ngliTa li khai va chti nghTa dan tpc eye doan. Con tai Phap. Tay Ban Nha, hay Th6 NhT Ki. van de doi li khai ctia ngudi Kurd, ctia xtr[r]
Trang 1M O T S O \A^ D E VE C H E IVGlltA EI K H A I DAI\ TOC
TRONG THE GIOI DUONG D A I
• Ths Le Duy Thang
Trudng Si quan chinh tri Bac Ninh
Ttr khi Chien tranh Lanh ket thtic den
nay, tinh hinh xung dot sac tpc, ton giao tren
thi gidi ngay cang gia tang manh me Chu
nghTa Ii khai dan tpc da va dang trd thanh
mpt trong nhirng nguyen nhan chti yeu gay
nen cae cupc xung dot khu vyc hien nay Ke
ttr thap nien 90 ctia the ki XX, the gidi da
chtrng kien sy tan ra ctia he th6ng XHCN d
Lien X6 va D6ng Au, roi sy giai the eiia cac
lien bang da qu6c gia, da dan tpc Lan song
nay c6 xu hudng ngay cang manh me hon va
tiep tuc d6 bp vao nhieu nudc d cac khu vuc
A, Phi, My Latinh lam cho tren the gidi bting
len mpt trao luu mdi - trao luu chti nghTa li
khai dan tpc Van de dan tpc va li khai dan
toe da trd thanh van de bu'c xtic, n6i com d
nhieu qu6c gia, thu hiit dugc sir quan tam sau
sac eua ca cpng d6ng qu6c te Vay chti nghTa
li khai dan toe la gi?
Theo nguyen nghTa "Li khai Id hogt
dpng Tia bd hay tdch lihoi mpt td chtic hay
tic tudng quan diem chinh tri ndo dd" "Li
lihai cd the dupc tien hdnh bdi mpt td chiic,
mpt dan tpc hay mpt bp phgn tdn gido
lihdng chiu site rdng bupc f<hdng che, diiu
lihien ciia mpt td chiic, mpt ddn tpc, tdn
gido khdc Li khai cung cd thi dupc tiin
hdnh bdi mpt quoc gia thupe lien bang md
trong lich sir cd dien ra sir sdp nhgp hay
thdn tinh ldn nhau"' Chu ngliTa li khai dan
tgc dugc coi la mgt trong nhung hien tugng nghiem trgng trong tinh hinh cac van de dan tgc tren pham vi toan the gidi d cu6i the kl
XX va trong nhiing nam gan day Noi chung, xet ve ciic dien cac qu6c gia tren the gidi ducmg dai lay nha nudc da dan tpc lam chu the thi cac the lye ctia chti nghTa li khai dan tpc trong cgng ddng qu6c te va cac qu6c gia tuong quan la kh6ng hgp Ii va hgp phap Do kh6ng chi vi chti nghTa li khai dan tgc la san pham CO tinh cue doan cua chti nghTa dan tgc, ma con vi, noi chung, no lu6n gan lien vdi boat ddng khting b6 Do do, boat dpng tan c6ng chti ngliTa Ii khai dan tpc ctia cac nudc tuong quan cung ty nhien trd thanh bp phan hgp thanh ctia boat dgng ch6ng chti ngliTa khting b6 Duong nhien, nguyen nhan sinh ra chti nghTa li khai dan tgc la rat phtrc tap, trong do vtra bao g6ni nhting lech lac \'a sai lam xuat hien khi cac nudc tuong quan giai quyet va xtr II van de dan tgc vtra bao g6m anh hudng ctia nhirng the lye eye doan chti ngliTa nao do trong xa hgi qu6c te \'a nhting hau qua tao nen bdi viec cac nudc ba quyen chti nghTa Igi dyng van de dan tgc de can thiep vao ngi bg ctia cac nudc khac
' Nguyen Nhu Y (1998), Dgi Tie diin Tiing Viit, Nha
.xuat ban Van hoa thong tin Ha Npi, tr 1.014
Trang 2Theo nhieu nha phan tich, chti nghTa li
khai dan tpc la san pham co tinh eye doan
cua chti ngliTa dan tgc Cbti nghTa dan tgc la
mpt trong nhtrng khai niem chlnb trj qu6c te
va c6 nhieu quan niem khac nhaụ Duong
nhien, chti nghTa dan tgc co nguyen dang c6
dai ctia n6 nhung vdi tu each la mpt be tu
tuang chinh trj, no la san pham cua each
mang tu san can daị Ttr gitía the ki XIX, chu
ngliTa dan tpc co anh hudng eye ki quan
trpng tren pham vi the gidi, sam du loai vai
tro chlnb trj
