Mud'n trd thanh van nghe si xa hpi chu nghia phai khdng ngflng ren luyen dao dflc each mang, nghia la tuyet ddl trung thanh vdi ly tfldng cpng san chu nghia, kien quyet chien da'u vi[r]
Trang 1Mot so quan diem van hoa, van nghe
each mang cua Ho chi Minh
VU VAN NHAT*
tien bd toan the gidi se tien hanh
long trpng ky niem 120 nam ngay sinh cua
Chil tjch Hd Chi Minh vi dai, ngfldi anh
hflng dan tpc Viet Nam, chien sy cpng s i n
kien cfldng ciia giai cap cdng nhan va
phdng trad vd s i n the gidi Lflc sinh thdi,
vi sfl nghiep each mang, Hd Chf Minh da
lay van chudng lam mpt thfl vu khi da'u
tranh each mang sud't ddi Ngfldi da ndi va
viet rat nhieu tac pham ve van hda van
nghe ma trong dd cac quan diem ciia
Ngfldi ve van de nay de'n nay va mai mai
mai sau van cdn nguyen gia tri trong cdng
cudc xay dflng dat nflde ta va hdi nhap vdi
cac dan tdc tren the gidi Qua nghien cflu
cudc ddi each mang sdi ddng va cac tac
pham ciia Bac Hd, chflng ta cd the nhan
ra mdt sd' quan diem cila Ngfldi ve van
hoa, van nghe de hpc tap va lam theo
trong bdi canh ciia ngay hdn nay:
1 Van hoa, van nghe la mot vii khi
dau tranh each mang sac ben, van nghe
si muon t\i do phai tham gia each mang
Ta't ca tac pham ciia Hd Chf Minh deu
toat ra mdt tfl tfldng ldn cUa Ngfldi: Nhflng
ngfldi lam cdng tac van hda van nghe
mud'n dfldc tfl do phai tham gia each
mang, phai bien tac pham cUa minh thanh
vfl khi da'u tranh each mang sic ben,
gianh lai tfl do cho nhan dan, cho dan tpc
Sud't c i cupc ddi, NgUdi da chflng minh
bang nhflng t i c pham danh thep va hflng hdn muc dich phuc vu each mang cua van hea nghe thuat, van nghe Ta't ca cac tac pham cUa Ngudi deu hudng ve met de tai
dd la: che'ng thiic dan de qud'c, chdng phong kie'n dja chu, tuyen truyen ddc lap dan tpc va chu nghia xa hpi Xua't phat diem trong toan bp tU tudng, dudng ldi ciia Ngudi la: "Van hoa nghe thuat, van nghe phai phuc vu cho each mang" Tai sao van boa van nghe phai la mpt vu khf da'u tranh each mang? Tai sao ngudi lam van hoa van nghe phai da'u tranh each mang va chi cd mpt de tai each mang nhfl vay? Bac giai thfch: "Xa hpi the nao, van nghe the ay Van nghe cua dan tpc ta vo'n rat phong phfl nhflng che dp thiic dan va phong kie'n, nhan dan ta bi no le, van nghe cung bi nd
le, bj tdi tan, khong the phat trien dfldc"
Rd rang la dan tpc bi Ap bflc thi van nghe cung mat tfl do Van nghe mud'n tfl do phai tham gia each mang
Mud'n cho sii nghiep van hoa, van nghe cung nhfl cac sfl nghiep khac cua dan tpc
ta dflpc phat trien tfl do thi dieu kien chu yeu va trudc tien la phai lam each mang danh dudi de qudc, xoa bd Ach phong kie'n, thuc hien mpt nflde Viet Nam doc lap dan chu va thd'ng nhat "Cach mang van hoa d Viet Nam phai dila vao each mang giai phdng dan tdc mdi co dieu kien phat trien" (De cfldng van hoa cHa Dang nam 1943) PGS.TS Vii Van Nhat, TrUdng Dai hoc KHXH&NV, DHQG Ha Noi
Trang 2Vii Van Nhdt - Mdt sd quan diem vdn hda vdn nghe each mgng 55
Nhflng tac pham ciia Hd Chf Minh la
nhflng mau miic ve mdt thfl vfl khi each
mang sac ben ciia giai ca'p cdng nhan Viet
Nam, chia mfli nhpn vao be lfl de qud'c,
phong kien thd'ng trj; cd tac dung giao due,
cd vu danh thep, tham sau vao long ngudi;
ldi cud'n, tap hpp, td ehflc toan the nhan
