Nhflng rui keo d day dep hdn tat ca mpi kien true khac, cac phdng rat rdng rai, hanh lang, cd mai che vdi nhflng san rdng ldn Den the ky 19, dien Kinh thien dfldc tu sfla de luc cac [r]
Trang 1Le hoi truyen thong va nhCimg loai hinh kien true truyen thong vung dong bang Bac Bo
N G U Y E N HUY HOANG*
Le hdi la mdt h i n h thflc sinh b o a t
cpng ddng con ngfldi Tai Viet N a m
Le hpi t r u y e n thdng gan lien vdi l a n g xa va
la mpt trong nhflng t h a n h to' t a o n e n sU
phong p h u trong ddi sd'ng t i n h t h d n con
ngUdi L a n g xa Viet N a m gan lien vdi ddng
rupng, sdng nUdc vdi n e n ndng n g h i e p
va nghe trdng lua nUdc, b o a t dpng cua con
ngUdi (lao ddng s a n xuat) p h u thupc vao
dieu kien thdi tiet va dieu kien tU n h i e n
trong vdng q u a y cua t h i e n n h i e n (bon
m u a - X u a n , Ha, T h u , Ddng), va quy l u a t
thdi tiet n a n g , mUa, gid, bao cua vfl t r u
Day la dieu kien, la yeu to tao r a t r o n g con
ngUdi nhflng n h u cdu t a m linh, le hpi
chinh la ndi m a con ngfldi tao r a va l a m
thoa m a n nhflng n h u cau dd Q u a t r i n h lao
dpng s a n x u a t ciia con ngfldi (lam r u p n g ,
cay lua, d a n h ca, nghe t h u cdng ) g a n
lien vdi dieu kien tfl n h i e n va gan lien vdi
mdi trfldng x u n g q u a n h ndi hg d, g a n vdi
nhflng le hdi dau n a m nhfl: cau m u a , cau
m a y v.v T r e n g t a m thflc mdi con ngfldi
Viet N a m n e u cay da, gieng nfldc, s a n
dinh g a n bd vdi mdi ngUdi tfl Iflc sinh r a
den lUc m a t di thi le hpi lai la t h a n h to' v a n
boa t h i e n g lieng, m a n h liet va cd mpt vi tri
q u a n trong trong ddi sd'ng t i n h t h a n cua
mdi con ngUdi Kien t r u e p h u c vu cho mdi
loai b o a t dpng sd'ng, tdn tai cung n h u k h i
da m a t (chet) cua con ngUdi la k h a c n h a u
ve h i n h thflc (kien t r u e ben n g e a i - h i n h
khdi, dfldng net, chi tiet ) va npi d u n g
(cdng ndng, chflc n a n g sfl dung, npi tha't
ben trong) T r e n phfldng dien ddi sd'ng xa hpi con ngfldi tdn tai vdi dieu kien v a t chat
va dieu kien t i n h t h a n , le hpi bao gdm ca yeu to' v a t c h a t va yeu to' t i n h t h a n , nd la cau ndi, mdi q u a n h e va can b a n g gifla vat
c h a t va t i n h t h a n , gifla a m va dfldng, gifla hflu h i n h va vd h i n h t'fl cac yeu to' b o a t dpng cua le hpi m a con ngfldi la chu dac (khdi xUdng, t h a m g i a - h o a t dpng va ket thuc), con ngfldi da t a o r a nhflng kien true
de sif d u n g cho mpt p h d n le hpi cung nhfl
t o a n bp q u a t r i n h cua le hgi
Kien true dinh ldng vd cong ldng:
c d n g l a n g va dfldng l d n g la h i n h a n h quen thupc cua l a n g que Bac Bp Viet N a m
c d n g l a n g cd tfl xa xfla va den nay vdn tdn tai nhfl mot bieu tfldng v a n hda, nd cung vdi cay da, m a i d i n h t a o n e n mdt net dep Mdi cdng l a n g deu cd n e t r i e n g p h u thugc dac diem c u a d a n cU cua l a n g dd
Kien true dinh ldng: D i n h lang la ndi
thd T h a n h H o a n g lang (vi t h d n bao trd cua lang ).Vao dip hpi lang, l i tet, dinh trd