Chii nghia đn tpc tuy thudc ve mpt ttr
tudng chinh trj, nhung nd dua tren có sd
sir dong nhdt cdc giai cdp, cdc tdng ldp
trong qudn the đn tpc, den mirc khd đnh
giii chudn xdc ve nd trong khudn khd phdn
tich chdt chinh tri giai cdp, tir đ ldm cho
no trd thdnh mpt ten gpi dupe chinh trj hda
vfl tinh cam cao dp' Tinh chat chlnb trj cua
chti nghTa dan tpc the hien lgi Ich giai cap
con tinh cam boa lii co sd liini nhoa di nhting
khac biet giua cac tang lop ben trong dan
lpc Do vay, trong thirc tien cua no da the
hien tinh hai mat, tinh lgi ki va tinh bai xlcb
Su phong dai nhirng dae tinh nay trong
nhirng dieu kien nhat djnh se dan den chii
nghTa dan tgc cue doan Chu nghTa dan toe
cue doan banh trudng co the de ra chu nghTa
phat xit, chu nghTa ba quyCuị Chu nghTa dan
tpc bao thti hay hep hoi co the dan tdi chti
ngliTa bai ngoai vj chting li khai dan tpc
"Hieu dng thanh kiem hai luoi ciia chu nghia đn tpc chinh Id đ bieu hien ra thdng qua tinh ciic doan vd duffc coi Id mpt trong nhirng ngudn goc dai đng nhdt, mgnh me nhdt vd chet ngudi nhdt de ra chu nghia khung bd'
Trong Ii luan chinh trj qii6c te bien daị
xuat phat ttr cac giac dp khae nhaụ ngudi ta chia chti nghTa dan tpc thanh chti nghTa dan tpc chinh trj, chii nghTa dan tpc kinh te, chti nghTa dan tpc van boa, trong do, chti nghTa dan tpc chinh trj co anh hudng ldn nhat, da trd thanh trao luu tu tudng chti dao ve sir xac lap nha nudc dpc lap eo cbii qu>'en dae biet
la o Tay Aụ Hoat dpng chti ngliTa li khai dan tpc la chi vice ben trong mpt qu6c gia dpc lap CO chti quyen, co lanh th6 toan ven, do van dc dan tpc gay gat, c6ng vdi tac dpng ctia nhieu nhan to ben trong va ben ngoai, mpt s6 the lire eye doan trong cac dan tpc phi chu the hoac thieu s6 dua ra cae yeu sach cblnh trj, tien banh cae boat dpng bao luc, tham chl tien banh cae banh dpng cb6ng d6i quan sy de d6i thanh lap nha nude doe lap
Cdn Cli ly lugn ciia chu nghia li khai đn tpc chd yeu Id nguyen tdc tu quyit đn tpc, ldy nhdn quyen ldm cdi cd de truyen bd, tim kiem dia vi chinh tri hpp phdp vd su ung hp cua cpng đng quoc te nhdm thuc hien miic tieu đi thdnh lap nhd nudc dpc lap hay tu tri cao dp Phong trao van dpng đi dpc lap ciia chu nghia li khai đn tpc tdn tai &
GUOSHAOTANG
a i ^ l ^ ; ? ? - ^ S ^ l | ? ? t t P t i i l l 5 t t , Jb.^l998¥,
SlỘ
HULIANHE,
^{'in^^'^±SLRJ^W %l5\^m±, 2001^,
^29:^
Trang 360 NGHIEN CQU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°4 (n5).2O10
nhiiu nudc phdt trien vd dang phdt trien
Cdc the luc di theo chu nghia li khai ddn
tpc tdn tgi trong cdc quoc gia cd chii quyen
hien nay vi ca bdn thupe cdc the lite cua
chd nghia ddn tpc cue doan trong cdc ddn
tpc phi chii the hay cdc ddn tpc thieu sd
Hp ty xung la dai bieu cho lgi Ich dan tgc
minh, d6i thyc hien cac quyen ty quyet dan
tpc, ttr do tao ra thach thtrc d6i vdi sy toan
ven lanh th6 cua cac dan tgc cd chti quyen
Nhung do cac dan tdc phi chu the, hay do
cac dan tpc thieu s6 d nudc sd tai noi chung
deu thuoc quan the yeu the nen ngoai viec
th6ng qua co che chinh trj thyc hien myc tieu
doi dpc lap d mpt s6 nudc hp deu thdng qua
hoat ddng kliac Do do, viec chti ngliTa Ii khai
dan tpc dtmg cac hinh thtrc cd tinh chat cue
doan va cac bien phap cd tinh khung b6 la
ph6 bien Myc dich ciia nd la tao ra sy bat 6n
xa hpi, strc ep chinh tri, sy quan tam ctia du
