den khi tinh the eiieh mang xuiu hien. nhirng ngudi Bdnsevich khdng ed xii khdng. the cd dao quim ehinh tri dii sim simg duge. Mudn liun duge dieu dd. nhirng ngiari[r]
Trang 1(M':;.v,
LICH s a - VAN HOA - XA HOI CHAU AU
MOT SO BAI HOC KINH NGHIEM TlT CUOC DAU TRANH
• • • •
GIANH CHINH QUYEN CUA DANG BONSEVICH
Nhieu cdng trinh nghien ciru ve Cach
mang XHCN thang Mudi Nga niim 1917 da
rill ra nhung bai hgc kinh nghiem cua eudc
each mang niiy cho phong trao each mang
the gicri 'Trong dd tuu chung lai cd ciie bai
hgc ca biin sau diiy: 1- Khdng cd mdt chinh
dang Mac-Lenin - ddi tien phong ciia giai
cap cdng nhiin thi khdng the chuim bi vii tien
himh thang lgi each mang XHCN Su limb
dao CLia chinh dang each mang Li quy luiit
khiich quan quan trgng 2- Ciich mang
XHCN khdng the nd ra vii thimg Igi, neu
khdng thuc hien dugc khdi lien minh cdng
ndng virng chiic dudi su Linh dao ciia giai
cap cdng nhiin Lien minh cdng ndng la su
diim bao chiic chim nhiit cho thiing Igi cua
eiieh mang 3- Dudi su Linh dao cua giai ciip
cdng nhiin vii tren ea sd lien minh cdng ndng
ngay cimg vung chiic trong mdi giai doan
ciich mang cim tiip bcip mgi lire IiriTng ciicb
mang tien bd thimh mdt mill triin ning nii
thuc hien tlumg nhiit himh ddng dudi nhieu
hinh thire giira ciie lire lucyng iiy de chdng ke
thii 4- 1 i'ong cude ddu tranh gian khd chdng
kc thu ciia giai ciip vii ciia dan tgc, cim diing
PGS.TS Le Van Anh
Dai hgc Sir pham Hue
bao luc each mang chdng bao lire phan each mang gianh liiy chinh quyen x'a biio ve chinb quyen 5- Dam biio tinh tbiin ciich mang triet
de tiin cdng ke thu 7- Ket hgp chiit che ldng yeu nudc vdi tinh tbiin qudc te vd siin trong cugc ciich mang giai phdng dan tde cung nhu each mang XHCN [14; 303-304 15; 221-233]
'Thue lien ciieb mang the gidi tir mim
1917 den nay dii khiing dinh giii tri cua
nbimg bin hgc kinh nghiem neu tren Cung tir thue tii'n nay, nhieu biii hgc quy bau cua Cach mang thang Mudi dii dugc cu the hoa
va viin dung sang tao trong thuc te ciia mdi cugc each mang Bai viet nay xin dugc phan ticb them mdt sd biii hgc kinh nghiem cua cugc ciicb mang nay trong qua trinh diiu tranh giimh chinh quyen dudi sir limb dao cua Dang Bdnsevich - ddi tic}n phong cua giai ciip cdng nhan Nga
1- Sy nhay ben, mim bat kip tiioi thuc tien each mang de de ra du'dng loi lanh dao phu ho'p dua each mang tien Icn tiia chinh diing each mang
Trang 252 NGHIEN CQU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°7 (106).2009
Sau Ciieh m.ang thang Hai xuat phiu tir
tucTug quan so siinli lire lugng giira each
mang vii phan ciieh mang nucVc Nga xuiu
hien "cue dien ky la doe diio" - hai chinh
quyen song song tdn tai: Chinh phu tu san
Liim thdi vii Xd viet dai bieu edng nhiin
ndng diin x'ii binh linh Ngu}'en nluin ehu }'eu
ciia tinh hinh tren la do trinh dc) giiie ngd eua
quiin chimg cdn thiip, cdn nghe theo bgn
Mensex'ieh xii Xa hdi eiieb mang do tuang
viio Chinh phu Liun thdi khdng hieu duge
bim chiit cua Chinh qu}'en Xd viet: "Khdng
phiii mot liie ma tat ca mgi ngudi deu hieu rd
ngay y nghTa giai ciip vii x'ai trd cua ciie Xd
viet Ciin phiii td chirc himg trieu quiin ehimg
lgi, can phai vach trim ehinh saeh eiia Chinh
phu tu sim Liim thdi vii xai trd phan bdi ciia
bgn thoa hiep Khdng phai nga}' mdt Lie mii
toim Diing deu hieu rd nhirng nhiem x'u xd
Cling Idn lao dd" [12; 294J Nga} mdt sd td
chii'c Dimg vii dang vien ndi tie-ng dii cd
nhirng nhiin thirc chua dimg ddi vdi tinh hinh
liic biiy gid, thiim chi keu ggi td chirc "su
kiem soiit cua quan chung" ddi xdi ciic hoat
ddng ciia Chinh phu Liim thdi Ban thiin
l.V Xtalin Iiic dau cimg cho riing nen diing
ap luc de budc Chinb phii tu san Lam thdi
phiii ma ngay nhimg cugc dam phim hoii
binh Ve sau l.V Xtalin viet: " Dd Iii lap
trudng sai liim nghiem trgng, vi nd de ra ao
