chi tieu cua ngudi ddn ciing sut giam manh. Theo Ngan hang Trung uang chau Au ECB,.. khung hoang tdi chfnh da gdy ra thiet hai cho.[r]
Trang 1MOT SO DiCu CHINH CHINH SnCH Snu KHUNG HOnNG
cun U€N MINH cHnu nu
TS Nguyen An Ha
Vien Nghien ciiu ChduAu
H a i nam da trdi qua ke tir khi can bao
khung hodng tdi chfnh toan cdu thuc sir nd ra
tai My vdo ddu thdng 8 nam 2008, khi Qui
Tfn dung nha My, mdt trong nhirng td chuc
cho vay the chap kinh doanh bdt ddng sdn
ldn nhat nudc nay, nop dan xin phd sdn Can
bao khung hoang tai chfnh lan ndy cd cudng
do dir ddi ban, pham vi dnh hudng rdng hon,
thdi gian tac dgng lau ban nhieu lan so vdi
con bao khimg hodng tdi chfnh chdu A nam
1998 Con bao nay khdng chi tan pha dir ddi
d ngay tai tam bao Id My, md cdn tao ra
nhirng chdn ddng day chuyen ldm sup dd
hdng Ioat cdc ngdn hdng, qui tin dung, qui
ddu tu d vung phu can chdu Au rdi lan ra
todn cdu, ldm suy gidm thuang mai, dau tu,
gia tang ngheo ddi vd thdt nghiep tren todn
the gidi trong sudt thdi gian vua qua Mac dii
khiing hodng bat ngudn tir My, nhung dudng
nhu chdu Au chiu tac ddng nang ne hon ca
Nhu nhdn dinh cua Uy ban Chdu Au khung
hodng tdi chinh vira qua da gdy ra nhirng tdc
dpng ngng ne, da quet sgch nhung thdnh tuu
md EU dgt duac trong thgp ki vita qua, sdn
lugng cong nghiep ciia EU trd lgi mice ciia
nhimg ndm 1990, 23 trieu ngicdi hay 10%
ddn so dp tuoi lao dpng bi thdt nghiep Bdi
viet se tap trung phdn tfch nhirng tdc dong cua khiing hoang kinh te toan cau tdi Lien minh Chdu Au, nhiing dieu chinh ngan han cung nhu trung ban trong chien lugc cua EU nham thoat ra khdi cugc khimg hoang hien nay, khac phuc Miii'ng khiem khuyet, bdo dam phdt trien ben vQ'ng trong tuong lai
1 Mot so tac dong ciia khiing hoang kinh te toan cau toi EU trong 2 nam qua
Xuat khau, dau tu va tieu dimg la nhiing ddng luc chfnh thuc day kinh te EU tang trudng Khimg hodng tai chfnh ldm thuang mai todn cau suy giam, dnh hudng nghiem trgng tdi kim ngach xuat khau cua EU; Hdng Ioat ngan hang dd be va mat kha nang cung cap tin dung, gay dnh hudng khdng nhd den viec ddu tu cua cac doanh nghiep, vi cd tdi 3/4 tin dung ciia cac doanh nghiep d EU Id
do he thdng ngan hang dam bdo, ddng thdi chi tieu cua ngudi ddn ciing sut giam manh Theo Ngan hang Trung uang chau Au ECB, khung hoang tdi chfnh da gdy ra thiet hai cho khdi ngdn hang chau Au nhieu hon so vdi du
' EUROPE 2020 - A strategy for smart, sustainable
and inclusive growth, Uy ban Chau Au, 3/3/2010
Trang 2JiLdt iA itleu cl tilth eJtiith sae/t 13
dodn, khoang han 1.000 ty EUR tdi sdn,
tuong duang 1.400 ty USD, thudc loai "cd
van de", nhung mdi 50%) dugc kilm tra vd
xdc dinh la bi Id "Bao cdo dn dinh tdi chfnh"
cua ECB thang 12/2009 da nang du tfnh vl
khodn Id va su giam gid chiing khoan cua
cac ngdn hang thugc 16 nudc khu vuc ddng
tien chung Eurozone phai chiu do khung
hoang tir 65 ty EUR len 386 ty EUR
Hoat ddng xudt khdu suy gidm manh,
trao ddi thuang mai cua EU27 vdi tat ca cac
ddi tac chfnh trong nam 2009 deu giam
Trong nam 2009, xudt khau ciia EU giam
manh nhdt la sang Nga (-40%), tiep theo Id
vdi Thd NhT Ky (-27%), Brazil (-23%), Han
Qudc (-22%), va vdi Hoa Ky (-20%), xudt
khau cua EU sang Trung Qudc giam it nhat
(-1%)'
Ddy chfnh nhirng nguyen nhdn lam cho
kinh te EU suy thoai tram trgng, trong nam
2009 kinh tl EU tut gidm tdi 4% GDP Budc
sang nam 2010, Lien minh chau Au vdi 27
