Do trong mdt thdi gian dai ciing sinh sdng, nen phan Idn ngudi Kinh d Trung Qude da khdng nhirng biet ehu' Han ma cdn ndi thdng thao tieng pho thdng va phuong ngu' Quang Ddng Trung [r]
Trang 1r
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mdc NGOAI
L I C H StT H I N H T H A N H C O N G
D O N G N G l T O l K I N H ( V I E T )
d T R U N G Q U O C
NGUYEN DUY BINH
Trung Qude la mot quoc gia rdng Idn
va ddng dan bac nhat tren the gidi vdi 56
dan toe anh em ciing ehung sdng tren mot
lanh thd da tao ra birc tranh van hda da dang,
nhieu mau sac Ngirdi Kinh la mot dan tdc
thieu sd da dinh cu va sinh sdng dn dinh d
cac hon dao phfa nam cdn ggi la "Kinh
dao" thuoc tran Giang Binh thanh phd
Ddng Hung, tinh Quang Tay Tir trilu Minh
khoang 500 nam trude day, khi ngudi Kinh
den day nhiing hdn dao tren cdn hoan toan
vang ngudi
Tir trude den nay nghien cu'u vl
ngudi Kinh (Viet) vdi vai trd la toe ngudi da
so trong cdng ddng 54 cac dan tgc Viet Nam
da thu hilt duge kha nhilu nha nghien cii'u
vdi nhilu cong trinh tren nhilu binh dien
Tuy nhien viet ve ngudi Kinh trong vai trd
la mot dan tdc thilu sd d Trung Quoc thi
chua duge gidi hgc gia quan tam nhilu Mae
du vay, dudi nhirng gdc do va khia canh
khae nhau vilt vl ngudi Kinh d Trung Qude
cung thu hut duge mot s6 hgc gia Trung
Qude, Anh Nga, Viet Nam Mot trong sd
nhung cong trinh quan trgng eua cac hgc gia
Nga bang tilng Nga cd: Cdc ddn tdc tren
the gidi do Tolxtov (chii bien) (1965); cac
cdng trinh ciia cac hgc gia Trung Qude, bSng
tieng Trung, ed: Nhirng vdn de ly ludn vi ddn tdc (1981) nhieu tac gia; Kinh tdc (1994) eua Han Minh; China' minority nationalities (1994) ciia Ma Yin, Tdn gido ddn gian Trung Qude (1996) ciia nhilu tac gia; Trung Qude Nam phuong ddn tdc su (1999) cua Vuong Van Quang; Hat dinh ciia ngudi Kinh d Vgn Vi (2004) cua Bui Thien
Thai cac tac gia Viet Nam cd Nguyen
Duy Binh vdi mot sd bai: Khdi qiidt vi ngirdi Kinh d Trung Qude (2004); Nhdm Viet tgc vd hogt ddng kinh te ciia ngudi Kinh
d Trung Qude (2005), Nhimg quy tdc vd nghi le trong hdn nhdn ciia ngirdi Kinh d Trung Qude (2005) Nguyen Thj Phuong Cham vdi: Nghi le hdn nhdn cua ngudi Kinh
d lang Vgn VT, Giang Binh, Ddng, Hung Quang Tay, Trung Quoc (2006) Kilu Thu Hoach vdi: So bd tim hiiu kiiu tiiiyen Tdni Cam d Trung Qude (1996) va Sire sdng trudng tdn - truyen ndm binh ddn (1997)
1 Dan cir va su phan bl dan cu
Theo thing ke nam 2002, dan sl Trung Qude la 1.280.700.000 ngudi, chilm 1/5 dan sd cua thi gidi Du kiln din van
2025 dan sd cua Trung Qude se la
Trang 21.454.700.000 ngudi (Nguyen Duy Binh
2004) La qude gia da dan tgc, d Trung Qude
ngudi Han chiem hon 90% dan sd toan qude,
ciing vdi 55 dan tdc thieu sd, tao thanh dai
gia dinh cae dan tdc Trung Hoa
Dan tdc Kinh la mdt cdng ddng ngirdi
on djnh trong dai gia dinh cae dan tgc Trung
Hoa Tinh den nam 2000, dan sd ngudi Kinh
la 22.500 ngudi, chiem sd lugng khiem tdn
so vdi mdt vai dan tdc khae trong 55 dan tdc
thieu so cua Trung Qude (Nguyen Thi
Phuong Cham 2006 tr 28) 6 Trung Qude
ngudi Kinh sinh sdng chii yeu d Phdng
Thanh thuge khu tu tri Chuang tinh Quang
Tay Tai day, ngudi Kinh tap trung chu yeu
tren ba hon dao Vu Dau, Van VT, Son Tam,
hinh thanh nen tam dao hay edn ggi la Kinh
dao, thude tran Giang Binh, thanh phd Ddng
