Chfl sii, tflc chfl thilthd (dpc theo am Nung la sii) nghia la khue ca bang van van gdm nhieu cau ngan, cd van, cd am dieu theo nhflng quy tac nha't dinh; SU la nhflng khue hat cua n[r]
Trang 1Mot so van de ve tuc hat sii, lUdn
cua ngirdi Nung cf Cao Bang
HA THI THUY*
^lli trong tieng Nflng va trong Nora
^s_7 Nflng cd nghia la hat thd {thi/thd)
Thiic te chd thay, sii cua ngUdi Nflng
chinh la nhflng khue hat thd, mpt loai dan
ca raa khi hat hay dfldc xUdng b i n g gipng
rat cao de nhieu ngUdi cung nghe Theo
each hieu cua ngUdi Nflng cflng nhu
nhflng ghi chep treng cac sach Ndra
Nflng, sii, dupc ngUdi Nflng hieu nhU sau:
Chfl sii, tflc chfl thilthd (dpc theo am
Nung la sii) nghia la khue ca bang van
van gdm nhieu cau ngan, cd van, cd am
dieu theo nhflng quy tac nha't dinh; SU la
nhflng khue hat cua ngfldi trfldng thanh,
tre em chfla the hieu ndi, ngfldi gia thi
khdng tham gia nfla Ngudi Nflng d Cad
Bing chi hat sii d thdi thanh xuan Tuy
vay, nhflng trung tudi van cd the sii
nhflng tranh cac khue giao duyen, va chi
hat nhflng khue hoan hi, ca ngdi cdng dflc,
pham chat cao quy cua con ngfldi: mflng
hdi ngd, mflng khach, mflng nha radi, ehflc
thp, nhan tinh the thai, each tfnh ngay
gid, ndng ljch,
Dieu tra d Cao B i n g cho thay, trong
cpng ddng ngudi Nflng d day, radi nhdra
Nflng d cac dja phfldng khac nhau, cd
nhflng each gpi khac nhau ddl vdi hat sii
Nhdm Nflng Giang gpi la tdi sii {tdi thi),
nang cao cau thd; nhdm Nflng Ldi gpi la
ndy sii (mai thd), tflc ngam nga thfldng thfle thd; ngfldi Nflng La Hdi gpi la top sii,
cd nghia ddl dap thd,
'* Nguon gdc vd qud trinh phdt trien tuc hdt sii
NgUdi Nflng d Cao Bing dflng thuat
ngfl sii de chi rapt bp phan trong kho tang
dan ca truyen thd'ng cua hp Thuat ngfl nay dflpc dung kha phd bien trong ta't ca cac nhdra Nung d Cao Bang, va ca d Lang Sdn, Tuyen Quang, Thai Nguyen, Trong
cac cupc sii, chinh thfle, theo le ldi cd truyen deu phai cd hat lUdn, trong cac cudc hat lUdn ldn cung deu phai cd ca hat sii
Xfla kia, ngudi Nflng d Cao Bing cflng nhfl nhieu tpc ngfldi ft ngfldi khac, hp sd'ng trong nhflng hoan canh rat khd khan Tuy vay, hp khdng bao gid, khdng luc nao chiu
de cho tara hdn rainh can cdi Dd la radi trfldng tdn tai cHa cac the leai dan ca,
trong dd c6 hat sii Ca hat de ddng vien cd
vu l i n nhau, ca hat cho bdt khd dau, bdt nhpe nhan va dac biet la de cac thanh vien trong cpng ddng g i n bd vdi nhau them
chat che hdn Tie'ng SU vang vpng tren cac
canh ddng, tren nfldng, va vang vpng ' Ths NSUT, Dai hoc Van hoa Nghe thuat Quan doi
Trang 262 Nghien cdu Ddng Nam A 4/2010
trong khi cay cay, di rflng, di hai rau, lay
cui, SU cdn theo hp ca nhflng lflc di chdi,
