truyen va tranh thii du luan, kien tri, sang tao va cd siic thuyet phuc, lam sang td tinh chat chinh nghia va tit thang cua eugc khang chien cua nhan dan ta, vaeh rd ngudn gdc, nguyen[r]
Trang 1NHiTNG VAN DE CHUNG VE UCH s u DANG
n n
MAT TRA\ m m urn THE GIOI \)m HO VIET \ A M
TRO\G GIAI OOAN OAM PHAN HIEP OI\H PARI
TRINH NGOC THAI*
Trong lich sir khang chien cua
cac dan tdc hau nhu chua cd
mot cuoc chien dau nao lai cd the tao
dung nen mpt phong trao, mot mat
tran nhan dan the gidi manh me doan
ket ung ho nhu d Viet Nam; trong do
CO phong tiio phan chien rong ldn va
du' doi chua timg co d My
Mat trail dd tuy khong cd tinh chat
quyet dinh true tiep den tliang lgi ciia
Hiep dinh Pari nhung no da co tac ddng
het sire manli me va true tiep den eugc
khang chien chong My, cim nudc ciia
nhan dan ta ciing nhu den qua trinh
dam phan d Pari Sire manli cua du luan mdt mat trd
thanh sire ep ddi vdi chinh sach xam luge cua My, mat
kha(c, do la sir co vu to ldn doi vdi nlian dan va quan
dpi ta trong chien dau, la sir iing hp cua nhan dan the
gidi ca ve vat chat va tinh than doi vdi nhan dan ta
Ngay trong thdi gian dien ra Hpi nghj Pari, bao
chi khong cd ngay nao kliong dang tai nhirng bai viet
vl Viet Nam, ve cupc dam phan Ngay ben ngoai
phong hgp tai Trung tam Hpi nghi qudc te Kleba
* Ngir/en thanh vien Etoan Viet Nam Dan chii Cdng hoa tai
Hpi nglii Pari ve Viet Nam Pho toidng Ban D6i ngoai Tamg
uong EXTS Viet Nam, Dai sir Viet Nam tai Cong hoa Phap
Bg trudng Xudn Thuy trd ldi phong vdn cdc phdng vien qudc te
theo ddi Hgi nghi Pari ve Viet Nam
(Kleber) d Pari cung nhu d khap noi tren the gidi van dien ra cac cupc mit tinh, bieu tinh, tuan hanh Tinh hinh do da trd thanh mpt ap lire manh me khong the xem thudng Trong cac cupc hpp cdng khai cung nhu
bi mat, phia My to ra rat ngcii tham chi rat sg du luan Ban than Kitxinhgio (Kissinger) phai cau len noi: "Toi den Pari de dam phan vdi ong Le Dire Thg chir khong
phai de noi chuyen vdi bao Thdi bdo Ne^v York'
L Dac trung cua mat train nhan dan the gioi iing ho Viet Nam
Die lugn bdt ddu chii y den Viet Nam ngay tic khi
My coy do can thiep vd xdm luge Viet Nam Trong
giai doan cuoi cuoc chien tranh cua thirc dan Phap d
*|
T/IP CHl LICH Sir OANG-SO 9/2008
Trang 2NHIJNG VAN DE CHUNG VE L|CH SIT OANG
Viet Nam, My da bit diu tai trg cho quan ddi Phap
My la nudc ldn duy nhit khdng ky Hiep dinh
Gionevo nam 1954 vl Viet Nam Ngay sau khi Hiep
dinh dugc ky kit My pha hoai viec thi hanh, dua
NgO Dinh Diem ve to chirc trung cau dan y gat Bao
Dai hit cang Phap, vien trg quan stJ dua cd van quan
sir vao miln Nam Viet Nam dung len si^r kien Vinh
Bac Bp, liy cd tien hanh cupc chien tranh pha hoai
Bac Viet Nam bang khdng quan va hai quan
Phong trdo cd quy md rdng khap tren the gidi Cac
cupc bieu tinh khdng Id dien ra d Lien Xd, Tmng Qudc
Vci cac nudc XHCN khac, Hpi nghi cap cao nhan dan
Dong Duong (thang 4-1970), Toa an Betoran Ruxen
(Bertrand Russel) xet xu tdi ac chien tranh cua My tai
Viet Nam, Hpi nghi Stdckhom (Stockholm) ve Viet
Nam, Hpi nghi Quang Chau, Tuan qudc te phan doi
chien tranh xam luge Viet Nam, cuoc bieu tinh cua nira
tiieu ngirdi tai Oasinhton (Washingon), cupc gap gd
lich su nhan dan Viet Nam - My tai Bratislava cupc
bieu tinh ciia 200 nghin ngirdi tai hmg Vanhxang - Pari
(Vincennes-Paris) cupc bieu tinh xuong dudng vdi sir
tham gia ciia Vandech Roxet (Walaeck Rochet),
Giacke Duycolot (Jacques Duclos), Tdng Bi thu va Uy
vien Bp Chinli tri Dang Cong san Phap, va cdn biet bao
hoat dpng khac d kliap cac chau luc Ca the gidi vang
len "My cut klioi Viet Nam"!
