Theo quan diem dUdc nhieu hge gia Trung Qud'c tan ddng thi "Thu vien dudc sinh ra d i u tien vao ddi Dudng trong td chQc giao due van hda eua eac si nhan Trung Qud'c, nd bat ngu[r]
Trang 1laOC KHflO VE THCr VIEN CONG VIET NAM THO^I PHONG KIEN
NGUYfiN TO LAN'
Thu tich ki tai t h a n h tuu phat trien
cua mdi dan tgc va la mdt trong
nhflng ngudn tU lieu quy gia ben canh bang
chflng ve dan tdc hge, khao cd' bgc de
phuc dung dien mao dan tdc dd Cung nhu
vay, thu tich Han Ndm - sach vd dUde bien
soan b i n g chQ Han va chQ Ndm cua ngUdi
Viet Nam la bd phan quan trgng trong van
hie'n eua dan tdc Viet Nam He thd'ng thu
tich nay chuyen chd van hda Viet Nam thdi
phong kien vdi hdn 10 the ki ed so lUdng dd
so va ndi dung phong phu TQ khi da't nUdc
bude vao Id nguyen ddc lap sau 1000 nam
Bae thudc cho den nay, dan tgc Viet Nam da
ddi nay qua ddi khae ndi tie'p nhau tie'n
hanh cac boat ddng sQu t i m , thu thap, iQu
trQ, nhan ban, phan loai thu tieh Han
Ndm hdng bao ve va luu truyen kho di san
nay cua dan tgc Cae thu vien da dUdc xay
dung cung vdi mue dieh nhu vay, du trong
giai doan d i u eua thdi phong kien Viet Nam
nhieu khi mdi ehi dQng d quy md nhd nhu
nhQng kho sach, kho van k h i e in sach
Cd mdt hien thiic la, dQ viee iQu trQ thQ
tich cung nhu xay dilng cac thu vien dUdc
noi tie'p mgt each kha lien tue qua cae trieu
dai nhung mdt p h i n do ban che cua hoan
canh lich sQ ma di tich ed sd luu trQ eung
nhu nhQng ghi chep ve nhQng cd sd nay la kha it di, nha't la nhQng kho sach ciia ca
n h a n hoac d quy md nhd nhu cua tinh, huyen 'Vi vay, trong bai viet nay chung tdi chi mong mud'n cung cap mgt so' thdng tin nham phac thao len mdt dien mao cd ban ve kho luu trQ t h u tich dUdi che dd phong kien cua Viet Nam - mdt nUdc "thiic
vi van hie'n ehi bang" (1)
Theo quan diem dUdc nhieu hge gia Trung Qud'c tan ddng thi "Thu vien dudc sinh ra d i u tien vao ddi Dudng trong td chQc giao due van hda eua eac si nhan Trung Qud'c, nd bat ngudn tQ dan gian va quan phu, nd la ket qua t a t nhien cua viee sau khi da cd mdt sd lUdng ldn sdch vd dude luu thdng trong xa hdi, so' ludng ngUdi dgc sach khdng ngQng tang trudng ve sd lUdng, cac hoat dgng trien khai xung quanh thu tich bao gdm tang thU, hieu thU, tu thu, trudc thu, k h i e thU, dec thu, giao thu cua viec tie'n h a n h tieh luy van hoa, nghien cQu, sang tao va truyen ba" (2) Nhu vay, d Trung Qud'c, thu vien dUde coi nhu la mgt td' ehflc boat ddng gido due van hda bao gdm mgt td hdp cac boat ddng lien quan de'n t h u tich Trong khi dd, bgc gii phUdng Tay lai quan niem thu vien la ndi tang trQ
Th.S Vien Nghien cflu Han Nom
Trang 260 Rghien cuu Lich sii, sg 9.2009
thu tich: "Danh tQ t h u vien xuat p h a t tQ
chQ Hy Lap Biblio - la sach, theka - b i d
quan Vay t h u a t ngQ "thU vien" do hai chQ:
thu la sach, vien la ndi b i d quan sach T h u
vien theo nghTa den la ndi t a n g trQ saeh
bao" (3) Tuy chiu a n h hudng nhieu tQ
•Trung Qud'c nhUng tinh he thd'ng hda, khu
biet hda ve mat chQc n a n g cua thU vien d
Viet Nam khdng rd ndt Ngoai chQe nang
chinh la iQu trQ tai lieu, t h u vien edn la ndi
phue vu cho eac doi tUdng ed n h u eau khai
thac nhQng tU lieu nay Tuy theo tinh cha't
tQng t h u vien va mQc do phat trien trong td
chQe boat ddng t h u vien ma cae thQ vien
Viet Nam cd chQc n a n g "phuc vii" hay
khdng Tren ed sd hge tap each p h a n Idai
theo t h u vien hge Trung Qud'c (4) va t h a m
chie'u hoan canh thiic te eua thU vien Viet
Nam, chung tdi chia t h u vien Viet Nam
t h a n h 2 loai ehinh: Thu vien nha nUdc va
thQ vien tQ n h a n Trong dd, thQ vien n h a
nudc la t h u vien do n h a nUdc t h a n h lap,
xay diing va quan ly (bao gdm t h u vien
chuyen biet eua n h a nUdc; t h u vien cua cdc
cd quan nha nUdc n h u Bi t h u eac, Ddng
cae t h u vien dUde n h a nude t h a n h lap d
cac chua trong giai doan P h a t giao la qud'c
giao; t h u vien trong cac trUdng qudc hge
nhu Qud'c tQ giam, hge dudng d eac tinh,
huyen); T h u vien tU n h a n la t h u vien dUdc
tu n h a n t h a n h lap, xay diing va quan li,
khdng n a m trong he thdng thQ vign cua