di tham hdi nhau, khi vad ban, khi len
san, SU thudng hay gap vao cac budi tdi,
budi dem, nen ngUdi Nflng gpi dd la dem
lUdn Dem lUdn la cac dem hat cd td chfle,
cd chuan bj va rat ddng ngudi tham gia,
vdi cac nghi thfle rieng ciia ngfldi Nflng
Ngeai cac budi hat ban dem nhu treen,
ngUdi Nflng d Cad Bing cdn thfldng hat
SU vdi nhau khi dang lam rudng, lam
nUdng hdac dang di dudng, thudng la tren
dudng di chd hay d chd ve Dd la SU d
ngdai trdi SU d ngdai trdi thi khdng phai
td chUe ciu ky, kheng thee nghi thfle
truyen thd'ng bat bupc, dd la viec hat tfl
nhien, tii phat va rat tU do
Sd'ng d cac thung lflng bj sdng sudi
ngan each, giao thfldng kera phat trien,
nen trdng cdng ddng ngfldi Nflng d Cad
Bing da xuat hien nhieu phUdng ngfl
khac nhau Cd khi treng mpt vflng khdng
rpng lam cflng cd rapt vai each ndi khac
nhau Vi le dd dan ca ndi chung va sii,
lUdn ciia ngUdi Nflng d Cao Bang cflng cd
nhflng net khac biet d radi vflng khac
nhau.d Cao Bang cd lUdn phii, lUdn tgi,
lUifn Niing An, sii La Hoi, sii Nung Giang
SU cd hai each hat: hat ddn va hat ddi d
Cao Bang loai hat ddn cd sii La Hoi, lUdn
Cgi, lUdn then, lUdn slUdng, lUdn tgi
Khdng ke nhflng trfldng hpp kee ban vao
hat cflng cho vui, nhfl lUcfn then vd'n hat
ddn, cd khi gap ban hai ngfldi cflng hat
Nhflng dieu hat ddi truyen thd'ng, h i cat
tieng tac lUdn heac tdi sii ludn phai cd ddi,
gipng cao, gipng tha'p nang dd nhau Cd
giai dieu dn djnh, cung each hat thanh
nen nep tfl lau phai ke de'n LUdn Nggn,
LUcfn Phu (tflc Ifldn Hd Liu), SU giang, Heu phUdn (tflc lUdn ngfldi Nung An)
SU CO nhflng dac diem rieng biet trong
trinh dien: khdng cd nhae dera; radi doan
ca gdm hai hoac bd'n cau, mdi cau nam de'n bay tfl; each gieo van khac nhau tfly tflng loai; Md d i u cd doan hfl tfl dao trflde, cd
the la i i i i i (lUdn phu), d hd {lUdn Nggn), chd cd {sii giang); gifla cau lai cd hfl tfl vut
cao sau van gieo nham gay chfl y; cudl cau
cd hfl tfl liu (nghia la het) hoac hd liu heu dai hd liu (bien the mpt doan cd nghia:
ket rdi gpi xudng ngfldi hdi) Khi hat mdi ngfldi thudng bjt rapt ben tai bang tay, tai kia tap trung nghe gipng ban hat, de dieu
chinh gipng rainh cho phfl hdp SU khdng
the dien dat het tam sfl trai gai (Ifldn giao duyen) Khdng khi nao ngfldi ta hat vang nhflng dieu tfl day ldng cho nhieu ngfldi
nghe Qua sii Ifldn nhara lara quen, fldm
thif long, tham khang dinh kha nang bien bao, trf thong rainh, tai flng ddi cua ban
khac gidi Sau sii Ifldn, ne'u thuan y, hp
tan ra tflng ddi trai gai gap nhau trao ddi tara tinh Luc dau cdn e de noi vdi nhau
b i n g van van (tflc phuol rpi), sau quen ndi xudi vdi nhau, khong can kieu each trung
