qui nhieu khd khin, thich thirc. thudng niy sinh tu tudng bi quan. Bit cir tu tudng can bg. dang vien va nhin din nghieng theo hudng nao deu cd hai cho sy nghiep each mang. Trong 30 n[r]
Trang 1AAOT SO KINH NGHI€A/\ V€ XRV DU'NG DANG
• • •
Tni AAICNNRAA (1954-1960)
NGUYEN BINH*
A T hiing nam 1954-1960 la giai doan
J y day khd khin, thach thirc frong
budc chuyen chien luge eua cich mang mien
Nam, Trung uong Ding vi cic ding bg mien
Nam da lanh dao nhan dan mien Nam diu
tranh ddi thi hanh Hiep dinh Gionevo ehdng
"td cgng, diet cgng", giii gin lyc lugng cich
mang, tien hinh ddng khdi, budc diu danh bai
im muu ciia de qude My vi tay sai Nhting
thinh cdng va ban ehe frong qui trinh Ding
lanh dao edng tie xiy dung Ding tai mien
Nam giai doan niy de lai mgt sd kinh nghiem
quy bau eho cdng tie xiy dyng Ding mi den
nay van edn nguyen gia tri
/ Bdm sdt tinh hinh thuc tien, xdy dung
Ddng vimg mgnh vi chinh tri; dudng ldi chinh
tri diing ddn la nhdn td quyit dinh viic xdy dung
Ddng vimg mgnh vi tu tudng vd td chiec
Bio cao ve tinh hinh mien Nam trinh bay tai
HNTU 9 (Khda m 12-1963) neu rd: khi dudng
ldi nhiem vu, mye tieu chien luge khdng rd
ring thi phuong phip, hinh thirc, phuong chim
diu franh khdng rd, lim inh hudng den frr
tudng can bg, ding vien va quan cbiing, nguy
Hge vien CT-HC Quoc gia Hd Chi Minh
hai den phong trio Ke ea frong trudng hgp phuong chim, binh thiic td ehiie va dau tranh
cd kheo leo den diu eiing khd bio tdn duge luc lugng va gitr vung dugc phong trao
Kiem diem sy lanh dao frong giai doan 1954-1959, cac cip uy Ding d mien Nam thiy ring: do da khdng xic dinh mgt each ro rang, dung din dudng ldi, nhiem vy chien luge, nen da khdng xay dung duge phuong phip cich mang khoa bgc de bio ve Dang, bio ve cich mang Chinh vi the, viec lanh dao xay dung Ding va thye hien nhiem vy chinh tri gap rit nhieu khd khin, nhieu phirc tap ve
tu tudng, ve td ehue niy sinh, khdng giii quyet dugc, din tdi be tie Chi tir khi xic dinh dung dudng ldi chirib tri, cich mang mdi thoat
ra khdi khd khin, ehuyen the di len
Van de cot ldi frong dudng ldi each mang mien Nam la vin de diu tranh vii trang, dimg bao lye cich mang de bio ve lyc lugng ta, lit
dd chinh quyen dich da khdng dugc neu ra kip thdi vdi tinh hmh Do dd, trudc khd khin cac ding bg tai mien Nam dii cd cimg ed di, cimg
cd lai to chiie Ding, ta vin khdng franh khdi bi thiet hai Cuoi cimg, nhung frin frd ve dudng ldi each mang giii phdng mien Nam ciia Trung
Trang 2TRAO OOl
uang Dang da bit gap tim tu nguyen vgng
chiy bong eua cin bg ding vien va nhin dan
mien Nam Y Dang da hda quyen vdi ldng din
Nghi quyet 15 din vdi Dang bg vi nhin dan
mien Nam ehi ngin ggn frong bdn tir "Dang
eho danh rdi" Chi bon tir ngin ggn dd da thdi
biing nggn lua cich mang dang am i chiy
frong ldng can bg, ding vien vi nhin din yeu
nudc mien Nam
Vdi dudng ldi cich mang dung din, chi
vdi mgt sd it ding vien Ding bg miln Nam
da lanh dao nhin din vimg day, lim nen cao
trio ddng khdi long trdi Id dat, chuyin tbi
phong frao cich mang Thye te dd cho thiy,
khi dudng ldi dung, khi nhting vudng mie ve
dudng ldi dugc thao gd, Ding se dgng vien
dugc siic manh to ldn eiia quin chung
Xuit phit tir yeu ciu, nhiem vy chinh tri va
tinh hinh thye te, trong giai doan 1954-1961,
he thdng td chire Ding tai mien Nam da thay
ddi Khi chuyen sang chien tranh cich mang,
yeu ciu phii ting cudng sy lanh dao tip
trung, thdng nhit eua Trung uong, do dd,
Trung uong Ding thanh lip co quan lanh dao