Hung, tinh Quang Tay, chi each cira khau
Mong Cai ciia Viet Nam 25 km Viing Kinh
dao nam trong vinh Bac bd, thude bien phia
Nam Trung Qude Ba hdn dao nay lan lugt
trd thanh ban dao nhu hien nay tir nam 1971
den 1975 do chfnh quyen va nhan dan noi
day da dap de, chan bien Trong ba ban dao
tren Van VT la Idn nhat vdi dien tfch 13.7
km", 1.002 hd 4.062 khau, 23 dgi san xuat
Vu Dau ed dien tfch la 5,13 km', 1.600
khau; eon Son Tam - 7 km", 1.700 khau Ve
CO che quan ly hanh chfnh, mdi hdn dao tren
tuong ddng vdi cap xa, dudi su quan ly ciia
chii nhiem va Bf thu Dang iiy (Nguyen Thj
Phuong Cham, 2006, tr 29)
Ngoai ba hdn dao tren, mdt bd phan
ngudi Kinh cdn cdng cu vdi ngudi Han d
cac thj tran Dam Cat Hdng Kham, Hang
Vong, Trai Dau, Thiiy Lau, Ngda Thdn,
Dong Hung thude Giang Binh va Tam Due
(Ma Yin, 1994, tr 394-400)
Tai nhung viing ngudi Kinh sinh song, nhiet do cao nhat ve miia he khoang 34'^C,
va thap nhat vao miia ddng la 3,4"C; nhiet do trung binh trong nam dao ddng tii' 21,5" C den 23,3°C Tuy nhiet do vao miia he hoi cao, nhung do cd gid bien thdi vao nen khi hau khdng qua khd khan, oi buc Lugng mua trung binh hang, nam khoang 1.300 mm Tren viing bien ngudi Kinh sinh sdng
ed ho'n 700 loai ea, trong dd nhieu loai ed gia trj kinh te cao nhu ca map ea hudng, ea bdng, muc ; them vao dd la cac loai cua bien, siia bien, tdm hiim vdn da duge ua thich tren thi trudng the gidi Ti le mudi eiia nude biln khoang 31.01% - 33.91% Thd nhudng tren nhung hdn dao rat thfeh hop cho viec canh tac dau phdng (lac), khoai lang, vai, nhan mi't, chudi, du dii, hong bi Tuy nhien, do lugng nude nggt tren eac dao rat han che nen trude day, dai da sd ngudi Kinh khdng trdng liia nude Sau khi nude Cdng hda nhan dan Trung Hoa duoc thanh lap (1949), nha nude da td ehiie dap
de, lan bien, he thdng nude nggt da duge dan tir dat lien ra cac dao, cdng ddng ngudi Kinh
d day da bat dau trdng liia nude Den nay, ddng bao da hoan toan tu tiic duge luong thue (Han Minh, 1994)
2 Ngdn ngir va toe danh
2.1 Ngon ngir
Hien nay, van de xep tieng eiia ngudi Kinh vao ngir he nao van edn ed nhieu y kien khae nhau trong sd cac nha khoa hgc d
Trung Qude 0 Viet Nam, cae nha dan tdc
hgc va ngdn ngir hge xep tieng Viet vao ngir
he Nam A Q Trung Qude, ngudi Kinh diing cac ngdn ngu': tieng Viet, tieng Quang Ddng
va tieng phd thdng Trung Qude Cac trudng hgc d day deu day bang tieng phd thdng
Trang 3Trung Qude Trong pham vi gia dinh ngudi
Kinh diing tilng me de Do ddng bao thudng
day con cai theo kieu truyen mieng nen dai
da so ngudi Kinh d day chi cd the nghe va
ndi duge tieng me de Nhirng ai di hgc tieng
Viet o cae trudng dai hgc va cao dang, hoac
mot sd ngudi da cd thdi gian tham gia bd dgi
chdng My d Viet Nam mdi ed the dge va
viet tieng Viet Theo Nguyen Thi Phuong
Cham, hien nay trong 2.800 ngudi Kinh d
\'an VT ehl ed khoang 15 ngudi ed the vira
noi duge tieng Viet, vii-a dge, viet duge
ehQ-quoe ngir va chu ndm (Nguyen Thi Phuong
Cham 2006 tr 54)
Do eiing cdng cu, cd cac mdi quan he
ve kinh te van hda, hdn nhan vdi cae dan
tpc khae d Trung Quoc nen sd ngirdi Kinh
cd the ndi tdt tieng me de d Trung Quoc
ngay cang it va ciing khdng cdn nhieu gia
dinh sir dung tieng Kinh hoan toan trong gia
dinh Sd lugng ngudi Kinh kit hdn vdi
ngudi Han ngay cang nhieu; them vao do