t h a n h t r u n g t a m van hda cua lang ma d dd
t a t ca k h o t a n g v a n hda tich luy tfl ddi nay
q u a ddi k h a c dUdc t h e h i e n day du nha't Kien t r u e D i n h l a n g t h u d n g la dep
n h a t vdi n h i e u cai n h a t m a d a n ldng cd nhU: n h a ldn nha't, cao n h a t cot to n h a t ,
t r a n g t r i dep nha't va dUdc xay dUng d chd da't td't nha't ve m a t p h o n g t h u y
T r o n g m a t b a n g tdng t h e trUdc dinh Ths Nguyen Huy Hoang, NCS kien true cong trinh eong epng, khoa SDH, DH Kien True Ha iNoi
Trang 2Nguyen Huy Hoang - Li hdi truyen thdng vd nhiOig logi hinh 6 3
lang la ao d i n h (trdn hoac b a n nguyet)
tiep den s a n dinh vdi n h i e u h a n g cay cd
t h u - day Va hai yeu to' t a o nen dien mao
cua dinh lang Tda d i n h chinh (dai dinh)
t h u d n g la mpt c a n n h a ldn ldp ngdi mui
kieu bdn m a i xde r d n g r a dm lay dat Bon
gdc mai dinh la bdn t a u dao cong v u t len
tao cam giac n h e n h d n g cho ca khdi mai
vdn trdng r a t to ldn va n a n g Ket ca'u
chinh cua n h a la k e t cau gd dd mai dUa
t r e n sU lien ket cua cac bp vi keo (khdng
sdn ve) Sflc m a n h cua n h a la do cot
chdng dd, cpt trong k e t cd'u gd cua kien
true cd Viet N a m ndi c h u n g , cpt dinh ndi
rieng deu dfldc l a m b d n g gd nguyen cay
khdng cd ndi cot, k h d n g sdn ve cpt va dfldc
lien ket vdi n h a u b d n g mdng gd, chdt gd va
chdt t r e va tfldng n h a k h d n g hi chiu Iflc,
ma chi m a n g t i n h bao, n g a n ; che nang,
che mfla, gid, bao Kien t r u e ciia dinh lang
Viet cd la kien t r u e vdi k h d n g gian md; vi
mdi khi lang cd viec, ciia bich b a n bdn m a t
dinh dfldc thad r a n e n bdn m a t dinh thdng
thoang Bd k h u n g cua ngdi D i n h ldng vdi
ket cau go vflng chac, cd t h e n a n g cao dinh
khi cd lut loi ldn bdc di c h u y e n dinh di den
ndi khac ma khdng p h a i t h a o dd
Kien trflc ben trong dinh, gian gifla Id
gian thd Hien nay dinh cd b a n thd, cd
ngai, ad mfl, it khi cd tfldng C h i n h gifla
ban thd cd chfl "Than" dfldc viet b a n g chfl
H a n t r e n vach tfldng, hoac b a n g bia bdng
gd Ciia vong la mpt tac p h a m n g h e t h u a t
va t h i n h t h o a n g cd dinh cdn cd khdc chfl
"Thanh cung van tue" (bdng chfl ban)
P h a n npi t h a t va ngoai t h a t cua dinh lang
la kho t a n g cua nhflng tac pham ,dieu
khac gd d a n gian t i n h xao vdi nhieu chu
de: con ngfldi, cuoc sd'ng lao ddng, le hdi,
hoa la, chim mudng, t h i e n nhien, t h a n linh
V V do cac nghe n h a n , thd mpc tao ra
Le hpi t h a n h h o a n g l a n g - D i n h Idng
thfldng dfldc td chflc gdm ba b o a t ddng
chinh bao gdm: Te, rfldc t h a n , dien h e m
t h a n va hpi he P h a n te rfldc va dien h e m
thfldng dfldc dien r a tai ben trong k h u o n
vien dinh, cdn cac hoat ddng vui chdi, hpi
he thi dien r a tai s a n dinh hoac bai dat trdng b e n ngoai k h u o n vien cua dinh
Kien true chua ldng, ehua thdp phat gido: C h u n g la cdng t r i n h kien trflc