ciia Trung uong tai mien Nam, ddng thdi cd
sy thay ddi d cip lien tinh uy cho phii hgp vdi
tinh hinh mdi
2 Dgc biet coi trgng cdng tdc tu tudng
trudc nhirng budc chuyin ciia cdch mang
Thuc tl cbo tbiy, frong nhiing budc ehuyen
eua each mang, khi tinh hinh thuan Igi hoac khd
khin thudng niy sinh nhtrng vin de ve tu tudng
Khi thuan Igi la mat ndi frgi, thudng phit
sinh tu tudng ndn ndng, chu quan, mit cinh
giac, lac quan qua mirc Khi phii ddi mat vdi
qui nhieu khd khin, thich thirc thudng niy sinh tu tudng bi quan chin nin dao dgng co thu Bit cir tu tudng can bg dang vien va nhin din nghieng theo hudng nao deu cd hai cho sy nghiep each mang
Trong 30 nim chien tranh giii phdng, giai doan 1954-1960 la giai doan cd tinh chit budc ngoat ciia cich mang, dien bien tinh hinh het sire phirc tap, hgi dii cic yeu td thuan Igi vi khd khan, ma khd khin li mat chu yeu, bao trum Cic Ding bg tai mien Nam y thirc dugc nhirng khd khin khi pbii chuyen the phong trio, da die biet coi trgng edng tic tu tudng Trudc hang loat vin de tu tudng niy sinh trong viec bd tri ai di tip ket
ai d lai tiep tye diu tranh, tdng tuyen eir se dien ra diing thdi ban hay khdng cac cip
uy Ding di trieu tip cic hdi nghi cip xir, lien khu vi cip tinh, va phat huy hieu qui vai trd eua cac phuong tien truyen thdng khie nhu sach, bio nhim giio due cho cin bg, dang vien va nhin din mien Nam hieu rd dudng loi, chinh sich eua Ding trong giai doan cich mang mdi, xiy dung niem tin vao thing Igi cudi cimg ciia each mang trong cudc diu franh lau dii, gian khd
Tuy nhien, cdng tic tu tudng luc diu thien
ve mdt chieu, nhin manh thuan Igi, khdng thiy bet kbd khin, nen frong can bg, ding vien vi nhin din niy sinh tu tudng cau an, hudng lac, tu tudng lac quan qua mirc, sinh ra chu quan, ndn ndng, bgc Id lyc lugng Den khi tdng tuyen eir thdng nhit dit nudc khdng dien ra tir lac quan chuyen sang bi quan, dao dgng, nim im, chay dii, diu hang, xuit thu
Trang 3Khi phong frao each mang phit trien manh
me sau dong khdi tu tudng chu quan, ndn
ndng lai xuat hien Chi trong mgt thdi gian rit
ngin dien bien tinh hinh qui nhanh lam cho
edng tie tu' tudng eua cic Ding bg mien Nam
chuyen khdng kip Trong khi dd, ke thu vdi
lyc lugng va bg miy tuyen truyen khdng Id ra
sire phan tuyen tmyen ta, cing lim cho tu
tu'dng cin bg dang vien vi nhin dan dien
bien phirc tap mgt sd cin bg ding vien hoai
nghi ve dudng ldi eiia Ding
Yeu ciu dit ra ddi vdi cdng tic tu tudng
eua Dang la phai dugc tien hinh thudng
xuyen lien tye bing nhieu hinh thirc, ludn theo
sit dien bien tinh hinh thye te, phii dugc tien
hinh mgt each toan dien, trinh roi vio mgt
chieu din den nhting tu tudng lech lac
3 Chu truong, dudng tdi ciia Ddng phdi
xudt phdt tir thuc tien, ddp irng tdm tir, nguyen
vgng eua cdn bg, ddng vien vd qudn chimg
Ddng thdi vdi nghien ciiu ly luan phii
ting cudng tdng ket thue tien die biet la tdng
ket thye tien rir ca sd de phat hien nhin td
nidi 1110' ra hudng di eho phong trao each
mang va liy dd lam thude do cho tinh dung
din eua dudng ldi, chinh sach
Thye te nim 1959, nhieu cin bg ding
vien, quan chimg yeu nudc dim tuyen bd chiu
ky luat de khing dinh chinh kien eua minh la
da den luc phat dgng dau tranh vu trang
Thirc tien la thude do de kiem tra tinh
dung din ciia dudng ldi chu truang chinh
sach Phuong chim tdng ket la nhin thing
vao sy that, ndi dung sy that Trong qua
trinh dd mgt so chu truo'ng ciia Xir iiy Nam
