Vi vdy, trong thdi gian tdi, Sd Tai nguydn vd Mdi trudng cac tinh cdn tang cudng phd'i hgp vdi cac nganh chttc nang, dac bidt la Sd Tai chfnh, Ban quan ly cac KCN va Cue thue tinh td[r]
Trang 1KINH NGHIEM THL/C TIEN
MOI TRl/CfNG KHU CONG NGHIEP,
KHU CHE XUAT CAC TINH PHIA BAC
PHUONG NHUNG*
1 Thuc trang mdi trudng khu cdng
nghiep, khu che xua't cac tinh phia Bae
Thdi gian qua, cdng tac bao vd mdi
trudng cac khu cdng nghiep, khu chi xuat
(KCN, KCX) trdn pham vi ca nudc ndi
chung va cac tinh phfa Bdc ndi ridng, tuy
da dugc cai thidn nhung trdn thuc tl, chua
dap ttng dugc nhirng tidu chudn mdi trudng
theo quy diiih KCN, KCX la noi tdp trung
cac CO sd cdng nghidp thude nhiiu nganh
nghi, ITnh vuc khac nliau, cung la nci thai
ra mdi trudng cac loai chdt thai ran, long,
khf va chdt thai nguy hai (ggi chung la chdt
thai), gay tac ddng xdu dd'n mdi trudng
* Theo bdo edo eua Vu Quan ly
KCN&KCX (Bd K l hoach va Ddu tu),
tdng lugng rac thai udc tfnh binh quan mdt
ngay ddm cua ca nudc hidn da tang ttt
25.000 tdn (nam 1999) ldn khoang 30.000
tdn, trong dd, lugng rac thai cdng nghidp
chilm khoang 20%, phdn ldn tap trang tai
cac KCN, KCX d vung kinh te trgng diim
phfa Bdc va phfa Nam (chiem khoang
50%) Cac KCN, KCX thude vung kinh te
trgng diim phfa Bdc thai ra khoang 15%
trong tdng lugng rac thai cdng nghidp ca
nude
Mdt thuc te ddng bdo ddng la, hdu hd't
cde KCN, KCX trdn dia ban vung kinh t l
trgng diim phfa Bae diu chua xay dung
noi dd rac thai va xtt ly rac thai Vide thu
gom va van chuyin rac thai chi thuc hidn
trong pham vi tttng nha mdy, vide xtt ly rac
thai chu yd'u dugc thuc hidn bang nhttng Id
ddt tttong dd'i don gian vdi vd'n ddu tu kha
khidm tdn; rac thai ra khdi nha may gdn nhu chua dat tidu chuan yeu cdu Dac bidt
la cac nha may diu chua phan loai dugc cde loai rac thai (chi rac thai ft gay d nhidm mdi xtt ly dugc, cdn rac thai cdng nghidp nguy hai thi vide xtt ly bang hd thdng xtt ly rde thai thdng thudng khdng
cd tdc dung)
C:ac KCN d Ha Ndi, Bdc Ninh, Vinh Phuc la noi tdp trung cac nha may san xudt bao bi, hod chdt, chdt deo, cao su ndn cd
sd lugng rac thai nhiiu nhdt va la nhttng chdt idid phan huy, gay ddc hai cho mdi trudng trudc mat, nudc ngdm va ddt Ngoai
ra, cdn phai kl dd'n mdt lugng ldn rac thai xay dyng dugc thai ra trong qua trinh xay dung CO sd lia tdng KC!N, KCX va xdy dung nha xudng dl san xudt cua cde doanii nghidp trong KCK, KCX 6 nhidm vl nudc thai cdng nghidp trong cac KCN, KCX ngay cang trd ndn nghidm trgng Udc tfnh, tdng lugng nudc thai cua edc KCN, KCX d vung kinh t l trong diim phfa Bdc bmh quan khoang 100.000 - 130.000 m^/ngay ddm Hdu hit cac nha mdy trong KCN, KCX deu ed hd thdng xtt ly nudc thai ridng cua minh, tuy nhidn, mdi chi cd rdt ft KCN, KCX xay dung dugc cdng trinh xtt iy nudc thai tap trung Theo sd lieu thdng kd, trong sd 22 KCN, KCX thude vung kinh t l trgng diem phfa Bdc, chi cd 4 KCN da xay dung xong cdng trinh xtt ly
