau d trd nen gdn bd, thdm tinh hdu nghj
Cdng cudc Duy Tan Nhat Ban da hap ddn nhdng nhan vat tri thdc cd uy tin, cac nhd edi each, tang Idp thanh nien ma cdn cd sic hut ldi kdo cd thanh phan rat ddng dao nhdng ngudi lam kinh td den Nhat de hge, de kinh doanh qudn ly Trong "nhat ky Ddng du", dugc true tiep chdng kien da't nudc Nhat Ban Duy Tan, Hoang Khdnh Trdng vdi tu cdch la mdt nha kinh td da cd nhan xet: "Nhat Ban sau Duy Tan da thyc hien hien dai hda Hge theo phuang Tay: Cai che Tan chinh, cd quyet tam, cd nhiet huyet chay bdng Phai cd tinh than quyet tarn di tdi mdi Duy Tan thanh
Trang 4cdng Ndu bdo thi do du nha't djnh bj that
bai"(13)
Theo Phan Bdi Chau, Trung Qud'c la
"nudc gia nua, hg cdu minh khdng xong, sde
dau ma ciru thien ha, chi cd Nhat Ban la
gidng da vdng, lai Id nudc tien tien"(14), va
dng khdng djnh sang Nhat Bdn la hon cd
Trong Id thu gii cho chinh khdch Nhat Ban
la Ba tudc 6 Kuma Shigenobu thdng 6
-1905, Phan Bgi Chau da coi Nhat Bdn Id mdt
cudng qud'c Idn tren the gidi "Chau a la mdt
chau luc ldn nha't trong nam chau, de qud'c
Nhat Ban la ngudi ddng dau d chau d", dac
biet dng rat tin tudng d Nhat vi mdt nudc
ddng chung, ddng van Chinh vi vay dng tin
tudng "Nhat Ban khdng the thd o ngdi nhin
cac nudc Ddng A nhu Mien Dien, Viet Nam
bj Phap tuy y xam dat dugc"(15) Theo
chung tdi thi Phan Bdi Chau da biet dugc
tuong lai eua Nhat Bdn se trd thdnh mdt nudc
ba chi Chau d vd y dd bdnh trudng cia Nhat
Ban trudc khi sang Nhat Ban Muc dich cia
Phan Bdi Chau Id "Nhat Ban se bd chi Chau
a", vay thi hg giup ta dd trudc bdt khi luc cua
Chau Au cung cd lgi cho hg vay"(16)
Ban ddu, phong trdo cdch mang Viet Nam
it cd quan he vdi cdc ben ngoai Mdi quan he
chinh thic khi cd Viet Nam va Trung Qud'c
gap nhau tren da't Nhat Bdn Ngay tren mdnh
da't nay, Phan Bdi Chau va cdc ddng chi cia
dng da cd md'i quan he giao luu vdi Luang
Khai Sieu, Tdn Trung Son Chinh Phan Bdi
Chau cung da thda nhan rdng "tdi vi an d vdi
ngudi Trung Qud'c da qud lau ngdy, nen
""Hoang Khanh Trijng, Dong du Nhdt ky, Theo Vuong
Hie'u Thu (1987), Can dai Trung - Nhat khoi thi luc, BJc
Kinh, tr 237-238
"*Tai lieu luu trO tai Vien Sir lieu ngoai giao, Bd ngoai
giao Nhat Ban, dan theo NguySn Trpng Van, Nhdt Bdn
trong nhgn ihi'rc ciia Phan Bgi Chdu trich Viet Nam - 100
nam phong trao Ddng du Sdd, tr 40
"" Phan Bdi Chau, Todn tdp (2000), t6, Sdd, tr 28
'"" Phan Bdi Chau Todn lap (2000), t6, Sdd, tr 116
khidn cho tdi tudng tdi cung ngam ngam xoay vd dan chu"(17) Cdng ngay tren da't Nhat, Phan Bdi Chau da trd thdnh mgt trong nhdng thdnh vien sang lap vd tham gia hoat ddng tich cue d hai td chdc "Ddng d Ddng Van Hdi" va "Dien - Que - Viet lien minh"
1.3 Phong trdo Dong du Trung Qudc, Viet Nam thitc chd't deu Id phong trdo yen nttdc, nhdng bd phan lanh dao va tham gia