Phong tido di vdo luong tri vd trdi tim ciia nhdn
loai Co nliuTig luc cac lire lugng trong mgt nudc
mau thuan vdi nhau ve nhieu van de nhung lai doan
ket va nhat tri vdi nhau iing hd Viet Nam Dieu nay
con the hien ca trong pham vi quoc te Mpi ngudi cdn
nhd nhung cau noi ciia Phiden Caxtord (Fidel Castro)
liic bay gid "Viet Nam la trai tim ciia nhan loai", "Ha
Npi la thu do ciia pham gia con ngudi", "Viet Nam la
luorm tri ciia loai ngirdi"
Cuoc phan chien manh me vd dir dgi ngay a
tiling tdm nuac My Dinh cao cua phong trao phan
chien la cac cupc tii thieu cua anh Noocman Morixon
(Nomian Mondson), Rogio Lapodc (Roger Laporte) va
cu Alixo Hedo (Alice Herz) phan ddi chien Iranh ciia
My, nhiing thanh nien My chdng quan djch bi bat giam hoac chay sang cu tni d cac nudc Bae Au, cd ngudi tir xich minh vao hang rao Nha Trang cac cupc bieu tinh ngii Tit ca dieu dd budc ngu'di My va nhung ngudi
cd luong tri tren the gidi phai tu hdi vi sao My lai gay chiln, dua thanh nien My sang chet d Viet Nam Chii tjch Hd Chi Minh da ndi: Mat tran chdng My thir nhat la
d Viet Nam, cdn mat tran thii hai la ngay tren nudc My Nhan dan My danh tir trong ra, nhan dan ta danh tir ngoai vao Hai ben giap cdng manh me, thi de quoc My nhat dinh se thua, nhan dan Viet Nam nhat dinh se thang ( ^ thuc, den nhung nam 1970, chien tranh khong nhiing dien ra d Viet Nam ma ea ben Irong nudc
My, vi phong trao da phat trien den miic trd thanh mot van de song cdn vdi chinh quyen My
Co y kien cho rang cdn cd 4 nhan to lam cho phong trao phan chien manh nhu vay: lenh quan dich bat thanh nien nhap ngO sang Viet Nam; tmyen hinh
My dua tin hang ngay vao tan mdi gia dinh My; hinh anh cac quan tai linh My chet d Viet Nam dua ve My; cuu chien binh My trd ve Vao giira nam 1971,
bao New York Times cdng bd tai lieu "Pentagon
Papers" ("tai lieu mat qudc phdng", gdm 47 tap, 3.000 trang tudng thuat va 4.000 trang tham khao), la nhirng
hd so mat ve qudc phdng cua cac co quan diu nao cua
My nhu Bg Ngoai giao, Bg Qudc phong, CIA, Cue
An ninh quoc gia, Nha Trang Day la mpt don dau danh vao am muu va ke hoach xam luge khong the choi cai dugc ciia chinh quyln My Dac biet, phong trao d My la mgt phong trao khdng do mpt tl chiic thong nhat nao chi dao chung ma la hoan toan tir nguyen, xuat phat tir cdng ly, luong tam va le phai
Hmh thilt ddu tranh rdt phong phii vd da dgng
Phong trao da thu hut dugc ddng dao cac gidi: luat gia, nha khoa hgc, nha bao, nha van, nhac si; cac nha ton giao, cac nghj si qudc hgi, nhan si tiln bg, thanh nien, sinh vien, hgc sinh, binh linh , cac dang phai tiln bo, chinh phu cac nudc, cac to chirc qudc tl nhu Phong trao
TAP CHl LICH Sir OANG-SO 9/2008
Trang 3N H O N G VAN OE CHUNG VE L|CH SU OANG
hoa binh the gidi, Uy ban doan ket nhan dan A - Hii
Phong trao khong lien kei cac to chirc quan chiing
cong doan, thanh nien, phij nii Mgi ngudi cdn nhd nghe
si dien anh Gien Phonda (Jane Fonda), nhac si J Bae (J