dan vflng len duoi giac, cflu nUdc, xoa bd
Ap bflc, bdc lot, xay diing chu nghia xa
hpi Mud'n dUdc tU dd van nghe p h i i phuc
vu chd each mang va ngudi lam cdng tac
van hda van nghe p h i i trd thanh chien si
each mang kien cudng nhu Hd Chi Minh
da ndi va lam sud't ddi
2 Van hoa, v a n n g h e la m o t m a t t r a n ,
nhiem vu c u a v a n h o a v a n n g h e la
phai soi dxidng c h o q u o c d a n di
Bac da day: "Van hoa nghe thuat cung
la mdt mat tran Anh chj em la chien si
tren mat tran ay" Cac chien si van boa,
van nghe each mang, ngoai nhiem vu danh
bai mpi luan diem md hd, phan dpng, cdn
cd nhiem vu "lam the nao cho van boa sau
vao trong tam ly cua qud'c dan Van hoa
phai soi dudng chd qud'c dan di"
Trong tflng thdi ky each mang, Hd Chf
Minh da dat ro vj tri ciia van boa, van
nghe va nhiem vu cu the cua anh chi em
tri thfle, van nghe si Theo chu nghia
Mac-Lenin thi kinh te bao gid cung quyet
djnh van hoa NhUng trong tflng trfldng
hpp cu the, khdng phai bao gid kinh te
cflng quye't dinh van hoa Cd ddi khi van
hoa di trudc kinh te nhUng cflng cd khi
van boa tdn tai song song vdi kinh te
Dudi thdi ky thudc Phap, da nay sinh ra
mdt thfl van hoa nd djch, phan dpng n h i m
duy tri trat tfl xa hpi cu Nhflng ben canh
dd, theo quy luat da'u tranh giai cap, mdt
nen van hoa cd nhieu yeu to dan chii va xa
hdi chil nghia hinh thanh va phat tnen
Nen van hoa each mang nay tan cdng vao
quan he s i n xua't ldi thdi, giai phdng nhan dan lad ddng, giai phdng dan tdc Trong thdi ky nay, dung nhfl ldi ddng chi Trudng Chinh da ndi: "Van boa each mang da di trudc thiic trang kinh te va i n h hudng lai
xa hpi mpt each manh liet"
Su that, Bac coi nhiem vu sang tac la nhiem vu each mang, dpng cd sang tac cua Bac la vi each mang, vi nhan dan, vi Td qudc Ngudi neu re: "Trong cdng cupc kien thie't nudc nha, cd bd'n van de can phai chfl
y den, cflng p h i i coi la quan trpng ngang nhau: chfnh trj, kinh te, xa hpi, van boa NhUng van hoa la mpt kie'n trflc thupng ting, nhflng cd sd ha t i n g ciia xa hdi cd kien thfle rdi, van hoa mdi kie'n thie't dUdc
va Cd dii dieu kien phat trien dupc" Ndi tdm lai, Hd Chf Minh da chi chd chung ta hieu re van hda cflng la mat tran nhfl mat tran kinh te, chinh trj, xa hpi, nhung van hda phai do chinh trj lanh dao, phai lay kinh te'lam cd sd Trong tflng thdi
ky each mang, van hoa lai cd nhflng nhiem vu cu the g i n lien vdi nhiem vu each mang de soi dfldng cho qud'c dan di
Vi vay, nhiem vu cila nhflng ngfldi lam cdng tac van hoa, van nghe, khdng the tach rdi vdi nhiem vu chung ciia each mang Van boa, van nghe ta phai la vu khf sic ben cua giai cap cdng nhan Viet Nam, khdng ngflng tan cdng ke djch, giai phdng To qud'c, phuc vu nhan dan, xay dflng chil nghia xa hdi Trong thdi ky chdng My , cflu nflde nhiem vu cu the ciia van hda, van nghe va ciia van nghe si Mien Bic la: "Vfla hang hai thi dua xay dflng xa hpi chU nghia, vfla anh dflng chien dau bio ve Mien Bic va het long img hp Mien Nam"
3 Van hoa v a n nghe m u o n p h u c vu each
m a n g phai eo tac d u n g giao due, giai thich, CO dong, phe binh n h a m do'i ti^ctog phuc vu ehti yeu la cong, nong, binh
Trang 356 Nghien cdu Ddng Nam A 4/2010
Trong ba ehflc nang ciia van nghe, Hd
Chi Minh ludn ludn nha'n manh den chfle