tudng hoii binh, tao dieu kien tdt cho "ehii
nghTa ve qudc" va giiy khd khiin cho viee
giao diic tinh than each mang ciia quan
chimg Liic biiy gid tdi eimg nhung ddng chi
khiie trong Dang ed Iiip trudng sai liun dd va
chi x'iio giira thimg tu khi dii thdng nhiit vdi
ban Luiin eirang cua V.I Lenin thi tdi hoan toim bo lap trirdng dd" [17; 333] Ciieh mang thimg Llai khdng tien trien nhu du kien cua TOang Bdnsevich eiing khdng dien ra nhu mdt eucjc eiieh mang tu san thdng thudng Dieu dd dii liim dao l(?n nhiin thirc cua cim bg dang x'ie-n liun the niio de day eiich mang tien Ien de giai quyet be tiie x'c dudng loi
Yeu ciiu cua lich su diit ra Li phai cd dudng
ldi ciieh mang dimg dan de thoat khoi linh trang be tiic, dieu dd ddi hdi td chirc each mang xii limb tu cua nd cd su nhay bc3n mini bat kip thdi thuc tien diit ra cho ciieh mang Trong bdi ciinh dd, su trd ve nude Nga ciia Linh III V.I Lenin da dap irng ddi hdi nay Dem 3-4-1917, V.I Lenin ve Petrdgriit, ngiiy hdm sau, 4-4-1917, trird'c ciic uy vien BCH 'Lrung uang vii Dimg be) Petrdgrat, Ngudi dii trinh bay biin biio cao quan trgng "Ve nhiem X'U cua giai dip vd sim trong cugc each mang bien nay" (sau niiy ggi Li "Luim cuang thang
Tu" ndi tieng)
Luan cuang thang 'Tir ciia V.I Lenin de Clip khii toim dien eudc diiu tranh vdi nhung budc di thich hgp vii cd cim cir ehiit che de chuyen cugc each mang dan chu tu san thimh eudc ciieh mang xa hdi clui nghTa vdi khiui hieu chinh tri diiy sang tao "Tiit ea ehinh quyen ve tay Xd viet" Luim cuong xiic dinh
rd ddng lire cua ciich mang x'd siin, xiieh ra nhung giai doan chuyen bien neu Ien eucrng ITnh kinh te, cuang ITnh rudng dat eua Dang Bdnsevich Luiin cuong eung ehi rd hinh thirc chinb tri eua chuyen ehinh xd san Iii cc)ng boa Xd viet 'Trong dieu kien nuc'rc Nga
Trang 3JIU)I so hai hoc Uinh ntjliieni 53
sau Cach mang thang Hai, khi nhung ngudi
each mang dang dirng trude nga ba dudng,
chua tim ra con dudng thich hcrp de tiep tuc
day each mang tien len, thi Luan cuang
thiing Tu cua V.I Lenin cd y nghTa cue ky
quan trgng "Dudi anh sang eua Luan cuang
Dang Bdnsevich da tap hgp ddi ngii toim
dimg, xay dung thanh cdng mdt ddi quiin
chinh tri ngay cang ddng dao vii dii sire danh
bai cac the luc chdng ddi, tien hanh thang lgi
cugc Cach mang xa hdi cbii nghTa thang
Mudi Dd la mdt thang Igi vT dai, cd y nghTa
lich sir trgng dai, md ra ky nguyen giai
phdng giai cap cdng nhan va cac dan tdc bj
ap hire tren toan the gidi Lan diiu tien trong
Ijch sir, mdt nha nudc mdi cua nhung ngudi
lao ddng dii ra ddi" [3; 81]
Viec Chinh phii tu sim Liun lhdi dim iip
da man cuoc bieu tinh boa binh ciia quiin
chimg trong nhirng ngay thang bay cho thiiy
bgn Mensevich va Xa hgi each mang tir chd
thoii hiep den cdng khai va nga ban ve phia
ke thu ciich mang, dieu nay da liun cho tinh
trang hai chinh quyen song song tdn tai chain
dirt Ciic Xd viet dai bieu da trd thimh "cai
dudi va vat phu thudc" chinh phii tu san Tir
khdng dim ap den chuyen sang dan ap bang
quan sir chirng td Chinh phii tu siin Lam thdi
dii bat lire vdi nhung bien phap cai trj cii, bi
that bai ve chinh tri nen phiii sir dung bien
phiip quan sir Nhu xiiy, kha nang dau tranh
biing phirorng phiip hoii binh de thue hien
khau hieu "ldt cii chinh qiiycMi xe tay Xd
vilt" ciia Dang Bdnsevich da chiim dirt
Trudc tinh hinh dd mdt lan nira ddi hdi Dang Bdnsevich phai cd sir tha}' ddi dirdng Idi each mang de chi dao each mang tiep tuc
di dung hudng da lira chgn Dai hdi lan thir