tre em den trudng lai chi diing tilng phd
thdng Trung Quoc nen tieng Viet d Trung
Quoc cd xu hudng bien ddi theo hudng Kinh
hoa mdt sd tir ngQ- Han Vf du trong xung
hd ngirdi Kinh thudng ehi diing hai ngdi:
tao may ke ea ndi chuyen vdi bo, me, vg,
chong Tuy nhien, ngudi Kinh d Trung Qude
cdn bao luu duge mot sd tir ngir cd rat thu vi
nhu ggi mdt ngdi dinh la khap dinh, nghTa la
dinh hat Theo GS Kilu Thu Hoach, day la
tir ed trong tir diln thi ky XVII cua A de
Rhodes, each ggi ten theo phu am kep nhu
qua la thi la qua thj, la dira la qua dua Cung
theo GS Kilu Thu Hoach, each ggi nay xuat
hien trong cae tac pham ndm thi ky XV
Day eung la net dae trung trong van hda
ngdn ngu- eua ngudi Kinh d Trung Qude
(Nguyen Thi Phuong Cham, 2006, tr 55)
Trude day ngudi Kinh khdng c6 van
tu Tuy nhien, tir the ky XV, nha Tran da dimg chir Han de tao ra chir Ndm va loai chir nay da duge sir diing rgng rai trong cdng ddng ngudi Kinh d Trung Quoc Nhieu ehirng tieh khao cd hgc, Kinh thi, gia pha, huong udc ciia ngudi Kinh da chirng minh dieu dd Ngudi Trung Qude ggi chir ndm
ciia ngudi Kinh la "vdn tir ca ndm" hay "ddn gian" Thue ra dd la mot kieu chir duge tao
ra tir chir Han hay ndi each khae dimg Han
tu de bieu dat y va am Do trong mdt thdi gian dai ciing sinh sdng, nen phan Idn ngudi Kinh d Trung Qude da khdng nhirng biet ehu' Han ma cdn ndi thdng thao tieng pho thdng va phuong ngu' Quang Ddng Trung Qude (Nguyen Duy Binh, 2005 tr 25)
2.2 Tgc danh
Truoc day, ngudi Trung Quoc van quen ggi ngudi Kinh la dan tgc Hai Duong,
vi ngudi Kinh sdng chu ylu bang nghi danh
ca d Hai Duong Tuy nhien, sau khi nude Cdng hda nhan dan Trung Hoa duge thanh lap can cu vao nguyen vgng cung nhu cac dac trung van hda tgc ngudi ngdn ngir phong tuc tap quan Idi sdng nen vao thang
1 nam 1979, ten ggi dan tgc Hai Duong duge chfnh phu Trung Quoc ddi thanh Kinh toe Hien nay, tren cac van ban cua nude cdng hda nhan dan Trung Hoa, ten ggi dan tdc Hai Duong da duoc vilt bang tdc danh Kinh toe (Nguyen Duy Binh, 2005, tr 25)
3 Ljch su- hinh thanh cong dong
ngudi Kinh 6 Trung Quoc Theo cac hge gia Trung Qude thi tir thi
ky XVI, ngudi Kinh tir Dd Son d Viet Nam
da di cu den Trung Quoc Huong udc la mot trong nhung tai lieu thanh van quan trgng ciia ngirdi Kinh d Vu Dau Van VT Son Tam
Trang 4Dam cat Theo cac tai lieu nay, td tien ciia
ngudi Kinh da dinh cu d day tii' trieu Minh
khoang 500 nam lich sir Ngudi Kinh khdng
nhung da lap lang, ma edn xay dung nhieu
dinh, mieu Can cir vao cac gia pha, thi d
Trung Qude ngudi Kinh cd ft nhat 30 hg,
trong sd dd hg Luu va hg Nguyen la hai hg
Idn nhat (Nguyen Duy Binh, 2005 tr 25)
C) Van VT huong udc ciia ngudi Kinh
da bi ddt trong each mang van hda nhung
mdt phan trong ban huong udc duge ghi lai
trong mdt sd cudn sach ciia Trung Qude ghi
chep ve dan tgc Kinh d day Cudn ''Gidn sir
Kinh tdc' ghi: "huong udc lang edn ghi:
thira tien td phu hdng thuan tam nien quan
tai Do Son, luu lae xuat dao lap eo' huong
ap nhat xa nhj thdn, cac hiru dinh tii " hay
trong sach "ghi chep ve phong tuc ciia dan
tpc Kinh" ghi: "nam 1953, tim thay huong
udc d Van VT, rang: td tien que d Dd Son,
vao nam 1511, di bien gap bao, phai phieu
bat den lap ca huong ap nhat xa nhi thdn, ed
dinh mieu thd eac liet vj huong hda" Khdng