* HQC vign Chfnh th - Hdnh chfnh qud'c gia Ho Chf Minh
Trang 2KINH NGHIEM THUC TI^N
nude thai tap trung va 5 KCN, KCX dang
tid'n hanh xay dung O cac KCN da cd
cdng trinh xtt ly nudc thai tap trung, nudc
thai cdng nghiep dugc xtt ly cue bd tai nha
may, sau dd xtt ly tai khu xtt iy tdp trung,
nhin chung diu dat ydu cdu ve mttc do
dam bao mdi trudng nudc khi thai ra
ngoai Tuy nhidn, tai cde KCN, KCX cdn
lai, nudc thai sau khi xtt ly cue bd diu thai
true tid'p ra sdng, gdy d nhidm nghiem
trgng mdi trudng nudc, ddt va anh hudng
tdi dan cu xung quanh, nhdt la d nhftng
KCN tap trung cde nganh cdng nghidp nhu
ddt may, thude da, hod chdt thi lugng
nudc thai dd ra mdi trudng rdt ldn va cd
tfnh ddc hai cao
Ngoai ra, edc KCN, KCX d vung kinh
t l trgng diim phfa Bae cdn mdt loai d
nhidm khd kiim sodt, dd la d nhidm khdng
khf, bui va tiing dn Hidn nay, hd thdng Ige
khf, bui va han chi tiing dn ttt cac nhd mdy
trong cac KCN, KCX, dac bidt la edc co sd
trong nude rdt so sai va mang tfnh hinh
thttc Khi thai do edc eo sd san xudt thai ra
chtta nhiiu chdt ddc hai diu dugc xa true
tid'p vao mdi trudng Kit qua quan trdc
ndng do S02, CO, N02 trong KCN, KCX
va cac dd thi lan can diu rdt cao, hon ntta,
tai cac nut giao thdng ldn gdn KCN, KCX
hoac trong cac KCN, KCX dang cd chiiu
hudng gia tang cue bd Ndng do bui tai ven
edc true giao thdng chfnh diu da vuot tidu
chudn' cho phep ttt 2-6 ldn Trong KCN,
KCX, ndng do bui va khf ddc hai (diln
hinh la cde khf S02) trong khdng kiif xung
quanh da qua tri sd tidu chudn cho phep ttt
2-5 ldn
Ttt thye trang mdi trudng tron^ KCN,
KCX, cd thi nhan thdy, tac ddng tdng hgp
cua cac loai chat thai dd'n mdi tradng la rdt
ldn va ngay cang nghidm trgng C^dc loai
chdt thai nay khdng chi anh liudng tdi mdi
trudng san xuat va hoat ddng san xudt
-kinh doanh cua cac doanh nghiep trong
KCN, KCX ma cdn anh hudng tdi mdi
trudng va ddi sd'ng nhdn dan cde khu vyc
xung quanh KCN, KCX Dac diem vi tri
cua nhiiu KCN, KCX d vung kinh t l trgng
diim phfa Bae la gdn sdng Theo cac tai lieu vl hidn trang mdi trudng nudc d Vidt Nam thi phdn ldn sdng cua cde tinh phfa Bdc ehi dat tidu chudn nudc loai B Mdt sd doan cua sdng Hdng, sdng Cdu, sdng Tam Bae va sdng Cdm, mdi trudng nudc bi 6 nhidm nhiiu hon Mdi trudng nudc mat sdng hd cde dd thi nhieu noi d nhidm nang Cde thdng so d nhidm nhu ndng do chat ran lo lung, nitarit, nitorat, oxy sinh iige gap ttt hai ldn trd ldn so vdi tidu chuan cho phep dd'i vdi ngudn nudc loai B; chi so Coli vugt tidu chuan cho phep niiilu ldn Ngoai
ra, khdng ft noi cdn bi d nhidm kim loai nang va hod chdt ddc hai khde Thuc trang nay ddi hdi phai tang cudng cdng tac bao vd mdi trudng tai edc KCN, KCX, han che mttc do d nhidm, tid'n dd'n dam bao cac loai chat tiiai trudc khi thai ra mdi trudng diu phai dat tidu chuan mdi trudng theo quy dinh