qudc gia ciing tang trudng kha khiem tdn vdi
miic 0,2% trong quy ddu nam 2010
Di lien vdi suy gidm kinh te, xudt khau
vd sdn xuat sut gidm, la that nghiep gia tang,
tac ddng tieu cue tdi ddi sdng xa hdi Budc
sang nam 2010, mac du da qua giai doan day
ciia khung hodng, bat dau budc vdo giai doan
hdi phuc, din thang 5/2010 ty le thdt nghiep
tai 27 nudc Lien minh Chau Au van d mire
jjgg^- • 2^urostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/lTY PUBLIC/
g i r >)09-RP/EN/6-l 8122009-BP-EN.PDF ngay
cao nhat trong thdp ky la 9,6% cdn trong khu vuc Eurozone Id 10%, trong dd Ao cd ty le thdt nghiep thap nhat Id 4%, Hd Lan 4,3%o, cao nhat Id tai Latvia vdi 20,0% vd Tdy Ban Nha 19,9%
Cung vdi suy gidm kinh te, thdt nghiep gia tang, viec dp dung cdc gdi giai cim nhu
ha lai sudt, cat giam thue, bam tien d at cho
he thdng ngan hdng tdi chinh da lam nay sinh van de tham hut ngdn saeh vd ng cdng gia tang d mdt Ioat cac qudc gia, vugt xa gidi ban cho phep cua Lien minh la thdm hut ngdn sdch khdng qua 3%) GDP, ng cdng khdng qua 60%) GDP Bat ddu tir nira cudi nam 2009, khiing hoang ng cdng ciia nhdm 5 nudc PIIGS (gdm Bd Ddo Nha, Ailen, Italy,
Hy Lap, va Tay Ban Nha) tai chau Au ddn xuat hien Trong cugc khung hodng tdi chinh, chfnh phu nam nudc mdt mat tirng budc manh tay chi tien de kfeh thfch tang trudng kinh te, mat khdc do kinh te suy giam, thu nhdp tir thue ciing gidm theo, kit qud Id tham hut tdi chfnh vd ng cdng cdng ngdy cdng ldn Mdt sd con sd ve ng cdng va tham hut ngan sdch ciia nhdm nudc nay nam 2009 la: Bd Ddo Nha ng cdng 76,6%) GDP, tham hut ngdn sdch 9,4% GDP; Ailen ng cdng 65% GDP, tham hut ngdn sdch 14,3% GDP; Italia
ng cdng 115,8% GDP, thdm hut ngan sach 5,3% GDP; Tdy Ban Nha ng cdng 55,2% GDP, thdm hut ngdn sdch 11,2% GDP: Dac biet la Hy Lap thdm hut ngan sach 13,5% GDP, ng cdng 115,1%, se tang 1% tai 149,1% nam 2013 Cac nin kinli tl d k tau ciia EU ciing d trong tinh trang ca;ig thdng:
Trang 314 NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°8 (119).2010
Due ng cdng 73,2%) GDP, thdm hut ngdn
sdch 3,1% GDP; Anh ng cdng 62% GDP,
thdm hut ngan sach 10,4%) GDP; Phdp ng
cdng 78,1% GDP, tham hut ngdn sach 7,5%
GDP
Trong nira ddu nam 2010, khiing hodng
ng chau Au da trd nen nghiem trgng ban,
gay bien ddng manh me cho cdc thi trudng
tdi chi'nh toan cau, lam mat ldng tin ciia gidi
dau tu, ddng euro chiu tac ddng nang ne, sut
gidm manh so vdi ddng USD Chi trong nira
dau thang 5/2010, ddng tien nay da gidm hon
7% so vdi ddng ddla My, vd gdn 14% trong
6 thdng ddu nam 2010, khien euro trd thanh
ddng tien ldn gidm gia nhieu nhat Ngdy
19/5, ddng euro gidm xudng muc thdp nhdt
trong 4 nam so vdi ddng USD, ty gid Id
1,2I44USD/EUR bdi nhirng lo Mng lien
quan den khung hodng ng chdu Au
Tdm lai, he thdng tdi chfnh cdng chiu
tdc ddng nang ne, vdi thdm hut ngdn sach
trung binh len tdi 7%o GDP vd ng cdng vugt
qua 80% GDP Hai nam khimg hoang da xda
bd nhirng thdnh tuu dat dugc cua 20 nam gan
ket tdi chfnh tien te, da quet sach nhiing
thdnh tuu ma EU dat dugc trong thdp ki vira
qua Tinh trang mong manh cua he thdng tdi
chinh EU dang ldm cho cdc doanh nghiep vd
ngudi tieu dimg gap nhieu khd khan trong
viec vay vdn, tieu dimg va ddu tu, ldm can
trd qua trinh hdi phuc kinh te Khiing hodng
ldm cho nhiem vu bao dam tang trudng trong
http://cafef.vn/20100522103813255CA32/dong-