VI ciia Dang da the hien su nang ddng, sang tao va tam nhin xa ciia mdt chinh dang each mang Ndi dung chii yeu eua chuong trinh nghi sir ciia Dai hdi la phan tich danh gia tinh hinh va vach ra con dudng tien Ien cua each mang Dai hdi tiep tuc khang dinh tu tu'dng eua V.I Lenin ve kha nang thang lgi ciia each mang XHCN trong mgt nudc rieng biet cung nhu tien trinh van ddng tir each mang dan cbii tu san len eiich mang XHCN Dai hdi chi rd rang, thdi ky pbiit trien boa binh cua each mang Nga khdng edn nua, chinh quyen thue te dii rai vao tay giai cap tu siin Con ducrng dimg dan nhiit de giimh ehinh quyen ve tay giai cap vd san Iii dau tranh vii trang Dai hdi chu truang tam thdi rill khiiu hieu "Tat ca chinh quyen ve tay Xd viet", ddng thdi ciing chi rd, viec nit khau hieu nay khdng cd nghTa la Dang tir bd che
do Cdng boa Xd viet, khau hieu se dugc dua
ra trong mdt dieu kien thich hgp va cac Xd viet se khdng nhu cac Xd viet hien tai ma la
Xd viet bao gdm nhung ngudi Bdnsevich, vua la ca quan khdi nghTa vira la ca quan chinb quyen Khau hieu chinb tri mdi ciia Dang dugc Dai hgi de ra la lat dd nen chuyen chinh eua giai cap tu biing con dudng khdi nghTa vu trang Cung vdi ehu truong khiri nghTa xii trang gianh chinh quyen Dang lai dua ra khim hieu "Bien ehien tnmh de qude
Trang 454 NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°7 (106).2009
thanh ndi chien ciich mang" Trong nghi
quyet "Ve tinh binh chinh tri" da x'iet;
"Trong thdi gian hien nax' sir phat trien hoii
binh va sir chuyen bien mdt each it tdn thiit
nhiit ehinh quyen sang die Xd viet dii khdng
cdn cd kha nang, bdi vi, chinh quyen tren
thuc te dii chuyen sang tav' tu siin phim eiieh
mang Khau hieu dimg dan Iiic nay chi cd the
lit thii tieu hoan toan nen chuyen chinh tu san
phim each mang Chi cd giai cap vd san vdi
dieu kien dugc sir img hd ciia ndng dan
ngheo mdi dii sire hoan thiinh nhiem x'li ay,
nhiem vu eiia mdt cao trao mcVi" [12;
322-323] Ve viin de nay, V.I Lenin dii chi rd:
"Tinh hinh khiich quan la: hoiic chuyen chinh
quiin su se thimg Ic^i triet de hoiic khdi nghTa
vu trang ciia cdng nbiin se thimg Igi va thang
lgi nay chi cd the dat dugc neu khdi nghTa
ket hgp dugc vdi mdt cao triio quiin cluing
sau sac chdng lai chinh phu vii giai ciip tu
san, cao trao nay do sir suy sup kinh te vii
viec keo dai ehien tranh giiy ra" [9; 3] Nbu
vay, "Dai hdi VI ciia Dang ed y nghTa to Idn,
nd khang dinh dirng dan tinh hinh dien ra
trong thiing 7 va vach ra duge nbting hinh
thirc va bien phap dau tranh trong tinh hinh
mdi" [1; 28]
2 Van dung linh hoat, siing tao bao
luc each mang dc chong lai bao luc phiin
ciich mang
Cite nhit sang lap chii nghTa Mac-Lenin
cho riing, bao lire each mang la dieu kien tiit
yeu de giai ciip vd siin giimh chinh quyen tir
tay giai cap tu siin Song ehii nghTa Mac
Cling khdng bao gid phu djnh con ducrng hoii binh phat trien each mang trong nK)t so trirdng hgp dac biet Giai cap cdng nhim bao gid Cling mong mudn giimh chinh quyen bang phuang phiip nao it giix' tdn thiit nhiit cho dich mang Con dirdng hoii binh phii hgp X'di nguyen vgng x'a nhirng tu tudng nhiin dao ciia nhirng ngudi cdng siin Ndi x'e dieu niiy C Mac viet: "Khdi nghTa se la mgt sir dien rd d dau ma su phat trien hoa binh co the dat tdi miic tieu biing con dudng nhanh ho'n vii chiic chan ban" va "Chiing ta se himh ddng mdt each boa binh d nai niio dieu do co kha nang ddi vdi chimg ta, hanh dcjng vdi vu khi khi niio dieu dd trd nen can thiet" [13;
635, 549] Ba cude eiich mang d Nga: Cach mang 1905, Ciieh mang thiing Hai, Ciich mang thang Mudi biU diiu tir ciic hinh thirc diiu tranh biii cdng kinh te va chinh tri bieu tinh cd tinh chat quan chimg, tii' dd tao iip luc chinh trj to ldn, cho phcip chuyen sang hinh thirc cao nhiit Iii khdi nghTa vii trang khi thdi
ea den Song nhirng nha sang liip chu nghTa Miie cho rang, cd the sir dung bdt eir hinh thirc, phuang phiip dau tranh niio niu nd diip
irng vdi thirc tien eiieh mang diit ra Vl xdn