gian nao nfla Hinh thfle sii Ifldn hat ddi
xua't phat tfl dieu kien sau: Do y thfle ke't ca'u cpng ddng cua dan tpc ft ngfldi, lim lflc hdi qua raflc Dieu do d i nhan, nhieu khi gap toan thanh nien nara nfl di chd, hp deu raac trang phuc thong nha't, gid'ng nhau tfl kieu quan Ao, mau sic, each van khan, t h i t lflng, non, giay, ca de'n nhflng
bp trang sflc vdng xuyen, xa tfch deu cung mpt dang Tam ly ho ngai nhflng gi khac vdi thdng thfldng, khong raud'n ddn dpc ndi trdi hdn xung quanh, luon can ngfldi cd
Trang 3Hd Thi Thiiy - Mdt sd'vd'n de ve tuc hdt sii, luan ciia ngitdi Niing a Cao Bdng 63
trang phuc, an ndi tUdng tU, hd trp rainh
Trdng truyen thd'ng, di xa thudng cd
ban di cflng, gap trai gai ban la bdt lUdn
lara quen, vi the hat dei hinh thanh Hat
ddi tad viec ket ban lam quen de dang va
thuan lpi Gia du cd hai cd gai qua ban,
trai ban radi Ifldn, hai cd khiera td'n tfl chdi
ring lupn khong thdng thao Trai ban cd
the nhd rapt cd gai trong ban kem lUdn,
mdi diu nhan di gipng cao, may khue sau
di gipng t r i m , rdi trao ban cho khach Da
vao sii, khach va chu phai hat thau dem,
phai lupn tdi sang SU nhu vay, 'viec lam
quen dien ra nhanh chdng Nhieu doi
thuan gipng nhau, de trd thanh than
thiet, di den ke't tong Tong la hinh thfle
nhan ban ddng canh, coi nhau nhfl anh
chj em rupt trong nha
* Moi trudng hdt sii lUdn
Trong xa hpi truyen thdng, SU thudng
dupc hat vao dip hpi he, tet nha't, va vao
budi tdi, ban dera Vao cac dem sii, tieng
hat vang vpng tren eac nga dudng cua rapi
phien chp, day i p nhflng can nha raflng
nha radi, radi dem khuya khach vao ban,
tung bflng trong nhflng ngay hpi xuan
Tha thie't am ndng mflng raua gat tre
khip rapi canh ddng, tren nfldng va
nhflng nhip lao dpng, vao nhflng dem
trang thang tam, nha't la dem r i m SU d
san khau ngoai trdi cd ban chi co hinh
thfle ddl dap gifla hai ngfldi, khi trai gai
mdi gap nhau 6 chd, d ngay hpi, d dpc
dudng, cd the tflng td'p tflng doan nam nfl
ddl dap vdi nhau, nhflng dd chi la luc diu
Dd la giai doan thara dd, Udra thif de di
de'n tflng "ddi ngfldi" Chi trong rapt thdi
gian khdng lau hp se chon dUdc rapt ngUdi
cflng trd chuyen, tam tinh b i n g SU Tuc hat SU d san khau nha san thi
phflc tap hdn Cd hinh thfle ddl dap gifla ddi ngudi, cd hinh thUc ddl dap tap the, cd hinh thfle ndi tiep ca Trong ta't ca cac
hinh thfle dien xUdng ciia SU cd hinh thfle dien xfldng ciia SU Ha Leu, cdn gpi la Lupn Ha Leu SU Ha Leu cd hinh thUc hda
am gifla nara va nfl hoac nhieu nam nhieu
nfl cflng hda am, cflng ddl dap SU Ha Leu
cdn cd mpt hinh thfle dac biet nfla la khi