luan va can thiep qu6c te, ttr do dat den tu
each dam phan khien phia ben kia phai
nhugng bg, thtra nlian dja vi hgp phap cua
hg
* Mot so loai hinh cua chu nghia li
khai dan toe tir sau "Chiln tranh Lanh"
Phong trao cua chti nghia li khai dan tgc
dang dien ra d mdt sd quIc gia cd b l i canh
khac nhau ve ljch str, chinh trj, kinh tl, van
boa, ton giao nhung lai c6 chung myc tieu
chinh trj th6ng nhdt la thanh lap nha nudc
"" Vien KJioa hpc xa hpi Viet Nam (2004), Vien Thong
tin khoa hpc xa hpi, Chii nghTa khung bd todn cau van
di vd each tiip cdn, Nha xuit ban Khoa hoc xa hoi,
HaNpi, U 119
dgc lap do do khd phan loai mdt each rach roi Song nlu xet theo phuong thtrc boat dgng va tinh chat ctia chting d mgt s6 quoc gia, khu vyc khac nhau, ngoai loai hinh phong trao chinh tri c6ng khai d QueBech -Canada c6 the chia cac t6 chtrc chti nghTa li khai dan tgc lay bao luc va dau tranh vu trang lam chti yeu thanh cac loai hinh sau:
- Loai doi khang quan sir: La loai hinh
li khai, trong do luc lugng Ii khai tien hanh chien tranh nham thiet lap quoc gia dgc lap ben trong quoc gia co chu quyen nao do Dae diem cua loai hinh nay la cac the lye chu ngliTa Ii khai dan tpc cd luc lugng d6i khang quan su tuong d6i manh, cd khu vyc kiem soat 6n dinh Hoat dgng chinh tri va luc lugng vii trang cua hg tuy la bat hgp phap, nhung the luc cua hg da trd thanh d6i thu dam phan ma chinh phu phai thtra nhan Tieu bieu cho loai hinh nay la phong trao dau tranh ddi dgc lap ctia nhdm Nhting Con ho giai phdng Tamin d Xrilanca, phong trao ctia
Mat tran giai phong dan tpc Monro a
Philippin, hoat ddng Ii khai etia cac luc lugng Ii khai d Tresnhia hay cugc chien ctia quan dgi Cgng hda Ailen IRA ch6ng lai chinh quyen Anh Cac phong trao nay boat dgng bao luc cd tinh chat quan chung, to chtrc khting bd, am sat, bat cdc, danh boin lieu chet de thuc hien mue tieu thanh lap nha nudc dgc lap hay cac khu vuc tu tri cao
- Loai thong nhat xuyen bien gidi: La
loai hinh Ii khai dan tgc, trong dd mpt dan tpc v6n d6ng nhat trong lich sir nhmig trong thuc te Iai thuoc cac nudc khac nliau co
Trang 4dudng bien gidi tiep giap nhau Xuat phat ttr
nhtrng nguyen nhan chinh tri nao do, hp
mu6n th6ng qua boat dpng vti trang kieu chu
nghTa li khai dan tpc nham thuc hien myc
tieu thanh lap nha nudc dpc lap, hay nha
nudc lien bgp mang tinh chat th6ng nhat dan
tpc Loai binh nay co anh hudng xuyen quoc
gia va dae biet boat dpng li khai ctia chting
nguy hai cho tinh toan ven cac quoc gia va
an ninh khu vuc Tieu bieu cho loai binh nay
la phong trao doi dpc lap cua ngudi Kurd tai
Tho NhT Ki hay van de ngudi Anbani tren
ban dao Bancang
- Loai hinh li khai tuong tac: La loai
hinh li khai ctia cac dan tpc khac nhau ben
trong mpt quoc gia dpc lap c6 chti quyen,
chting gat bo nhau, muu d6 thanh lap nha
nudc dpc lap rieng Dae diem quan trpng ctia
no la cac dan tpc trong tinh trang xung dot
deu kh6ng phai la luc lugng bao ve sir tb6ng
nhat quoc gia D6i tugng tranh doat chti yeu
ciia chiing la lanh tho va quyen thanh lap nha
nudc dpc lap rieng Dieu can chti y la chu
ngliTa li khai dan tpc thuoc loai hinh nay
dang sau hai ben deu co sy ting bp ctia cac
the luc qu6c te Npi chien Bosnia va
Hersegovina hay nhung tranh chap gitia Hy
Lap va dao Siprus la dien hinh cho loai hinh
nay
- Loai hinh khiing bo bao lire: La loai