tdn giao bao gdm: tdng the nhieu n h a dfldc bd' t r i m a t b a n g t h a n h mdt ngdi chfla
Chua dfldc p h a n loai theo dang m a t bang:
- M a t b a n g chua chfl Dinh
- M a t b a n g chfla chfl Cdng
- M a t b a n g chfla chfl T a m
- M a t b a n g chfla chfl Qudc
C h u a Viet N a m thfldng khdng phai la mpt cdng t r i n h ma la mpt q u a n the kien true, gdm nhflng ngdi n h a sap xep canh
n h a u hoac ndi vao n h a u Tuy theo each bd' tri nhflng ngdi n h a nay ma ngfldi ta chia
t h a n h nhflng kieu chfla khac n h a u Ten cac k i e u chfla t r u y e n t h d n g t h u d n g
t h u d n g dUdc d a t theo cac chfl b a n cd dang gan vdi m a t b a n g kien trflc chfla
Chiia ldng: \a loai chfla lan trong thdn
xdm, Iflc d a u cd t h e chi la mdt cai am tu dudng ciia met vi sU sau dd dUdc md m a n g rdng ra; c h u a cd b a n dep, nhUng k h u e n
k h d nhd gpn Chfla t h a p tflng la kien true
p h a t giao nhflng lai gdn lien vdi lang xdm
n e n m a n g t i n h c h a t dan gian cua ngfldi lad dpng Chfla lang la cum cdng trinh
t r o n g tdng t h e cua mot hoac vai lang vdi
d a n l a n g day coi nhfl la t r u n g t a m van hda, tin ngfldng cua dia phfldng
T h d n g thfldng khdng gian cua chfla
t h a p dfldc kep kin, biet lap vdi the gidi ben ngodi b a n g tfldng rao xay, de ngUdi budc vad se c a m n h a n dUdc mot the gidi tdn giad, mpt "da't P h a t " de ai vao tha'y dUdc
c a n h r i e n g T r e n g sU k h e p kin dd lai cd
n g u y e n ly md, trUdc bet la sU hca quyen cua n h a cua vdi san, vUdn cay, ao, hd, gifla thflc va hfl, huyen ao v v gifla con
ngfldi, k i e n t r u e thd p h a t va thien nhien
K e t ca'u cua cdng t r i n h thfldng ket cau gd
Trang 364 Nghien cifu Ddng Nam A 1/2010
Nhiing k i e n triic phuc vu le hoi cua
chinh quyen nha nU6c phong k i e n
(giai doan d e n trUdc 1945)
- Kien true Dien Kinh Thien - ndi td
chflc cac le nghi cap qud'c gia
- Kien true Dan nam giao - ndi tien
hanh Le Te giao
- Kien true Ddn xa tac - ndi tien hanh
Le Te xa tac
- Kien true Van Mieu - (ndi thi cU) dien
ra Le hpi thi tuyen nhan tai, quan lai cho
nha nudc phong kien
*Dien Kinh thien (nay chi cdn lai
nhflng thanh bac cua dien Kinh thien);
Vi tri chung nam trong thanh phd' Ha
Npi cfl d phia bac cpt cd quan Ba Dinh
Dien Kinh thien dfldc Le Ldi cho xay dflng
vao thdi Le Sd (1438) la cong trinh chinh
trdng hoang thanh Day la ndi nha vua
hpp ban viec nudc vdi quan than, tiep ddn
cac sfl than ngoai bang den trinh kien
Day cdng trinh kien true thupc vao loai
to ldn; xay dung tren mot rflng cpt to ldn
va chac chan each khoang mpt tdng gac cd
cau thang bac len Nhflng rui keo d day
dep hdn tat ca mpi kien true khac, cac
phdng rat rdng rai, hanh lang, cd mai che
vdi nhflng san rdng ldn Den the ky 19,
dien Kinh thien dfldc tu sfla de luc cac vua
nha Nguyen ra tuan du ngoai Bdc thi den
dd de nghi ngdi va luc tiep cac sfl Thanh,
trieu dinh cung tiep tai day
Ngay nay, vet tich cua nen dien khdng
cdn dfldc nguyen ven Nd gdm 4 thanh
chay dai suot 9 km Cac bac tfl dfldi dat