de nay, V.I Lenin chi rd: "Mae khdng tu troi tay minh vii khdng trdi tay cac nha boat ddng tuang lai ciia each mang XHCN vl vdn de hinh thirc phuang phap va phuang thirc ciich mang Miic thira hieu ning nhirng vdn dl mdi
se nay ra nhieu biet ehimg niio xii toiin bg tinh hinh se bien ddi nlur the niio trong quii trinh each mang ning lrong quii trinh each
mang tinh the se thudng hay biin ddi xa biin
Trang 5///()/ so luii hoc liinh nijhieni 55
ddi manh me nhu the niio?" [11; 526] Vice
quyel dinh su dung hinh thirc niio la tuy
ihui)e viio su phim tich mdt ciieh khoa hge
lhue lien each mang diit ra Ddng ebi Le
Diiim dii viet: "Chi ed the; eoi mdt phucrng
phiip niio dd, mdt binh thire diiu tranh nao dd
Iii tdt nhiit, lii diing nhiit khi nd diip ung diiy
du yeu ciiu cua tinh the cu the khi nd hoim
toim phu hgp vdi nhung dieu kien trong dd
nd dugc su dung, cho phcip huy d()ng den
mirc cao nhiit cae lire lugng each mang x'ii
tien bd le-n Iran tuyen diiu tranh, cho phep
khai thiic triet de nhu'ng chd yeu eua ke dieh,
vii do tiu ca nhirng dieu dd ed kha nimg dua
lai thiing Ic7i Idn nhiit mil tinh hinh so simh
lire lucmg mdi Iiic eho phep" [2; 34] Xuiit
phiu tir thire lien nuc'rc Nga sau Ciich mang
lining Hai: Vdi sir tdn tai nhirng ccr quan
ehinh quyen dudi dang die Xd viet dii} lii
nen chuyen ehinh dim ehu eiieh mang eua
edng nhiin vii ndng diin (miie dii bgn
Mensevich vii Xii bdi eiich mang chiem da
.so), nhung nd se tao ra nhimg dieu kien cim
thiet de thiel Lip chuyen chinh xd siin; Neu
ciic Xd viet luyen bd mim chinh qii}'en thi
khdng mdt lire lucrng luio ed the chdng lai
duge; Ciic nude de qude dang nlui}' vao vdng
ehien cua eudc CbicMi tranh the gidi thir Nhiit
nen khdng cd dieu kien ean thiep viio nirci-c
Nga; So vcii die nude cdng boii Ur san kbiic,
tai nuc'rc Nga tdn tai nhirng quyen tu do diin
clui khdng ncri niio cd, chinh nhung qu}'en ti,r
do dim clui mi}' cho plu-p eiieh mang Nga cd
dieu kien thuan Igi khdng nhirng chuye-n bie-n
boil binh ehinh qu}eii lir Chinh phu Liun lhdi
sang ciic Xd viet dai bieu mil cdn de dim tranh ben trong eiie Xd x iet khi dii niim toim qu}'en V.I Lenin xii Dang Bdnscixich cho rimg: "Dudi hinh ihire ngoai le" chuyen loan
bd chinh qiix'en x'e ta}' ciie Xd viet mdt eiieh boil binh Chi ed a nude Nga Iii xiec chuyen chinb qu}'en sang nbimg ccr quan dii ed siin rdi tire la tir eac Xd viet, cd the tha}' mc)t Lie tien himh duge mdt each hoii binh khdng ed khdi nghTa" [8; 384] Kha niing phiu trien boil binh de giimh ehinh qu}'en Iii riit hiem xii riit quy, nhirng ngirdi ciich mang cim liin dung nd de bdt ldn xuong mim eua nhim dim nhung V.I Lenin xii Dang Bdnsevich eimg chuim bi kha nimg giimh ehinh quyen bimg bao lire ciieh mang V.I Leaiin eoi vii trang eho edng nhiin Li diiiu kien cim thiet de diim bao thimg Icri trong su phiil trien hoii binh euii dieh mang eimg nlur trong Irucrng hcrp khdng edn kha nimg pluit Irien hoii binh, thi viri X'ii khi cr trong tay giai dip xd sim se liil
dd lieh lhdng tri eua giai dip tu siin Ciing x'c'ri siich luge phiit trien hoii binh ciieh mang, V.I Lenin vii Dang Bdnsexich clui trucrng tam thdi rut bd khiiu hieu "Bien chien tranh
de qude thimh ncii chien eiieh mang" Theo V.I Lenin, neu duy tri khim hieu miy se ddi lap lai dircTng ldi phat trien hoii binh cua Diing "ndi chien ddi vdi chimg ta se trd thimh su tuyen truyen giai cap ed tinh chat boil binh, Lau diii va ben bi" [31; 351] Ciic su kien tu thimg 4, 6 vii 7 dii cluing to Dimg Bdnsexich kien tri Linh dao ciic timg Idp nluin dim thirc hien die khim hieu eua Dang bimg phucrng phap dim tranh hoii binh Bdng
Trang 656 NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°7 n06).2009
kinh nghiem thuc tien Dang Bdnsevich tirng
budc tuyen truyen, giao due quan chiing,
tirng budc xay dung ddi quan chinh tri ciia
Dang
Tinh hinh nudc Nga sau cugc bieu tinh
thang 7 ddi hdi Dang Bdnsexich phai thay
