Theo quan diem ciia phai nay, khai niem. tu do chi gidi han d muc do phap li hinh thiic[r]
Trang 1CHINH TRI S^N NINH CHAU AU
MOT SO VnN D€ V€ CH€ DO DON CHU - Xn HOI CUn BnC RU
• • •
TS Pham Ngoc Tan
Truang Dai hpc Vinh
Thuat ngii "dan chu - xa hoi" bao ham 3
chieu canh: La thuat ngir ca ban ciia li thuyet
dan chu (cac gia tri, nguyen tac ca ban); Co
the sii dung nhu ten ggi cho chuang trinh
chinh tri (Mac du c6 nhung lire lugng/nhan
to chinh tri c6 the mang ten "dan chii - xa
hgi", song no lire chinh tri lai khong phu hgp
vdi nen tang li luan hoac ngugc lai Cac dang
dan chii - xa hgi ciing khong the dgc quyen
su dung thuat ngu nay vl nhiing lire lugng xa
hoi dan sir, chinh tri khac ciing co the phan
anh khuynh hudng tu tudng dan chu - xa
hgi); va The hien d khia canh co tinh hien
dinh (d Hien phap quoc gia) Khuynh hudng
dan chu - xa hgi dua tren nhiing ca sd li luan
nIn tang (Meyer T Breyer N, 2007)
6 chau Au va Bac Au noi rieng, li
thuyet ve dan chu tu do nhu mgt hoc thuyet
chinh tri hgp phap cua thdi ki hien dai, da
bat dau va hoan thien dan tu thdi ki Khai
sang Moi nen dan chii hien dai phuang Tay
deu dugc bat nguon tu mo hinh tu do ca ban,
dua tren cac chuan muc quan tri dan chu
gom: cung cap cac quyen dan sir pho quat va
binh dang; nha nudc phap quyen, thuc hanh
quyen luc chinh tri bang hien phap; va chu quyen nhan dan dugc dua tren nguyen tac da
so phieu thuan
Chii nghia tir do kinh dien, bat dau tir tu tudng John Lock (1623-1704), Adam Smith (1723- 1790), dua tren y tudng ve tir do binh dang va cac quyen con ngudi de bao ve tu do binh dang Vdi da phat trien ciia nha nudc -dan toe hien dai, chu nghTa ty do -dan den tao
ra cac quyen dan sir ca ban cho tat ca moi ngudi Y tudng cua chu nghTa tu do chinh tri bao gom dam bao nhan pham con ngudi cho mgi ngudi (hudng quyen tu chu ca nhan binh dang) va dam bao quyen tham du cua mgi ngudi (hudng quyen tu chu chinh tri binh dang)
Lock John coi quyen sd hiru tu nhan va kinh te thi trudng cung vdi nha nudc theo Hien phap la yeu to dam bao cac quyen ca ban nay Ngugc lai, Adam Smith lai dua ra 2
luan cii co tinh nguyen tac: Thic nhdt, quyin
tu hiru va tu dieu tiet ciia thi trudng se dam bao tu do hanh dgng d ITnh vuc kinh tl va dam bao hanh dgng cua ca nhan khong bi
yeu to ben ngoai tac dgng han chi: Thic hai
Trang 2NGHIEN CQU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°5 (1161.2010
noi chung ca hai thiet che kinh te nen tang tu
do nay se dam bao toi da hang hoa chung va
cung cap cac hang hoa dich vu cho xa hgi
vdi gia ca toi thieu Theo do, nhieu thap ki,
cac dang chinh tri tu do da theo duoi muc
tieu bao ve tu hiiu, han che sir tu chu chinh
tri, lang tranh cac ham y chinh tri va xa hoi
nay sinh tu nguyen tac ve tu chii ca nhan va
chinh tri binh dang
Tuy nhien, can phai c6 ldi giai ro rang
cho 2 van de con bo ngo ciia chu nghTa tu do
kinh dien, do la: Nguyen tac binh dang se c6
gia tri den miic nao cho toan the xa hgi? va
Can phai tao ra dieu kien thuc tien cu the nao
de tat ca moi cong dan deu dugc hudng cac
quyen tu do binh dang?