phong trdo ndy deu Id nhdng ngudi tri thdc, tien tien cia xa hdi, da lanh dao mdt bd phan ddng ddo thanh nien trong xa hdi tham gia hudng dng Nhdng ngudi tri thdc Viet Nam, Trung Qud'c ddu nhan tha'y rdng, mud'n ddnh dugc tu bdn thi phdi hge tap phuong Tay Viet Nam vd'n cd truydn thd'ng ehd'ng ngoai xam, Viet Nam ludn hge ke thd de chdng lai
kd thu Dd'i vdi ngudi Trung Qud'c, hg cdng nhan tha'y sy thua kem cia minh Theo hg thi khdng cd luc lugng ndo quan trgng hgn la Idp thanh nien Day la ddng lyc chinh cua xa hdi cdn phai ren luyen vd xay ddp
2 Mgt sd diem d| biet
2.1 Phong trdo Dong du Trung Qudc, Viet Nam khdc nhau ve tinh cdng khai hay mat bi mat cua titng nifdc Dieu ndy dnh hifdng rdt Idn de'n ket qua cita phong trdo Dong du hai nttdc
Ddi vdi phong trdo Ddng du Trung Qud'c,, vdo thdi diem luc bay gid, ngudi Trung Qud'c dugc ty do di ra nudc ngoai, thanh nien di du hge rat thuan tien Ngodi ra, chinh quydn nhd Thanh da tdi trg cho rat nhidu thanh nien di
du hge, vi vay phong trdo Ddng du phat trien manh me va lau ddi Chinh phi hai nudc Nhat - Trung cdng da ky hiep udc vd van dd nay, hge sinh Trung Qud'c dugc hd trg, ing
hd hiet tinh td phia Nhat Ban Phong trao Ddng du Trung Qud'c nhan dugc su giup dd
" Phan Bdi Chau, Todn tap (2000), t6, Sdd tr 169
Trang 5cua Nhat Bdn tren cuang vj qud'c gia, nha
nudc
Phong trao Ddng du Viet Nam tien hanh
trong hodn cdnh bi mat, ngudn tai chinh rdt
khd khan Nhieu hge sinh Viet Nam da phdi
cdi trang dd duge vdo hge Mat khdc cdng
can thdy rdng, su giip dd td phia Nhat Bdn
dd'i vdi Viet Nam chi ydu dua tren cuang vj
cd nhan Vi vay khi thyc dan Phdp biet dugc
va cdu kdt vdi Nhat Ban thi phong trao nhanh
chdng that bai: Phap ddng y cho Nhat Bdn
vdo budn bdn d Viet Nam, cdn Nhat thi cam
doan khdng cho cdc nha yeu nudc Viet Nam
tri ngu va hoat ddng tren da't Nhat(18)
2.2 Phong trdo Ddng du Trung Qudc, ve
thdi gian, qui mo vd sd lutyng, tinh chd't da
dgng phong phit han Viet Nam ra't nhieu
Phong trao Ddng du Viet Nam mudn hgn
phong trao Ddng du Trung Qud'c, thdi gian
lai ngdn han
Vd ndi dung, phong trdo Ddng du Trung
Qud'c didn ra d hdu hdt cdc mat cia ddi sd'ng
xa hdi nhu chinh tri, van hod, xa hdi, kinh te,
quan su cdn phong trao Ddng du Viet
Nam theo chung tdi, kd t i khi sang Nhat Ban
den khi vd nude thi Phan Bdi Chau vdn trung
thdnh vdi mdt muc dich ldn nha't la cau vien
vd quan su Muc tieu ban dau cia Ddng du
Viet Nam gdn gid'ng vdi phong trdo Duong
vu cua Trung Qud'c trudc dd Phong trao
Duong vu Trung Qud'c phi nhan ta't ca, md
chi chi trgng vd khoa hge - ky thuat - quan
sy cua phuong Tay Muc tieu ban ddu cia
phong trdo Ddng du Viet Nam Id cau vien vd
quan sy, nhung ngay ca ddn khi dua thanh
nien sang du hge thi y tudng hoc thien ve