ddi sach lugc dau tranh Nhiem vu quan
trgng nay da dugc giai quyet tai Dai hdi lan
thir VI cua Dang hgp tir ngay 26 thang 7 den
ngay 3 thang 8 nam 1917 Khau hieu chinh
tri mdi ciia Dang dugc dat ra tai Dai hdi la:
Lat dd nen chuyen chinh ciia giai cap tu san
bang con dudng khdi nghTa vu trang Phai
tich circ chuan bi va tien tdi khdi nghTa vii
trang lat dd Chinh phii tu san lam thdi, thiet
lap chuyen chinh vd sim, dua nudc Nga thoat
khdi cugc chien tranh de qudc Biing sire
manh vii vii khi trong tay nhiin diin, cude
phien loan ciia Cooenildp dii bi de bep, day
cimg chinh Iii su that bai cua giai cap tu sim
am muu thiet lap che do ddc tai quan sir de
tieu diet phong trao each mang Cugc phien
loan Cooenildp da lam thay ddi eiin ban so
sanh luc lugng giira each mang va phan each
mang Vao nhirng ngay cudi thang 8 dau
thang 9, tinh the each mang dii xuat hien va
chin mudi d nudc Nga De chuan bi cho cugc
khdi nghia vii trang gianh chinh quyen, V.I
Lenin dii viet nhieu tac pham trinh bay ve
phuang dien ly luan va nhting nguyen Iy cho
khdi nghia vu trang Trong birc thu viet ngay
8/10 giri cac ddng chi trong BCH Dang bd
Petrdgrat va BCH Trung uong, V.I Lenin
chi rd: "Khdng bao gicr ducrc diia vdi khcVi
nghTa ca vii mdt khi da bdt dau khdi nghia thi cdn ndm chde mdt dilu la phai tien hanh din cimg; cdn phai tap hgp d mdt diem quylt djnh trong mdt thdi ca quyet dinh nhirng lire lugng cd uu the ldn neu khdng thi dich dugc chuan bj ban va cd td chirc hon
se lieu diet nhtrng ngudi khdi nghTa; mdt khi
da bdt dau khdi nghia phai het sire quyet tam hanh ddng, va dii sao cung phai tuyet doi chu}'en sang tiin cdng Phdng ngu la con dudng chet cua khdi nghTa vii trang Phai co danh bat thinh linh vao dich, cd gang nam diing thdi ca khi quan ddi dich cdn phan tan Mdi ngay phai thu dugc thang lgi, di^i
la thang Igi khdng Idn lam, ddng thdi phai giu cho bang dugc uu the tinh than" [9; 447-448] Bang khdi nghTa vu trang, Cach mang
xa bdi chii nghTa da gianh dugc thang lgi tai thii dd Petrdgrat va tiep sau dd la cac thiinh phd Idn cimg toim the lanh thd nudc Nga
3 Tiing bu'oc xay dung doi quan chinh trj, lay thuc tien each mang de nang cao y thiic chinh tri va ban iinh each mang cho quan chiing nhiin dan
Trong bat cir cugc each mang xa hgi nao quan chiing nhiin diin cung ddng vai trd cue
ky quan trgng den thanh cdng vii that bai cung nhu tinh triet de ciia nd Ddi vdi cugc each mang ciia giai cap vd san, van de nay lai cang quan trgng ban, xi muc tieu ciia no lit lat dd va thii tieu nha nucrc bdc lot, dem lai quyen lgi vat chat vii tinh than cho mgi tdng Idp lao ddng trong xa hdi Do dd, tmng mgi tru'dng hgp, dii lii diiu tranh bang phuang
Trang 7Illdl sd hiii hoc Uinh injiiiiin 57
pliiip hoii binh lui}' x ii trang dieu quan lrgng
nhiit ki phai xii}' dung xii pluit trien lire lucrng
eiich mang de tao the xa lire eho ciich mang
Khimg dinh tiun quan lrgng cua xim de niiy
ddng ehi Le Duim ehi rd: "Vice ddng xien xii
liip hgp lire lugng quiin cluing, xiec hinh
thiinh vii phat trien dao quim ehinh Iri eua
ciich mang lii dieu ccr ban, cd y nghia qu}'el
dinh" [2; 43] Xiiy dung ddi quim ehinh tri
eiich mang Li vice Lim thudng xu}en lien
tuc vii kien tri trong sudt tien trinh each
mang ke tir khi ehua cd linh the ciieh mang
den khi tinh the eiieh mang xuiu hien Theo
l.V Xtalin: "'TbiU ra thi hoi lining Ba 1917
nhirng ngudi Bdnsevich khdng ed xii khdng
the cd dao quim ehinh tri dii sim simg duge
Ilg chi lien himh thiinh Iiip dao ciuiiii ii} lrong
quit trinh euge dim tranh xii nhirng cude xung
dcit giai Clip tir thimg 'Tu den thimg Muc'ri
1917 (vii eudi eung hg thimh liip xong dao
quim iiy viio eudi thimg Mudi 1917) " [16;
113] Mudn liun duge dieu dd nhirng ngiari
eiieh mang phai hoii minh xiio ciie boat dgng