euro-len-manh-khi-duc-chap-thuan-gop-184-ty-usd-n"an-khung-hoan".chn
tuong lai trd nen hit sue khd khan Theo du bdo do Uy ban Chdu Au (EC) dua ra ngdy 5/5, EU 27 se tang trudng kinh tl d muc 1%, khu vuc Eurozone tang 0,9%) trong nam
2010, nam 2011, EU 27 se tang trudng d miic 1,75%) trong khi khu vuc Eurozone se Id 1,5%
Mac du cd mire tang trudng duong, nhung se khdng dien ra ddng deu trong cdc nudc thdnh vien, va tinh hinh tdi chinh ciia
EU van chiu nhieu sue ep trong giai doan tdi Thdm hut ngdn sach nam 2010 ciia EU se tang d muc 7,25%) GDP vd se chi gidm nhe trong nam 2011 d miic 6,5%) Ty le ng cdng tang d mire 79,6%) tai khu vuc EU vd 84,7%
d khu vuc Eurozone trong nam nay va lan lugt d muc 83,8%) vd 88,5% trong nam tdi
2 Cac bien phap chong khung hoang ciia Lien minh Chau Au trong hai nam qua
Lien minh Chau Au va cac nudc thdnh vien da dp dung hang Ioat cdc bien phap chdng khimg hodng d tam khu vuc ciing nhu
d tirng qudc gia Mdt sd gidi phdp chinh md
EU vd cac nudc thdnh vien dp dung de doi phd vdi khung hodng tdi chfnh vd suy thodi kinh te tir nam 2009 den nay Id :
- Tdng cudng nguon von cho cdc ngdn hdng, hg thdp ldi sudt ca bdn, hd trg cdc doanh nghiip
Giira quf II nam 2009, Uy ban Chdu Au dua ra tuyen bd cam ket ho trg 3 ngdn ty euro nhdm cung cd he thdng ngan hang tdi chfnh EU, trong dd 2,3 ngan ty euro cho so
Trang 4JIlAt i^dleu Jtlitlt chiitlt sAelt 15
do dam bao tdi chfnh, 300 ty cho sa dd tdi
cdp vdn vd khodng 400 ty euro cho cdc
chuang trinh cuu trg vd tdi ca cdu Lai sudt
CO ban ddng euro dugc ha ddn tir miic 2,5%)
nam 2008 xudng 1,25% ddu nam 2009 vd
xudng 1%) tir giira thdng 5 nam 2009, miic
thdp nhdt tir trudc den nay va hien van dang
dugc duy tri
Hdi ddng Chdu Au ciing thdng qua mdt
quy dinh nang trdn cho vay hd trg cua Lien
minh cho cdc nudc khdng thudc khu vuc
ddng euro gap khd khan ve tdi chinh, tir 25 ty
euro len 50 ty euro, giiip cdc nudc thdnh vien
ddi phd vdi khimg hoang
- Gidm thui, kich cdu tieu dung va ddu
tu
Tir ddu thang 3 nam 2009, EU da eho
phep chfnh phii cdc nudc thdnh vien gidm
thue VAT ddi vdi cdc linh vuc dich vu can
nhieu lao ddng nham thiic day tang trudng
kinh te vd tao ra nhieu viec lam ban che gia
tang thdt nghiep Cac qudc gia thdnh vien cd
the ap dung mire gidm linh boat tir 5-15%)
ddi vdi cae mat hang, dich vu dugc cho Id
"cd dnh hudng tfch cue nhdt" ddi vdi nin
kinh te vd thdi gian dp dung ciing do cdc
nudc quylt dinh
- Ndi long cdc hogt dpng tra cdp cua
nhd nudc doi vdi cdc doanh nghiip
D I ddm bdo canh tranh binh dang cho
cdc doanh nghiep cua cdc nudc thdnh vien
trong thi trudng thdng nhdt, viec trg cdp, ho
tra nha nudc ludn dugc Uy ban Chdu Au
kilr;i sodt rdt git gao Tuy nhien, trong dilu
kien khiing hodng, qui dinh ndy dugc ndi ldng theo yeu cdu ciia cdc nudc thanh vien nham trg giiip cac ngan hdng vd cuu cac doanh nghiep gap khd khan Ho trg cho moi doanh nghiep cd the len din 500 ngdn euro dugc cap nam 2009 vd 2010 cho nhirng doanh nghiep thieu vdn trong dilu Men tfn dung ngdn hang dang bi thilu
hut Tdng cudng su linh hogt cua cdc the chi
Cdc the che ciia EU ciing nhu Qudc hdi
da ddng mdt vai trd ldn hon de phdn ung linh hoat ban chdng khimg hoang, dac biet la viec thdng qua cac ludt mdi Lien minh dang hudng tdi dieu phdi tdt ban d cdp do EU, tang cudng vai trd cua Qudc hdi trong cae vdn de kinh te vd tdi ehinh, tang cudng khd nang phan tich vd du bdo, minh bach ban ve mat phap ly nham dn dinh tdi chinh tranh khiing hodng sau nay