quan sy vdn la tu tudng chi dao trong Phan
Bdi Chau: "Cdc nha hge dudng tu lap,
chuang trinh thi tuc khdng thd ndo bdng
trudng hge cdng, khdng cd khoa luyen tap
quan sy tic Id trdi vdi muc dich cdu hge cia bgnta"(19)
Nhiem vu trudc mdt c i a phong trao Ddng
du hai nudc cdng khdc nhau Trung Qud'c hge tap Nhat Ban dd duy tri da't nudc Viet Nam Ddng du la nhdm gianh quydn tu chu, ddc lap dan tdc
2.3 Stt khdc nhau ve ttt titdng giua Phan Bgi Chdu vd Litang Khdi Sieu
Cd thd thay rdng, Phan Bdi Chau da bi dnh hudng rat ldn bdi tu tudng each mang cua Luang Khdi Sieu va Tdn Trung San Tuy nhien Phan Bdi Chau vdn cd nhdng suy nghi ddc lap Su khac nhau vd tu tudng gida Phan Bdi Chau vd cdc nhd each mang Trung Qud'c
da dugc nhidu ngudi ban tdi, d day xin de cap den cdc cudc tiep x i c gida Phan Bgi Chau vdi Luang Khdi Sieu va Tdn Trung Son
de tha'y sy khdc nhau vd van dd doan kdt vd van de dan tdc
Cd Luong Khdi Sieu vd Tdn Trung Son trong cdc cudc tiep xuc vdi Phan deu cd y djnh khuyen Phan Bdi Chau nen lien ket vdi cdch mang Trung Qud'c trudc, sau khi each mang Trung Qud'c thdng lgi thi quay trd lai ing hd cho each mang Viet Nam Nhung Phan Bdi Chau kien quydt vi muc tieu dgc lap, chdng Phdp
Trong cudc tidp x i c vdi Phan Bdi Chau, Luang Khai Sieu da khuyen Phan Bdi Chau nen: "Ndm gai ndm ddng, chia gian thdi co, mdt mai nudc tdi manh hung, ta't phdi dd'i ngoai tuyen chidn ma tieng sing phdt ldn thi nha't, ta't nhien la dd'i vdi Phap, bdi vi quy qud'c lien tiep vdi nudc tdi"(20): Phan Bdi Chau tiep thu y kidn cua Luang Khai Sieu, nhung muc dich sang Nhat cia dng va cac ddng chi khdng phai la ndm chd dgi thdi co
ma phai hanh ddng de ty ciu minh Phan Bdi
"*' Phong trdo Dong du vd Phan Bgi Chdu (Ky yeu hdi
thao khoa hoc), (2005), Nxb Nghe An, tr 12
"'" Phan Bdi Chau, Todn tap (2000), t6, Sdd, tr 176 '-'" Phan Bdi Chau, Todn tap (2000), t6, Sdd, tr 35
Trang 6Chau da phai thd't len rdng: "ndm yen de 1dm
gi, dgi thdi co den thia nao"(21)
Trong cudc tiep xic gida Tdn Trung Son
va Phan Bdi Chau, Tdn Trung Son cdng
khuyen Phan Bdi Chau nen lay Ddng nhan
Viet Nam gia nhap Trung Qud'c each mang
dang Hd den ldc Trung Qud'c each mang
Ddng thanh cdng, thi dem toan luc keo ddt
het cac nudc bj dd hd d Chau A ddng thdi
dugc ddc lap, md budc thd nha't Id vien trg
cho Viet Nam Nhung Phan Bdi Chau lai cho
rdng: Ong thda nhan Dan chu cdng hod la
hoan my md chi y lai mud'n Trung Qud'c
each mang Ddng, trudc trg giup cho Viet
Nam, lie Viet Nam ddc lap rdi, thi xin lay
Bde Ky cho Dang each mang Trung Qud'c
Idm can e i dja, se tien thang vao Ludng
Quang ma lay Trung Nguyen Hai ngudi hen
nhau Idn sau gap mat, nhung cudc gap lan
thi hai cung khdng cd kdt qud
Ve van dd dan tdc gida Phan Bdi Chau vd
Luang Khdi Sieu edng cd diem khdc nhau