Nhu vay, rd rang phdn ldn chu ddu tu ha tdng cde KCN, KCX da khdng thue hidn nghidm cac cam kd't trong ndi dung bao cao danh gia tdc ddng mdi trudng da dugc
Bd Tai nguyen va Mdi trudng phd duyet, khdng ddu tu he thdng xtt ly nudc thai tap trung, khdng cd khu vuc luu gitt chdt thai nguy hai tam thdi trudc khi van chuyen dd'n noi xtt iy Didn tfch cay xanh cdn thdp Mdt sd chu ddu tu cac du an trong KCN, KCX chua thye hidn ddy du cac cam kit trong ban dang kf dat tidu chuan mdi trudng Tinh trang thu gom va xtt ly nudc thai cue bd trudc khi thai vao he thdng thoat nudc cua KCN cdn thdp va ciidt thai nguy hai chua dugc quan ly tdt, tinh trang xtt ly chung vdi rac thai edn^ nghidp thdng thudng va sinh hoat cdn phd bid'n Mdt so doanh nghidp chua thye hidn chuong trinh gidm sat mdi trudng va nop phf bao vd mdi trudng dd'i vdi nudc thai tiieo quy dinih Cdng tdc kiim tra, thanh tra chua dugc
td chttc thudng xuydn Bdn canh dd, vide xtt ly cac vi pham vl mdi trudng chira nghidm, chua cuong quyd't ddn dd'n tinh trang d nhidm khdng dugc giai quyd't nhanh chdng ^ ,
Trang 3KINH NGHIEM THL/C TIEN
2 Mdt sd giai phap tang cudng cdng
tac bao ve mdi trudng tai khu cdng
nghiep, khu che xuat cac tinh phia Bae
Dl tang cudng cdng tac bao vd mdi
trudng tai cac KCN, KCX, han che mttc do
d nhidm, tid'n dd'n dam bao cac loai chdt
thai trudc khi thai ra mdi trudng dat tidu
chudn mdi trudng theo quy dinh, thye thi
hidu qua Lugt Bdo ve mdi trudng nam
2005, edn tid'n hanh ddng bd mdt sd giai
phap sau:
Thd nhdt, trip tuc hoan thidn he thdng
phdp ly vdi chi tai du manh nhdm bao vd
mdi trudng Bdi hidn nay, cdng cu quan
trgng nhdt dl dam bao chdt lugng mdi
trudng tai cac KCN, KCX dat tidu chudn
mdi trudng cho phep la tang cudng cdng
cu phap ly Theo dd:
Cdn cd chi tai dl budc nha ddu tu phai
thuc hidn cam kit cua hg khi ddu tu vdo
cac KCN, KCX Thye tlhidn nay cho thdy,
nhiiu dia phuong mud'n thu hut ddu tu ndn
ludn dua ra cde uu dai, don gian hda mgi
thu tuc cho nha ddu tu, vi vay, trong qud
trinh edp phep thid'u kiim tra xem xet, ddn
dd'n mdt so doanh nghidp khi ddu tu vao da
khdng tuan thtt ddy du cac cdng doan xtt ly
chdt thai hoac thuc hidn khdng nghidm tue
Ydu cdu tdt ca ciiu ddu tu cac KCN, KCX
phai xay dung he thdng xtt ly chdt tiiai tap
trung, xay dung khu vyc luu gitt tam thdi
chat thai nguy hai theo dung quy dinh cua
Lugt Bdo ve mdi trudng trong kiioang thdi
gian nhdt dinh
Mat khac, cde doanh nghidp khi ddu tu
vao KCN, KCX diu mud'n KCN, KCX
phai cd san khu xtt ly chdt thai, nhung
KCN, KCX mud'n xay dung dugc khu xtt
ly chat thai thi phai cd thdng so san xudt
cua cac doanh nghidp de chgn md hinh
phu hgp Dl khde phuc tinh trang "qua
triing, eon ga" nay, nlia ddu tu co sd ha
tdng cac KCN, KCX ndn lam theo phuong
thttc "Nghidn cttu tdng thi, ddu tu phan
ki" Tttc la vdn thid't k l theo dy todn ddu tu,
nhung ban ddu xay dyng nhd, sau klii cd
nhiiu doanh nghidp ddu tu va di vao hoat