eiia quim cluing; Chinh dang eiieh mang phai
biet Ling nghe, mim biit ngu}'en xgng ngucri
lao dc)ng, biet kip thcri dua ra nhirng ehinh
siieh, ehu trucrng, kluiu hieu dim tranh thich
hcrp de liip hgp lire lucrng, xii diic biet pluii
"biet giiio due ehinh tri quim chimg bimg
kinh nghiem ban thim cua hg" Ddng ehi Le
Duim X'iet: " 'Td chirc quim chimg de dim
iranh nhung eimg ehinh Li phai lhdng qua
diiu tnmh mil td ebire xii giiui due quim
ehimg pluit trien lire lugng each mang Vi
vay tu}en lru)en, id ebire xii dim Iranh phai
gim chat xcVi nhau xii Uit ea deu nhiun hinh thiinh xii phat trien dao quim ehinh tri eua quim cluing, chuiin bi eho buirc nha} xgt qu}'el dinh" [2; 44J Lien trinh chuiin bi eho Ciieh mang XHCN thimg Mudi eua Dang Bdnsex ich dii de lai eho eiich mang the giiri nhung biii hge kinh nghiem quy biiu xe xii} dung ddi quiin ehinh tri eiieh mang
Vice Dang Bdnsexich ehu Irucrng tham gia Duma dii liun eho quim ehung lao ddng bimg lhue tien boat dc)ng eua Duma xii kinh nghiem cua ban thim hieu ning Duma khdng the dem lai rudng diit, lir do eho ngucri lao dgng nhirng ehinh siieh gia ddi plum bdi lai iihiin dim la ban ehiu eua bgn Cade (Dang Dim ehu liip hien) Nluin dim tlui}' rd khdng the thoa hiep xiri Nga hoimg nui phai doim ket lien minh xc'ri giai ciip xd san mcVi giai qii}'et ducre nhirng }'eu eiiu ehinh dimg eua minh Cude bieu tinh thiing 4 khdng pluii ki mdt eucie diiu tranh binh thudng, nui qua thue tien quim ehimg nluin rd hern ban chiit eua Chinh phu tu sim Liun ihc'ri khdng dua lai bill eu mdt eluit qu}'en Icri niio cho nhiin dim
ve boil binh tu do, biinh mi vii rudng diit -nhung thu mil hg diun ddi ca sinh mang ciia minh tnrcre ehinh quyen chuyen ehe hii kluie Vcri die cu()e mit linh luiin himh bieu tinh tren dudng phd trong nhtrng ngii}' thiing 6 lai mot Iim nira, biing kinh nghiem ban thim, quim ehung nhim rd bim ehiu eua ciie dang thoa hiep Mesexich vii Xii hdi Ciieh mang ehinh Li ccr scr xii luri cua Chinh phu tu san Liun ihc'ri Thue lien nhung ngii} thimg 7 khi
mini eua ediiu nluin xii nluin dim lao ddnsi do
Trang 858 NGHIEN CQU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°7 (106).2009
xudng dudng phd thii dd Petrdgrat khi eac
dang thoa hiep cdng khai bat tay vdi ke thu
each mang, xa siing ban viio doan bieu tinh
tay khdng, khi cac Xd viet dai bieu da trd
thanh "cai dudi va vat phu thude" Chinh phu
tu san Lam thdi, khi giai ciip tu san ra lenh
cho canh sat, quiin ddi tan cdng khung bd va
biit giam V.I Lenin cung nhung dang xien
Bdnsevich, thi ban bao gid het, nhan diin
da thay dugc phai doim ket, lien minh vdi
giai cap cdng nhan, tap hgp luc lugng xung
quanh nggn ed ciia Dang Bdnsevich mdi cd
the giai phdng khdi gdng ciim bdc lot Cugc
phien loan eiia tirdng bao hoimg Cooenildp
trong nhtrng ngay thang 8 bi de bep trude y
chi, nghj luc vii sire manh ciia quim chung
lao ddng dii ehimg td bude trirdng thiinh
quan trgng trong y thirc chinh tri eiia nhan
dan Nhan dan hoan toan tin tudng vao
dudng ldi ciia Diing Bdnsevich vii liinh tit
V.I Lenin Cd the ndi, sau si.r kien thang 8,
Dang Bdnsevich da xiiy dung dugc ddi quan
chinh tri hiing hau, hg sim simg budc vao
tran chien dau sdng cdn vdi ke thii Hinh anh
cac dang phai thoa hiep bi nhan dan tdng cd
ra khdi cac Xd viet dai bieu la mdt minh
chii'ng hiing hdn cho thimh qua ciia Diing
Bdnsevich trong qua trinh xay dung ddi quan
chinh tri ciia minh, " bang kinh nghiem ban
than, ke ca nhtrng kinh nghiem phai tra bdng
mau, thiiy dugc sir diing dan ciia cae khdu
hieu each mang, cac nhiem vu ciich mang do
Dang de ra, ma tirng budc di tdi ngudng eira
ciia khdi nghia vu trang" [16; 110] Mdt
trong nhiing phuang siieh de tiip hgp, Idi keo
quim ehimg la td chirc eiich mang bill kip