nang nhan thfle va chu yeu la ehflc nang
giao due Noi nhfl the khdng cd nghia la
Ngudi coi nhe chfle nang tham my Ngay
tfl nam 1930, trong b i n de cfldng tac pham
"Nhat ky chim tau", NgUdi da viet: "Tdi
mdng nd sinh ddng ha'p dan, de dpc va cd
nhieu mau chuyen" Treng Dai hdi van
nghe tdan qud'c l i n thfl III, NgUdi ndi:
"Quin chflng mdng mud'n nhflng tac pham
cd ndi dung phdng phfl, cd hinh thfle trong
sang va vui tfldi Khi chUa xem thi mud'n
xem, xem rdi thi cd be ich" Thed Ngudi, tac
pham van nghe phai bd fch ve nhieu mat,
nhUng trUdc het, p h i i phuc vu ldi Ich thiet
thuc cua q u i n chflng Chd nen cai ha'p din,
cai sinh ddng cua tac pham phii lam che
ngfldi dpc de hieu, tie'p thu dfldc ndi dung
giad due ciia tac pham thfle day hp lam
viec cd fch cho xa hpi Nhfl vay la trong tac
pham, cac mat tham my, nhan thfle va
giao due ludn ludn cd lien he chat che vdi
nhau tren cd sd lay giad due lam chii chd't
4 Muon p h a n A n h h i e n thvfc v a n h o a
va v a n n g h e p h a i g a n lien vdi c u o c
song, vdi con ngifdi
"Van hda p h i i gan lien vdi lao dpng,
s i n xua't Van hoa xa ddi sd'ng, xa lad ddng
la van bda sudng"
Tac pham van hoa, van nghe phuc vu
each mang, phuc vu chii yeu la cdng, ndng,
binh khdng the xa rdi cudc sd'ng Nd phai
phan Anh ban chat ciia hien thfle, phan
Anh ddi sd'ng trong qua trinh phat trien
each mang ciia nd va cd tac dung gdp p h i n
nang cao ddi sd'ng, lam cho ddi sd'ng xa hpi
ngay cang tie'n be, vui tUdi, lanh manh
5 Van n g h e si p h a i co lap trifdng viing
vang, txi tifdng diing, p h a i h i e u t h a u ,
lien he va di sau vao ddi song n h a n d a n
Mud'n mieu ta dUdc cupc sd'ng mdt each chan that, hay va hflng hdn thi van nghe
si phai di sau vao cupc song, phai co nhiet tinh each mang, phai co lap trfldng vflng, tfl tfldng dflng Ndi mpt each khac, van hoa van nghe phai cd tinh Dang cao, tinh giai cap va tfnh nhan dan sau sic, phai gin minh vdi cupc song nhan dan lao dpng, dau tranh phuc vu cupc sd'ng ciia nhan dan lao dpng, phai cd chu nghia Mac-Lenin dan dfldng, phai quan triet dfldng lei chu trfldng chi'nh sach cua D i n g mdi de kham pha ra dfldc nhflng cai dep ciia cudc sd'ng,
dd do mdi CO the sang tac tot dfldc
Hd Chf Minh da dinh hudng: "De lam trdn nhiem vu, chien si nghe thuat cin cd lap trUdng vflng, tfl tfldng dung, ndi tdm tat la phai dat lpi ich ciia khang chien, cua Te qud'c, ciia nhan dan len tren het, trUdc het
Ve sang tae thi can thau hieu, lien he
va di sau vao ddi sd'ng cUa nhan dan NhU the mdi bay td dupe tinh than anh dung va kien quye't ciia quan va dan ta, ddng thdi
de giup phat trien va nang cao cho tinh
t h i n ay"
6 Hoe v o n cii d e s a n g t a o c a i mdi, hoc
c u a ngifdi d e s a n g t a o c a i c u a m i n h Ngay tfl sau each mang Thang Tam,
Hd Chi Minh da luu y mpi ngudi chdng lai benh tU ti, b i t chuctc va sflng bai nflde ngoai, nha't la sung bai Au My
Ngudi yeu cau anh chj em lam cdng tac van hoa, van nghe phai bie't quy trpng tie'ng noi cua dan tpc vi theo Ngfldi: "Tie'ng ndi la cai thfl cua cai vo cflng quy bau ciia dan tpc Chflng ta phai gifl gin nd, quy trpng nd, lam cho nd phd bien ngay cang rdng k h i p CUa minh c6 ma khdng dflng lai di mfldn cua nflde ngoai, do c h i n g phai
la d i u dc quen y lai sao?"