ddng se nang ddn cdng sudt ldn theo tttng cdng doan, tttng thdi ki, nhu vay se tranh dugc hidn tugng lang phf, cdng sudt ldn nhung van hanh khdng dat hidu qua Cac KCN, KCX phai kd't hgp chat'che vdi Sd Tai nguydn va Mdi trudng tai cac tinh dl khi phdt hidn vi pham la bdo cho Sd giai quyd't (vi trdch nhidm xtt ly khdng thude quyin han cua tinh hay ciia KCN, KCX) Cac doanh nghidp cdn than trgng khi lya chgn dd'i tugng ddu tu Dd'i vdi cac dy dn lidn quan dd'n nganh ddt, nhudm, gidy da cdn hit sttc chat che trong vide ddi hdi cac nha ddu tu phai thuc hidn nghiem cde giai phap bao vd mdi trudng Dac bidt, dd'i vdi nganh gidy da, khi dot cac phi thai, mdt ham lugng rdt ldn chd't dioxin se thodt vao khf thai ndn rdt edn dugc xtt ly tridt de Dd'i vdi vide xtt ly nudc thai, tdt ca cac
dy an ddu tu trong KCN, KCX cd nudc thai diu phai xtt ly cue bd dat tidu chudn ddu vao cua he thdng xtt ly nudc thai tap trung trudc khi thai vao he thdng thu gom nudc thai cua KCN, KCX Cac doanh nghiep cd idif thai vugt tidu chuan cho phep phai cd
he thdng xtt ly dam bao dat tidu chudn mdi trudng Viet Nam trude khi thai
Bdn canh dd, ndn cd hd so mdu dl cac nha ddu tu tham khao tim ra md hinh phu hgp, trdnh tinh trang xay ldn de day Kinh nghidm cua mdt sd KCN, KCX di ddu trong cdng tdc bao vd mdi trudng la lap mdt ban chuyen trdch vl mdi trudng Kiii cac nha ddu tu dd'n KCN, Ban mdi trudng
se nhan dang cac loai chdt thai rdn cd thi phdt sinh Trdn co sd dd, so sdnh vdi kha nang xtt ly hidn tai cua cac don vi chttc nang dl tu vdn cho cde nha ddu tu nham dam bao tdt ca rac thai phat sinh se dugc xtt ly theo dung quy dinh Ddng thdi, kiim tra ban ve thid't kd' cac nha may nhdm dam bao mdi nha may diu cd khu vue tach bidt
dl tap trung rac thai, cd he thdng nude thai tach ridng khdi dudng thodt nudc mua Va cudi cung la ydu cdu cac nha ddu tu kf hgp ddng thu gom va xtt ly rac thai vdi cac don
vi cd chttc nang
Ngoai ra, Nha nudc cdn cd bidn phdp hd
Trang 4KINH NGHIEM THJC TIEN
trg ve tai chfnh cho vide xay dung cac cdng
trinh xtt ly chdt thai tdp trung dd'i vdi cac
dia phuong khdng du dieu kidn Cd the
xem xet cho vay vdi lai sudt uu dai ddi vdi
cac du an ddu tu xdy dimg cdng trinh xtt ly
chdt tiiai tap trung trong KCN, KCX, hoan
thanh he tiidng xtt ly chdt thai dat yiu cdu
trudc klii thu iiut ddu tu
Thd hai, tang cudng hi thdng cdng cu
kinh te Phf bao vd mdi trudng dd'i vdi nudc
thai la cdng cu kinh te hidu qua nham ngan
ngtta, kiim sodt d nhidm mdi trudng tai
cac KCN, KCX Vi vdy, trong thdi gian tdi,
Sd Tai nguydn vd Mdi trudng cac tinh cdn
tang cudng phd'i hgp vdi cac nganh chttc
nang, dac bidt la Sd Tai chfnh, Ban quan ly
cac KCN va Cue thue tinh td chttc giam
dinh toan bd nudc thai eua cac doanh
nghidp trong KCN, KCX ngay sau khi Bd
Tai nguyen va Mdi trudng cd thdng tu
hudng ddn xde dinh luu lugng nude thai
cdng nghidp va cdng bd eae don vi cd nang