phai den ddi Tu Dire thu' 28 mdi cd ciing te
va hoi hgp de lap ra Tan udc Hdng Thuan
(eac sach sir ciia Viet Nam ghi la Hiing
Thuan) nhung ngudi Kinh d Van VT dge la
Hong Thuan, do ehu' nay trong chu' Han ed
the doc thanh hai am Kinh, la nien hieu eiia
Due De trieu Le, tuong ung vdi ddi Minh d
Trung Qude la Vu Tdng Chinh Dire thir 6
(1511) Huong udc nay lap nam Tu Dire thu'
28 tire Tu Dire Hoang de trieu Nguyen ciia
Viet Nam Nam Tu Dtic thir 28 tire Due
Tong Quang Tu nguyen nien ddi Thanh d
Tmng Quic (I 875) (Han Minh 1994)
Ngoai cir lieu trong sach vd tren tac
gia Nguyen Thi Phuong Tram cdn tim thay
trong van sd d dinh Van VT ghi: "td tien
quan tai Dd Son, ddi Hdng Thuan tam nien
den ehdn nay dat ten lang la Phue Yen" Cho den nay, ben eanh ten lang Van VT vln tdn tai ten dan gian la lang Phiic Yen tii' xa xua
Ba hdn dao nay nhirng nam dau thi ky XX duge eoi la mdt xa vdi hai thdn la Phue Yen
va Mil tire la Van VT va Vu Dau GS Kilu Thu Hoach cho rang Mil ThAu duge dan gian ggi tat la Mil chfnh la Vu Dau dge theo phuong ngu Quang Ddng Son Tam la mdt xdm sau mdi tach ra thanh lang Trong cae bai ea ke ve lich sir lang ma ngudi dan van thudng hat eung ghi lai mdc lich sir quan trgng nay:
Ngdi budn nglulgi ddi xua Cha dng truyen lgi Id ngirdi Dd Son Tir ddi Hdng Thuan tam nien Cha dng luu Icic Phiic Yen ehdn ndy
Td tien ta d Dd Son Theo ddn cd su mdi len ddu ddi
(Nguyen Thi Phuong Cham 2006 tr 55) Cung theo Nguyen Thi Phuong Cham
ddi la ten ggi dan gian ciia niii Bach Long
-niii tren bien phia ddng Van VT, nay thude dia phan huong Giang Son Hau het ngudi dan Van VT deu thude nhirng ldi ca nay Gia pha hg Td - mdt ddng hg Idn d lang Van VT cung ghi rang: dng td hg Td den dao nay vao khoang giua the ky XVI, nay da dinh cu d day duge mudi ddi vdi eac chi sau: Phiic, Qui Dinh Quang, Huy, Thien, Quyen, Vy, The Minh; ddi thir 11 cdn nhd hien nay khdng edn theo mdt ten dem ed dinh nhu vay nua ma tiiy theo timg gia dinh lay ten dem tu do
Theo cac gia pha ciia ngudi dan d Van
VT thi ngudi Kinh den day ciing khdng ciing mot thdi gian; cd hg da den day duge mudi ddi, cd hg chin ddi, cd hg tam den bay ddi,
cd hg chi mdi den day duge bdn ddi Ong td
Trang 5cua cae ddng hg cung chu yeu den tir Dd
Son, Thanh Hda, Mdng Cai Nhirng dia danh
gdc a Viet Nam ciia ngudi Kinh cung duge
ghi lai trong sach '''Lich sir vdn hoc ddn tdc
Kinh" Ngudi Kinh d Phdng Thanh cd 30 hg,
hg Luu chiem 20%, hg Nguyen, Hoang, Td,
Ngd, Vu tdng edng chiem 41%i, cae hg den
til' Dd Son, Thanh Hda, Nghe An, Mdng Cai
(Td Quang Duy va cdng sir, 1998, tr 4)
Co the tim thay mdt sd dau vet tieng
ndi ciia ngudi Kinh d Van VT vdi phuo'ng
ngQ- Kinh d Thanh Hda qua vdn tii' vung cae
thuat ngir chi eac ngu cu cung nhu phuo'ng
thirc khai thae bien le vat trong le eau ngu d
mot so lang bien d Thanh Hda nhu Ngu Lgc,
Hau Lgc hien nay
Cd the ly giai nhirng ly do khiln
nhung ngudi dan vimg duyen hai nude ta di
eu den nhung hdn dao hien nay d Trung
Qude Thir nhat tir thi ky XVI din nhung
the ky sau do la thdi ky day biln ddng trong
ehe do phong kien Viet Nam Trilu Le sau
giai doan cue thjnh da budc vao giai doan
suy tan nhung cuge xung dot triln mien
giu'a cac phe phai phong kiln, cac cuge khdi
nghTa eiia ndng dan lien tilp nd ra Nha Le