hinh Ii khai dan tpc liy khting b l lam chti
yeu de yeu cau thanh lap nha nudc dpc lap
Dae diem ctia loai hinh nay la luc lugng li
khai chua dti manh de trd thanh lye lugng
quan sy d6j khang vdi chlnb quyln va chung
thirc hien cac boat dgng khung b6 nham dat dugc myc tieu li khai Cac t6 chtrc li khai thuge loai hinh nay deu la lye lugng khung b6 dien hinh Tieu bieu nhat cho loai hinh nay la t6 chtrc T6 qu6c va Tu do xtr Basque
d Tay Ban Nha ttrc t6 chtrc ETA, hay van de Corse ctia Phap
Mgt s6 loai hinh tren day la nhting hinh thtrc bieu hien tuong d6i n6i bat ctia chu nghTa li khai dan tgc duong dai Cac the lye chu nghTa li khai dan tpc nay deu da Idn manh d cac mtre dp khac nhau, hinh thanh nen cac the luc chlnb trj va lye lupng quan
sy ma nudc sd tai khd long xoa bo dugc; Th6ng qua co che dan chti phuong Tay hoac boat dgng khung b6 bao lye de md rgng chu nghTa li khai nham thyc hien ty quyet dan tgc, thanh lap nha nude dgc lap T6 chu'c khting b6 bao lire ctia cac the lire chti nghTa li khai dan tgc nay tuy deu la t6 chtrc vti trang bat hgp phap, nhung do chung nhat the hda hoac ket hgp vdi cac the lye chinh trj theo chu nghTa Ii khai, nen cting c6 dae diem c6ng khai boa, ban cong khai boa va da dat dugc d mtre dp khac nhau tu each d6i thti dam phan vdi chinh phti Con cac the lye theo chti nghTa li khai dan tpc ton tai d mpt s6 qu6c gia va khu vuc khac phan ldn e6n d giai doan cac t6 chtrc chlnb tri bat hgp phap va cac nhom bao lyc bi mat Nhung bat luan la cac the luc theo chu nghTa li khai dan tgc d giai doan nao, tien hanh hoat dgng khting b6 bao luc cting deu la bien phap tat yeu ctia chung de dat tdi hgp phap hoa myc tieu chinh tri
Trang 562 NGHIEN CQU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°4 (n5).2010
* Nguon goc dan tdi li khai dan toe va
xung dot s^c toe tren the gidi hien nay
- Moi thti von cd trong lich sir: Tuyet
dai da s i cac qu6c gia dan tpc hien nay dugc
thanh lap ttr thdi phong kien Trong ljch sti'
cac nudc do, tang ldp thong trj phong kien
hoac dan tgc chiem vj tri thorg trj thudng
kh6ng tranh khoi viec ap dyng cac chinh
sach bat binh dang, ki thj chen ep boc lot d6J
vdi cac dan tgc thieu s6 hoac cac dan tgc bj
thing trj khac Vii lyc la bien phap thong
dyng nhat de giai quyet phan tranh giti'a cac
dan tgc thdi do Tham chl, mgt s6 khu vyc
dan tpc thieu s6 ma qu6c gia co dugc la do
dting vu lire th6n tliili Ljch str do tat yeu de
lai nhiing dau an kho phai trong quan he giti'a
cac dan tpc dae biet hien nay nipt s6 qu6c
gia van chua the xay dyng ni6i quan he mdi
tren co sd binh dang Them vao do, nhiing
m6i thti cu con de lai qua cac cupc phan
tranh xung dot trong ljch str khi gap thdi co
dieu kien thich hgp la lai bting phat, nhat la
khi CO sy can thiep va lgi dyng ctia bpn de
qu6c, phan dpng ttr ben ngoai
- Sir phdt trien khdng ddng deu ve kinh
te: Do nhtrng nguyen nhan ljch su su phat
trien kinh te ctia mgt s6 dan tgc thieu so
trong npi bp mpt s6 quoc gia da dan tpc luon
bj tyt hau va giti' mpt khoang each rat ldn so
vdi dan tpc chti the cua qii6c gia do Dieu
nay dan tdi viec dan tgc thieu so cam thay
bat man ttr do nay sinh tu tudng li khai
Nhirng d6j khi cting co tinh hinh ngugc lai
mgt vai dan tpc thieu so phat trien qua
nhanh khontj niu6n ijanh vac them cac khu