lyc giam dinh mdu nudc thai phuc vu cdng
tdc thu phf dl tang ngudn thu cho ngan
sach ddu tu xtt ly mdi trudng va khuyd'n
khfch cac doanh nghidp xdy dung cac cdng
trinh xtt ly nudc thai, nd'u khdng se bi nop
mttc phf cao hon rdt nhiiu
Tang cudng cdng tdc kiim tra, thanh tra
nham phat hidn va xtt ly cde doanh nghidp
khdng thye hidn theo dung cde cam kit vl
bao vd mdi trudng trong bdo cao danh gid
tdc ddng mdi trudng hoac ban dang kf dat
tidu chudn mdi trudng da dugc cap cd thdm
quyin phd duyet Cuong quyd't tam dinh
chi hoat ddng nd'u doanh nghidp de tinh
trang d nhidm keo dai
Thd ba, tang cudng nang luc quan ly
cua cac co quan chttc nang Dl tang cudng
cdng tdc quan ly mdi trudng tai cac KCN,
KCX, ddi hdi phai cd du ngudn nhan luc,
nhung thuc te', ddi ngu thue hidn nhidm vu
nay d cac dia phuong cdn rdt mdng Sd Tai
nguydn va Mdi trudng Ban quan ly cac
KCN chua bd tri du bidn chi dd thuc hidn
Do dd, theo quy dinh cua Ludt Bdo ve mdi
trudng, thdi gian tdi, cdn tang cudng bidn
chi dl thi hanh nhidm vu bao vd mdi
trudng ttt cdp tinh dd'n cdp xa b cic dia
phuong
Thd tu, nang cao nhdn thttc cua cac
doanh nghidp vl cdng tac bao vd mdi trudng Dl giai quyd't vdn de mdi trudng cua cac KCN, KCX, diiu quan trgng la ddi hdi cac doanh nghidp phai hiiu dugc cac quy dinh cua phap luat vl mdi trudng, quyen va trach nhidm cua doanh nghiep trong cdng tdc bao ve mdi trudng Do dd, cdn td chttc cac ldp tap hudn phd bid'n cac quy dinh cua phdp luat vl mdi tradng, dac bidt la cac van ban dudi luat dl thi hanh
Ludt Bdo ve mdi trudng nam 2005 Ddng
thdi, phdi hgp vdi cac co quan khoa hgc tl chttc nghien ciiu va chuydn giao cac cdng nghd xtt ly chdt thai cho cac doanh nghiep
Thd ndm, cd bidn phdp hd trg ddu tu xit
ly mdi trudng Tinh trang d nhidm mdi trudng tai mdt sd KCN, KCX dd'n nay chua dugc giai quyd't do nhieu nguydn nhan; trong dd, cd klid khan vl vd'n dl ddu tu cac cdng trinh xtt ly Vi vay, nham hd trg mdt phdn vd'n cho cac doanii nghidp xtt ly chdt thai, Sd Tdi nguydn va Mdi trudng cde dia phuong ndn phd'i hgp vdi Ban quan ly cac KCN xac dinh nguyen nhan gay d niiidm tai mdt sd doanh nghiep Nd'u doanh nghidp cd nhan thttc vl trach nhidm trong xtt ly chdt thai nhung khd khan vl vd'n, Sd Tai nguydn va Mdi trudng se kiln nghi Quy bao vd mdi trudng qud'c gia hoac de nghi Quy bao ve mdi trudng cua tinh h6 trg cho vay uu dai
Tdm lai, vide bao vd mdi trudng KCN, KCX vung kinh td' trgng diim phfa Bdc la trdch nhidm chung cua edc nha quan ly KCN, KCX, cua chu ddu tu co sd ha tdng
va cac doanh nghidp trong KCN, KCX De thuc hidn dugc cac giai phap trdn, diiu quan trgng la phai thdng niidt nhan thttc, y thttc bao vd mdi trudng cua tiTng co quan, don vi cung nhu cd nhan quan ly va hoat ddng trong KCN, KCX Ttt dd, xay dung mdi quan he phd'i hgp ddng bd va liidu qua, cung hudng tdi muc tidu bao vd mdi trudng nham phdt trien bin vung KCN, KCXQ