Phia bgn Vudng Thdng thi the: "Neu khdng cd Idng thUc, lai tu trai ldi the, (dd'i vdi viec) ngudi phuc dich va eae thuyen da dinh rdi, ciu dap dudng sa da sUa rdi, ma khdng lam t[r]
Trang 1KINH NGHIEM DUA DOI THOAI VAN HOA
• •
VAO HOAT DONG NGOAI GIAO CUA
• • •
ONG CHA TA TRONG LICH SlT
PHAM XUAN NAM
V di chien thang lay ICfng cua Ngo
Quyen tren song Bach Dang nam
938, ach do ho hdn 1000 nam cua phong
kien phUdng BSc d nu6c ta da cham dUt Tijf
do, cac vUdng trieu Viet Nam thdi trung dai
deu mong muo'n tap trung siic de xay dung
va phat trien quoc gia phong kien doc lap
Ben canh nhiem vu do'i noi, cac vUdng trieu
nay khong the khong thUdng xuyen cham
lo de'n linh vUc doi ngoai v6i cac nUdc lang
gieng, ma tru6c het va chii ye'u la v6i Trung
Quo'c Bdi tie'p sau Han - Dudng, cac trieu
dai To'ng, Nguyen, Minh, Thanh lan lUdt
thay nhau tri vi tai dat nUdc Trung Hoa
rong 16n van luon tU cho minh co quyen doi
hoi cac nu6c nho d xung quanh, trong do c6
nu6c ta, phai than phuc, trieu cong va
nhan saeh phong ciia ho The nhUng, do
tham vong banh tru6ng chi pho'i, nhieu khi
ho vAn khong thoa man vdi viec dap Ung
nhiing doi hoi tren Trai lai, ho luon rinh
chd cd hoi de lan chiem dat dai hoae cho
quan tran xuo'ng xam lUdc hong lai bien
nu6c ta thanh quan huyen ciia "Thien
trieu" nhu trUdc
Vi the, cung vdi nhufng chien cong hien
hach "pha cUdng dich" tren mat tran quan
su, ong cha ta thud ay ma tieu bieu la nhUng minh quan, hien tu6ng, anh hiing hao kiet, tri thUc uyen bac thuoc cac trieu Tien Le, Ly, Tran, Le, Nguyin, Tay Sdn luon biet chu dong sU dung linh boat, dung luc, dung ndi nhieu hinh thiic doi thoai van hoa trong hoat dong ngoai giao de hoa giai khong it mau thuan nay sinh trong quan
he v6i Trung Hoa Chinh dieu do da gop phan quan trong nang cao sUc manh tong hdp cua dan toe, gianh lai va giii viing doc lap, chu quyen va toan ven lanh tho quoc gia, tranh thu dieu kien hoa binh de nhan dan dUdc yen on lam an sinh song
Co the noi, kinh nghiem dUa doi thoai van hoa vao boat dong ngoai giao cua ong cha ta trong lich sit nu6c nha thdi trung dai
la het siic da dang va phong phu 0 day, trong pham vi cua mot bai viet ngan, chung toi chi tap trung phan tich mot so' sU kien noi bat sau:
I XI/6NG HOA THO VAN SAU DOI DAU QUAN s i r D U 6 I T H O I T I E N LE
Theo sd saeh, cong cuoc xay dUng quo'c gia thong nhat ciia nha Dinh sau "loan 12
sU quan" dien ra chUa dUdc bao lau thi
• GS.TS Vien Si( hoc
Trang 2Rghien cmi Lich 5i!r so 11.2009
Dinh Tien Hoang va ngUdi con trai trUdng
bi Do Thich giet hai Trieu than dua Dinh
Toan mdi 6 tudi len lam vua
Nhan sU bie'n do ci Hoa Lu, Tong Thai
Tong nghe theo Idi tau ciia vien tri Ung
Chau (Quang Tay) la Hau NTian Bao cho
dieu dong binh ma sang xam lUdc nUdc ta
hong bie'n "Giao Chau thanh quan huyen"
ciia nha Tong TrUdc hoa ngoai xam dang
den gan, quan si va mot so' quan trong
trieu Dinh suy ton Thap dao Tudng quan
Le Hoan len lam vua de ong to chUc va
lanh dao cuoc khang chien Dung luc do,
vua To'ng sai Lu Da To'n dUa thu sang doi
Le Hoan phai dau hang
V6i Idi le vila ngao man ve van hoa vcfa
de doa ve quan sU nhan danh "thien trieu",
bUc thu cua vua To'ng co doan viet: "Giao
Chau cua ngUdi d xa cuo'i trdi, thuc la ngoai
nam coi NhUng phan thita cua td chi, vi
nhu ngon ehan ngon tay cua than ngUdi,
tuy chi mgt ngon bi dau, bac thanh nhan
lai khong nghi de'n hay sao? Cho nen phai
md long ngu to'i cua ngUdi, de thanh giao
cua ta triim toa, ngUdi co theo chang?