len nen tao thanh ba ldi di vao dien Toan
bp bac dai 43m70, rdng 4m45, cao 2ml0,
vdi kich thfldc nay chung ta thay dUdc
phdn nao quy md khang trang, rdng ldn
cua dien kinh thien xUa Md tuyp trang
tri, tram khac tren thanh bac cua dien cdn
nguyen ven cua thdi Le Sd
Hai day thdnh bac d gifla tram khdc
hinh rdng ud'n khuc dau nhd cao, dang bd
tfl tren nen Dien xud'ng Rdng dfl tdn, dau
to, mat trdn ldi, sflng dai cd nhanh, cd danh bdm mfldt Ifldn ra sau, hdng cd nhieu vay ndi cao va sac trdng hai hinh
rdng d day toat len ve dfldng be, trang
nghiem tao a'n tfldng uy linh dac biet Hai day thanh bac d hai ben khdng tram rdng,
ma d day dfldc tao nen nhflng khd'i cudn cudn dfldi hinh thflc rdng da each dieu Nd gan gid'ng vdi cac thanh bac d van mieu va dan Nam Giao
*Ddn Nam Giao: (hien khdng cdn
nfla) chi cdn nhflng thanh bac dang lap ghep tai them cua sinh tU Hoang Cao Khai tai dp Thai Ha, Ddng Da, Ha Ndi Dan Nam Giao la mpt cdng trinh kien true trieu dinh thdi Le Sd dUng len de nha vua td chflc te trdi da't Cung vdi dan xa tac, dan phong van, dan Nam Giao dUdc dUng len d phia Nam Kinh Thanh Thang Long, dUdc xac dinh vi tri tUdng rdng la khu nha may cd khi Tran Hung Dao (thdi
ky 1960 -1998) hien tai la tda thap ddi Vincom cU ngu tren dd Qudn the kien true nay ngay xUa chiem dien tich kha
ldn, bao gdm: Dien thien sii, Ba gian hai
chai Nha ben canh ve phia ddng va phia tay mdi day deu mpt gian hai chai, ddng vfl va phia tay vu hai, mdi day 7 gian, cfla dien chieu sfl 3 gian, dien canh Y va Trai cung deu Igian 2 chai, phdng nha bep 3 gian, thfl ma la cua gifla 3 gian, cua ta nha va cua hdn deu mot gian, lai thfl nfla, hai cfla ngoai deu 3 gian, bdn chung quanh deu ddp tudng
* Ddn xd tdc: Dan xa tac lap tfl nam
mau ty, ddi vua Ly Thai Tdng (1048) de te hau thd (than da't) va than ndng (than ngu cdc) - hai vi than dUdc coi quan trpng nhat cua xa hpi ndng nghiep Bdn mfla, nha vua deu lam chu tri te le de cau dUdc mua Day mpt trong cac loai dan te cd, dan xa tac cd d cac trieu dai phong kien Viet Nam cho den nam 1788 (thdi vua Le Chieu Thdng) thi mat dau
Trang 4Nguyen Huy Hoang - Le hdi truyen thdng vd nhifng logi hinh 65
D a n xa tac dUdc md t a nhU sau: D a n
t h u d n g dUdc d a p Id t h i e n , gdm 2 t d n g h i n h
vudng m a t c h i n h dien ve b u d n g bdc ca h a i
t a n g deu cd l a n c a n gach chay x u n g
q u a n h , c h i n h gifla bdn m a t deu xay dUng
he t h d n g bac cap C a n h dai cao k h o a n g 28
m, t a n g t r e n cflng cao k h o a n g 1,6 m Id ndi
v u a q u a n len l a m le t e T r e n n e n dflng 32
be da de c a m t a n K h u e n vien d a n xa tac
dUdc gidi b a n b a n g mdt vdng tUdng gach
hinh chfl n h a t M a t hfldng bac dfldc trd 3
cua cac m a t cdn lai chi dfldc trd mot ciia
Ben ngoai vdng t h d n h d p h i a N a m dfldc
xay dflng mdt bflc b i n h phong
Vdn Mieu: V a n mieu dfldc Ly T h d n h
Tdng cho xay dflng vao mfla t h u n a m
1070, sau n a m s a u 1076 tai day trieu dinh
nha ky lai cho dUng t h e m trUdng Qud'c T u