tie'n hanh SU hai ben deu bit tai Ngfldi dang SU tfl bit tai rainh de tU nghe cai am hudng dac biet, tieng SU cua chfnh minh
vang trong tam hdn rainh gay nen rapt cira giac thfch thu dac biet Khi dd nam
nfl hat sii da den mac bit tai dd cflng la
dau hieu cua tinh yeu doi Ifla da dfldc danh thfle, dflpc b i t diu, dd thfldng la rad dau cho cudc sd'ng hanh phflc ciia nhieu cap vp chdng ngudi Nflng sau nay
* Cdc the logi SU chinh
SU cua moi vung, raol nhdra Nflng
thfldng c6 giai dieu, ca'u trflc khac nhau
Nhflng thdng thfldng sU radi bai deu cd tfl
hai den ben cau, radi cau 5 den 7 tfl, gieo
v i n gifla cau hoac cudl cau Tuy the, radi loai cd rapt so' khac biet rieng Cac hinh
thfle sii chfnh: LUdn Nggn; LUdn Phii; SU Giang; Heo phdn {lUdn Nflng An) Do la bd'n hinh thfle sii phd bien trong dan ca
Nflng d Cao Bing Nhflng nghi thfle td
chfle sinh boat sii b mdi dja phUdng khac
nhau chflt it, cac lan dieu lai khac nhau nhieu hdn Hinh tfldng thd cflng bien ddi d tflng dja phfldng Tuy cd nhflng net rieng,
nhflng sii can b i n gid'ng nhau ve ehflc
nang giao tie'p va ve gia tri nghe thuat
Trang 464 Nghien citu Ddng Nam A 4/2010
Ngfldi Ngan sd'ng tap trung d mpt sd'
ban thupc ba huyen Tra Linh, Quang
Uyen, Quing Hea SU Ngan thfldng cd
bd'n cau nhu LUdn Nung An Mdi cau nam
tieng, gied v i n cudl cau trUdc va bat ky
tieng nad d cau tiep, song thUdng vao
tie'ng thfl ba Thinh thoang lai gap khflc
cd sau cau, kieu bien tau; hoac gii lai cd
cau md diu chi ba tieng Khi ben nam hat
theo the nao thi ben nfl se dap theo the dd
Da p h i n sii la hat giao duyen, song trong
sii Ngan cdn de cap den nhieu chu de: phd
bien kien thfle thdi tiet, ndng ljch: sii ri,
sii cUdn; chuyen lam nha, raflng nha mdi:
sii ldn md; chfle len lao: sii pdu slau; flng
xH, xa giao: SU chao ; Loai tflc canh, du
by: SU thang gieng, t h a n g ba, chdi
thuyen; Luyen ve, chien tran: SU quyen,
Ifldn slac; Xfla kia, mdi khi xuan den,
thanh nien cac ban ngfldi Ngan td chfle
hpi Co Mu de lUdn ba bd'n ngay dera, theo
the giao luu chan kieng gifla ba huyen
Hda An, Quang Uyen, Tra Linh
- SU Ngan chU yeu la ldi ca cua ben
nam, nfl dfla vao ldi ca cua ben nam ma
flng tac SU Ngan hat ddi gipng cao, gipng
tha'p gipng cao linh xUdng, den trUdc tfl
cudl mdi cau diu, dera doan hu tfl: d hd, d
hd, gipng tha'p tie'p vad xdan xuyt nang dd
nhau Ben nara hat het ben cau, ben nfl
kheng phai ndi vin, diia theo thfl ben
nam, liia ldi dap lai
Nam: Mac man rap {Qua man chdt);
Day hap bd day hai (Cd Udng chdng co
chin); Liic me bflc slam lai {Con gdi vdn da
tdm); Cii ham lap bo tao (Sdm gd nhanh
biet dang);
Nfl: Mac raan rap {Qua man chdt); So
ham lap sjp sll {DcJi chin qua thdng bdy); Sloong hdi bo lieng 11 {Bgn em khong lanh ldi); So ham sli sip pi {Difi gd qua bon mUdi);