nha nQdc Thu vien tU n h a n Viet Nam chia
t h a n h 2 loai ehinh la t h u vien e i a eac cd sd
tdn giao (ehua chien, Dao quan ) va eua
eac ea n h a n (thudng la t h u vien cua nhQng
ngudi dd dat cao, cd nhieu sdng tac hoac
ham me sUu t a m tU lieu, cua nhQng ddng
hg ed truyen thd'ng hge h a n h va tang thQ,
nhQng gia dinh lUu trQ t h u tich lien quan
de'n nghe nghiep n h u t h u tich phong thuy,
dia ly, y dUdc ) (5)
Can cQ vao tQ lieu t h u t h a p dUde cung
n h u de ddc gia tien theo doi chung tdi lay mdc t h a n h lap trieu N g u y i n (1802) de chia lich sQ t h u vien edng Viet N a m t h a n h hai giai doan: trUdc trieu N g u y i n (tQ ddi Ly de'n he't thdi Le, bao gdm ca trieu Tay Sdn)
va trieu Nguyen
I T R U C J C T R I E U N G U Y E N
Ddi Ly (1010 -1225)
Trong giai doan d i u ciia che do phong kien Viet Nam, n h a Dinh (968 - 980) va
n h a Tien Le (980 - 1009) ngoai viec cung co qudc phdng, p h a t trien kinh te da chu trgng giao hda va r a sQc truyen bd dao Phat, phat trien Dao giao Cd cd sd tQ trdng thdi ky
B i c thudc vdi t r u n g t a m P h a t giao Luy Lau, t a n g Idp t a n g IQ Viet N a m luc b i y gid
p h a t trien m a n h vdi so lUdng ddng dao Day cung chinh la dgi ngu t r i thQc t h a m gia vao edng viec dieu h a n h dat nUdc (6), hdn nQa eung la t i n g Idp cd tie'ng ndi quan trgng trong cac quye't dinh eiia trieu dinh Chua chien dUde xay dilng k h a p ndi Nam Viet VQdng Dinh Lien da cho xay 100 tda bao chang (7) tai Hoa Lu NhQng dieu nay khie'n ta cd t h e tin r a n g giai doan nay eung
cd t h e ed cd sd cho sU tdn tai eua nhQng ed
sd t a n g trQ t h u tich it n h a t la t h u tieh P h a t giad trong cac t u vien (8) Tiec la hien nay khdng cdn dau tich cung n h u tai ligu nao ghi chep ve nhQng ndi nhQ the Sau khi ddi
dd tQ Hoa L Q ve T h a n g Long, n h a Ly da tap t r u n g xay diing chinh quyen phong kien, day chinh la thdi ky ma dau vet cua nhQng t h u vien d i u tien dUde ghi chdp lai
Kho kinh Trdn Phuc: Theo Viet si lUdc
n a m T a n Hdi (1011) dUdi trieu vua Ly Thai To': " d trong t h a n h xay cung Thai Thanh, ehua Van Tue, n h a chQa kinh T r a n Phue "
(9) Cung theo Dgi Viet si ky todn thU n a m
1011: " d trong t h a n h ben ta diing cung
Trang 3Luoc hh^o ve thu vien cgng 61
Dai Thanh, ben hQu dilng chua Van Tue,
lam kho T r i n Phiic" (10) Ne'u theo mach
lac cua eau van thi kho nay thuge ve chua
Van Tue, cd kha nang dUdc dung lam ndi
chQa kinh sach P h a t giao nhu Viet si liidc
da chdp Chua ro nha chQa kinh nay chQa
kinh gi va trQ iQdng bao nhieu
Kho Dgi Hdng: SQ chep, vao nam 1018
ddi vua Ly Thai Td: "Mua ha, thang 6, sai
Vien ngoai lang la Nguyin Dao Thanh va
Pham Hac sang nude Td'ng xin Kinh Tam
tang" (11) Sau dd hai nam de'n "Mua thu,
thang 9, Nguyen Dao Thanh di sQ ve, xin
dude Kinh Tam tang; xudng chieu cho Tang
thdng la Phi Tri sang Quang Chau ddn"
(12) De'n nam 1023, "Mua thu, thang 9,
xudng chie'u chep Kinh Tam tang de d kho
Dai Hung" (13) Hien v i n chUa ro dia die'm
kho nay d dau, ehi bie't nd lUu trQ ban chep
lai bd Kinh Tam tang xin dUde tQ nha
Tdng
Nhd Bdt giac: Nam Tan Dau (1021) vua
Ly Thai Td' sai "lam nha Bat giac chQa
kinh" (14) Viec nay xay ra sau khi da dem
dUdc bd Kinh Tam tang ve tQ Trung Qud'c
Chung tdi cho rang day chinh la ndi luu trQ
bd kinh nay Sau nay, bd Kinh Tam tang
dUde chdp lai, ban chdp lai dUdc giQ 6 kho
Dai Hung
Kho Triing HUng; Nam 1034 dudi trieu
vua Ly Thai Td', "Mua thu, thang 8, vua
ngii de'n chua Trung Quang nui Tien Du,
sai dung kho Trung Hung [de chQa kinh]"
(15) Nui Tien Du d huyen Tien Du, nay
thudc huyen Tien Du, Bie Ninh cdn cd ten
ggi khac la Phat Tich hoac Lan Kha 6 day,
nha Ly da c i t pho Kinh Dgi tang Pho kinh
nay ed dUde la dd eung nam nay, vua Ly
Thai Td' da "sai Vien ngoai lang la Ha Thu,
Do Khoan dem bieu nha Td'ijg hai con voi
thuan Nha Tdng liy Kinh Dgi tang de ta"
(16) De'n nam 1036, "thang 2, xud'ng chie'u
chep Kinh Dgi tang ca't d kho Trung Hung"
(17) NhQ vay, kho Trung HQng la mgt bd phan cua chua Trung Quang, chuyen de
chQa Kinh Dgi tang do trieu dinh sai ngQdi
chep tQ bd kinh dUdc nha Td'ng tang
Kho sdch cua Qud'c ti gidm; Nam 1070,