sup dd nha Mae thay thi nhung ndi chiln
van tiep tue vdi cue dien Nam - Bac trilu
Trinh Nguyen phan tranh tinh hinh chfnh tri
trong nude cue ky- roi ren ddi song nhan dan
lao ddng v6 eiing cue khd Vi thi nhiing
cuoc di cu cua ngudi dan trd nen birc bach
hon bao gid hit (Uy ban Khoa hgc Xa hoi
Vietnam, 1971)
Tir nam 1511 trd di, sau khi mot sd
ngu dan d Dd Son, Thanh Hda phat hien ra
ba hdn dao a vimg Kinh dao hien nay hoan
toan vang ngudi, ngu trudng d day rat thuan
lgi, hg da ciing nhau d lai khai thae Dan dan
hg da mang ea gia dinh, hg hang den viing dat mdi sinh sdng Sau dd la nhirng ngu dan khdng chi d Dd Son, ma cdn d cac viing bien lan can khae nua Cac hgc gia Trung QuIc cho rang, nhirng ngu dan Kinh da dinh cu d day ft nhat tir 16 den 17 ddi, khi hg vugt bien den day, cac hdn dao d viing bien nay edn rat hoang sa, khdng mot bdng ngudi (Han Minh, 1994, tr 3-4)
Nhiing ngu dan Kinh tgc trong qua
trinh sinh sdng, khai pha viing 6k mdi da
trai qua mot chang dudng lich sii' day gian khd Hg phai ddi mat vdi mdt vimg biln menh mdng, tren dao thi rirng ram day thu
du Su gian khd ay cdn tham dugm trong
"'Bdi ca lich sir lang Vgn VT' ma cae cu To
Duy Phuong, cu Nguyen Chiln Du tirng hat;
"Tho lai chdng biet ddng toy Tir vi hdi thiiy giira ray son ldm Tai nghe hirou viron nd gdm Chim keu vuon hot cdng them buon rdu"
Nhirng ngudi dan Van VT da doan kit eiing nhau xay dung ,xdm lang, dinh chiia, ciing nhau khai thae biln va riing, trong sir trdng dgi vao su bao trg cua cac vj than sieu nhien
"Ty gia thiet lap td dudng Lang thi dinh mieu chiia chiin lap nen"
(Nguyen Thi Phuong Cham, 2006 tr 55) Nhirng ngudi Kinh d viing Kinh dao
da trai qua nhirng nam thang vd ciing vlt va
de lap nghiep, khi hg da thich nghi vdi viing dat mdi, cung la luc hg phai ddi mat vdi nan cudp bdc d tren bien cung nhu tren dat lien Them vao do la chi do phong kiln ha khae
da lam cho ddi song ciia hg da khd lai cang them cue khd
Trang 6Trude khi den Kinh dao, xa hdi ngudi
Kinh d Dd Son da tirng trai qua ehe do
phong kien Sau khi den viing dat mdi, phan
Idn ngudi Kinh da trd thanh ta dien, bi giai
cap dia chii phong kien Trung Qude thuge
cae trilu dai Minh, Thanh thdng tri Khdng
nhung thi, trong xa hdi eiia cdng ddng ngudi
Kinh d viing dat mdi van tiep tue tdn tai ehe
dp dang cap phong kien het sue nghiem
ngat Ciing vdi eac quan lai, dja chii ngudi
Han, trong cdng ddng ngudi Kinh edn cd
nhung ngudi giau ed, dja chii, phu ndng, tat
ea da tap hgp thanh mdt tang Idp cd mgi dac
quyen, dae Igi, cd dia vi uu tien trong eac
eupe hgp ban viec lang, nhu'ng djp an udng d
dinh lang (Nguyen Duy Binh, 2005, tr 25)
5 Vai trd ciia dan toe Kinh trong
Ijch su cac dan toe Trung Qude
Til' thi ky XVI din thi ky XIX, Kinh
dao da trai qua thdi ky ljch sii' day bien
dong Nam 1840, thue dan Anh tan cdng cira
bien Van VT, tam chiem viing Kinh dao Dan
toe Kinh d day ddng thdi phai ehju su ap
hue, bdc lot "mot cd hai trdng" eiia ca de
quoc va phong kien Nam 1883 1886 thue
dan Phap ciing xam chiem khu vuc dao Bach
Long VT, Giang Binh Chiing ra sire bdc lot
khong chi ngudi Kinh ma ca cae dan tdc
khae eua Trung Qude Khdng chju khuat
phue, ddng bao Kinh da doan ket vdi cae
dan toe anh em khae d Van VT, Giang Binh
nhieu lan ndi day, chdng lai su chiem ddng