Tra ldi ve 2 van de nay, quan diem, lap
trudng ban luan ciia trudng phai Dan chu tu
do va dan chii xa hgi la khac nhau
Quan diem dan chii tu do nhan manh
quyen tu hiiu ca nhan vi coi do la quyen ca
ban ciia ban than tir do Quan diem tu do chi
nham cung cap, hien thuc hoa cac quyen ca
ban hinh thiic de dam bao tu do, nha nudc
phap quyen, tuyet doi hoa quyen tu hiiu
Ngugc lai, quan diem dan chu xa hgi cho
rang, sir tu do hanh dong tren thuc te phu
hgp vdi ke hoach song, con tu chu ciia ca
nhan chi c6 the dugc thuc hien neu mgi cong
dan deu dugc hudng cac quyen ca ban, binh
dang ve hang hoa dich vu Neu thilu cac
dieu kien nay, con ngudi khong the hanh
dgng mgt each tu do Theo do, quan diem dan chu xa hgi nhan manh va keu ggi, can phai tao dieu kien va dat dugc cac quyen nay tren thuc te
Q thi ki 20, mgt so dai dien chu nghTa
tu do hien dai (Hayek FV 1977, Nozick R 1974) Cling nhan manh khai niem tu do vol quyen sd hiiu vo gidi han- nhu tien de cua tir
do Theo quan diem ciia phai nay, khai niem
tu do chi gidi han d muc do phap li hinh thiic
ve cac quyen ca ban pho quat Tu do dugc nhin nhan nhu tir do tieu cue, gan vdi cac thiet che ve can thiep toi thieu cua nha nudc
va thi trudng tu dieu tiet Theo do, viec dieu tiet cac quan he con ngudi chii yeu dugc thuc hien qua cac qua trinh thi trudng Vai tro nha nudc chi nham dam bao duy tri trat
tu chinh tri Quan diem nay da bo qua nhiing mau thuan ldn nay sinh giua nen kinh te thi trudng hien dai va phat trien xa hgi khi ap dung each tiep can nay (T.Mayer, 2007 trich Niesen, 2002) Tuy nhien, nhiing khiing hoang xa hgi cung da buoc phai dan chii ty
do phai dua mgt so thanh t l cua nha nuac phiic lgi xa hgi va dieu tilt thi trudng vao trong ca sd li thuyet tu do kinh diln va cac li luan ve tu do Theo do, khai quat dac dilm chinh cua dan chii tu do gim: nha nudc phap quyen va dan chu chinh thiic; Cac nguin lye cho cong dan tham gia vao qua trinh dan chii khong binh dang; Cac quyin xa hgi ciia ca nhan khong dugc dam bao bdi nha nuoc phiic lgi, ca chi tu diiu tilt, diiu tilt vT mo
Trang 3JMjdi s/% oun (te ol
khong hieu qua; Thi trudng dugc coi nhu
thiet che binh dang de dam bao tu do; Quyen
ve sd hiru cac phuang tien san xuat dugc
tuyet doi hoa, khai niem ve tu do ciing nhac
va tieu cue va Bac bo khai niem ve dan chii
hoa kinh te va xa hgi Tu do co the nhan
thay, li luan dan chu tu do gidi han cac
quyen dan chu va phap li la thugc ITnh vuc
Hien phap chinh tri, va chi rieng viec sd hiiu
se tao quyen cho cong dan co quyen tu do va
dugc dam bao ve phap li
Ngugc lai, nen tang quan diem li luan
ca ban cua dan chu xa hgi dugc xay dung va
hinh thanh dira tren viec phe phan nhiing
mau thuan cua quan diem dan chu tu do va
hudng tdi khac phuc, han che nhiing diem
thieu hut cua no Chang han, nha li luan dan
chu tu do lanh dao phong trao cong nhan lao
dong (Lasalle, F 1864) cho rang, bat binh
dang xa hgi bat nguon tu su khac biet ve
nang luc va cua cai giiia con ngudi vdi nhau