vyc lac hau khac, dae biet la ganh nang vien trg cho khu vyc lac hau ctia dan tpc chti the
Hp eho rang nhu the hp se bj lac hau, chan tay va nay sinh tu tudng li khai,
- Su sai ldm trong cdc chinh sdch ddn tpc: Nhieu klii nguyen nhan la do chlnb phti
ap dyng chinh sach dan tpc bat binh dang, thyc thi chinh sach ap che manh, d6ng h6a cu'dng btrc d6i vdi cac dan tpc thieu s6 Chang ban Lien Xd cti da pham phai sai lam nay trong van de dan tpc Hay d Xudang chinh quyen Trung uong mien Bac da tien hanh Hdi giao hoa cudng btrc ddi vdi nhting ngudi dan da den mien Nam Tuy nhien, d6i khi nguyen nhan lai do chinh sach dan tpc qua 16ng leo, tao co hpi cho khuynh hudng tam II li khai trdi day, dien hinh la d Lien bang Nam Tu cu
- Ddu tranh gidnh quyen lire: O mpt s6
qu6c gia, mpt vai dan tgc co thirc lyc kha can bang, vi tranh gianh nhau quyen lanh dan^ quan II dat nudc nen dan tdi sy tan ra nha nudc Chang ban nhu tranh chap gitra ngudi Sec va ngudi Xldvakia giiia ngudi Croatia
va ngudi Xecbia, giua ngudi Xecbia va ngudi B6xnia - Hecxeg6vina, gitia ngudi Hutu va ngudi Tutxi
- Nhiing ddi tupng ddn tpc thieu sd
theo ehu nghia cue doan cd tinh gdy roi, thao tiing vd lpi dung: 0 nhieu nudc, mpt so
d6i tugng dan tgc thieu so co da tam, co am muu lgi dyng mau thuan gitra cac dan tpc \'a nhirng kho khan kinh te chinh trj ciia dat nudc c6 tinh tuyen truyen kich dpng khoet sau m6J thti ban giira cac dan tpc Th6ne
Trang 6thudng nhung d6i tugng nay hay cau ctm cac
the lire de qu6c bgn phan dpng ben ngoai,
thuc hien npi eong ngoai kieh, vti'a lira bjp
vtra thtic ep quan chting Irong nudc tham gia
viio cac phong trao li khai dan toe
- Su can thiep eiia ede the lire ben
ngodi: 6 day vti'a c6 sy can thiep cua ""mau
qu6c"" ctia dan tpc ay, vi dy, sy can thiep ctia
Anbani d6i vdi dan g6c Anbani d C6s6v6;
Vtra CO sy can thiep ctia cac nudc lang gieng
vi muu Igi eho ban than, vl nhu viec Hy Lap
va Xyri tmg hg, gitip dd cac the lyc chti
nghTa li khai ngudi Cuoc d Th6 NhT Ki,
Pakistan ting hg lyc lugng li khai d Casomia
ctia An Do, bdi vi nhirng nude nay deu co
mau thuan va xung dot ve lgi leh dja chien
luge vdi nhau Cting co trudng bgp la sy can
thiep ctia mpt qu6c gia bay mpt the lyc t6n
giao qu6e te dudi danh ngliTa nipt ton giao
thay mpt giao phai nao do, nhirng trang trgn
nhat lii sy can thiep cua cac the lyc cudng
quyen qu6c te Chang han \'iee NATO do
My cam dau c6ng khai dting strc manh quan
su ting hp cac the lyc li khai d C6s6v6, hay
My va cae the lire phan dpng qu6c te ung bp,
dung ttmg va bao che cac phan tu li khai,
khting bo d Tresnia cua Nga
* Bieu hien ciia chii nghia li khai dan
toe tren the gidi va nhiing doi sach co' ban
nham ngan chan chii nghia li khai dan toe
hien nay
Ngay nay trong xu the hpi nhap dang
gia tang manh me \u hudng li khai tren co
sd chti nghTa dan tde lai van kh6ng ngung
dien ra gay gat d nhieu noi tren the gidi Xet
tren binh dien tdng the be ngoai, ngudi ta thay mpt chau Au dang trong tien trinh bgp nhat thanh mgt lien minh (EU) rgng ldn ca
ve chlnb trj, kinh te, ngoai giao Nhung kh6ng vi the ma chau lyc nay trd nen nhat the boa khi ngay cang c6 sy chia re sau sac trong npi bp ctia ttrng quoc gia