thdi dua ra cac khau hieu each mang dap irng dugc ddi hdi eiia thuc tien Cd khau hieu chi thich hgp x'di thuc te each mang giai doan nay, nhirng lai khdng diip irng duge tinh hinh
cu the ciia giai doan khac, phai lain giic lai vii tiep tuc dugc dua ra a mdt thdi diem mdi vdi n()i dung mdi Sau Cach mang thang Hai Dimg Bdnsevich dua ra khau hieu "Tiit cii chinh quyen ve tay Xd viet" vira lii miic dich vua lii phuang sach duy nhat dirng de giiio due, tuyen truyen, ddng vien, tap hgp lire lugng ciich mang Nhirng sau sir kien thang
7, khi cac Xd viet dii trd thanh vat phu thudc Chinh phu tu siin Liim thdi, tinh trang hai chinh quyen song song tdn tai chiim dirt Dang dii nhanh chdng tam thdi gac bd khau hieu nay Cimg vdi chii truong khdi nghia vti trang gianh chinh quyen Dang Bdnsevich lai dua ra khiiu hieu "Bien chien tranh dl quic thiinh ndi chien each mang" Trong Nghj quyet ciia Dai hdi Dang Bdnsevich ldn thir
VI da chi rd; "Khau hieu dimg ddn liic niiy chi cd the la thii tieu hoan toan nin chuyen chinh tu san phan each mang Chi cd giai cdp
vd san vdi dieu kien dugc sir img hd ciia ndng dan ngheo mdi dii sire hoim thanh nhiem vu ay, nhiem vu ciia mdt cao trao mdi" [12; 323] Sau sir kien de bep cugc bao loan ciia tudng Coocnilop, tuang quan so siinh luc lugng giua ciich mang vii phan each mang cd Igi cho lire lugng each mang, khi quiin chimg nhiin dim hoan toim tin ludng vao dudng Idi cita Dimg Bdnsevich, ddng thdi thiiy rd chiin tirdng ciia cae danu Mensevich va Xii hc)i Ciieh mang, ngay lap tire Diing dua ra khiiu hieu "Bdnsevich hoii"
Trang 9Jlldl sd hiii hoc Uinh nifhieni 59
ciic Xd viet dai bieu cung vdi kinh nghiem
cua ban tbiin, quiin chung loai bd cac dang
thoa hiep ra khdi cac Xd viet va thay the vao
dd la dai bieu ciia Dang Bdnsevich Day
cung la thdi diem tinh the eiich mang xuat
hien d nude Nga, mdt Ian nii'a Dang
Bdnsevich lai tung ra khau hieu "tat ca chinh
quyen ve tay Xd viet", nhung dugc thuc hien
bang phuang phap diiu tranh vii trang Thuc
tien Cach mang thang Mudi da chi ra riing,
de cd khiiu bieu dung, Diing phai biet xac
djnh khau chii yeu nhiit trong mdi giai doan
each mang V.I Lenin viet; "Can phai biet
tim cho ra eai mat xich dac biet mil ngudi ta
dem toim lire ra de niim liiy de giu' vung duge
loan bd cai xich va chuan bi de chuyen vung
chac sang mdt xich ke ben" [10; 252], Mdt
cugc ciich mang that su cd tinh chiit nhim
diin, dugc ddng diio quan chimg lao diing
ling hd, neu chi cd nhtrng kbiiu hieu dimg
diin ciia dimg thi van chua du, mil quan trgng
hon 111 phiii liun cho quiin chimg, do kinh
nghiem rieng eiia minh, nhan rd tinh dimg
dan ciia nhung khau hieu nay Qua thuc tien,
nhtrng khiiu hieu nay trd thiinh khau hieu ciia
bim thiin quiin chiing Nhiin manh van de
niiy, l.V Xtalin viet: "Mdt trong nhtrng dae
diem cua siieh lugc ciia nhtrng ngudi
Bdnsevich trong thdi ky chuiin bi Ciich mang
thang Mudi, la sach luge dd biet dinh ra mdt
ciich dimg dim nhung con dudng xii budc
ngoat tilt nhien phiii dua quim chung tdi
nhirng khim hieu eiia Diing, cd the ndi la tdi
chinh ngay ngudng eira ciia each mang, do
dd giiip cho hg de dim tlui}', de kiem tra va
de ednu nhim, bimu kinh nuhiC'in rienn eiia
minh sir dung dan cua nhung khiiu hieu li}" [16; 120] Viec trieu tap va giai tan Qude hdi Lap hien la mdt minh chung cho dieu ehung
ta vira ndi d tren Ngay nhu'ng ngii}' thang 4, khau hieu eiia Dang Bdnsevich la "Tat ea chinh quyen ve tay Xd viet" vay x'iee trieu
tap Qudc \-\q\ lap hien cd di ngugc lai xdi ngi
dung cua khiiu hieu ciieh mang? Luiin giiii van de niiy l.V Xtalin dS ehi rd: "Tinh trang
dd "da xay ra" bdi vi:
1- Tu tudng ve Qudc hdi Lap hien la mdt trong nhung tu tudng dugc nhieu ngudi tan thiinh nhat, trong sd ddng diio quiin chimg nhiin dan;
2- Khiiu hieu trieu tiip ngay Qude hdi Liip hien giup ta de bdc triin bim ehiit phiin each mang cua Chinh phu Liun thcri;