Khang Hdu Vi va Luang Khdi Sieu thi
khdng he ban den dan tdc Tdn chi cia cdc
dng la "Man Han bat phan, quan dan dai
ddng" Xua't phdt tu tu tudng dd, cae dng chu
truong bdo ve ching tdc, lien hiep cdc dan
tgc da vang chdng su xam luge cua ngudi da
trdng, dd'i ndi thi muu dd lien hiSp hai dan
tdc Man - Hdn Ai cdng biet che do Man
Thanh la ehe do thd'ng trj cia mdt dj tdc,
cung nhu nhd Kim, nhd Nguyen trudc kia
Mud'n thic tinh tinh thdn yeu nudc, tinh thdn
dan tdc, dang ly phai hd hao "bdi Man", la ke
da thdng trj Trung Qud'c tren ba the ky nay,
vd dang la trd ngai ldn tren eon dudng tidn
bd Quan dan ddng trj tic la chu truang quan
chu lap hien, tic la "bdo Man" - bdo ve sy
tdn tai cua Man Thanh
d Viet Nam khdc hdn, cdc tu tudng duy tan cua Trung Qud'c nhap vao Viet Nam thi lien chia mdt ndi dung cdch mang Dd'i tugng cia cudc ddu tranh la thuc dan Phap va Nam Tridu, luc lugng cdch mang la toan the nhan dan Phan Bdi Chau dua van de dan tdc len hdng ddu, xdc djnh dung ke thd cua dan tdc Id thuc dan Phdp, Ong chi truang la "tim mgi each gianh ddc lap ve tay nudc Nam"(22)
2.4 Ve cong tdc tuyen truyen, cd dgng cho phong trdo Dong du
Trong phong trao cd ddng thanh nien du hge, cdc nhd Duy tan Trung Qud'c thien vd ly thuyet, cd khi thien vd tu bien, di sau vdo nhdng van dd rat trdu tugng, nhu thuydt "Dai ddng" cua Khang Hdu Vi, thuyet "nhan hge" cia Dam Tu Ddng Hoac di sau vao cdc van
de rat eu the vd chinh trj hay kinh td: cdc loai hien phap, tidn te, qud'c trdi, ngoai qud'c ddu tu, d trong cdc bdi chi'ch luan cia Luang Khdi Sieu Khi mud'n khich ddng long yeu nudc va cd vu phong tao du hge, hg ndi nhdng dieu chung chung nhu: "Uu thdng liet bai", "canh tranh sinh ton" Khi mudn neu guang nhan vat yeu nudc, hg chgn nhdng nhan vat rat xa xdi nhu Gian da Pie dai de, Oasinton, Napoleong ma it chgn nhdng nhan vat Trung Qudc da tdng chdng xam lang, chdng dd qud'c Anh, Phdp, Nhat, Nga Neu cd chgn nhan vat Trung Qud'c thi hg chgn nhdng nhan vat tdng dem quan di xam luge nude ngoai nhu Truang Bd Vgng, Ban DTnh Vidn
Cdc nhd Ddng du Viet Nam it bdn vd ly luan, cdc cu thien ve chuyen trudc mdt Id keu ggi Idng yeu nudc chdng Phdp Nha'n manh ndi tii nhuc cua nhan dan trudc thdm hoa diet vong Tieu bieu la Viet Nam vong qudc
si, Viet Nam qud'c s i khdo, Khuyen qud'c
'-" Phan Bdi Chau, Todn tdp (2000), tl, Tu Ngil Sdd, tr
152
•-"' Phan Bdi Chau, Todn tap (2000), t6, Sdd, tr 35
Trang 7dan tu trg hge van, Ai Viet dieu didn, Hdi
ngoai Huydt le tdi thu, Luu cau huydt le tan
thu, Viet Nam nghia liet s i bdng nhdng ldi
le thd'ng thiet, hudng tdi qudn ching, dac
biet la the he tre
Trong viec chgn lya thanh nien, vdi phong
trao Ddng du Viet Nam, tieu chudn lya chgn
xudt duong khdng chi la "thdng minh, hieu
hge" ma cdn phdi "chju gian khd, quen khd