eiia thue dan Phap Luc lugng khang chien
da thanh lap duge mdt td ehuc vu trang
mang ten "nghTa qudn khdng chien d Giang
Binh" vdi ndng cdt la ngirdi Kinh va ngudi
Han Kien tri, bin bi khang chien, den nam
1887, nghTa quan khang chien Kinh - Han da
gianh duge nhu'ng thanh tfch quan trgng, quet sach ddi quan vien ehinh xam luge ra khdi Giang Binh Hien nay ngudi dan Van
VT van ludn tu hao ve ngudi anh hiing dan tdc Kinh Do Quang Huy trong cuge khang chien chdng thue dan Phap xam luge
Trong sach "ghi chep ve phong tuc ddn tdc Kinh" eung ghi lai mdt su kien lich
sir quan trgng trong cuge khang chien chdng Phap eiia dan tgc Kinh d Trung Qude: "ngay 6/5/1887, trong cuge dam phan ve bien gidi giua cdng sir Phap ddng tai Trung Hoa va Chfnh phu trung uong nha Thanh ve hoach djnh bien gidi Trung - Viet Theo hiep djnh hoach djnh bien gdi Trung - Viet thi "sdng Bac Luan la bien gidi, nhan dan cac dan tdc Kinh, Han, Choang d Giang Binh duge xac nhan lai la thude ve lanh thd Trung Qude, Mdng Cai tir do thude ve Viet Nam" Tuy hiep dinh giua thue dan Phap va chfnh quyen nha Thanh da duge ky ket nhung ngudi Kinh d Van VT lai nhin nhan su kien nay theo hudng khae Hg eho rang trude kia Van VT vdn thuge ve viing bien eua Viet Nam, ehi sau khi Trung - Phap hoach djnh bien gidi thi hg mdi thude ve Trung Qude nen trong dan gian hien nay van luu truyen eau ca:
"Trirdc kia la d Viet Nam F? thdng giac Phdp phdi sang ben Tdu"
Tac gia Nguyen Thj Phuong Cham cho rang "ngudi Kinh khai pha vimg dat nay til' rlt sdm, vao thdi diem do nd gan nhu vd chii, lai nam sat viing bien, ehi gidi khdng ro rang Chi khi Phap va Trung Quoc hoach djnh bien gidi thi Van VT mdi thude ve Trung Qude" (Nguyen Thj Phuong Cham,
2006, tr 39)
Trang 7Sang the ky XX, tinh hinh Trung
Quoc trd nen phiic tap Nam 1911, thue dan
Phap quay lai gay chien, ngudi Kinh va cac
dan tdc d Ddng Hung Trung Quoc lai phai
mot lan nua dirng len khang chien chdng
thue dan Phap Ciing trong nam nay, each
mang Tan Hgi thanh cdng da lat do sir thdng
tri cua nha Thanh, trieu dai phong kien cudi
ciing d Trung Qude va xay dung mdt nha
nude mdi la Trung Hoa dan qude Tuy
nhien tii' day ngudi Kinh lai phai ddi mat
vdi mdt sir thdng trj ha khae va nang ne mdi
ciia chinh quyen Qude dan Dang Hang loat
loai thue khda vd ly duge dat ra eiing vdi su
cudp bdc eiia "cac nhan vien quan chirc
chfnh phii Qude dan Dang eiing vdi bgn thd
phi" (Han Minh 1994) Sau day la nhung
thii' thue ma ddng bao phai nop dudi ehl do
Quoc dan Dang:
-Thue dat dai theo do moi nam mot
mau dat phai nop 2 tan thde
-Thue bien: Nhung ngu dan ra khai
danh ca hang nam moi tam ludi phai nop 10
ding Neu ngu dan khdng nop se bi phong
toa tau bi cam Va khoi danh ca
-Thue mudi: Moi rugng mudi phai nop
100 kg mudi sdng/nam va 1 ddng tiln thul
-Thue heo: Khi nudi heo ndng dan
phai nop moi con 1 dong cho dii heo Idn hay
la heo nhd
-Thue trau: Khi mua ban trau ddng
bao phai nop 5 dong/con trau Idn 3
dong/trau nhd
-Thul thj trudng: Khi ngu dan ban ca
tuoi moi 100 kg phai nop 3 kg ca tuoi
- Thue can: Pham nhting gi qua can ciia quan dja phuong thi mdi 100 kg ndng dan phai ndi thue 5kg, dudi 100 kg nop 2,5kg -Thue giay chirng minh nhan dan: Moi nam ngudi dan phai nop 5 ddng de lam chirng minh nhan dan; ai lam mat phai khai bao de xin lai, tien lam lai la 20 ddng