Ngudi khong bac bd viec tie'p thu
Trang 4Vii Vdn Nlicit - Mdt so quan diem vdn hda vdn nghe each mgng 57
nhflng cai hay ciia nUdc ngoai vi nd lam
cho kien thfle, vd'n sd'ng ciia dan tpc ta
them phong phu
Ngudi rat coi trpng va danh gia ra't cao
vd'n van nghe cfl ciia dan tdc ta NgUdi rat
chfl y den viec khdi phuc va gifl gin vd'n cfl
cua dan tdc Trong viec thfla ke va phat
huy vd'n cfl cd nhieu quan niem khdng
dflng: cho rang vd'n cfl, dudi che dp thiic
dan phong kien, ehju anh hudng ciia tU
tudng thd'ng trj bdc lot nen hoan toan lac
hau khdng dflng dupc De chdng lai nhflng
quan niem sai l i m tren, NgUdi ndi: "Khdi
phuc vd'n cfl la khdi phuc cai gi td't, cdn cai
gi khdng td't thi phai loai dan ra"
Hd Chi Minh, NgUdi day chung ta hpc
tap vd'n cfl la de sang tao cai mdi phuc vu
cho cudc sd'ng hien thdi, chfl khdng phai la
le cd, bio thii, quay ve nhflng thdi da qua
7 Muon xay difng n e n van hoa, van
nghe si, tri thife xa hoi ehii nghia
Bac da noi: "Mud'n xay diing chu nghia
xa hdi, trudc het cin cd nhflng con ngudi xa
hpi chil nghia" Van dung Idi ndi cila NgUdi
vao van de van hoa, van nghe chflng ta can
nhan rd hai y: thfl nha't van hoa van nghe
cd tac dung gdp p h i n giao due va cai tao
con ngUdi trd thanh cdn ngUdi xa hpi chu
nghia; thfl hai, mud'n lam trdn nhiem vu
ay thi nhflng ngfldi lam cdng tac van boa,
van nghe trUdc het phai la nhflng chien si
van boa van nghe xa hdi chU nghia
Mud'n trd thanh van nghe si xa hpi chu
nghia phai khdng ngflng ren luyen dao
dflc each mang, nghia la tuyet ddl trung
thanh vdi ly tfldng cpng san chu nghia,
kien quyet chien da'u vi lpi fch ciia Td
qud'c, cua giai cap cdng nhan va nhan dan
lao ddng, cdng khai thfla nhan sfl lanh dao
cua Dang cua giai cap vd s i n ma d ta la
Dang Cpng san Viet Nam
Ndi tdm lai, chflng ta phai ludn ghi nhd
ldi can dan cua Hd Chii Tjch tai Dai hdi van nghe tean qud'c l i n thfl III: "De lam trdn nhiem vu cao quy cua minh, van nghe
si cin p h i i ren luyen dao dflc each mang, nang cao tinh t h i n phuc vu nhan dan, gifl gin thai dp khiem td'n, phii that sfl boa minh vdi quan chflng, cd' ging hpc tap chinh trj, trau ddi nghe nghiep, phai bet long giup dd thanh nien, lam chd van nghe nudc ta ngay cang them tre, them xanh" Tren the gidi va treng tdan bd ljch sif nhan loai that hiem cd mdt vi nhan vfla la chien sy each mang, vfla la lanh tu chinh trj va vfla la nha tfl tfldng, nha van, nha thd, nha van hda vi dai nhu Bac Hd kinh yeu cila dan tpc Viet Nam Tren day chflng tdi khai quat mdt so'quan diem ciia Ngfldi ve van hda nghe thuat Trong cac bai tiep theo, chung tdi se de cap den gia trj tfl tfldng van hda nghe thuat Hd Chi Minh va van de van hda hdm nay./
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1, 2 Hd Chf Minh todn tap, tap 4,8,9,1, NXB
Su that, H 1980
3 Pham Van Ddng, NhUng nhdn thUc cd bdn
ve tudng Ho Chi Minh, N X B Chinh tri
Qudc gia, H 1998
4 LQ Huy Nguyen, Ho Chi Minh Vdn hoa
van nghe ciing Id mot mat trgn NXB Van
hpc, H, 1981
5 Ha Huy Giap, Ho Chu tich vdi mot sd'vd'n
de vdn hoa, NXB Su that, H.1965
6 Dao Phan, Ho Chi Minh danh nhdn vdn
hoa, NXB Van hoa, H 1991
7 Vu Van Nhat, Tim hieu mot sdquan diem
ciia Chil tich Ho Chi Minh ve vai tro ciia sdch bdo Tap chf Khoa hpc, KHXH&NV,
DHQG Ha Npi Sd4, 2004 Tr 6-11