Ben canh cdc bien phdp hd trg d cdp do
EU, cac nudc thdnh vien trong PChdi eiing thuc hien nhirng bien phdp rieng cua minh nham ban che tde ddng ciia khiing hodng tai chfnh tdi nen kinh te qudc gia Nhin chung, ddy Id mdt Ioat cac bien phap dugc ggi la "tu ddng dn dinh" (tu ddng gidm thu thul vd tang chi tieu phiic lgi cua chfnh phii trong dieu Men suy gidm kinh tl) cimg vdi cac boat ddng tdi khda linh boat nhu tang ddu tu cdng, giam thue vd ho trg cho thdt ngtro Duong nhien, thdi gian va miic dc : ; ;o: bien phap kfeh cdu la khdng g ;;;o; oo.^o d cdc nudc thanh vien, theo dam; g;o coa Uy ban Chdu Au, khodng 1% GDF cos ca Khdi
Trang 516 NGHIEN CQU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°8 (1191.2010
trong giai doan 2009 - 2010 dugc sir dung
cho cac gidi phap nay Khd cd the ddnh gid
chfnh xae tdc ddng ciia cac gdi kfeh cdu do
phdi sir dung vao nhieu ITnh vuc khdc nhau,
trong nhung thdi diem khdc nhau Tuy nhien,
cd mdt nhan xet chung la cdc gidi phap nay
da dugc dieu phdi tdt, kip thdi va dung muc
tieu, dac biet Id gidi phap kfeh cdu xe hai cua
Due vd Phap giiip ngan chan da suy gidm
trong quf II nam 2009 Trong cd gdi kfeh
cdu, kfeh cdu giam thue cho tieu dung chiem
40%, gidm thue cho doanh nghiep 20%, ddu
tu cdng 20%, ddu tu ha tang 10%, hd trg thi
trudng lao ddng Id 10%
- Biin phdp doi pho vdi khung hodng ng
cong
Tru'dc nguy ca khiing hodng ng cdng
ngdy cdng cang thang cd the gay ra hieu irng
"Domino", ddu thdng 5/2010, EU vd Quy
Tien te Qudc te (IMF) da nhat trf ddnh mdt
gdi cim trg dai ban tri gid 110 ty EUR, tuang
duang khoang 136 ty USD trong vdng 3
nam, cho Hy Lap nham giiip nudc ndy thoat
bd vuc vd ng cdng
Ddng thdi, ngdy 10/5/2010, EU vd IMF
da nhdt tri thiet lap "Quy chdng khung
hodng" tri gia 750 ty EUR (1.000 ty USD)
Theo dd, cac nudc chdu Au dua ra 572 ty
USD (440 ty EUR) khodn vay mdi vd bom
them 78 ty USD (60 ty EUR) cho chuang
trinh cho vay dang thuc hien IMF ciing se
ddng gdp 325 ty USD (250 ty EUR) cho gdi
cuu trg Gdi cuu trg mdi ndy cd quy md cdn ldn ban cd gdi cuu trg ngdn hdng ciia My hai nam trudc day nhdm ciing cd niem tin cua thi trudng
De ddi ldy gdi cim trg khan cdp, chfnh quyen Athens da chap nhan dieu kien phdi cat gidm chi tieu, cu the luong thdng thii 13
va 14 ciing cac loai tien thudng khac cua nhan vien nhd nudc se bi cat hodn todn trong khi luong se khdng dugc tang trong vdng 3 nam Luang huu trong cd hai khu vuc cdng
vd tu deu bi gidm manh, cdn thue gid tri gia tang se tang tir 2I%-23%) Chi phf qudc phdng vd he thdng y te qudc gia cQng se bi cat Ke hoach vd cimg khac nghiet ndy nham dua muc tham hut ngdn sach cua Hy Lap xudng dudi 3%o GDP vdo nam 2014 vd ngay lap tuc da gdy ra ldn sdng phdn ddi
Tay Ban Nha ciing se thuc hien cac bien phap cat gidm 6 ty euro ddu tu cdng, cat gidm 5% luong nhan vien nhd nude, ciing nhu gidm luong huu vd ddu tu vdo cdc chinh quyen vung de giam thdm hut ngdn sdch khodng 15 ty euro trong giai doan
2010-2011, dua xudng muc cdn 6% GDP vdo nam
2011^
Chfnh phii Bd Ddo Nha ciing cdng bd se
cat giam 5% tien luong cua cdng chuc vd
http://taichinhthegioi.com/Ban-Tin/?BanTin=3165&Linhvuc=3&NgavThang= 18/5/2
010&Linksto=
^ http://taichinhthegioi.cnm/R?in-Tin/?BanTin=3132&Linhvuc=3&NgavThang=l 7/5/2 010&Linksto=
6