Md dau dem sli lUdn thudng cd khue
hat mad d i u ciia nam gidi Hai ben ban bac, sap dat de cd rapt hai thanh nfl ben chil ket ban vdi be ben nfl khach Khi hat dao d i u dflpc mpt vai khflc ca, hai thanh nfl ben chu se chu dpng hat dap lai, rdi kheo leo dfln day, ldi keo de ben ban vao cudc Tfly hoan cinh, thdi gian, dja diem khi hat dao dau hp thfldng xif dung nhflng khflc hat tfldng ddl quen thupc vdi ta't ca rapi ngfldi
- Sli phu (Hd Liu) thfldng quen gpi la
Hd Liu la ldi hat cd ara thanh ngan dai d cudl cau hat: hd leu heu dai hd ddi! The
loai dan ca nay vo'n cua ngfldi Nung ldi, gd'c d Ha Ldi (Quang Tay, Trung Qud'c ngay nay), hien nay phd bien d vflng cac huyen Ha Lang, Trflng Khanh, Tra Linh, Quing Uyen, Phuc Hda va rapt phin
huyen Hoa An Sli phu cd the xfla kia la
the loai dung de hat d cac phu, hoac ndi dd
hpi, cho'n ddng ngfldi Sli phd thfldng dfldc diin xfldng thed loi nam nfl ddl dap {bdo xao), rapt be gipng kim (cao), rapt ben
gipng tram Khi dien xfldng, ngfldi hat thfldng dflng tay bit mpt ben tai de tap trung nghe gipng h a t cila be ben kia,
n h i m tim each hda thanh hdp ly nhat Dao d i u khflc hat thfldng b i n g mdt hdi
dai iiii i, nhfl de lay hdi vut cao, hao hao nhfl ve kim cat tieng vao dem he khuya
khoit Hai gidng kim, tam tuy khdng trflng nhau, nhflng lai xoin xuyt nang dd nhau de'n tan cudl khflc ca Het mdt khflc, nghi lay hdi chut xiu, flng tae ea tfl cho
Trang 5Hd Thi Thiiy - Mdt sd van de ve tin- hdt sli, luan ciia ngifdi Nimg a Cao Bdng 65
khflc tie'p theo, cfl t h e Iflpn t h a u dem Sli
phii flng tac tai chd, t h u d n g mdi ldi Ung
tac chi gdm h a i cau, mdi cau bay tfl, cau
tren cd tfl k e t thfle v i n b a n g , cau dudi cd
tU ket thfle v i n t r a c Tfl cudl cau t r e n gieo
v i n xud'ng tfl thfl n a m cau dudi NgUdi h a t
sau c i n lang n g h e b e n b a n h a t de lay v i n
cudl cua hp, l a m cd sd gied v i n cho khflc
hat flng tac ben m i n h
Sli phu flng tac p h i i hpp canh, hpp
tinh, chi xUdng ldi m a k h d n g ke h o a n c a n h
xua't xfl Dac diem de n h a n tha'y cua ldi
Sli phu la ndi hdt cgnh, hdt khay bupc ddl
tac khdng t h e k h d n g tflc thi dap lai Sli
phii cd hai t h e T h e t h d n g t h u d n g hai cau,
raudi bd'n tieng va t h e lUdn ldn, lUdn tgc,
cd lay di lay lai, t h u d n g bd'n cau, cau mdt
nam tfl, cau h a i ba tfl, cau ba ba tfl, cau
bdn bay tfl Tfly t r i n h dp ngfldi h a t xif ly,
khi ke't xudi tai, ngpt gipng la dupc Sli
phii t h u d n g dupe dien xUdng theo hai
each: lUdn pdi va lUdn khinh LUdn pdi
thudng h a t xudi, dUa t h e o bai b a n cd s i n ,