va vi vay nguyen tac dao diic ciia giai cap
cong nhan la "chi co ca hgi tu do noi chung
khong thoi thi khong du va de phu hgp
nguyen tac nay, muc tieu cua bat ki to chiic
bao ve dao due nao d xa hgi deu can phai bo
sung nguyen tac doan ket cac lgi ich, khang
dinh tinh cgng dong va tuong ho trong phat
trien" '
Stuart J Mill (1969, 1971) va cac nha li
luan tu tudng cua Hgi Tu do xa hpi Fabian
cung da khdi xudng chinh sach cai each xa
hoi va hinh thanh nen li luan va cot tru cua
dan chii - xa hoi, khac phuc nhiing mau thuan ldn da tao ra nhung vi pham cac quyen
ca ban pho quat (sy tu chu xa hgi, quyen ty chu cua ca nhan, quyen ty chii chinh tri) Cy the, cac quan diem nay cho rang, cac bat binh dang ve kinh te, xa hgi da tao ra quan
he phu thugc va le thugc trong ITnh vye hoat dgng kinh te - xa hgi, vi pham nhan pham ciia nhung ngudi d vi the phy thugc (vi pham
sy ty chu xa hgi); Neu quyen ty chu cua ca nhan bi vi pham do dieu kien lam viec phi nhan dao cua ngudi khac, va tao ra bat can doi bdi ben thii ba thi dugc coi la vi pham cac quyen ca ban (vi pham cac quyen ty chu cua ca nhan) va cac bat binh dang kinh te
-xa hgi lien quan den giao dye lam han che ca nhan tich eye thye hien cac quyen chinh tri, dan sy cua minh (vi pham quyen ty chu chinh trj)
Do vay, theo quan diem dan chu - xa hgi, can tinh nhiing van de ton tai tren nham dam bao hien thye hoa cac quyen ca ban, va chi khi cac quyen chinh tri - xa hgi ca ban dugc dam bao ve phap li thi chiing se dugc thye hien tren thye tien Theo do, quan dilm dan chii - xa hgi phan bac khai niem tieu eye
ve ty do va ung hg khai niem pho quat vl ty
do (coi trgng ca ty do tieu eye va tich cue la nhu nhau), phan bac ban sac tu do va sd hiru, ung hg khai niem tu do (ve nguyen tic, xem
ty do cua mgi ca nhan lien quan la binh ding vdi nhau)
Trang 4NGHIEN CQU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°5 (116).2010
Khai niem dan chii - xa hgi bao ham 4
thanh t l chinh (T.Mayer, 2007, trich Helller,
1971), gom: Qua trinh ra quyet dinh mgt
each dan chu (binh dang chinh tri cua mgi
cong dan tham gia vao qua trinh ra quyet
dinh chinh tri tap the); Md rgng va bao ve
khia canh dan chii trong qua trinh nay; Trat
ty xa hoi vat chat cong bang (gom ITnh vye
lao dong, ITnh vye hang hoa dich vu, va he
thong an sinh xa hgi toan dien ) dya tren
cac chuan myc cong li dugc xa hgi chap
thuan va van hoa, chinh tri thoa hiep vi lgi
ich cong li xa hoi (d mgi ITnh vuc chinh tri
va xa hgi)
Khai niem dan chu - xa hoi la hien thirc
hoa cong li trong xa hoi, bao ham tren het la
qua trinli dan chii hoa xa hgi ( 0 cap do vT
mo, thye thi cong li c6 nghTa la dam bao bao
ve nhan pham binh dang va quyen binh dang
cho moi ngudi bang phuong tien can thiep
cua nha nudc; 0 cap vi mo, cong li co nghTa
la cau triic cong bang d moi cap do xa hoi va
noi dung cong li c6 the noi len do tranh bien
li tri ve nhirng ngudi bi anh hudng ciia cac
quyet dinh ) Viec tir bo cong li se gay ra
nhiing tham hoa chinh tri va neu c6 cong li