Dan cua ngUdi bay nhay (y noi ngUdi hdang
da) con ta co ngUa xe; dan ngUdi uo'ng miii
con ta thi co cdm rUdu de thay doi phong
tuc ciia nude ngUdi; dan ngUdi bat toe con
ta thi CO ao mu; dan ngUdi noi tieng chim
con ta thi c6 Thi, ThU de day le cho dan
ngUdi NgUdi co theo ve hay khong, chd
mau chuo'c lay toi Nay ta dang chinh don
xe CO quan linh, truyen hieu lenh chieng
trong Ne'u chiu theo giao hoa, ta se tha toi
cho, ne'u trai menh, ta se sai quan danh
Theo hay chong, lanh hay giii, tU ngUdi xet
lay" (1)
Vi mud'n nha To'ng hoan binh, Le Hoan
sai sU mang thu sang Tong, noi thac la thu
ciia Dinh Toan thinh cau vua To'ng cho no'i
ngoi cha Vua To'ng khong nghe
Dau nam 981, dai quan To'ng theo hai dUdng thuy, bo ao at tien vao Dai Co Viet NhUng quan xam lUdc To'ng bi quan dan ta dudi sU lanh dao ciia Le Hoan danh cho tan tac Tudng chi huy giae la H i u Nhan Bao
bi chem chet Nhieu tUdng khac cua chiing
bi bat song, giai ve Hoa Lu
Chap n h a n t h a t bai, nha To'ng bai binh
Le Hoan n h a n h chong cii sti sang To'ng cau phong de lap lai bang giao giula hai nu6c Nam 986, vua To'ng sai Ly Nhudc Chuyet va Ly Giae mang che saeh sang phong Le Hoan lam An Nam do ho Tinh Hai quan Tiet do sii kinh trieu quan hau Khac vdi giong dieu ngao man nUdc 16n lan trUdc, lan nay che saeh phong ciia Tong Thai Tong da phai thita nhan Le Hoan co
"tu each gom nghia diing, bam tinh von trung thuan, dUdc long ngUdi trong nUdc Vifa roi Dinh Toan dUdng tuoi tre thd, khong biet yen v6 NgUdi la tam phiic cho than, giii quyen coi quan Iii, hieu lenh ban phat, uy ai deu gom Nen xiing chdc dijfng
d i u coi xa, cung dU hang chu hau ton quy" (2)
Vua Le Dai Hanh n h a n che, thet dai sd gia rat hau Lai dem bon Quach Quan Bien, Trieu Phung Huan la nhiing tu6ng giae To'ng bi bat 5 n a m trUdc tra cho ve, the hien long khoan dung va thiJc tinh mong muo'n hoa hieu
Nam sau, nha To'ng lai sai Ly Giae sang nu6c ta Khi Ly Giae de'n chiia Saeh Giang (3), vua Le sai thien sU Phap Thuan (4) gia lam ngUdi coi song ra don Giae hay noi van thd Nhan tha'y hai con ng6ng bdi tren mat nude, Giae iing khau ngam:
Nga nga liCdng nga nga, Ngiidng dien hUdng thien nha
(Ngong ngong hai con ngong,
Trang 3Kinh nghiem dua doi thoai van hoa
Ngiia mat nhin ehan trdi)
Phap Thuan dang cam cheo, doc noi
rang:
Bach mao pho luc thuy,
Hong trao bdi thanh ba
(Nude luc pho long trang,
Cheo hong song xanh bdi) (5)
Giae lay lam la, khi ve de'n sU quan, lam
thd gili tang, trong do co nhQng cau:
Hanh ngg minh thi tdn thinh du,
Nhat than nhi do sif Giao Chdu
Thien ngoai hiCu thien Ung vien chieu,
Khe ddm ba tinh kien thiim thu
(May gap thdi binh dudc giiip mUu,
Mot minh hai lUdt sii Giao Chau
Ngoai trdi lai co trdi soi niia
Song lang khe dam bong nguyet thau)
(6)
Su Phap Thuan dem bai thd nay dang
len vua Le Vua cho goi sU Khuong Viet (7)
de'n xem Khuong Viet noi: "Thd nay ton be
ha khong khac gi vua Tong" Vua khen y
thd, tang cho rat hau PQii Ly Giae tii biet
ra ve, vua sai sU Khuong Viet lam bai tu!