vua Ly Thanh Tdng sai dung Van Mie'u d Thang Long (18), de'n nam 1076, vua Ly Nhan Tdng "chgn quan vien van chQc, ngQdi nao bie't chQ eho vao Qud'c tQ giam" (19) Nhu vay, it nha't la den 1076 Qud'c tQ giam da di vao hoat ddng vdi tU each la trudng hge do nha nUdc thanh lap Cung vdi viee bat d i u thi Minh kinh Bae bgc va
thi Tam trudng vao nam 1075, viee thi cil
theo ldi Nho hge dan d i n dUde phd bie'n Chung ta ed ed sd de tin rang tai Qud'c tQ giam it nha't eung luu trQ mdt sd' bg kinh dien Nho hge de phuc vu true tie'p eho viee hge h a n h va thi cQ (20)
Bi thu cdc vd Hdn lam vien; SQ chdp,
nam 1086 "Mua thu, thang 8, thi ngQdi cd van bgc trong nude, sung lam quan d Han lam vien, Mae Hien Tich trung tuyen, bd lam Han lam hoc s f (21) Nam sau 1087,
"Mua xuan, thang 3, diing BI thu cac" (22) Day la hai cd quan ma cae trieu dai phong kien thQdng tap trung gia'y td saeh vd cua trieu dinh Nha't la Bi thQ cae vdn la ndi luu giQ cac ban khae va in saeh da dugc vua ngu lam, chd phdp luu hanh Do vay, ra't ed kha nang dudi thdi Ly, hai ndi nay cung da lUu trQ thQ tieh
Ddi Trdn (1225 - 1400)
Qudc ti vien, Qudc hoc vien, Qudc si vien, Bi thU cdc; Thang 10 mua ddng nam
1236, vua T r i n Thai Tdng "eho Pham U'ng
T h i n lam Thudng thu tri Qud'c tQ vign, dUa eon em van than va ti,ing t h i n vao hge" (23), de'n thang 9 lai "vdi nho sT trong nQdc
Trang 462 Rghien eijru Lich sii sg 9.2009
de'n Qud'c tQ vien giang Tfl thu, Luc kinh"
(24) Ben canh Qud'c tQ vien la Quo'c hge
vien dUde t h a n h lap vao t h a n g 6 nam 1253
(25) Hai ndi nay dugc t h a n h lap de ehe con
em qui tdc trieu T r i n hge tap Hai ed quan
nay ddng thdi eung la ndi cd t a n g trQ thQ
tich, p h i n ldn la d a n h cho viec bgc tap va
giang day (26)
Ben canh hai vien nay, trieu T r i n cdn
thie't lap Qudc sii vien de thue day viec bien
soan saeh sQ nhQ eac bg sQ ky, thiic luc
(27) eua trieu dinh va nhQng t h u tich lien
quan SQ quan Le Van Huu, ngUdi cha'p but
Dgi Viet si ky todn thU cung chinh la mgt
thudc quan cua cd quan nay (28) Vi vay,
ben canh ehflc n a n g bien soan, Qud'c sQ
vien at cung la ndi luu trQ eac tQ lieu de
viet sQ
Bi t h u eac dudi ddi T r i n tie'p tuc la ndi
luu trQ cac gia'y td ciia trieu dinh ThQ tich
dUdc bien sean dudi trieu T r i n cung da
phong phu hdn, cd cdc trUde tac d nhieu
ITnh viic nhu y hge, quan sii, triet hge, sQ
hge Bi t h u cac ddng thdi cung la ndi nha
nudc cho xua't ban hoac tai ban nhQng thQ
tieh dUdc phep luu h a n h trong ca nude
Kho kinh d phi Thien TrUdng; SQ chep,
vao nam At Mui, nam thQ 3 ddi vua T r i n
Anh Tdng, "Mua xuan, t h a n g 2, ngay mdng
1, sQ Nguyen Tieu Thai Dang sang Vua sai
Ngi vien ngoai lang T r i n K h i e Dung eung
di theo, n h a n dQgc bd Kinh Dgi tang dem
ve de d phu Thien Trudng, in ban phd de'
luu hanh" (29) N h u vay, vao ddi T r i n lai
xuat hien mdt ed sd luu trQ Kinh Dgi tang
xin ve tQ Trung Qud'c, hdn nQa lai in them
ban khae de iQu h a n h Cd the tha'y heat
ddng in an d trieu T r i n da ed bude tie'n ro
ret Khac vdi ddi Ly khi dem Kinh Dgi tang
ve, chi cho sai ehep them mgt ban ed't vao
kho Dudi trieu Tran, ed nhieu bd sach ve
tdn giao da dUde in an va p h a t h a n h trong
ca nudc nhQ Phat gido phdp sit, Dao trdng tdn vdn, Cdng van cdch thic (30) NhU
the, cd le khdng chi d Thien TrUdng - da't
t h a n g mdc eua trieu T r a n m a cdn ed nhQng ndi luu trQ va in an kinh sach khae trong
ea nUde
Thu vien Hodng gia d nui Lan Kha; Theo Khdm dinh Viet si thong gidm cUc/ng muc, p h i n ldi chua eua sQ quan trieu
N g u y i n ed ehep: "Cung Bao Hda: d nui Lan IQia (nay dd'i la P h a t Tich), huyen Tien Du
Theo saeh An Nam chi ciia Cao Hung
TrQng ddi Minh, n h a T r i n ed diing ra Lan Kha thQ vien, dung d a n h nho T r a n Tdn lam vien trudng, day eac sinh dd Nha vua thudng de'n chdi Vay cung B i d Hda la d dd"
(31) Theo Dgi Viet si ky todn thU thi cung
ehinh tai day vao m u a xuan t h a n g 2 nam
1384, thQdng h d a n g cho thi Thai hge sinh cl ehua Van Phuc nui Tien Du, eung ehinh la ndi dung Cung Bao Hda De'n mua ha,
t h a n g 5 lai chgn sd Thai hge sinh cdn lai eho lam t h u sQ d Cung Bao Hda (32) Ta cd