nhge, quyet gan bdn chi, khdng bao gid thay
ddi", "nhdn kho nai lao" hoac la "cim gia de
ti", nghia la eon em nhdng nhd bj Phdp sdt
hai Cdn thanh nien Trung Qud'c dugc c i di
hge Nhat Ban lai chi yeu la con nha giau,
hoae con em tang Idp quan lai dja chi
Tdm lai, Ddng du Trung Qud'c, Viet Nam
Id mdt phong trdo yeu nudc cudi thd ky XIX
- ddu thd ky XX Thuc chat cua phong trao
Ddng du Trung Qud'c vd Viet Nam Id khat
vgng chuyen minh hdi luu thdi dai Dudi sy
dnh hudng cia Nhat Ban va Trung Qudc,
xua't phdt td nhu cau ndi tai trong xa hdi,
phong trdo Ddng du Viet Nam tao nen mdt
cudc van ddng cdch mang ldn dau thd ky
XX Tuy that bai, nhung phong trao Ddng du
Viet Nam da trd thanh mdt tieng chudng
thdc tinh dan tdc trudc nguy co ngoai bang,
ddnh da'u mdc md rdng quan he gida each
mang Viet Nam vdi each mang the gidi
Thdng qua phong trdo Ddng du Trung Qud'c
vd Viet Nam, ta rut ra dugc mdt sd diem
tuong ddng vd dj biet cia phong trdo Ddng
du hai nudc Nhdng diem tuong ddng xudt
phdt td nhu cau ta't ydu c i a hoan cdnh ljch s i
Chau A thdi can dai Nhdng didm dj biet phu
thudc vao dieu kien ljch s i cu the c i a mdi
nudc Tuy cd su khdc biet, nhung ngay tren
manh dat Nhat Ban, md'i quan he thdm thidt,
nhudm ddm tinh cam hdu nghj gida hai nudc
Viet - Trung cung nhu Viet Nam - Nhat Ban
- Trung Qud'c vd Chau A
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1 Cung Thu Dac, Phuang Du Ham (1993),
Trung Qudc can dgi sif citang, Nxb Dai hoc Bde
Kinh
2 Dang Tieu Binh (1984), Xdy difng chit
nglua xd hgi dgc sac Trung Qudc, Nxb Nhan
dan
3 VTnh Sinh (1990), Nhdt Bdn can dgi, Nxb
Van hoa tung thu
4 Nguydn Van Hdng (2006), "Dong du
Trung Qudc - Viet Nam" mgt hien titgng lich sit khu vitc thdi can dgi Tap chi Nghien cdu Trung
Qudc (sd I)
6 Nguydn Van Vugng (2008), Cdc ngd
dtfdng ciia phong trdo Dong du Trung Qudc thdi can dgi Tap chi Nghien cim Trung qudc (s6'5)
7 Dinh Xuan Lam (chu bien) (2003), Dgi
cifang lich sitViet Nam, t2, Nxb Giao due
8 Chuang Thau (2005), Phan Bgi Chdu vd sit
hta chgn con dtfdng Dong du, trich "Viet Nam
700 ndm phong trdo Dong du vd hgp tdc Viet
-Nhgt de bdo tdn vd phdt trien di sdn vdn hoa Hue", Hue
10 Shiraishi Masaya (2000), Phong trdo ddn
tgc Viet Nam vd quan he ciia no vdi Nhgt Bdn
vd Chdu A Tu tifdng cita Phan Bgi Chdu ve cdch mgng vd the gidi, tl, Nxb Chinh tri qudc
gia, Ha Ngi
11 Phan Bgi Chau, Todn tap (2000), t6, Nien
Bieu, Nxb Thuan Hda Trung tam van hoa ngdn ngd Ddng Tay, Ha Ngi
13 Hoang Khanh Trimg, Dong du Nhgt ky,
Theo Vitang Hieu Thu (1987), Can dgi Trung -Nhdt khdi thi Itic, Bde Kinh
14 Tai lieu luu trd tai Vien Si lieu ngoai giao, Bg ngoai giao Nhat Ban, ddn theo Nguyfen Trgng Van, Nhat Ban trong nhan thdc cua Phan Bgi Chau, trich Viet Nam - 100 nam phong trao Ddng du , Sdd