dUa tien, trong do co cau rSng:
Nguyen tUOng thdm y vi hien ciiOng,
Phdn minh tau ngd hodng
(Xin dem tham y vi Nam cUdng,
Tau vua toi to tUdng) (8)
Cd the noi, tU cho vua quan nha To'ng tU
cho minh la nUdc van minh co thien chiic di
khai hoa cho cac nudc man di xung quanh
de'n cho ho phai ne trong gia tri van h6a
Viet ro rang la mot t h a n g Idi tinh than to
Idn cila dan toe ta thdi bay gid Tren cd sd
thang Idi a'y, nhd Tien Le dd chu dong
ehuyen tii doi ddu quan sii sang doi thoai vdn hoa vdi nhd To'ng de cung co'quan he bang giao hoa binh giiia hai nildc Vd nhiing cuoc xii&ng hoa thct vdn cua hai nhd sii niidc Dgi Co Viet thdi Le Dgi Hdnh vdi sii gia Tdng dd md ddu cho mgt truyen thdng iing ddi tao nhd, mem mong ve ngon tii nhiing vdi hdm y rdt sdu xa trong lich sii ngoai giao Viet Nam
II TRANH BIEN, DOI THOAI TREN BAN H O I NGHI DE DOT DAT 6 BIEN
C U O N G D U C I I T H O I NHA LY
TU sau chie'n thang 981, nhd co thUc lUc manh lai biet khon kheo trong hoat dong doi ngoai, nha Tien Le va tie'p do ba trieu vua dau tien ciia nha Ly nhin chung da giii dUdc quan he bang giao hoa binh vdi nha To'ng trong gan 100 nam
Nhung tif khoang dau nhutng nam 70 ciia the ky XI, thi tinh the da doi khac Liic
do d nude ta, sau khi Ly Thanh Tong mat,
Ly Nhan Tong len ngoi khi con be Noi bo hoang gia va trieu dinh Ly xuat hien mot so' mau thuan phe phai, khien ben ngoai nhom ngo Tinh hinh Trung Quo'c ciing co
sU bie'n ehuyen Phia Bac, nha To'ng phai doi pho vdi sU uy hiep ciia hai nudc Lieu va
Ha 0 trong nUdc, phong trao nong dan noi day khap ndi Trudc tinh hinh do, To'ng Than Tong da cha'p thuan nhiing de nghi cai each goi la "Tan phap" cua te tUdng VUdng An Thach de phan nao hoa hoan cac mau thuan ben trong Con do'i vdi ben ngoai Than Tong cung nghe theo Idi tau cua VUdng An Thach "cat 700 dam da't Ha Dong bie'u nUdc Lieu" n h i m tam giii yen bac thiiy va quay xuong phia Nam danh
Dai Viet vdi y do "danh lay nUdc ye'u de doa
nUdc manh" (9)
Trang 4Rghien ciiru Lich sit, so 11.2009
Theo doi sat am mUu va hanh dong
ehuan hi chie'n tranh xam lUdc cua ke thu,
Ly ThUdng Kiet vdi cUdng vi la phu quo'c
Thai uy da tau vdi vua Ly Nhan Tong:
"Ngoi ddi dich de'n, sao bang danh trUdc de
be gay miii nhon cua no" (10) Dudc vua
ehuan y, cuo'i nam 1075, Ly ThUdng Kiet va
Ton Dan dem 10 van quan chu dong tien
cong trUdc sang da't To'ng Toan bo cac can