Bd va Lien khu uy V nhu dua cin bd ding vien ra boat dgng edng khai, hgp phip nhtrng nim 1954-1958 khdng phii hgp thye tien lam tdn hai den luc lugng each mang
Hoat dgng eiia Ding bg mien Nam giai doan niy khdng theo kip su bien chuyen eiia tinh hinh, lac hau so vdi thuc te, bi dgng, do khdng xuit phit tir tinh hinh thye te, danh gia frrong quan lye lugng ta- dich thieu khoa hoc Nhiing nim 1958-1959, nhin din mien Nam khdng the sdng hoi binh dudi ehe do dge tai phit xit Ngd Dinh Diem dugc ntra, nhirng
"lang rimg" bit hgp phip, nhung eude ndi day diet ic, phi kim la co sd cho Dang ta thiy ro khdng cdn con dudng nio khie ngoii con dudng lanh dao nhin dan mien Nam vimg len khdi nghia danh dd chinh quyen djch, gianh quyen lam ehu bing con dudng cich mang bao lyc "Khi dich ldi miy chem di khip mien Nam dua su tan bao phit xit den ciing eye, d Minh Hai cd hing van thanh nien vao rimg U Minh Mgt khdng khi each mang bring len: chinh thye te dd eua Minh Hii giup cho Tmng uong thiy cin phii va ed the phit dgng quan chung vimg day diu tranh"'
Nghi quyet 15 eua Ban Chip hanh Tmng uong Ding chinh li sy tdng ket thuc te dau tranh dau thuang va anh dting eiia nhan dan mien Nam trong giai doan 1954-1959 Bai hge due ket la Ding phii xuit phat rir tinh hinh thye te khaeh quan, nim vting tim Ur, nguyen vgng eua quin chung nhin dan, ciia can bg, dang vien ca sd tir dd xay dung chii tmong, dudng ldi, phuong phip cich mang cho phii hgp
Trang 4TRAO 001
4 Phdt huy tinh thdn chu dgng, sdng tgo
trdch nhiem eua dang bg ca sd n-ong viec tim tdi
nhiing bien phdp thich hgp vdi tinh hinh at the
de td chirc thuc hien dudng loi aia cdch mgng
Mye tieu eua cich mang d miln Nam
frong nhung nim 1954-1960 la dau tranh gitr
gin lye lugng ddi dich thi hanh Hiep dinh
Gionevo Tmdc tinh binh frong nude va qude
te liie dd Dang ta chua the cd ngay mgt
dudng ldi thye hien mye tieu thdng nhit dit
nudc cd hieu qui nhung chu tmong dudng
ldi phuong chim eua Tmng uong Ding khd
ed dieu kien cy the va sit hgp vdi mdi dia
phuong Chinh vi the cic ding bg dia
phuong mgt mat phii chip hinh dudng ldi
chii tm'ong eua cip tren, mat khie phii chii
dgng, linh boat, sing tao trong td ebite thye
hien cho phii hgp vdi tinh hinh dja phuong
Trong thuc te, dang bg nao linh boat, sing
tao trong td chuc thye hien tbi ddi ngu ding
vien v i quin ehung cich mang it bi tdn thit
Noi nio cip uy, cin bg, ding vien thy dgng
may mde frong td chuc thye bien dudng ldi
thi each mang se gap khd khin tdn thit
Xir uy Nam Bg v i Lien kliu uy V li nhiing
CO quan chiu frich nhiem tm'dc Trung uong
Dang vl phong trio each mang mien Nam mdt
mat phai chap hanh nghiem ebinb chu tmong
ducmg ldi diu tranh bang phuong phip hoa
binh, ddng thdi pbii diu franh bio ve Ding, bio
ve din Trong boi cinh tinh hinh mien Nam
dien biln nbanb va phuc tap, viee chuv'en
hirdng xi)' dyng td chue ciing nhu lanh dao
phong trao diu tranh ciia Dang bg Nam Bg
chua kip thdi chinh xic Phuong cham dau
tranh chua thich hgp cdn thy ddng Trong khi
dd de qude My vi tay sai ra sire din ip phong frao each mang, giy cho ta nhieu tdn thit
Tin d quin chung, thiu hieu tim tu nguv'en vgng eua quin chung, Xir uy Nam Bg diy manh phong trio diet ic trir gian diu tranh chinh tri cd vii trang ty ve da md ldi ra cho phong frao, quin chung nhan din phin khdi la tien de cho cao frao ddng khdi diu nim 1960 tai Nam Bg 0 mien Tay Lien khu V Dang lanh dao nhin din ndi div' chdng can, phi khu ddn din, khu tip tmng, trd ve ling cu
5 Ldy ddn ldm goc, dira vdo ddn de xdy dung vd bdo vi Ddng