Nhin lai mpt giai doan ljch sti', nhat la tti' dau the ki XX den nay khi trai qua hai cupc chien tranh the gidi tan khoe, sy hgp nhat roi tan ra ctia eae qu6e gia d chau luc nay cho thay CO kha nhieu van de nghiem trgng da va dang bting phat hoac con ehu'a an nhting nguy CO kh6ng de dang giai quyet mgt sdm mgt chieu N6i bat la Lien X6, Nam Tu, Dti'c Sau khi Lien X6 tan ra, hang chiic nude trd thanh qu6c gia dgc lap nhung cting
CO nhieu eae quoc gia dgc lap lai tiep tyc eo
sy phan hoa tiep theo trong npi bp nhu Georgia, Ucraina Moldova Con Nam Tu cung phan chia thanh nhieu qu6e gia khac nhau \'a trai qua cac cupc chien tranh sac tpc, t6n giao mpt each dam mau Trong do, Serbia lai co sir phan boa tiep ma Kosovo la mpt vl dy dien binh ve sy thang the ctia chu ngliTa li khai va chti nghTa dan tpc eye doan Con tai Phap Tay Ban Nha, hay Th6 NhT Ki van de doi li khai ctia ngudi Kurd, ctia xtr Bass, dao Coss cting dien ra su6t nhieu thap nien qua, gay ra nhieu t6n that vc con ngudi va ctia cai ma chua di den ket cue cuoi ctmg Nhirng c6 le, mpt nhan t6 lam cho chu, ngliTa dan tpc eye doan gan lien vdi phong trao doi li khai d lyc dja nay tr6i day chinh lii hieu trng ttr sy kien d6J doe lap ctia Kosovo,
Trang 764 NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°4 (115).2010
dugc My, EU va mgt sd nudc khac c6ng
nhan Thang 8/2008, trong cugc chien tranh
chdp nhoang do chinh quyen Tbilissi phat
dgng nham thu h6i vting dat li khai Nam
Ossetia cho thay nhiing nguy co sau sac dang
am i d chau lyc nay cd the bting phat bat ctr
liic nao va khd ai co the du doan dugc dieu
tii te nao xay ra noi ttmg cham ngoi cho hai
cugc chien tranh the gidi trudc day Gan day
cac nha quan sat con td ra lo ngai mgt kich
ban tuong tu nhu Georgia co the xay ra d
Moldova Pridnestrovie, nudc cgng boa
kh6ng dugc qu6c te cdng nhan, vdi dien tich
4.000km^ va ntra trieu dan nam d phia ddng
Moldova, giap Ucraina, vdi 3 cgng d6ng
ng6n ngti chinh la Moldova, Romania va
Nga, da xung dot vti trang vdi Moldova vao
thang 3/1992, sau khi Lien Xd tan ra, de doi
dgc lap Cugc chien chi dtmg lai sau khi Nga
dung ra Iam trung gian boa giai gitia cac ben
vao thang 7 nam do, nhung quy che ve nudc
cdng hda nay van cdn bd ngo ttr dd den nay
va Pridnestrovie ty cho minh la dgc lap khdi
chinh quyen trung uong Moldova Chti nghTa
li khai d Trexnia ttr nhieu nam nay cling da
trd thanh mgt van de nan giai d6i vdi chinh
phii Nga Them vao do no lai dugc su hau
thuan cua cac nudc de quoc, dung dau la My
Dudi anh hudng ctia cudc chiln Trexnia,
khuynh hudng li khai dan tpc d khu vuc Bac
Capcado dang ngay mpt tang Ien va da trd
thanh khu vuc roi ren nhk, hk dp nhat d
Lien bang Nga
0 khu vuc Tay A, phong trao ddi dgc
lap cua ngudi Kurd ngay tren vting lanh th6
phia Nam Thi NhT Ki khdng he lang diu di cho dti thu ITnh cua nd da bj bat C) dai lyc Nam A n6i len phong trao Ii khai ctia ngudi Xich vdi myc tieu ddi tach khoi An Do Phong trao ddi dgc lap d khu vuc Casomia
do An Do kiem soat ciing dien ra manh me, lam cho quan he giua An Do va Pakixtan kh6ng ngirng xau di Da co nliting cupc chien tranh quy mo ldn lien quan den van de Casomia, cdn nhting xung dot nho le dien ra
d vung bien gidi thi gan nhu xay ra thudng xuyen hang ngay Hien nay ca hai nudc deu
sd htiu vii khi hat nhan, neu tinh trang tiep tyc cang thang se de dga nghiem trgng an ninh trong khu vuc