Baez) sang Viet Nam noi chuyen, hat va choi guitare de
van dpng binh linh My phan ehien d mien Nam Viet
Nam dpng vien cac chien si phdng khong d mien Bac
Dong chi Tmdng-Chinh cho rang, muon thang de
quoc My phai lap ba tdng mat trdn: mpt la Mat tran
thong nhat chong My d Viet Nam; hai la Mat tran
thong nhat chong My ciia cac dan tpc Dong Duong;
ba la Mat tran cua nhan dan the gidi chong de quoc
My, bao ve dpc lap dan tdc va hoa binh - do la ba ting
mat tran bao vay va danh thang de qudc My xam luge
Sir phdi hop chat che giica cdc mat trgn Phong trao
CO sir phoi hgp giira d My, tren the gidi va d Viet Nam
Nhd phuong tien thong tin thuan tien, tin tuc tir cac noi
dugc dang tai hang ngay tren bao chi, thong tin, dai phat
thanh, cho nen phong trao phat then tu nhien va lan toa
nhu mpt dam chay limg, tir Bac chi Nam, tir Ddng sang
lay khap the gidi Phong trao d Bac Au lien ket vdi
phong trao d cac chau luc khac, phong trao nhan dan the
gidi iuig hp Viet Nam ket hgp vdi phong trao phan
chien o trong nudc My Chinh vi vay ma trong tlidi gian
Hpi nghi, phong trao phan ddi My leo thang chien tranh,
"Viet Nam hoa chien tranh", doi My nit quan, sdm
cham dut chien tranli len manh hon bao gid het tren the
gidi, dac biet la phong trao phan eliien d My biing no va
ngay cang phat trien manh me
2 Cuoc khang chien chong My, ciru nude cua
ta la chinh nghia
Nguyen nhan gi da tao nen mdt phong trao manh
me chua timg CO den nhu vay? Dd la vi:
Mot Id, aide khdng chien cua Viet Nam Id chinh
nghia Cuoc chien tranh xdm licae ciia My Id phi
nghia Day la nguyen nhan co ban nhat de mat tran
nhan dan the gidi iing hp ta Tuy nhien khong phai
duong nhien ma du luan cd the nhan thirc dugc ngay
va dong tinh ngay Ta phai tien hanh cdng tac tuyen
truyen va tranh thii du luan, kien tri, sang tao va cd siic thuyet phuc, lam sang td tinh chat chinh nghia va tit thang cua eugc khang chien cua nhan dan ta, vaeh
rd ngudn gdc, nguyen nhan va ban chat cua eugc chien tranh, dap lai nhirng thii doan va luan dieu xuyen tac rat quyet lieL da dang cua My va chinh quyen Sai Gon, vaeh tran tdi ac cua chung, lam sang
to nhimg de nghi, giai phap hgp tinh hpp ly cua ta nham cham diit chien tranh de du luan dong tinh, ung
hp Luan dieu xuyen tac co ban cua chung trong suot thdi gian chien tranh va trong gan 5 nam dam phan la
"mien Bac xam luge mien Nam", "hai ben ciing nit" Sir that luc bay gid con cd nhimg ngudi bi anh hirdng tuyen tmyen cua My, hieu mo hd, tham chi sai lac ve chu nghia cong san, ve Viet Nam Dan chii Cong hoa, nhat la ve "Viet Cong", cd nhimg ngudi iing hp ta nhung khong tin ta co the thang My
Hai Id, duang ldi diing ddn ciia Ddng vd Nhd mcdc ta Chu tich Ho Chi Minh chi ra rang cupc
khang chien ciia ta phai dua vao sire minh la chinh, dong thdi tranh thii sir iing hd va giup dd tich cue cua cac nudc XHCN anh em va ciia nhan dan yeu chupng hoa binh, cong ly tren toan the gidi, ke ca nhan dan tien bd My Trong luc thuan Igi ciing nhu trong luc kho khan, phirc tap, chinh sach doi ngoai va hoat dpng ngoai giao cua ta van la giuong cao ngpn