ed sd de tin r i n g Cung Bao Hda b i y gid la mgt cung eua Thai thugng hoang trieu
T r i n , eung nay vQa la ndi thai thUdng hoang sinh boat vQa la mot t r u n g tam van hda, ndi to chQc thi cQ lai cd cae be p h a n bien chep va luu trQ sach vd Nha't la sau sil bie'n n a m 1371, Chiem T h a n h dem quan vao cudp, tie'n t h i n g vao t h a n h "Chung ddt trui eung dien, n h a cQa T h u tieh, sd' sach
do vay ma sach khdng" (33) Khdng ro Cung Bao Hda dUdc xay dUng tQ khi nao, nhQng cd the' ndi tai thdi die'm dd, day la ndi cdn luu trQ dQdc t h u tieh cua dan tdc Chinh d day, vao t h a n g 12 n a m Quy Hdi (1383) thai thUdng h o a n g n h a T r i n da cl day, sai Thiem tri Ndi m a t vien sQ N g u y i n Mau Tien, L a n g t r u n g Bd L l la P h a n NghTa va gia t h i n Vu Hie'n h i u d Tien Du
Trang 5Luoc khio ve thu vien edng
thay phien n h a u c h i u chile Ban eho an va
hdi cac viee cu, ghi ehep tQng ngay, bien
soan thanh 8 quyen, d i u de la Bdo Hba dU
but (sach nay cdn dUde bie't de'n vdi ten Bdo
Hba dien dU bit) gdm 8 quyen, sach do Dao
Su Tieh de tiia d d i u sdch Sach dUde lam
ra de day bao Quan gia (tQc dQdng kim
hoang thQdng)
Ddi Le (1428 - 1778)
Quoc ti gidm Si qudn, Bi thU sdnh
Bong cdc: Qud'c tQ gidm vd'n van la ndi tap
trung saeh vd danh cho viec giang tap,
ddng thdi cung la ndi luu giQ van in sach de
ca'p phat eho cac trUdng hge d ca'p phu, ca'p
huyen Nhu nam 1467: "Ban cap ban in
sach NgU kinh ciia nha nUdc eho Qud'c tfl
giam, theo ldi tau cua Bi thu giam hge sT
Vu VTnh Trinh" (34) Cung vdi sii quan tam
tdi hge tap va thi cQ dQdi thdi Le ma quy
mo cua Qud'c tQ giam ngay cang dUdc md
rgng, cae dinh le ve boat ddng ngay cang
diy du va chat ehe hdn Cung theo dd, sd'
lUdng sach va van in ngay cang nhieu len
Ne'u nhu vao d i u trieu Le, nha Thai hge
vin theo quy md eu va cdn thieu thd'n
nhieu thi vao nam Quy Mao (1483) vua Le
Thanh Tdng cho sfla rdng them ra va "dat
them kho Bi thu de chQa van gd da khac
thanh saeh" (35) Hien chQa ro sdsach dQdc
lUu trQ tai day
SQ quan la ed quan dae biet phat trien
dudi thdi Le SQ quan tap hdp dgi ngu
nhQng bae dai khoa, nha bae hge eua trieu
dinh de thiie hien cdng viec trUdc tac qudc
sii nay Ndi day vQa la ndi ghi chep nhQng
diin bie'n cua trieu dai dQdng quyen, ndi
bieu soan sach sQ, vQa la ndi iQu trQ cac tai
lieu lien quan dung de lam can cQ bien
soan su Khdng ngoai trQ, ben canh Qudc
til giam, SQ quan eung la mdt ed sd in a'n
sach cua trieu dinh Cae bd sQ dUdc lien tuc
bien soan, ed the ke de'n: nam 1479, vua
"Sai SQ quan Tu soan Ngd ST Lien soan bd
Dgi Viet si ky todn thU 15 quyen" (36) va
khi bg sQ nay lam xong nd da dUdc luu trQ
d ndi day nam 1483 vua ra sic dii eho Than Nhan Trung, Quach Dinh Bao, Dd Nhuan, Hieu thu Dao CQ, Dam Van Le bien soan
eac saeh Thien Nam dU hg tap va Thdn chinh ky sit (37); nam 1511, Vu Quynh dang bd Dgi Viet thdng gidm thong khao
chep tudng tan theo ldi ky nien cac trieu dai gdm 26 quye'n (38); nam 1519, vua sai
Dang Minh Khiem bien soan Dgi Viet lich dgi si ky (39) TQ dd, ed the hinh dung
dQdc rang sd' lUdng sach dUde iQu trQ d day
la khdng nhd
Bi thu sanh ndi tie'p Bi thu cac nhQng ddi trudc Chfle nang d i u tien cila Bi thu sanh trieu Le la ndi luu trQ thu tieh cua
trieu dinh va do trieu dinh sQu t i m dUdc
Trong nien hieu Quang Thuan (1460 -1489) vua Le Thanh Tdng da nhieu l i n ra nhQng lenh sQu t i m sach vd nhQ lenh nam
1467 "Ra lenh tim kie'm nhflng di cao thd van eua ed Han lam ThQa chi Hge sT Nguyin Trai" (40); chie'u tim kie'm da sQ va cae truyen ky xUa nay do cdc nha tU nhan ca't giQ (41) Khoang trong nhQng nam nien hieu Hdng DQc (1470 - 1497) vua lai ha chie'u c i u nhQng sach edn sdt lai dem chQa ca't d Bi cae Trong dip nay cd ngudi dem dang nhQng saeh la, saeh bi truyen, deu dQdc khen thQdng nhieu De dd, cae saeh cua ddi trudc cung dan d i n dUdc dUa ra (42) SQ cung da chep ve viec cdc vua ddi Le thudng vao day de xem saeh, nhu vua Nhan Tdng, vao Bi t h u cac xem saeh vd, tha'y eac ban saeh eua Ue Trai edn sdt lai (43) ChQc nang thQ 2 eua Bi thu cdc la ndi luu trQ sach sQ do trieu dinh bien soan:
Trong khoang nam 1533 - 1662, bg Bdn ky tuc bien do Pham Cdng TrQ cung cac te
Trang 664 Rghien ciJru Lich sii sg 9.2009
t h i n t h a m khao sii eu de bien soan da dUde
cho k h i e in, cdn saeh thi cat giQ d ndi day
(44) hdae la ndi n h a n ban thU tieh n h u khi
Vu Quynh dang Viet gidm thdng khao len,
vua Le Tudng Diic da khen la khdng viec gi
la khdng chdp bet va "lai sai bgn Bi t h u
gidm la bgn Heang Khu sao chep ra mgt
ban nQa, de truyen lai lau dai" (45)
Ddng eac eung la ndi chQa t h u tich eua
trieu dinh Ddn cQ n h u nhQng saeh sUu
tam dUde trong dan gian vao khoang nien
hieu Hdng DQc da dQdc dQa vad Ddng eac
ca't giQ (theo ldi sQ gia Ngd ST Lien (46))
Ddng thdi, cac Nho t h i n d Ddng cac cung
t h a m gia tieh cQe vao viec bien soan cae bd
saeh ldn cua trieu dinh, ed ngUdi edn dQdc
vua ban chd sach, nhQ n a m 1496, Dao CQ
dQdc sung lam H a n lam vien Thi giang
Ddng cae Hge sT dUde vua ban cho mgt bg
Thien nam dU hg tap (47)
Thu vien Bong Lai; Theo ThUdng kinh
phong vat ehi (48) thi tai T h a n h Thang
Long, ddi Le ed t h u vien ggi la Thu vien
Bong Lai Hien chua ro each thQc td' chQe
va chiing loai t h u tich dugc iQu trQ d day
Dudi trieu Le, sd iQdng t h u tieh ciia dan
tdc tang len ve sd lUdng, cdc bd sdch ldn
duge bien soan, khae in va lUu h a n h Nhieu
ban in cac sach dUdc thiie hien, ke ea sach
cua Trung Qudc n h u n a m 1435 hoan t h a n h
van k h i e mdi sach Ti thU dgi todn (49)
Hang nam, sd' lUdng saeh edng ban xud'ng
cae phii khdng phai la it, n h u cae saeh "Ti
thu, Ngi kinh Dang khoa luc, Hgi thi luc,
Ngoc dudng van phgm, Vdn hien thdng
khao, CUdng muc eung cae loai sach thudc"
(50) Dd la ehua ke de'n viec trieu dinh lien
tue ban h a n h cac sach do trieu dinh bien
soan trong ea nUdc, dac biet Id eac dieu
luat, quy dinh mdi n h u n a m 1511, trieu
dinh ban sach Tri binh bdo phgm cho ea
nude, gdm 50 dieu (51) Day la cd sd de ta
ed t h e tin r a n g dudi trieu Le cd khdng it cac
t r u n g t a m luu trQ hoac thU vien ldn ciia
n h a nUdc, ngoai r a c d n c d eac cd sd in an,
n h a n ban Ddi Mac cung cd nhieu cd gang trong viec t h u t h a p sach vd (52) nhUng tiec
la sau nhieu sii bien va loan lac ma sd' saeh edn lai ngay nay khdng dQdc bao nhieu
Ddi Tay San (1778 -1802)
Theo sach La Scfn phu ti (53), t h u vien
Sung Chinh dude t h a n h lap n a m Quang Trung thQ 4 (1791) tai lang N a m Hoa (nay
la Nam Kim, T h a n h Chudng, Nghe An) do Nguyen Thie'p lam Vien trUdng Day vQa la ndi de sach, vQa la ndi dich ehu cae sach kinh dien chQ H a n do cac n h a Nho dudi sQ ehi dao cua Nguyen Thie'p dam nhiem Trong mdt thdi gian n g i n , ndi day da dich chu dQdc mgt sd' tac p h a m kinh dien ciia Nho gia- sang chQ Ndm Hien chQa ro sd iQgng saeh t a n g trQ
ThQ vi^n Viet N a m dQdc h i n h t h a n h tQ thdi nha Ly va p h a t trien qua cae trieu
T r i n , Le, Tay Sdn dQdi nhieu dang thQc khac n h a u (cac kho kinh d ehua, t h u vien trong cae ed q u a n n h a nUdc, thU vien ddc lap ), d cac t r i n h do va t i n h chuyen biet ve chQe n a n g khae n h a u D i n h a n thay r i n g
tQ chd cd kho chi luu giQ mdt bg kinh (kho
T r a n Phuc, n h a Bat g i a c ) thi cang ve sau
sd lUdng thQ tieh trong cac thQ vien d i n tang len, cd nhieu c h u n g Icai da dang hdn NhQng thQ vien nay la tien de de de'n thdi Nguyin, cac thQ vien ldn ciia nha nUdc cd tinh chuyen biet hda cao hdn dUde xay dung, thQ tieh dQdc t h u t h a p tQ cac trieu dai trudc dd cung la cd sd de h i n h t h a n h khd thQ tieh phong p h u sau nay
II T r i e u N g u y e n
Trieu N g u y i n , mgt m a t da ke thQa truyen thd'ng sUu t a m , t h u t h a p va t a n g trii
t h u tieh eua eac trieu dai trUdc, m a t khac
Trang 7Luoc hhia v& thu vien c6ng 65
da no liie xay diing nhieu t h u vien ldn
nhim luu trQ thQ tieh va quan ly thQ tieh
ngay mdt ed tinh chuyen nghiep hdn TQ
khi lap nQdc nam 1802 den luc cao ehung
nam 1945 nha Nguyin da xay diing dQdc 5
nhdm thu vien chinh la ThQ vien Qud'c sQ
quan, l i u Tang thU, ThQ vien Ddng cac
(bao gdm ThQ vien Tu Khue), Tan thQ vien
(sau la ThQ vien Bao Dai), Cd hoc vien