ben t u n g ben hUng, cd t h e gap nhflng cau
mUpt ma, t i n h tfl, nhUng k h d n g gdc canh
LUcyn khinh la ldi h a t t r a n h l u a n , d u a tai
sif dung ngdn tfl, va t h u d n g de lai nhflng
cau h a t k h d n g t h e q u e n dupe trong dan
gian: Ky bUdn cdn viec rdy riec nd;
Thdng ri ndy cong kia ndo rUdng (Mdy
thdng qua ban viec nUdng viec dong; Dip
ndy mdi thong dong doi chut ) Hoac:
Rup nd cdn sloong bUdng sung bdn;
Diep cdn rdu te an rd ddy? (Gap nhau doi
ben cung trao ddi; ThUdng nhau ta dinh
dogt sao day?); Sloong pi ndy dodc va te
phong; Mi hdu ldn long tdm dai chdu
(Hai ndm nay hoa nd rg nhiiu; Ddng de
rung xudng ddt hodi phi.);
- Sli Giang vd Sli La Hoi cua bai nhdm
Nflng G i a n g va Nflng La Hdi d k h u vUc dpc bien gidi V i e t - T r u n g (huyen T r u n g
K h a n h , T r a Linh, H a Q u i n g , Phuc Hda) Nhflng khflc h a t ddng que dupc ngUdi
N u n g k h u viie nay gpi la sli, va hp khdng gpi la lUdn Cd le vi cac cau h a t diia t h e e
d a n g thd cd, bd'n cau ba van, tuy khdng chat che lam Mdt sd' n h a nghien eUu am nhae cho r a n g h a t ddi, cd gipng cao, gipng
tha'p la dac diem ciia sli Niing Seng Sli
Giang va sli La Hdi cd ldi ea gan nhU
gid'ng n h a u , nhUng sli Giang h a t ddi La
Hdi lai chi h a t ddn, each thiic gieo v i n
cflng cd khac n h a u ddi chut SU Giang:
bd'n cau ba van; tfl cudl cau mdt, cau hai, cau bd'n cflng v i n bang; tfl cudl cau ba v i n trac va gieo vao tfl thfl tU cau cudl:
Biodc li, biodc man cdp biodc moi; Xudn
md phong phao khdp nd doi; Mat meng tim va bin nhdc nhgy; Thao den biing ndy
lg bdng tdi (Hoa md, hoa man vdi hoa le; Khdp doi nd trdng ddn xudn ve; Ong bUdm tdng ddn bay chdp chdi; Cdnh dau khde vdi Ddo Nguyen kia.)
- Heo phUn (Sli Niing An) cua nhdm
Nflng An d Cao Bang xUa kia sd'ng ven song Hflu Giang thudc h u y e n Long An (Trung Qud'c), di cfl s a n g Cao Bang tfl t h e
ky XVI, thdi n h a Mac Heo phUn heac ggi
lUdn cua Nflng An la the leai d a n h cho h a t
ddi NgUdi Nflng An khdng chi heo phUn giae duyen, m a cdn heo phUn khi mflng
n h a mdi, ehflc thp, Hp la ngudi r a t thiic
te, nen ca tfl ciia heo phUn t h u d n g tUdng ddl rape mac Heo phUn Nflng An hien nay
cdn tdn tai tUdng ddl phd bien d k h u vUc
Q u i n g Uyen,Cae Bang
Trang 666 Nghien cifu Ddng Nam A 4/2010
Mot vai nhan xet ban dau
Sli, lUdn la cac the loai dan ca rat phd
bien, dpc dao va vd cflng quy gia cua ngfldi
Nflng d Cao Bing ndi chung va d Viet Nam
ndi chung Khdng ai la ngudi Nflng ma lai
khdng biet sli, lUdn va lai khdng yeu,
khdng thich sli, lUcfn Day la cac lan dieu
dan ca cd truyen, cd ndi dung ca tfl phong
phu, bao ham mpi khfa canh ciia cude