Cac khu vuc khac d Chau A - Thai Binh Duong ciing tdn tai nhieu phong trao doi dgc lap dan tgc, trong do dae biet sdi dgng va quyet liet la phong trao H6i giao Monro d Philippin, phong trao ddi dgc lap d D6ng Timo, Ache thuge Inddnexia va phong trao li khai d mien Nam Thai Lan
Tai dai lyc chau Phi, nhung van de noi com cua cac qu6c gia cd npi chien keo dai da phan lien quan den van de dan tdc Sau Chien tranh Lanh, cting vdi su tan ra cua chinh quyen Morixo di theo con dudng XHCN, Eritoria cting gianh dugc ddc lap ttr Etiopia Ngoai ra cac nudc khac nhu Xomali Xira Le6n, C6ngg6, Uganda, Kenia cting phai d6i pho vdi cac phong trao li khai va xung dot sac tgc
Nhu vay, cd the thay, ttr ban dao Bancang qua vung Tieu A, Trung A, dai luc Nam A, quan dao Nam Duong din Nam
Trang 8Thai Binh Duong dau cting bung n6 cac cugc
xung dot sac tpc, t6n giao, Ii khai dan tpc Co
le trong the ki XXI nay, s6 lugng cac qu6c
gia mdi se tiep tyc tang Ien, trong dd hau bet
qu6c gia mdi la san pham ctia chti nghTa li
khai dan tgc
Trudc tinh hinh cac cupc xung dot, Ii
khai dan tpc hien nay dang co xu hudng
phtrc tap va gia tang, nhieu ngudi t6 ra Io
ngai, tham chl cho rang do la hinh thtrc xung
dot chti yeu trong the ki XXI Nhirng cung
CO nhieu y kien lac quan cho rang, neu cpng
dong qu6c te, cac nudc, cac luc lugng vdi su
no lyc chung, co nhting chinh sach va bien
phap dung dan de loai trtr nguyen nhan dan
tdi li khai dan tgc va xung dot sac tgc thi co
the se ngan chan dugc chting
Tat nhien, chinh sach dan t6c va cac
bien phap de ph6ng ddng vai tr6 quan trgng,
nhung mat khac, thuc lire ctia mgt qu6c gia
Cling CO vai tro kh6ng kem Cac qu6c gia da
dan tgc trudc bet can phai cd chinh sach dan
tpc dung dan, de nlian dan cac dan tpc co
dupc su binh dang that su ve chinh trj va
cting dugc phat trien kinh te, van boa, xa hgi
Tiep den can phai co nhting bien phap htru
hieu de de phong, ngan chan khuynh hudng
li khai dan tdc Quan trgng la phai thu phyc
dugc long ngudi, Iam sao de cac dan tgc
thieu s6 kien djnh nhan thtrc va cam thong
doi vdi dat nudc, co nhu the mdi triet ha tan
goc cac phan ttr li khai dan tpc thieu s6 va
lam chting mat di nen tang quan chung Thyc
tc cho thay, trong nhtrng nam gan day, cac
phan ttr li khai dan tpc d mpt s6 qu6c gia, de
dat dugc myc dich, chting da co nhiing m6i lien he quan trgng va chat che vdi mgt s6 khu vyc dan tgc thieu s6 - noi chinh quyen trung uong cua qu6c gia do kb6ng dugc long
dan Vd lire Id thu dogn chd yeu de ngdn
chgn li khai ddn tpc trong nliiing dieu kien cdn thiet, nhirng neu khdng chii tdm thu phuc long ddn till klid md dgt duac hieu qud lau ddi, khd md ngdn chgn tan goc chd nghia li khai ddn tpc vd xung dot sdc tpc^
Nhu cac trudng hgp Th6 NhT Ki tien hanh tran ap d6i vdi ngudi Kurd, nhieu Ian tran ap
ma phong trao Ii khai van cu noi len lien mien kh6ng dtrt An Do tran ap Ii khai d Casomia; Xrilanca tran ap Ii khai ctia ngudi Tamil; Ind6nexia ap dyng cac bien phap quan su ctmg ran d6i vdi phong trao Ii khai d Ache, d Calimantan; Quan dgi Tay Ban Nha dan ap phong trao li khai d xtr Baxco; Hay
su tran ap ctia quan dgi chinh phti Thai Lan d6i vdi phong trao H6i giao d mien Nam Thai Lan nhung cac phong trao nay van ctr t6n tai nhu mgt thach thtrc nghiem trgng d6i vdi boa binh, 6n djnh va toan ven lanh thi ctia cac nudc do Mgt trong nhtrng nguyen nhan cua tinh hinh tren la do cac nudc nay chua ket hgp dung dan cac bien phap vii lyc vdi thu phyc 16ng ngudi Hay d Nga, trong nhieu nam, quan dgi va cac luc lugng ngi vy Nga da kien quyet tran ap cac luc lugng khung b6, li khai d Chesnhia, nhung cac lyc lugng nay van t6n tai Tinh hinh do bugc chinh phu Nga phai dieu chinh chinh sach va