Thd vien Qud'c si qudn (1821 • 1945)
Tien than cua Qud'c sQ quan trieu
Nguyin la SQ cue Chua ro boat dgng cila
SQ eye bat d i u tQ nam nao nhung ngay tQ
khi len ngdi vua Gia Long da ban h a n h hai
td chie'u keu ggi toan dan dang nop nhQng
tai lieu da ghi chdp ve lich sQ da't nUde
trong may chuc nam trUde dd cho trieu
dinh tham khao de bien soan nhQng cdng
trinh ve lich sQ Nam 1811, vua Gia Long
da xudng chie'u eho cac trd'n tQ Quang Binh
trd vao: "Dat chie'u eho cae sT dan tQ nam
Quy Ty trd ve sau, nam Nham Tua't trd ve
trudc, pham nhQng viec quan he de'n viec
nudc, ai hay bien chep thanh quyen dUa
nop quan sd tai, cac eu gia ai hay nhd viec
cu thi dUde quan sd tai mdi de'n hdi, ghi
ch^p chuyen tam, ldi ndi nad ghi dQdc vao
sQ se cd thQdng, t h i n g cd can pham buy
cung khdng b i t tgi" (54) Vao thang 8 nam
1811 dudi thdi Gia Long (1802 - 1819),
trieu dinh da "ban soan Qudc trieu thUc
luc" (55) Pham Thich, Nguyin Dudng,
Tran Toan dUde dieu ve kinh, sung ehflc
Bien tu d SQ cue Rdi vao thang 1 nam
1812, mdt van t h i n trong trieu la V6 Trinh
dang len cho vua xem mgt ban pham le ve
viec soan sQ Vua lien cQ Nguyin Van
Thanh sung chQe Td'ng tdi va Pham Nhu
Dang lam Phd Td'ng tai trong viec bien
soan Quo'c triiu thiic luc (56) Hdn nQa nam
sau, Nguyin Van Thanh "xin ken them nho
than de sung SQ cue Vua khen va nhan"
Anh 1: M^l trudc Quoc sir qudn nam 1942 Ngudn: Paul BOUDET, Les Archives des Empereurs
D 'Annum ei I 'Hisloire Annamite, BAVH
(57) Nhung, sau vu an Nguyin Van Thanh kdo dai mdt nam rUdi dUa de'n viec dng tii sat vao thang 6 nam 1817, chic ban edng tac soan sQ ndi tren ehUa dat dUde ket qua
cu the nao, ne'u cd thi eung chi dang d trong giai doan chuan hi "ma chua kip bien chdp" nhu vua Minh Menh eho bie't sau dd Nam mdi len ngdi (1820), vua Minh Menh ban h a n h mdt td chie'u va mdt td du ndi ve viec sUu t i m tU lieu va viec xay diing Qud'c sQ quan Trong td chieu gQi de'n toan
Anh 2: Cdc lH dung sdch cua Quoc sir qudn nim 1942 Ngudn: Paul BOUDET, Les Archives des Empereurs
D 'Annum et I 'Hisloire Annamite, BAVH
Trang 865 Rghien cuu Ljch sii sg 9.2009
dan, nha vua ndi de'n sQ c i n thie't phai viet
sQ thdi cac chua Nguyen: dai khai tUdng tQ
ndi dung hai td chie'u ma vua Gia Long da
ban h a n h nam 1811 Td du a'y ban h a n h
vad thang 7 n a m 1820 va tru sd lam viee
eua Qud'c sQ q u a n dUdc "xay dap hdn 1
t h a n g thi xong" (58), nghTa la hoan t h a n h
vao t h a n g 8 n a m 1820 Ve dia diem tga lac
eua Qudc sQ quan, neu Minh Menh chinh
ye'u ehi ndi la "ben ta trong Kinh t h a n h " thi
Dgi Nam nha't tho'ng chi eho bie't ro hdn, la
"d phudng P h u Van trong kinh t h a n h " (59)
Nd nam d phudng Trung Hau vao nQa d i u
the ky XX thudc dia p h a n phudng T h u a n
Thanh ngay nay (60)
Thdi diem md cQa ehinh thQc de b i t d i u
lam viee tai day la ngay 5 t h a n g 6 nam
1821 Hdm dd, trieu dinh da cQ h a n h mdt
cudc le khai trUdng het sQe trgng the tai
Dien C i n Chanh va tai chinh ed quan trUde
tac nay (61) Qud'c sQ quan boat ddng tQ
thdi diem nay cho de'n n a m 1945 16 n a m
sau (thang 10 n a m 1857), dudi thdi Tii DQc
(10), vi so' ludng edng trinh dUdc bien soan
va k h i e in xong da kha nhieu, trieu dinh
eho lam them nha chQa van in d cue in sach
tai Sfl quan T i n g tren lat van, dem van in
bd Thiic luc de d gian ehinh giQa, cae vdn in
eac tap thd van vua lam ra va bg Khdm
dinh tieu binh Nam Bae ky phiiOng lUdc de'
d hai ben ta hflu, lai dem van in hai pho
Thong gidm, Uyen gidm mdi (do Hai
Dudng, Sdn Tay dang nop) de' d t i n g dudi
de tien in ra" ggi la Tang Ban dUdng, d sau
lung tda nha chinh Vao t h a n g 2 nam 1884,
trieu dinh cdn cho dilng them mdt day nha
ngoai 7 gian 2 chai d phia ddng tda nha
chi'nh de' lam ndi bien soan Dgi Nam Thitc
luc chinh bien de ti ky (62)
Dudi thdi T h a n h Thai (1889 - 1907), mdt
s d t d a nha phu dUdc t u sQa; nam 1890, tu
bd nha Ta quan cU va lam t h e m cae tu go
sdn son de ca't giQ sQ sach va tQ lieu; n a m
1902, tu bd' n h a chinh va mdt sd n h a phu khae De'n n a m 1942, qua nhQng bfle a n h