Giam.Trudng day hpc cd quy md va chinh
quy dau tien d nUdc ta C h i n h vi vay cdng
trinh nay cdn dUdc gpi la: T h a i Hpc Dudng,
Qud'c Til Vien,Qud'c Tri Vien, va t h u d n g
dUdc hay gpi t e n la: Qud'c Tii Giam
T r a i qua thdi gian, den n a y v a n mieu
vdn cdn lai Bd cue c h u n g V a n Mieu H a
Ndi cd dang m a t bdng h i n h chfl n h a t chieu
dai 306m, chieu rdng m a t trfldc 61m, m a t
sau 75m cong ve p h i a n a m phd' Qud'c Tfl
Giam, cd hd V a n d p h i a trfldc cdng vao v a n
mieu, p h y a b e n k i a phd' G i a m X u n g
q u a n h k h u da't dfldc xay la mpt ldp tfldng
t h a n h bdng gach vdi Tfldng t h a n h hi lun
nhieu, nay chd cao nha't la k h o a n g 2,2m
Bflc tfldng t h a n h n a y dfldc xay dflng de
bao ve cac cdng t r i n h ben t r o n g va ddng
thdi nd n g a n each k h u vflc V a n Mieu vdi
cudc Sd'ng dn ao b e n ngoai, t a o n e n mdt
khdng gian t i n h mach, t r a n g nghiem
Hien nay kien t r u e l a u ddi n h a t ciia
v a n Mieu la n h a Dai Bai va Khfldng cung
Day la h a i m u a chinh cua k h u dien thd
gdm 7 gian 2 chdi td ldn n h a Idm ddn gian
va chdc c h a n Vdi kien t r u e cua n h a t h e e
ca'u t r u e p h e bien cua kien t r u e dinh chfla
t h e ky 18 (vi k e e cd 4 cpt lien ket dd h o a n h
b a n g nhflng rfldng va da'u) T r a n g t r i t r a m
k h a c t r e n 2 kien true nay dep, ddn gian vdi
h i n h thflc va chu de nhfl h i n h phfldng va
hoa la, h i n h rdng, c h a u (nhat - nguyet) Ngoai r a cdn cd kien true Khue van cac cung la mpt cdng t r i n h kien true cd gia tri
nd dUdc xay dUng dau the ki 19, cdng tinh
cd 2 t a n g theo kieu lau vudng cd 8 mai dUdc ldp theo ldi "trflng diem" mai hai ldp Nhfl vay, qua nhflng dan chflng neu
t r e n ve mdi q u a n h e gifla: Le hdi t r u y e n
t h d n g va nhflng loai h i n h kien true t r u y e n
t h d n g vflng ddng b a n g bac bd ta t h a y dudc mdi q u a n he gifla cen ngfldi, lao dpng, tin ngfldng la mdi q u a n he cung- cdu gan bd
c h a t che vdi n h a u va la mot trong nhflng
t h a n h to' t a o r a le hdi Gifla con ngfldi va
lad ddng la b o a t dpng s a n xuat, gifla con
ngfldi va tin ngfldng \a hdat dpng t a m linh, tdn giao, gifla tin ngfldng va lao dpng
cua con ngfldi Id boat dpng cdu may v.v Khdng gian phuc vu con ngfldi vdi nhflng
b o a t dpng ve ddi sd'ng vat chat va ddi sdng
t i n h t h a n dd la khong gian kien trflc /
TAI L I E U THAM KHAO
- Dgi Viet sd ky todn thu-dich theo ban khdc
nam ehinh hoa thfl 18 (1697), Vien khoa hoc
xa hpi Viet Nam, NXB Khoa hpc xa hoi 2009
- Kho tdng li hgi co truyin Viet Nam, nhieu
tac gia, NXB Van hoa dan toe, tap chi van hoa nghe thuat Ha Noi 2000
- Li hgi Viet Nam, chu bien Le Trung Vu, Le
Hdng Ly, NXB Van hoa thong tin 2005
- Chiia Viet Nam, Ha Van Tan, NXB khoa
hpc xa hpi, Ha Noi 1993
- Dinh Viet Nam, Ha Van Tan, NXB khoa hpc
xa hpi, Ha Noi 1993
- Cong ldng Hd Ngi xiia vd nay, Vu Kiem
Ninh, NXB Van boa thong tin 2007
- Dia chi vdn hod ddn gian Thdng Long • Dong Do '- Hd Ngi, Dinh Gia Khanh, NXB Ha Npi 2008