http://wvvw.thanhnien.com.vn/news/Pages/201018/20 100502232737.aspx
' http://www.infotv.vn/quoc-te/447Ql-tav-han-jTha- cat-giam-ngan-sach-manh-tav-nham-chon.'>-khiinfT-hoang-lav-Ian
Trang 6JILol i/)^ttieu (Jt'utk eltiitit iđt 1 7
quan chuc nha nudc, trong do cd ca cac bd
trudng, tang 1% nhdm dua thul gia tri gia
tang len 21%) Thu tudng Bd Ddo Nha Jose
Socrates cirng cam kit se giam thdm hut
ngan sach tir 9,4%) nam 2009 xudng cdn
4,6% vdo cudi nam 2011, trong khi tang tir 1
- 1,5% mire thue thu nhap đi vdi nhirng
ngudi cd thu Miap caộ
Mdi day, de ciing cd ban nira he thdng
ngan hdng tdi chfnh vd ciing cd niem tin ciia
cdc nhd đu tu todn cdu, EU da tien hdnh
kiem tra "sue khde" cua 91 ngan hang trong
20 nudc thdnh vien, ket qud cd 7 ngdn hdng
kliong du tieu chudn la: Hypo Real Estate
cua Dire, Agricultural Bank of Greece SA
cua Hy Lap vd 5 ngdn hdng khdc cua Tdy
Ban Nhạ Cac ngdn hdng nay can tang vdn
them 3,5 ty EUR, tuang duong 4,5 ty USD,
de duy tri ty le vdn d muc 6%.^
Ve thdi ban keo dai cdc gidi phdp cuu
trg, kich cdu, quan diem ciia Hdi đng Chau
Au cho den thdi diem ndy la:
- Riit lui khdi cac gdi kfeh thfch ngay
khi cd sir hdi phuc d cac doanh nghiep, tuy
nhien thdi gian se la khac nhau đi vdi cac
nudc, cdn phdi cd sir phdi hgp chat che d tdm
EU;
- Hd trg that nghiep ngan ban chi nen
thuc su dimg lai khi md su đi chidu trong
*
http://www.vietnamplus.vn/Home/Bo-Dao-Nha-cat-
giam-chi-tieu-chong-khung-hoang/20105/45079.vnplus
9 http:
^•neconomỵvn/20100724084624965POC99/7-
noan-i^ang-chau-au-khong-vuot-qua-kiem-tra-suc-tang trudng GDP dugc thuc sir xdc lap vi viec ldm thudng cd do tre so vdi tang trudng;
- Cac sa đ hd trg cac ITnh vuc cua nen kinh te thyc nen ket thuc sdm hon vi chiing đi hdi chi phf ngdn sach ldn vd thudng cd the cd tdc đng ldm bien dang thi trudng thdng nhat;
- Hd trg tiep can thi trudng vdn nen dugc duy tri cho tdi khi cd tfn hieu rd rdng Id cac dieu kien tdi chfnh ciia cac doanh nghiep
da thuc sir quay ve trang thai binh thudng;
- Riit lui sir hd trg ITnh vuc tdi chfnh, khdi đng sa đ bdo lanh chfnh phii se tuy thudc vdo tinh hinh ciia nen kinh te ndi chung vd vdo su dn dinh cua he thdng tdi chinh
3 Thoat khoi khung hoang: nhirng budc dau tien hudng toi 2020
Nhu da trinh bay d phan tren, hang Ioat cdc cdng cu chinh sdch dugc sir dung iing phd vdi khung hodng rdng ldn vd quylt liet Chfnh sdch tai khda md rdng vd iing phd chu ky; lai sudt dugc gidm tdi mire thdp nhdt trong lich sir, trong khi tinh thanh khodn dugc đm bdo cho ITnh vuc tdi chinh dudng nhu khdng ban chẹ Cac chfnh phii dua ra nhirng img hd to ldn cho eac ngan hang bdng each bao lanh, tai cap vdn hoac "ldm sach" tai khoan ciia cac ngdn hdng khdi nhirng tai san xau; nhimg ITnh vuc khac cua nin kinh t l dugc ho trg bdi nhirng khoan trg cdp nhd nudc trong khudn khd, hgp ly va ngdn han Tdt cd nhirng hanh đng ndy da va dang to ra hgp lỵ Tuy nhien chiing khdng the dugc ap
Trang 718 NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°8 (119).2JlO
dung mai, miic do ng cdng cao khdng the
duy tri vd ban Rd rang la trong giai doan
hien nay, EU vd cac nudc thdnh vien vira
phdi cd nhiing chien lugc thoat ra khiing
hodng hgp ly, vira phai quan tam tdi nhii'ng
dieu chinh ca cau mang tfnh trung ban, ddng
thdi phdi cd nhirng chien lugc ddi ban nham
dam bdo phat trien ben virng
Ngodi nhirng tac ddng true tiep ke tren,