3- Mudn quel sach uy tin cua tu tucVng
ve Qude hc)i Lap hien tnrcre quim chiing nhiin dim, Clin phai dua sd quiin ehimg dd cimg vdi nhtrng yeu saeh cua hg vc rudng diit, ve hoii binh, ve Chinh quyen Xd viet, den tim eira Qudc hdi Lap hien, do dd liim cho hg tiep xiie duge vdi Qudc hdi ed thue vii dang tdn tai;
4- Dd la phuang sach duy nhat giiip cho quiin chung de thiiy rd han, qua kinh nghiem ban than, ban chiit phan ciich mang cua Qude hdi Liip hien va su can thiet phai giiii tiin Qudc hdi ay;
5- Tu nhien la tiit cii nhtrng dieu dd dii tao ra khii nimg phdi hcrp tiun thdi Cdng hoii .Xd X'iet xc'ri Qude hcii Lap hii'iu eoi do Li mgt
Trang 1060 NGHIEN CQU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°7 (106).2009
trong nhtrng phucrng siich nhiim loai bd Qudc
hdi Liip hien;
6- Mc)t su phdi hgp nhir the, miu duge
thuc hien vcVi dieu kien Li toim bd ehinh
quyen phai chuyen ve lay ciic Xd viet ehi ed
the ed nghia lii Lim eho Qudc hdi Liip hien
phai phue timg cac Xd viet bien Qude hdi ay
thiinh vat phu thudc viio ciie Xd xiet liun eho
Qude hdi iiy tieu xong mdt each em thiim"
[16; 121] Khi giai thich Iy do vi sao khdng
tiiy chay Qudc hdi Liip hien V.I Lenin xiet:
"Ngay Cli vai tuiin le tnrcre khi C()ng hoii Xd
viet thiing Igi, ngay ea sau sir thiing Igi dd
thi viec tham gia mc)t Nghi vien diin chu tu
sim, dli khdng cd hai gi ebo giai ciip vd sim
eiich mang mil cdn giiip giai ciip vd san
cluing minh ducrc de dimg hern eho quim
chung Lie hiiu lluiy vi sao nhtrng nghi xien lu
siin iiy diing phai giiii tiin, nd edn Lim eho
viee giai tiin Ngbi vien de lhimh cdng, liun
eho vice "loai bd" che do nghi trudng tu san
"ra ngoiii vdng ehinh tri" ducrc dci dimg" [5;
223-224J
4 Xiic dinh diing doi tugng each
mang vii luc lugng iing hg chiing de dl ra
siich lugc each mang phu hop
Thiing 7 niim 1903 lai Luim Ddn Dang
Cdng nhim xii h()i dim chu Nga dii tiln himh
Dai hc)i Ian thir II Chinh tai Dai hdi miy, khi
bau cu die ca quan trung uong dii hinh thiinh
bai pluii: Phai da sd theo Lenin - Diing
Bdnsevich xii Phiii thieu sd ea hc)i chu nghia
- Dang Mensex'ieh Dai bdi dii thdng qua
cuang ITnh eiia Daim Troim Cuang linh Tdi
thieu ehi id nhiem x'li chu x eu eua each mang diin chu tu siin la "dgn ddng nic phong kien" tire la lat dd nhii nucrc chuyen che phong kien Nga hoiing thiet Iiip nhii nuc're edng hoii dim ehu (tire Iii nen chuyen chinb dim ehu eiieh mang cua giai ciip xd sim vii ndng dim), chuiin bi nhtrng dieu kien cim thiet de nhanh chdng chuyen sang thirc hien Cuo'ng Ilnh Tdi
da, tire lii lien luinb euc)e eiieh mang XHCN
X cVi nhiem vu "dgn ddng nic tu biin", thiet Lip nhii nude chuyen chinh eua giai dip xd san du'c'ri binh thirc Cdng hoii Xd xiet Nhu viiy Dang Bdnsevich dii xiie dinh kc thii chii x'eu ciia cugc ciich mang dim chii tu san Iii che dg chuyen ehe phong kien dirng dim la Nga hoimg Nicdiai II Rdmandp vii kc; thii ehii yeu eiia euc)e ciich mang XTICN Li nhii nudc lu biin mil dai dien lii Chinh phu lir siin Liim thdi dugc thanh lap sau Ciich mang thimg Hai Trong Luan cuang thang Tu, V.I Lenin chi rd: "Dieu ddc diio trong thcri sir nudc Nga ehinh la bude qua dd tir giai doan thu nluit eua ciich mang Li giai doan dii dem lai chinh quyen eho giai ciip tu siin do eho trinh dc) giiic ngd vii td chirc cuii giai ciip vd sim ccin thiip kem tien Ien giai doan thir hai ciia ciieh mang la giai doan phai dem lai ehinh qu}en cho giai ciip vd sim vii cho nhtrng tang Idp ngheo nhiit trong ndng dim" [7; 4j Mc)l trong nhting biii hge kinh nghiem dl diim biio quyC-n limb dao tuyet doi ciia Dang Bdnscivich trong Ciieh mang XHCN thimg Mudi chinh Li dudng Idi ed lap eiic dang thoa hiep Diing Bdnsex ich coi nhtrng dang thoa hiejr Li nhtrng tiip doim ngux' hilm nhat