cd hoa binh va dpc lap, kien tri tranh thu sir dong tinh
va ung hp quoc te, trudc het la cac dong minh chien luge Mac dii co liic Lien X6 va Tmng Qudc trd nen mau thuan cang thang, cd liic hai nudc muon hda hoan
va cai thien quan he vdi My; ta va cac ban cdn co sir khac nhau ve thdi diem va sach luge danh - dam, nhung bang nhiing bien phap va sach luge khon kheo
ta van duy tri dugc doan ket va tranh thii dugc siJ ding tinh, giiip dd ciia ca hai nudc dong minh ldn dii vdi dudng loi chong My, cim nudc noi chung ciing nhu chii tmong, sach luge dam phan d Pari ndi rieng
Am muu ciia Nha Trang la lgi dung hoa hoan dl kiem che sir iing hp cua Lien Xd va Trung (^6c dii vdi
TAP CHi LICH SU OANG-SO 9/2008
Trang 4NHUNG VAN OE CHUNG VE L|CH Sir OANG
cupc khang chiln ciing nhu chien luge danh - dam cua
ta Ngay trong qua trinh dam phan, dai dien chinh quyen
Nichxon da sang Lien X6 va Tmng Qudc ra sire van
dpng hai nudc gay sire ep ddi vdi ta tren ban dam phan
Ket qua trong sudt 20 nam chien dau vi dpc lap va tu do
ciia minh, Viet Nam vin nhan dugc sir giiip dd va ung hg
to ldn ve nhieu mat ciia Lien Xd, Tmng Quoc, cac nudc
XHCN va cac lire lugng tien bg tren the gidi E)ieu do da
trd thanh yeu td gdp phan quyet djnh thing lgi cua nhan
dan ta tren chien tmdng ciing nhu tren ban dam phan
Ddi vdi My, ta chdng de qudc My xam luge
nhung khong tao ra ban thii dan tdc vdi nhan dan My,
nudc My, trai lai ta xem nhan dan My la ban, danh
quan xam luge My nhimg van tran trgng tmyen
thdng tir do va tinh huu nghj cua nhan dan My
Ba Id, aide chien ddu kien ardng vd anh diing ciia
qudn vd ddn ta Trong cupc khang chien cua nhan dan
ta, CO nhirng hinli anh dugc dong dao du luan the gidi
quen thupc nhu anh Nguyen Van Troi hien ngang trudc
khi bi ban, nu cudi Vd Thj Thang tmdc quan thii, cd dan
quan be nhd ap giai ten phi cdng My eao ldn, ed gai keo
xac may bay My Du luan ciing khong quen nhung tim
anh linh My dot nha, ban chet ngudi dan vd tgi, may
bay My nem bom rai tham huy diet dan thudng pha
huy Benh vien Bach Mai, pho Kham Tliien, rai chit dpc
da cam huy diet niii ning Viet Nam
Ben canh do, nhimg con sd thiet hai va binh linh My
diet trong chien tranh da gay chan dpng du luan My
Theo sl lieu tir phia My, tir 1965 din 1973, My chi 120
ty USD cho chien tranh, huy dpng gan 3 trieu thanh nien
vao linh dua sang chien diu d Viet Nam, liie cao nhit
con sd linh My d Viet Nam la ban 500.000, chit 58.209
ten, bj thuong 305.000, mit tich hon 2.000 Nhung con
sd tren ciing nhu hinh anh linh My bi thuong va nhit la
nhiing tiii dung xac linh My chuyin vl My da dua cupc
chien tranh Viet Nam vao timg gia dinh ngudi My
Bdn Id, cdng tdc tuyen truyen van dong ciia ta cd
nhieu hinh thirc vd hieu qud cao Cupc van dgng cua ta