khiing hodng kinh te toan cdu lan nay da ldm
bgc Id nhirng diem yeu, nhirng "nut that cd
chai" trong cdc tru edt cua lien ket kinh te
khu vuc
Tru cot Thj truong thong nhat
Tinh hinh thuc te hien nay cho thay,
nhung boat ddng kinh doanh xuyen bien gidi
dang gap nhirng trd ngai ldn, dudng nhu
mang ludi khdng gan ket hieu qua lam cho
hieu lire cua thi trudng thdng nhdt cdn rat
kem Ngudi dan va doanh nghiep van phdi
ddi phd vdi 27 he thdng ludt khdc biet cho
ciing mdt giao dich Thi trudng thdng nhat
dd hinh thdnh trudc khi cd su ra ddi cua
Internet lam cho cdng nghe thdng tin trd
thanh dong lire chfnh cua tang trudng vd
trudc khi dich vu trd thdnh mdt phan thdng
tri trong kinh te EU Hien nay, sir trdi day
cua cac ngdnh dich vu mdi (truyen thdng,
cham sdc sue khde, nang lugng thdng minh)
chimg td tiem nang to ldn, nhung chau Au
chi cd the sir dung dugc nhirng tiem nang
nay neu thi trudng khu vuc khac phuc dugc
sir gidn doan dang ban che ddng chdy cua
cdng nghe true tuyen va su tham gia rdng rai
ciia ngudi tieu diing va cac doanh nghiep
Tru cot Lien minh kinh te tien te
Ddng tien chung da tac ddng nhu mdt la chan huu hieu ddi ddi vdi nhirng nudc thanh vien tham gia vao khu vuc ddng euro, giup cdc nudc trdnh dugc nhirng hdn loan ve ty gid trong giai doan vira qua Nhung khung hodng ciing lam bgc Id qui md phu thudc ldn nhau giira cdc nen kinh te trong khu vuc nay, trong cd ITnh vuc tdi chfnh va tdi khda, dien
ra theo hieu ung lan tda Sir khdc biet trong
md hinh phdt trien dan tdi mdt sd trudng hgp tfch tu ng cdng bat dn dinh va gay ra cang thang cho ddng tien chung Khiing hoang thuc sir lam gia tang nhii'ng thach thuc ma khu vuc ddng tien chung phdi ddi mat nhu tfnh dn dinh cua tdi chfnh cdng vd tiem nang phat trien, gay ra nhirng mat can ddi va lam phdn tan khd nang canh tranh Vugt qua nhiing thdch thuc ndy trong khu vuc ddng EUR Id cue ky quan trgng vd cap thiet, de cd the bdo ddm tao ra tang trudng dn dinh ben virng
Ciing vdi cac nut that hien nay nhu su phdn tan ciia thi trudng thdng nhdt, sir yeu kem ciia he thdng tai chfnh, sir bat cap cua lien minh kinh te tien te, khimg hodng tdi chfnh todn cdu cdng ldm gay gat them nhiing khiem khuyet vdn cd, da tdn tai trudc dd cua Lien minh Chdu Au, dd la:
- Tdc do tang trudng trung binh ciia
EU thap hon so vdi cac ddi tdc chfnh, chii ylu la do nang sudt cua EU ngay cdng tut hdu trong mudi nam vira qua Nguyen nhan chu ylu Id do ca cdu ciia doanh nghiep bdt
Trang 8Jlldl MA itleu eJtuth tJiiitk iddt 19
hgp ly, sir ddu tu vao nghien cuu phat trien
R&D vd ddi mdi thdp, sir dung khdng hieu
qua cdng nghe thdng tin vd vien thdng, sir
thd a trong viec thiic ddy ddi mdi, can trd su
tham nhap thi trudng vd tao ra mdi trudng
kinh doanh kem nang ddng
- Ty le lao ddng ciia EU d rnirc 69%
ddi vdi lira tudi tir 20 - 64 Id qua thap so vdi
cdc khu vuc khdc tren the gidi Chi cd 63%
phu nir chdu Au di lam so vdi 76% nam gidi
Chi cd 46% ngudi ldm viec ldn tudi (55-64)
dugc sir dung so vdi mii'c 62%) d My vd Nhdt
Ban, ban nira sd gid ldm viec cua EU it hon
10% so vdi d My vd Nhat ban
- Su gid hda dan sd dang gia tang, khi
ma the he biing nd dan sd nghi huu, sd ddn
trong do tudi nang ddng bat ddu co lai vdo
nam 2013/2014 Sd ngudi gid han 60 tudi
hien nay dang tang nhanh gap ddi so vdi
trudc nam 2007 - khodng 2 trieu ngudi moi
nam so vdi I trieu ngudi trudc day Sir kit