' Tai lieu nghien ciru phuc vu lanh dao (2003), Vi chu
nghTa ddn tdc vd chii nghTa li khai ddn tgc hien nay
Thu vien Quan dpi, Ha Npi, tr.36
Trang 966 NGHIEN CQU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°4 (115).2010
bien phap ket hgp bien phap quan sy vdi cac
bien phap cting co co sd chinh trj luat phap,
kinh te de giai quyet tinh hinh do d6 da
thu dugc nhting ket qua quan trgng
Cting phai kliang djnh rang, sir 6n djnh
chinh trj va ldn manh ctia thyc lyc dat nudc d
cae qu6c gia da dan tpc cting la nipt dam bao
quan trpng de ngan chan chti ngliTa li kliai dan
tpc Thyc tc cho thay, cac cupc li kliai dan tpc
deu phat sinh khi dat nudc xay ra iiliimg budc
ngoat ldn Mpt so cugc li kliai qu6c gia, dan
tpc d cuoi the ki XX xuat hien theo sau nliting
bien c6 ve che dp xa hpi 0 miic dp nao do
ma noi do la san pham ctia thdi ki mpt dat
nudc nao do roi vao suy yeu kho khan Lien
X6, Tiep Khac, Nam Tu, Eti6pia, lnd6nexia
deu nam trong tinh trang do
Cac chuyen gia nghien ctru cho rang,
hien tai ni6i nguy hiem ldn nhat la su ting hp
va can thiep ttr ben ngoai dae biet la sir xui
bay bao che dung tiing giiip dd ctia cac the
lye cudng quyen quoc te, trudc het va dti'ng
dau la My d6i vdi chti nghTa li khai dan tpc vi
lgi ich rieng ctia ban hp Bien phap dting ngpn
cd "nhdn quyen cao han ehu quyen" de can
thiep, chl trich v6 cd van de dan tpc ciia cac
qii6c gia co chti quyen la mpt hinli thu'c bieu
hien mdi ctia chii nghTa ba quyen Chang ban,
viec Uy ban Nhan quyen, T6n giao QuIc tl
My hang nam c6ng b6 ban bao cao vl cai gpi
la tiiili trang vi pham nlian qu\'en d quIc gia
nay hay qu6c gia khac, tu cho phep My phan
xet ve nhan quyen cua quIc gia khac trong
khi lai c6 tiiili Id di tinh trang \'i pham nhan
quyen nghiem trgng tai My Trong trudng
hgp d6, cac quIc gia bun quan can tang cudng phii hgp ap dung lap trudng va chinh sach chung, kien tri ngan chan chu nghTa ba qu>'en, dau tranli de phong khuynh hudng nguy hiem nay tiep tyc tran lan,
Nhu vay, van de xung dot dan tpc \'a li khai dan tpc dang la mpt trong nhtrng van de nan giai cua the gidi duong dai, nhirng cting dang cd nhti'ng dau hieu kha quan de ngan chan Mudn giai quyet van de li khai dan tpc, xung dot sac tgc hien nay, doi h6i phai co su n6 luc ctia m6i qu6c gia ciing nhu ca cpng d6ng qu6c te, dae biet la phai thyc hien triet
de nguyen tac t6n trpng dpc lap chti quyen etia cac nudc kh6ng can thiep vao c6ng viec npi bp cua nhau d6ng thdi phai tiep tyc dau tranh chdng lai sii can thiep ctia cac the luc phan dpng qu6c te am niim gay chia re khoi dai doan ket dan t6c
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1 Pascal Boniface (2002), Nhicng cupc
chien trunh trong tuong lui, NXB Th6ng tan
Ha Ngi
2 Vuong Dat Chau (2004), An ninh
qude te Irong thdi den lodn euu hdu, Nha
xuat ban Chinh tri qu6c gia Ha Ngi
3 Pham Thi Vinh (2006), Mdt sd vdn di
vi xung dot sue tde vd tdn gido a Ddng Nam
A, Nha xuat ban Khoa hgc xa hgi Ha Npi
4 http://'vvv\w.Vitinfo.coni.vn Chuyen
dl: Hien tuong li khai