nham vao 4 ndi dung: neu eao chinh nghia cua Viet
Nam, vaeh trin tinh chit phi nghia cua My; quyet tam gianh ddc lap ciia nhan dan Viet Nam, the tat thang ciia
ta, the that bai cua My; neu cao thien chi hda binh cua Viet Nam; td cao am mim va hanh dgng tgi ac ciia de qudc My d Viet Nam, bdc tran va bac bd nhirng luan dieu xuyen tac, lira bip, mj dan ctia My
Nam Ig let kit hgp mgt cdch hgp ly giira ddu tranh chinh tri, qudn sir, ngoai giao; kit hgp giira ngoai giao Nhd mrdc, ngoai giao nhdn ddn ciia Ddng Co luc
ngoai giao nhan dan di trudc, ngoai giao Nha nudc di sau Cd liic ta de Mat tran va Chinh phu Cach mang lam thdi Cdng hda mien Nam Viet Nam neu van de tai Hdi nghi, Viet Nam Dan chu Cdng hda img hp Co viee ta de nhan dan len tieng trude, Nha nudc noi sau Phdi hgp mpt each chat che va cd ke hoach
Sdu Id, phong trdo vd sir ddng gdp ciia Viet kieu
Day la mpt yeu td rat quan trgng trong viec hinh thanh Mat tran nhan dan the gidi iing hg Viet Nam Viet kieu
d Phap ed ddng gdp to ldn, td chirc cac cupc tap hgp dong dao ddn tiep hai doan cua ta, td chiic cac cuoc mit tinh ndi chuyen keu ggi ung hg lap trudng, quan diem, cac giai phap dam phan ciia ta Dac biet la Hoi ngudi Viet Nam tai Phap da cir mgt sd ddng anh chj em phuc vu tare tiep cho.hai doan nhu phien djch, ll tan, van phong, in tai lieu, lai xe, bao ve, niu an D I lam nhimg viec do, anh chj em da phai chju nhimg sir hy sinh nhat djnh nhu bd viec lam, tham chi cd luc phai duong diu, xung dot vdi nhimg phin tir chdng dii
Bay Ig hogt ddng tich arc ciia hai doan a Pari de van ddng die lugn quoc te Vdi vj tri dia ly va chinh tri,
Pari la trung tam bao chi qudc tl, diu moi thong tin th^ gidi, cd quan he lich sir giiia ta va Phap, noi cd luc luong chinh tri va xa hgi tiln bd, cd Dang Cong san Phap, co lire lugng Viet kieu yeu nudc hiing hau va nang dong Dac biet day la DO! Bac Hd da sdng hoat dgng, dl lai mgt di san vd gia Cho nen Pari la dia diim hpp cd nhieu thuan lgi ddi vdi hai doan dam phan cua ta; tac dpng
(Xem tiip trang 36)
TAP CHl UCH SIJ DANG-SO 9/2008
Trang 5NHAN VAT-SU KIEN
Phap va Nhat khi dd d Sai Gdn pha hoai viec tim
kilm tau thuyin cua ta Sau mdt thdi gian tim kiem,
tap kit va sira chira, sang ngay 16-9-1945, chiee tau
Phil Qudc va 32 ghe bau chuyen di bien nhd neo tii
cira biln Dai Ngai (Sdc Trang) ra Cdn Dao, ti-en
dudng do gap gidng ldn, 7 thuyen bj lac
Ngay 17-9-1945, doan tau thuyen da cap Cau tau
Cdn Dao Ngay budi chieu, eugc mit tinh chinh thire
dugc to chirc tai san bdng da Cdn Dao Ddng chi
Tudng Dan Bao, dac phai vien cua Uy ban Hanh
ehinh Nam Bd dgc quyet djnh ve viec ddn tii chinh
tri d Con Dao va tuyen bd: Tir gi& phiit ndy, Cdn
Dao Id mdt mdnh ddt thieng lieng ciia Td quoc ta
duac hoan todn tu do, ddc lap Le Van Tra nop con
diu cua Nha nguc Cdn Dao Mpt loat sung nd vang
ciing nhung tieng hd reo nhu sam ren tren Con Dao
giai phong Trong khdng khi thieng lieng eiia tiJ do,