do Paul Boudet chup, tda n h a chinh va nhQng tu saeh d day v i n cdn h i u nhU nguyen ven (63) Ba'y gid mgt so' Nho t h i n
dd cQ n h a n va tie'n sT t r o n g nhQng khoa thi chQ H a n cuol cung va mgt sd' thd khae chQ van edn lam viee tai Qud'c sQ quan Mai de'n
t h a n g 8 n a m 1945, cd q u a n n a y mdi ngUng boat dgng eung luc vdi sii edo chung ciia trieu Nguyen
Qud'c sQ q u a n dUdc hoat dgng vdi hai ehflc n a n g chinh Mdt la bien soan qud'c sii Mudn viet, cae sQ q u a n phai cd tU lieu trong tay Vua Minh Menh cung da ban
h a n h mgt td du eho cdc quan sd tai cac dia phudng gdp n h a t sdch cu de dang len Vua Tii DQc cung d a n h gia r a t cao viec bien soan sQ Nam 1858, vua Tii DQc da r a ehi
du ve va'n de nay; "Viec lam sii la viec ra't ldn, vi r a n g p h i i ke cQu viee ddi xQa ehep
t h a n h sach sQ, vQa ngu y khuyen ran, cho nen ve p h a n ly va t h e lai p h a i tinh tudng
ma xac dang, viec ghi ehep hay bd bdt di phai nghiem ehinh, cdng b i n g " (64)
Do dd, trieu dinh da t a p t r u n g tai day mdt khdi lUdng sii lieu k h a ldn sQu tam dUdc k h i p trong nUdc do eac trieu dai trUdc
de lai, va r a t nhieu v a n kien h a n h chinh qudc gia, nha't la cac ehau ban va cae van ban ngoai giao tQ Ngi eac d trong TQ Ca'm
T h a n h chuyen ra Day chinh la c h i t lieu de cae sQ quan ndi day bien soan nen nhQng
bd sQ ldn nhQ hien nay chung ta bie't Cae
t u lieu ndy dude d a t trong nhQng t u dUde lam theo qui each n h u sau: ' T u de sach cung nen theo d u n g kieu trude che tao 10 chie'c, chu vi deu cd eon song de thoang hdi, mdi p h i n chia lam 3 ngan, n g a n thQ 1 chia lam 2 cQa, n g a n 2 chia lam 3 ciia, ngan 3 chia 2 cQa cung nen lam con song, cQa nao eung cd d kbda " (65)
Trang 9Luoc Khio ve thu vi^n cgng 67
Ben canh dd, Qud'c sQ quan edn td' ehflc
in an, phan phdi, lUu chieu cac an pham
(chu ye'u la nhQng bd sQ ldn do cd quan
nay bien soan) va lUu trQ nhflng tai lieu
tham khao eung nhu eac ban in gd Do ed
them chQe nang thQ hai nay ma nam
Thieu Tri thQ 1 (1841) ThQ vien Qud'c sQ
quan dUdc thanh lap va boat ddng dudi sil
quan II cila mdt ehflc quan do trieu dinh
bo' nhiem la Thu trUdng B (tfle Quan thii
thu vien) Cd the tha'y, chfle nang cua thu
vien SQ quan la phiic vu triic tie'p cho eac
sQ gia chuyen nghiep ciia trieu dinh Mai de'n nam 1942, Paul Boudet (mgt nha lUu trQ hge - cd tii hge ngUdi Phap) v i n cdn dgc dUde tai Thu vien Sfl quan nhieu tU lieu gd'c viet tay rat quy hiem tQ thdi cac chua Nguyin (1558 - 1775) va thdi cac vua dau trieu Nguyen de lai De'n nam 1951 Vien Van hda Trung phan d Hue van giQ dUOc 31.690 mgc ban GiQa cac trang cd ddng da'u giap lai cua Sfl quan
CHU THICH
(1) Thuc vi vin hien chi bang: ThUc l i mdt nUdc
vin hien Trich Binh Ngd dgi cdo, Nguyen Trai
(2) Ding Hong Ba, Trung Quo'c thd vien sd,
Trung Qudc Xua't ban tap doan - Ddng Phuong
xuat ban trung tam, Thupng Hai, 2006, tr 1-2
Nguyen vin:
l^Mil^fiA, tatSfT-tSFffiS -talS®^ tJ4i ft4?
# * iij4i 1*45 a4i"#?5ia mnxitm w^
(3) Chuyen dan theo Phan Vin, Gido trinh thd
nien hoc dgi cuang, Trudng Dai hpc Tdng hdp Ha
Ngi xui't ban, Ha Ndi, 1983, tr 13
(4) Xin xem them trong Trung Qudc thu vien
sd, sach da dan (sdd)
(5) Dudng Bich Hong trong Lich sd sU nghiep
thu vien Viet Nam trong tien trinh vdn hoa ddn
tqc Vu Thu vien - Bd VSn hda Thdng tin xui't ban,
Hi Noi, 1999, t r 46 - 68, chia thu vien Viet Nam
thinh 3 loai: thii vien nha nudc, thii vien trong cac
chiia chien, tu sach va thu vien tit nhan Chiing tdi
trong bai viet nay cho ring thu vien trong cac chiia
chign (trii nhQng thu vien do nha nUdc thanh lap
14y chiia chien lim dia diem luu trii) ciing li mpt
dang ciia thu vien tii nhan, nghia l i khdng do nha
nudc true tie'p xay diing, t h i n h lip va quan li
(6) Dgi Viet sd ky todn thd Ban in Ndi cac
quan ban Mpc ban khie n i m Chinh Hda thii 18 (1697), Ban dich cua Ngd Diic Thp v i Hoing Vin Lau, Phan Huy Le hieu dinh, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hdi, H i Ndi, 1998, 4 tap, t i p 1, tr 212: 'Tan Miii, [Thai Binh] n i m thij 2 [971J Bit dau quy dinh cap bic v i n v6, ting dao Ting thc^ng Ngd Chan Liiu dupe ban hieu l i Khudng Viet dai su, Triiong Ma