-Tien gao qude phdng: Nam 1947, d Giang Binh, che do Qude dan Dang dat ra ehe do gao phdng thii, theo dd mdi thang mdi hd phai nop tii' 3 den 4 can gao
Khdng dirng lai d do, chinh quyIn Qude dan Dang cdn bat thanh nien ngudi Kinh di linh, lain bia da dan d chien trudng cho chiing Theo quy djnh, neu hd nao cd 3 con trai thi bat 1 con di linh, sau dd hd ed 2 con ciing bat I con vao linh, sau nay ca ho con ddc cung bj bat linh Theo thing ke khdng day du, tir nam 1946 din nam 1948,
sd thanh nien ngudi Kinh bj bat di linh phue
vu cho quan ddi Qude dan Dang dat 90% Neu ai trdn linh thi cha me, ngay ca nhung ngudi gia nua, benh tat cung bj bSt giam Trong qua trinh bat linh quan ehuc chinh
phii cd the ban "gidy mien nghia vu qudn sir"
de thu tien bat chfnh Nhung ndng dan ngheo
thi bj tan gia, bai san, phai cam vg, 6g' con,
ban dat dai, nha cira Dudi chi do Qude dan Dang, ndng dan ngudi Kinh vd ciing cue khd hg khdng cd com an, ngay ca khoai lang khoai mdn cung bj dirt bira Theo thdng ke, d Kinh dao trude nam 1949 ed 37
hg ngudi Kinh phai ban con ciia minh, 116
hd phai bd xir di lang thang, phieu bat 125 ngirdi bi bat di Ifnh, 75 ngudi phai di tii (Han Minh, 1994)
Trang 8Sau khi duge thanh lap Dang Cdng
san Trung Qude da lanh dao nhan dan Trung
Qude thue hien cudc khang chien chdng lai
ehl do Qude dan Dang Ngudi Kinh d Trung
QuIc da tfch cue tham gia phong trao dau
tranh do Dang Cong san khoi xudng
Nam 1926 ngudi Kinh o'Trung Qude
ciing cae dan tdc anh em d Trung Qude da
noi day lap nhieu edng hdi cdng van edng
hoi thuyen cdng cdng hdi Cdng hdi
Dong Hung cd ngudi Kinh tham gia da tien
hanh nhieu cudc dieu hanh bieu tinh tai dao
Vu Dau vdi nhirng khau hieu "Da dao chu
nghia de qude" "Da ddo ehu nghTa tu
han" "Da dao hon dc dn" Sau dd d Phdng
Thanh da xay dung mdt Chi bd Dang va
den nam 1939 Chi bd Dang d Ddng Hung
Cling duge thanh lap
Nam 1931 khi phat xit Nhat tiln
hanh xam luge Trung Qude thi khu vuc dan
tpc Kinh a Trung Qude da td chirc mdt cudc
van dong khang Nhat cu'u nude vdi phong
trao ngan chan hang hda eiia NhaL phan ddi
ehu nghTa quan phiet Nhat Dudi su lanh
dao ciia Dang Cong san Trung Qude ngudi
Kinh, Han Choang da nhiet tinh tham gia
vao phong trao each mang Chi bg Dang
cong san hoat ddng bi mat d Phdng Thanh
Giang Binh da td chiic cuge khang chien
theo kieu chien tranh du kich Cac ngu dan
tren dao Vu Dau edn xay eac phao dai
dupe trang bj 2 khau phao Idn lam cho quan
Nhat phai kinh hdn khiep via Cudi nam
1947 nhieu du kich ngudi Kinh d Vu Dau
bj djeh phat hien bao vay truy dudi da anh
dung chien dau d tren bai bien menh mdng
Dau nam 1948 den giii'a nam 1949, nhieu
thanh nien ngudi Kinh da tham gia vao ddi
du kfch, true tiep tham gia vao tran danh cir diem chiem ddng cua djeh d Giang Binh, Giao Linh Luc lugng each mang da khdng ehe toan bd khu vuc Phdng Thanh, sau do thanh lap Chinh phii lam thdi huyen Phdng Thanh Thanh lap 5 khu: ddng nam tay bac trung Dai ban doanh eiia Chfnh phii lam thdi dat tai Giang Binh khu vuc cu trii eiia ngudi Kinh Sau khi thanh lap Chinh phii lam thdi da td chire luc luong chi vien sire eiia sire ngudi cho tien tuyen Thang 11 nam 1949 khi quan giai phdng tien quan den Kham Chau, ddng bao ngudi Kinh da tfch cue hudng irng ldi keu ggi ciia Chinh phii, chi vien luo'ng thue eho tien tuyen Cudi nam 1949 quan giai phdng nhan dan Trung Qude da tieu diet toan bo tan quan Quoc dan Dang chay trdn den Giang Binh gan khu vuc Tnic Son khu vuc ciia ngudi Kinh Cling da dirge giai phdng