hgp cua cd hai xu the khien sd ngudi ldm
viec ngdy cdng gidm di, sd ngudi vl huu
ngdy cdng tang len tao ap lire nang nl len
nhd nudc phiic lgi, chinh sdch an sinh xa hdi
cua EU
Cung vdi nhirng thach thirc ndi tai ciia
lien minh, cdn cd MMng thach thuc ben
ngodi do qua trinh todn cau hda mang Iai ma
EU cdn tfnh den:
- Trong bdi cdnh todn cdu hda kinh t l
n^ay cang gia tang, EU mdt mat se tiep tuc
hudng lgi nhu la mdt nen MMi te md nhdt thi
oiai mat khdc canh tranh giira cdc nudc phdt
trien va cdc nudc mdi ndi ngdy cdng gia tang Ngoai nhirng ddi thii truyen thdng nhu
My vd Nhdt Bdn ciing dang cd nhirng dieu chinh nham cai thien kha nang canh tranh, nhirng nudc nhu Trung Qudc, An Do dang ddu tu rat manh vao nghien cuu vd cdng nghe de thiic ddy nen cdng nghiep ciia minh chiem vi tri cao ban trong chudi sdn xuat vd dang cd nhirng budc nhdy vgt trong nen kinh
te todn cau Lien minh Chdu Au ciing can phdi ndng cao khd nang canh tranh ciia minh
- Sau khiing hodng tdi chinh, he thdng tdi chfnh todn cdu dang can phdi cung cd lai Sir de dai cho vay trong ngan ban va nhirng ddu tu mao hiem trong thi trudng tdi chinh todn cdu da lam gia tang nhirng boat ddng dau ca, tao ra nhimg bong bdng phat trien vd nhirng mat can ddi tram trgng EU can phdi tham gia tim kiem nhung giai phdp todn cdu
de tao nen su hieu qua vd ben virng cho he thdng tdi chinh the gidi
- Thach thirc ve khi hdu vd tdi nguyen dang ddi hdi phdi cd nhirng hanh ddng quylt liet Sir phu thudc qua ldn vdo nhien lieu hda thach nhu ddu lira vd viec sir dung Midng hieu qua nguyen lieu thd da vd dang ldm cho gia cd dot bien Viec gia tang dan sd thi gidi tir 6 ty len 9 ty ngudi se lam gia tang cude canh tranh cdc ngudn tdi nguyen thien nhien
vd tao ap lire Ien mdi trudng EU cdn phai tiep tuc keu ggi cdc nudc tren thi gid' xay dung mdt gidi phap todn cdu cho vdn de biln ddi khi hdu, ddng thdi thirc hien nhung cam ket ciia minh vl chiln lugc nang luang vd
Trang 920 NGHIEN CGU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°8 (119).2010
mdi trudng trong toan Lien minh ciing nhu
cdc nudc thdnh vien
Trong giai doan trung han, Lien minh
Chau Au tap trung vao giai quyet cac nut
that nghen tang truo'ng nhu:
- Thiic day thi trudng thdng nhat manh
hon, sau hon, md rdng ban Id van de sdng
cdn cho phdt trien va tao ra viec lam Khung
hoang dang lam gia tang xu the bao hd kinh
te va chii nghTa dan tdc EU dang cd nhirng
nd luc ngan chan viec chuyen dich ciia mgt
sd qudc gia theo hudng tach khdi Lien minh
Rd rdng, ngodi nhirng dieu chinh ve chfnh
sdch kinh te, phdi cd Miirng cam ket chfnh tri
manh me tir cdc nudc thanh vien ciing nhu
todn the Lien minh de khdi ddng lai thi
trudng thdng nhat
- Ddu tic cho phdt trien: Khung hodng
tdi chfnh tdc ddng het sire nang ne len khd
nang cua cac doanh nghiep vd cac chfnh phii
trong viec ddu tu tai chfnh vd cdc du an ddi
mdi Ddng thdi vdi tang cudng cM'Mi sdch
gan ket, huy ddng ngan sdch cua EU vd cdc
td chirc tai chinh ca nhan, EU ciing can cimg
cd hodn thien mdi trudng phap Mat de dam
bdo cho thi trudng tai chfnh boat ddng vira
hieu qud vira an todn EU can ldm mgi viec
de tap hgp dugc cdc ngudn luc tdi chfnh,
theo dudi nhirng lgi nhuan mdi bang viec sir
dung tdng hgp ca ngudn vdn cua nhd nudc
vd tu nhan, tao ra nhiing cdng cu ddi mdi de
cd ngudn tdi chfnh cho nhii'ng ddu tu can
thiet, bao gdm cd ca ehl hgp tdc nha nudc
-tu nhdn