dpc lap, mpi ngudi deu ngam ngiii tiidng nhd den
hang ngliin ngudi con uu tii da hy sinh ti-ong nhiing
nam thang khiing bd ac liet eua ke thii
Dudi sir ehi dao cua dong chi Pham Hiing, Dao uy
lap danh sach toan bd tii chinh tii de dua ve dat lien
Nhirng tii chinh tii ngudi Tmng Quoc, Lao,
Campuchia, Thai Lan ciing mdt sd thudng pham va
cdng chirc da giac ngd eung dugc bd tii dua ve dat
lien Nhung dang vien tiling kien, da dugc thii thach
ti-ong tii cQng dugc Dao uy bao cao vdi Dang Mgi
cdng viec hoan tit, rang sang ngay 23-9-1945, tau Phii
Qudc eiing 25 thuyen bau nhd neo chuyen thir nhat
dua 1.800 tii chinli tii ve dat lien Ddng ehi Pham
Hiing ciing mpt so dong chi trong ban lanh dao di ti-en
chiee cand mang ten Giai phdng do chinh tay ngudi
thg may Tdn Dire Thang dieu khien, ve dit lien Chieu
23-9-1945, dong chi Pham Himg ve den Soc Trang,
khi tieng siing cua thuc dan Phap danh chiem Nam
Bp, chinh thirc xam luge nudc ta lan thir hai da nd
Ddng chi cimg ddng ddi lai lao ngay vao eugc chien
dau mdi - cuge khang chien than thanh cua dan tpc
chong thi.rc dan Phap xam luge
MAT TRAN NHAN DAN THE GIOI
(Tiep theo trang 6)
manh va kip thdi den du luan My, phuang Tay va the gidi Day cdn la diu mdi di lai de dang ddi vdi cac chinh khach, nha bao tii Pari di den Sai Gdn, My va nhilu noi khac, cho nen tin tiic tii Pari di eac noi cQng nhu tin tiie tii cae noi den Pari rit nhanh va kjp thdi Thudng tiyc d Pari ed hang nghin nha bao, nhiep anh, quay phim eiia cac nudc phan anh ve cuoc dam phan Rieng d Pari, ben canh 28 eugc hpp cdng khai, 12 cupc hpp bi mat ti-ong giai doan hdi nghi song phuong
va 174 eugc hgp cdng khai vdi 24 eugc hgp bi mat ti-ong giai doan hdi nghi bdn ben, ed den gan 500 cupc hgp bao cua hai doan cua ta, bang nghin cuge tiep xiic vdi ban be Phap va qudc te, ke ca nhiing ddng bao tir mien Nam sang Trong hai doan, tii cd van Le Dire Thg, eac tiudng doan Xuan Thuy, Nguyen Thj Binli cho den cac thanh vien deu tham gia cdng (ac van ddng du luan, da cii hang tiam doan di khap cac dja phuong ti^n nudc Phap va cac nudc khac ti-en the gidi, chau Au, chau A, chau My, chau Phi du cae cupc mit tinh, bieu tinh, hdi nghj, hdi thao ve Viet Nam de gidi thieu tinh hinh va lap tiirdng cua ta
Trong cupc khang ehien than thanh chdng My, cim nudc, dudi sir lanh dao ciia Dang, nhan dan Viet Nam da cd nhieu sang tao, lam giau them kho tang kinh nghiem lich sir chien tianh each mang ciia nhan dan the gidi chdng xam luge, gianh ddc lap dan tpc Mdt ti-ong nhiing sang tao dd la cupc van ddng du luan qudc te de hinh thanh mdt Mat tian nhan dan the gidi doan ket va img hp su nghiep ciia nhan dan ta Mat tian nay nhu mdt tieng chuong canh tinh doi vdi luong tii loai ngudi, mgt ap lire manh me budc My phai ky ket Hiep dinh Pari, nit quan khdi Viet Nam, thue hien y do chien luge cua ta khi ky Hiep dinh la giii nguyen luc lugng ciia ta d mien Nam dl tiep tiic tien cdng den thang lgi hoan toan