Ni l i m Tang luc, Dao sT Ding Huyen Quang diidc trao chiic Sung chan uy nghi"
(7) Theo Phdt dinh ton thdng gia cu linh nghiem Dd la ni, Phan Vin Cac, Claudine Salmon (elm bien), Vdn khdc Hdn Nom Viet Nam, t i p 1:
Td Bde thuoc de'n thdi Ly, Ecole francaise
d'Extreme - Orient v i Vien Nghien ciiu Han Ndm xua't ban, Paris - Ha Noi, 1998, tr 54 - 56
(8) Dgi Viet sd ky todn thu, sdd, t i p 1, tr 235:
"Miia xuan Minh Xudng d To'ng ve, xin dupe kinh
Bgi tang"
(9) Khuyet danh, Viet sd luge, Tran Quo'c
Vupng (phien dich v i chii giai) Dinh Khie Thuan (doi chie'u, chinh ly), Nxb Thuin Hda v i Trung tam Van hoa Ngdn ngii Dong Tay, Ha Ndi, 2005,
tr 75
(10) Bai Viet sd ky todn thu, sdd, t i p 1, tr 242 (11) Bgi Viet sd ky todn thu, sdd, t i p 1, tr 246
Trang 1062 Rghien curu Ljch siir sg 9.2009
(12) Dgi Viet sd ky todn thd, sdd, t i p 1, tr 246
(13) Dgi Viet sd ky todn thd, sdd , t i p 1, tr
247
(14) Dgi Viet sd ky todn thd, sdd, t i p 1, tr 247
(15) Dgi Viet sd ky todn thd, sdd, t i p 1, t r 256
(16) Dgi Viet sd ky todn thd, sdd, t i p 1, tr 257
(17) Dgi Viet sd ky todn thd, sdd, t i p 1, tr 258
(18) Dgi Viet sd ky todn thd, sdd, t i p 1, t r 275:
"Mila thu, t h i n g 8, l i m V i n Mie'u Hoing Thai
tii den hpc d day"
(19) Dgi Viet sd ky todn thd, sdd, t i p 1, tr 280
(20) T i e gia Phan Van trong Gido trinh thd
vien hoc dgi cddng, Triidng Dai hpc Tong hdp H i
Ndi x u i t ban H i Ndi, 1983, tr 20 cd viet: "Nim
1076, n h i vua md Qud'c tii giam de cham lo giang
t h u i t Nho giao, cac sach giao khoa dupe phd' bie'n
rdng r i i v i n h i p vio thu vien e i n g nhieu Do dd,
ngoii nhiing kho sach t i n g kinh da cd, mpt thu
vien dung vdi ndi dung cua nd da dUde xay dilng
ben canh Qud'c til giam (1078)" Chiing tdi chiia
tim diidc t i i lieu gd'c cua thdng tin n i y nen dUa
vio day de tien tham khao
(21) Dgj Viet sd ky todn thd, sdd, t i p 1, tr 281
(22) Dgi Viet sd ky todn thd, sdd, t i p 1, tr 282
(23) Dgi Viet sd ky todn thd, sdd, t i p 2, tr 15
(24) S a i Viet sd ky todn thd, sdd, t i p 2, tr 25
(25) Dgi Viet sd ky todn thd, sdd, t i p 2, tr 25
(26) T i e gia Phan V i n trong Gido trinh thd
vien hoc dgi cddng, sdd, tr 20: "Nim 1253, Qud'c
hpc vien dUdc t h i n h l i p , de cho cac Nho sinh hpc
t i p , cd kho chCla sich, phong doc sich, cd th^y
giang diy, cd ndi de hpc sinh luu tni"
(27) Cd the ke den cac bp n h u Trung hdng thdc
luc, Hodng triiu Dgi dien, Hinh thu, Dgi Viet sd
ky Hien deu da mi't
(28) Dgi Viet sd ky todn thu, sdd, t i p 2, tr 38:
" H i n lam vien Hpc si kiem Qud'c sil vien giam tu
Le V i n Hiiu vang s i c chi soan xong bd Dgi Viet sd
ky til Trieu Vu de de'n Ly Chieu Hoing, gom 30
quyen dang len "
(29) Dgi Viet sd ky todn thd, sdd, t i p 2, tr 73 (30) Dgi Viet sd ky todn thd, sdd, t i p 2, tr 78 (31) Quoc sil quan trieu Nguyen, Khdm dinh Viet sd thdng gidm cdang muc, Ban dich cila Vien
SQ hpc, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hoi H i Noi, 1998, 2 t i p ,
t i p 1, tr 669
(32) Dgi Viet sd ky todn thd, sdd, t i p 2, tr 169
- 170
(33) Dgi Viet sd ky todn thd, sdd, t i p 2, tr 154 (34) Dgi Viet sd ky todn thd, sdd, t i p 2, tr 419 (35) Qud'c sil quan trieu Nguyen, Dgi Nam thdc tuc Ban dich cila Vien Sil hpc, Nxb Khoa hpc
xa hdi, 36 t i p , t i p 1, tr 1161
(36) Dgi Viet sd ky todn thd, sdd, t i p 2, t r 473 (37) Dgi Viet sd ky todn thd, sdd, t i p 2, tr 516 (38) Bgi Viet sd ky todn thd, sdd, t i p 3, tr 58 (39) Dgi Viet sd ky todn thd, sdd, t i p 3, tr 93 (40) Dgi Viet sd ky todn thd, sdd, t i p 2, tr 416 (41) Dgi Viet svl ky todn thd, sdd, t i p 1, tr 100 (42) Le Quy Ddn, Dgi Viet thdng sd Ban dich
ciia Vien SQ hpc, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hdi Ha Npi,
1978, Bdi tda Nghe vdn chi, tr 101
(43) Theo Dd dia chi thong ludn, b i i cua L^ Til Ti'n ch^p d phin dSu s i c h Du dia chi, dc Trai tap Chuyen d i n theo TrSn Van Giap, Tim hieu kho sdch Hdn Ndm - ngudn td lieu vdn hge, sd hoc Viet Nam, t i p 1: Thil vi§n Quoc gia xui't ban H i Ndi,
1970, tr 48
(44) Dgi Viet sd ky todn thd, sdd, t i p 1, tr 93:
" d i t ten l i Bdn ky tuc bien, giao cho k h i e in