- Khai thdc cong cu chinh sdch doi ngogi: Su phdt trien cua todn cau se md ra
nhii'ng ca hdi cho cac nhd xuat khdu chau Au
vd tham gia vdo canh tranh nhiing hang nhdp khdu thiet yeu Tat cd cac cdng cu cua chfnh sach kinh te ddi ngoai can dugc khai thac triet de de thuc day sir tang trudng cua EU thdng qua sir tham gia ciia EU vdo thi trudng
md vd binh dang toan cau Mdt trong nhirng ddng lire tang trudng ma EU cd the tan dung chfnh la nhu cdu den tir cdc nen kinh te mdi ndi ciing nhu sir phat trien tdng ldp trung luu cua nhirng nudc nay va nhu cdu nhdp khau hang hda dich vu ma EU cd lgi the canh tranh EU can nang ddng trong khudn khd WTO vd cac quan he song phuong nham bao dam xdm nhap thi trudng tdt nhdt cho cac doanh nghiep ciia EU, bao gdm cd cac doanh nghiep vira va nhd, tang cudng khd nang canh tranh vdi ben ngodi Id nhiem vu trong tdm Mat khac, EU se tap trung thiic day nhirng eudc ddm phan ve Mat Ie, thi che trong nhirng ITnh vuc mdi nhu bien ddi khf hdu vd phat trien kinh te xanh, nai ma nhirng Mat phdp, tieu chudn ciia EU cd khd nang md rdng ra todn cau
Hudng tdi phat trien ben vimg, ciing vdi nhung bien phdp ngdn ban Lien minh Chau
Au da soan thdo Chien lugc 2020 vdi muc
Trang 10JliAt iA ctlexi dtliilt dtiith sddt 21
tieu: phdt triin thdng minh, phdt triin ben
vitng vdphdt trien todn dien, trong dd:
- Tdng trudng thong minh: Phat trien
kinh te tren ca sd tri thirc vd ddi mdi;
- Phdt trien bin vung: Sir dung nhirng
ngudn luc hieu qua han, xanh hon, canh
tranh hon;
- Phdt trien todn diin: Tang cudng
kinh te sir dung nhieu lao ddng vd cd sir gan
ket vdi vimg vd van hda;
Hudng tdi chien luge phdt trien thdng
minh, ben virng va toan dien, nham thuc Men
cdc muc tieu dat ra, Uy ban Chdu Au dua ra
mdt sd ndi dung can trien khai:
"Lien minh doi mdi": Cai thien cac
dieu kien khung phap ly nham tao thudn lgi
cho ddu tu vdo nghien cuu vd ddi mdi, bdo
ddm cho cdc y tudng ve ddi mdi se bien
thdnh sdn pham vd dich vu tao ra tang trudng
vd viec ldm;
- "Nang ddng cua thanh nien": Hodn
thien he thdng giao due vd tao thudn lgi cho
thanh nien tham gia vdo thi trudng lao ddng;
- 'Ky nguyin so cho chdu Au" nham
tang tdc viec ung dung mang internet tdc do
cao tao ra lgi nhuan trong thi trudng sd hda
thdng nhdt cbo ngudi tieu dung vd cac doanh
nghiep;
- "Chdu Au hieu qud vi tdi nguyen":
Bao ddm tang trudng tiet kiem tdi nguyen, tang cudng dich chuyen sang nen kinh te sir dung cacbon thap, tang cudng su dung cac ngudn nhien lieu tai tao Men dai hda ITnh vuc giao thdng van tdi, khuyen khich sir dung hieu qua nang lugng;
- "Chinh sdch cong nghiip cho ki nguyen todn cdu hoa" nham cdi thien mdi
trudng dau tu, tap trung cho cac doanh nghiep vira vd nhd, ung hd viec phdt trien cdc ca sd cdng nghiep manh vd ben virng cd khd nang canh tranh todn cdu;
- "Chucmg trinh ki ndng vd viic ldm mdi" nham hien dai hda thi trudng lao ddng,
tang cudng khd nang ciia mgi ngudi thdng qua phat trien kT nang sudt ddi tren quan diem tang kha nang tham gia va dap iing cung cdu ciia thi trudng lao ddng tdt ban bao gdm cd viec di chuyen lao ddng linh boat;
- "Chdu Au chong doi ngheo": Bdo dam
sir gan ket xa hdi vd vimg lanh thd sao cho nhirng lgi ich ciia tang trudng vd viec lam dugc phdn chia rdng rai, tao ca hdi cho nhirng ngudi ngheo ddi, ngodi Ie cd khd nang sdng trong mgt the thdng nhdt va nang ddng tham gia vao cdng ddng