sd'ng Xem xet cac khflc sli, lUdn cd the
thay npi dung ciia chflng chfla diing mpi
phong each giae tiep ljch thiep, nep sd'ng
nhfln nhudng, than thien, thich ket ban,
thich lam quen; phUdng cham sd'ng vi mpi
ngudi, Sd'ng hudng thien; va trdng dd cdn
chUa dUng ca kho tang tri thfle dan gian
ciia ngudi Nflng ve vu tru quan, nhan sinh
quan rat quy gia ddl vdi hau the ngay nay
va mai sau; Cung each dien xUdng cua
sli, lUdn Nflng tUdng del ddn gian, khdng
ciu ky, nen de hpc, de lam thee Vi the
ma it thay ngUdi Nflng nad lai khdng biet
sli, biet lUcyn Ngeai cac hdat dpng giad
tiep truyen theng khac, sli, lUcfn la mei
trUdng giad tiep dac biet hflu hieu trong
cung cd' khdi doan ket tpc ngfldi, thfle day
phat trien xa hdi d vflng ngUdi Nflng
Khdng nhflng the, sli, lUdn cdn ham chfla
cac gia trj van hpc, nghe thuat dang chan
trpng va cin phai nghien cflu ky Ifldng
Cflng vdi cdng cupc phat trien kinh te,
xa hdi cua thdi ky cdng nghiep hda, hien
dai hda dat nflde, dan ca Nflng cung cd
nhflng thay ddi nha't djnh ca ve npi dung
va hinh thfle dien xUdng Hien nay, p h i n
ldn cac bai sli, lUdn ma xUa kia dUdc ghi
chep bing chfl ndm Nflng deu da dupc ghi
lai bing chfl Que'c ngfl Cac lan dieu cflng
da cd p h i n phdng phu hdn xfla Tuy vay,
nhflng net rat rieng ciia sli, lUcJn Nflng
v i n dfldc gin gifl kha nguyen ven Tuy thich hat nhae mdi, nhUng thanh nien ngudi Nflng van khdng quen kho tang dan
ca dd so ma cha dng hp de lai cho hau the
De gin gifl va khai thac cac gia trj ciia
sli, lUdn, ngoai cac giai phap kinh te - xa
hpi, nang cao tri thfle va hieu bie't cho ngUdi Nflng ve khd tang van hda cua hp,
da va dang dfldc thiic hien can d i u tU xay diing, phat trien cac md hinh lang van hda, du ljch van hda d vflng ngUdi Nflng tai Cad Bang Dd chfnh la mdi trfldng tdn
tai va phat trien Uu viet nha't cua hat sli, lUdn treng bdi canh hien nay./
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1 Tran Binh, Tap qudn mUu sinh ciia cdc ddn tgc thieu so' d Dong Bdc Viet Nam, NXB
Phifdng Dong, TP Hd Chi Minh, 2005
2 Nong Minh Chau, Vi Quo'c Bao, Ddn ca ddm cUdi Tdy-Niing, NXB Viet Bic, Thai
Nguyen, 1962
3 Vi Hdng, Sli ddn ca trd tinh Niing, NXB
Van boa Ha Npi, 1979
4 Hoang Nam, Vdn hoa cdc ddn tgc viing dong bdc Viet Nam, TrUdng dai hpc Van
Hda Ha Npi, 2004
5 Hoang Thj Quynh Nha, Sli hdt doi eda ngudi Niing Cao Bdng, NXB Van boa
-Thong tin Ha Npi, 2003
6 Vi Hdng Nhan, Vdn hoa cdc tgc ngUdi tU mot goc nhin, NXB Van bda dan tpc Ha Npi, 2004
7 Uy ban nhan dan tinh Cao Bing, Dia chi Cao Bdng, NXB Chfnh trj qudc gia Ha Npi, 2000
8 Vien dan tpc hpc, Cdc ddn tgc it ngUbi d Viet Nam (cdc tinh phia Bac), NXB Khoa
hpc xa hpi Ha Npi, 1978