thuc sy thi ke ca giai cap dac quyen ciing
img hg chinh sach cong li cho tat ca moi
ngudi v.v
So vdi nhieu nha nudc - quoc gia dan chil d chau Au, cac quoc gia Bac Au da trai qua nhieu giai doan phat trien, va hien nay phat trien dan chii - xa hgi da dat d mirc do tien tien Li luan ve dan chii - xa hoi co nhung thanh to chuan myc ca ban Trpng tam cot try ciia dan chii - xa hgi la nha nuac
xa hoi Cac thanh to/tieu he thong xa hoi va cac quan he tuang tac lan nhau, bao gom: he thong chinh tri, cac quyen xa hgi ca ban/khu vuc chinh tri cong, XHDS, cac tieu he thong dan chil hoa xa hgi, he thong giao due, luat phap kinh te, dieu tiet kinh te, luat phap doanh nghiep, dieu phoi xuyen quoc gia, va van hoa chinh tri
De an dan chii - xa hgi tap trung no luc dinh hudng cac tieu he thong nay, phat huy toi da cong li nham dam bao cac quyen chinh tri va xa hgi ca ban, the hien cac cam ket mang tinh chuan muc ve cac quyen chinh tri
- xa hgi ca ban ket hgp vdi chu nghTa hien thye mang tinh thye tiln
Dan chil - xa hgi dugc dua tren xay dung va ciing co moi quan he giira an sinh xa hoi, phan bo cong bang ve cac ca hoi sinli ton ciia ngudi dan, sy tham gia binh ding trong qua trinh dan chu (Meyer T Breyer N,
2007 dan Heller, 1931, 1971)
Trang 5JHM iA oun ite ộ
Bang: He thong cac dang chinh tri a cac nudc Bac Au
Cac dang
phai chinh
tri
Cong san va
Xa hoi chu
nghia canh
ta
Dan chii
-Xa hoi
Nong dan
va trung
tam
Dang Tu do
Thien chiia
giao
Cac dang
trung tam
Dang Bao
thu
Dang Doi
lap
Dang Moi
truong
Dan Mach
( 7 ) ' Dang Lien danh, Dang Nhan dan XHCN
Dang Dan chil xa hoi
Dang Ty do
Dang Tir do xahoi (1905)
Dang Dan chil trung tam
Dang Tien bo (cue huu)
Phan Lan (7)
Lien minh canh ta
Dang Dan chil xa hoi Dang Trung tam
Dang Nhan dan Thuy Dien
Dang Dan chil Thien chiia giao
Dang Lien minh dan toe Dang Thanh nien Phan Lan
Na Uy (7)
Lien minh bau cir Do, Dang XHCN canh ta
Dang Lao dong
Dang Tu do
Dang Dan chil Thien chua giao
Dang Bao thu Dang Tien bo (cue huu)
Thuy Dien
(7) Dang Canh ta
Dang Dan chil xa hoi
Dang Trung tam
Dang Nhan dan tir do Dang Dan chil Thien chua giao
Dang so it (Moderate)
Dang Xanh
Aixo-len (4)
Dang Xa hoi ciui nghTa
Dang Dan chil xa hoi
Dang Nong dan
Dang Doc lap
Ngudn: Norlund A, 2005, trong sdch KildalN, Kunhle S, 2005
Tai lieu tham khao
1 Dinh Cong Tuan Mo hinh phdt trien
ciia cdc nuac Bdc Au: Mot so vdn de ve tinh
pho bien vd tinh dgc thii quoc gia, De tai cap
Bo Vien Khoa hgc Xa hgi Viet Nam, Ha
Noi, 2009 :
tr
2 Norlund, A 2002, Resillient welfare
state: Nordic welfare state development in
the late 20'^ centurỵ Doctoral Dissertation
Umea Universitỵ Umeạ
3 Esping - Andersen G, 1999, Social foundations of post-industrial economies,
Oxford University Press, Oxford
4 Nordic Council of Ministries, 2006,
Nordic contries: The Scandinavian experience: Barriers, results and
opportunities
5 Kunhle S, Hort S ẸO, 2004, The developmental welfare state in Scandinavia-Lessons for the developing world UNRIDS,
Social policy and development, PP N 17