Thye te nhiing nim 1954-1960 cho thiy,
do Dang chua xiy dyng dugc cic doan the quin ehung ldn manh nen cdng tic xiy dimg Ding gap nhieu khd khan Viee Igi dung nhimg td cbirc edng khai hgp phap khdng thye sy thu hut duge ddng dao quin chiing chi ed hieu qua liic ban dau Do vi)' Dang khd lanh dao duge ddng dao quin chiing diu franh cich mang Ddng thdi cdng tic phit trien Ding gap nhieu khd khin do khdng ed nhung td chirc quin chimg de qua dd ren luyen, chgn Igc nhiing ci nhin uu tu bd sung vio dgi ngii eua Ding
Ding phii dya vao dan Cudi nim 1955, Lien khu uy V nhin thirc ring, trong hoan cinh dich dinh phi khde liet, cin thiy tinh chit quan frgng trong mdi quan he giiia Ding
va quin chung Neu cin bg, ding vien quan
he tdt vdi quin chiing, dya vao quin chiing thi cin bg, dang vien dugc ehe giiu, boat dgng de dang
Trang 5Sire sdng eiia Ding li bit diet khi dugc
nudi dudng trong phong trio quin chung
Ta dinh bai im muu "tit nudc bit ci" tach
Ding khdi din eua ke thu Bing nhieu bien
phip, mdi quan he gin bd gitra din vdi
Dang duge cung cd hon bao gid het Su
diim bgc, cbe ehd, nudi dudng, bio ve eua
nhin din giup Ding bg mien Nam vugt qua
thir thich khde liet trong nhiing nim
1954-1960 Dieu dd da di vao ca dao: ''Ddng
cdn, ddt cdn, mdt Ddng, mdt ddt, mdt ddu",
"cdn cdn bg cdch mgng Id cdn cdch mgng,
cdn cdch mgng mdi cdn rudng ddt",
"Khdng ddn Ddng biet ldm sao /Khdng
Ddng ddn biet ddng ndo md di", the hien
mdi quan he Ding vdi din, din vdi Dang
trong nhiing thing ngiy den tdi nhit eua
cich mang mien Nam
Quan tim den nguyen vgng, quyen Igi
ciia nhan dan, nhat la quyen Igi mgng dat
la mgt trong nhting bien phip hiiu hieu de
bio ve Ding Cudc diu tranh vi quyen Igi
eua ndng din, trong dd die biet la quyen Igi
rudng dit, li cudc diu tranh liu dii, gian
khd Cic cip uy Ding da linh dao nhin
din diu tranh chdng eudp dit, dudi nha,
ehdng ting td, chdng thue Chinh vi the,
Ding di xiy dyng duge "can cu dia ldng
dan" de bio ve Ding, bio ve cich mang
QUAN DIEM CUA DANG
(Tiep theo trang 30)
trong dd nginh thiiy sin dat hon 3 ty USD
Nim 2007, Viet Nam dting thir hai the gidi ve xuit khau gao, dimg diu ve xuat khiu ca phe robusta va hat tieu, frd thanh mgt frong 10 nudc hang diu ve xuat khiu thuy sin Rieng frong Imh vue ndng nghiep, cd 5 mat hang da dat kim ngaeh xuit khiu fren 1 ty USD la thuy sin (3,8
ty USD), go (2,4 ty USD), ea phe (1,86 ty USD),
gao (1,46 ty USD), eao su (1,4 ty USD)^., mac dii ndng nghiep nim 2007 phii ddi mat vdi nhting khd khin gay git nhu bao, lii, giy thiet hai 111.514 ty ddng (hjong duong gin 0,7%
GDP) Nam 2008 gia tri kim ngaeh xuit khiu toan nganh dat 16,35 ty USD ting 30% so vdi nim 2007^
Phit trien ndng nghiep theo hudng CNH, HDH li mgt frong nhung nhiem vu hang diu eiia CNH, HDH dit nudc, gdp phin quan frgng thuc hien mue tieu mi' Ding da de ra: "tao nen ting de den nam 2020 nude ta co bin frd thanh mgt nude edng nghiep theo hudng hien dai"
1 De tua eudn Ldng rimg, Ky yeu Hdi thio
khoa hge, Ban Tuyen giao Tinh uy Minh Hii
xuat bin nim 1993
1, 2,3, 4, 5,6 Dang Cong san Viet Nam: Van Men Dgi hgi Ddng thdi ky ddi mdi (Dgi hoi VI, VII, VIII, IX),
CTQG, H, 2005, tr.48,270,546,639,639-641,641
7 Hoc vien CT-HC Quoc gia Ho Chi Minh, Vien
Thong tin: Nhiing vdn de chinh tri - xd hoi 6-2008, tr 15
8 Xem: Tap chi Quin ly Nha nudc, so
1-2009, bai ciia Thir tmdng Bg ndng nghiep, phat
trien ndng thdn Diep Kinh Tin: "Phdt trim ndng nghiep, ndng thdn Viet Nam trong tien trinh cdng nghiep hod hiin dgi hod ddt nudc"