Thang 11 nam 1952, thdn tu trj ciia ngudi Kinh d Van VT duge thanh lap djnh danh la Viet toe Den nam 1958 sau dd la nam 1979 tdc danh Viet tdc lai ddi thanh Kinh tdc va dn djnh eho den ngay nay Sau giai phdng nam 1949, cudc sdng ciia dan tdc Kinh d khu vuc Kinh dao da trd lai binh yen nhung van cdn nhieu khd khan
do hau qua nang ne ciia chien tranh Tir nam
1952 den 1954 ciing vdi ca nirde d Van VT
da dien ra cudc cai each rugng dat thanh lap cac hgp tac xa Tuy nhien ddi song ciia ndng dan, ngu dan ngudi Kinh d Trung Qude ndi ehung d Van VT ndi rieng van cdn rat khd khan, chua cd dieu kien phat trien Tiep sau dd la mudi nam each mang van hda
Trang 9(1966 - 1976) vdi nhieu chinh sach cirng
nhac cue doan da khien ddi sdng ciia nhan
dan Trung Qude ndi ehung cua ngudi Kinh
a Van VT ndi rieng lam vao khiing hoang
tram trgng, cae gia trj van hda truyin thdng
bi tan pha
Nam 1978, khi Trung Qude tiln
hanh edng cuge cai each, md ciia vdi chfnh
sach khoan rugng den tirng hd gia dinh
xda bd ehe do dien ehii, ngu ba, tao dilu
kien cho cudc sdng ciia ngudi dan Kinh
duge thay ddi, Dac biet tii' nam 1980, khi
Chfnh phu Trung Quoc ed nhirng chfnh
sach phat trien cu thi cho tirng vimg trong
tirng giai doan cu the trong ca nude, d khu
vuc ngudi Kinh d Giang Binh da thi hanh
chfnh sach mo' cira bien gidi xay dung cac
thanh phd viing bien nen khu vuc ngudi
Kinh d Van VT da ed nhieu dilu kien thuan
lgi de phat trien Cho din nay "Van VT
ciing vdi Kinh dao la dja phuong ed nin
Kinh te dn djnh, phat trien vao bac nhat so
vdi cae khu vuc dan tdc thilu sd khae d
tinh Quang Tay, Trung Qude" (Nguyin
Thj Phuong Cham, 2006, tr 41)
Ket luan
Ngudi Kinh d cae hdn dao thuoc tinh
Quang Tay Trung Qude la mdt cdng ding
ngu'di dn dinh trong cdng ddng 56 cae dan tdc
Trung Hoa Hg cd ngudn gdc tir cae tinh
Thanh Hoa, Dd Son, Quang Ninh va mdt
sd dia phuong khae cua Viet Nam Khoang
500 nam trude day, khi ngudi Kinh din,
nhung hdn dao nay edn hoan toan vang ngudi
Hda nhap vdi xa hdi va viing dat mdi, ngudi Kinh vira bao luu nhung net van hda truyen thdng, viia giao luu tiep nhan nhung yeu td van hoa mdi ciia cdng ddng cu dan nude sd tai de thfeh nghi, lam giau vdn van hoa truyen thdng ciia minh Trong qua trinh dinh
cu d viing dat mdi, ngudi Kinh da cd nhirng ddng gdp dang ke vao cdng cudc xay dung dat nude Trung Hoa
Tai lieu tham khao
1 Nguyin Duy Binh (2004), "Dan tdc
va chinh sach dan tgc d Trung Qude", Tgp chi Ddn tdc hoc, Sd 5 (13 I)
2 Nguyen Duy Binh (2005), "Nhdm
Viet tdc (Kinh) d Trung Qude", Tgp chi Ddn tdc vd Thdi dgi Sd 80 (2)
3 Nguyen Thj Phuong Cham (2006),
Nghi le hdn nhdn cua ngudi Kinh o Idng Vgn VT, Giang Binh, Ddng Hung, Quang Tay, Trung Qude, Nxb Van hda thdng tin
4 Td Quang Duy, Qua VT, Vi Kien
Binh (1998), Tiiyin tap ddn ca ddn tdc Kinh,
Nxb Quang Tay
5 Ma Yin (1994), China' minority nationalities Foreign Languages Press,
Beijing
6 Han Minh (1994), Kinh tdc, Nxb
Dan tgc Bac Kinh (Tilng Han)
7 Uy ban Khoa hge Xa hdi Viet
Nam (1971), Lich sir Viet Nam, Nxb Khoa
hoc xa hdi