cii quan sU va hau can ma nha To'ng xay
dung tai cac chau Kliam, Liem, Ung
(Quang Dong, Quang Tay) de ehuan bi tien
hanh xam lUdc nUde ta deu bi pha huy
nghiem trong Muc tieu tien cong hoan
thanh thang Idi, Ly ThUdng Kiet rut quan
ve lap phong tuyen doc song Cau san sang
don danh dich, vi biet the nao chiing cUng
keo sang phuc thu
Dau nam 1077, vua To'ng sai Quach
Quy, Trieu Tiet mang dai quan sang danh
ta Miii tien cong chu yeu ciia chiing bi
ehan lai d song NhU Nguyet (11) Nhieu
tran chie'n da'u gay go ac liet da dien ra
Quan To'ng bi thiet hai nang ne Quan ta
Cling gap khong it kho khan
Trudc tinh hinh do, Ly ThUdng Kiet chu
dong dat va'n de dieu dinh n h i m sdm ke't
thuc chie'n tranh Quach Quy lien nhan Idi
giang hoa, rut quan ve nu6c Quan To'ng
riit lui de'n dau, Ly Thudng Kiet cho quan
chiem lai da't de'n da'y Cac chau Quang
Lang, Mon, To Mau, Tu Lang dUde quan ta
nhanh chong thu hoi Cdn chau Quang
Nguyen, hai nam sau (1079) nha Tong
cung phai tra no't cho nha Ly
Chie'n tranh nam 1077 ke't thuc, nha
To'ng khong dat dUdc muc dich du dinh la
thon tinh Dai Viet Chung chi tam thdi
chiem dUdc mot so' vung da't nhUng roi phai
tra lai het Trong khi do, phia Tong bi thiet
ngUdi, ton cua ra't Idn Vi the, "tra xong dat
Quang Nguyen, vua Tong coi nhu da trut
dUdc mot ganh nang tren vai Do'i vdi ta, vua To'ng to ve kinh ne Do'i vdi To'ng, vua
Ly van tie'p tuc giao hieu" (12)
Nam 1081, Ly Nhan Tong sai sd bo sang
To'ng cong phUdng vat va xin Dgi tang
kinh Vua To'ng het siic lam vifa long vua
Ly
Nhan sU thong hieu vdi nha To'ng dUdc khoi phuc, nam 1083, vua Ly sai Dao Tong Nguyen tdi hoi nghi Vinh Binh dat van de doi To'ng tra lai hai dong Vat Ac, Vat Dudng ma cac tu trUdng Nung Tdng Dan va Niing Tri Hoi da dem nop de theo To'ng vao nhiing nam 1057, 1064 va dUde To'ng doi thanh cac chau Thuan An, Quy Hoa Hoi nghi khong di de'n ke't qua Giiia nam 1084, vua Ly lai sai Lang trung binh bo Le Van Thinh dSn dau phai bo Dai Viet tdi Vinh Binh tiep tuc ban viec bien cUdng Ben To'ng, vien do tuan kiem Ta Giang la Thanh Trac diing dau phai bo
Tai hoi nghi, Le Van Thinh noi ro rang hai chau Thuan An, Quy Hoa vo'n la da't Vat Ac, Vat Dudng cua nUdc ta bi cac tii trUdng la'y trom dem nop cho To'ng Mot phai vien To'ng noi: "Nhiing da't ma quan nha vua da danh lay, thi dang tra cho Giao Chi Con nhiing da't ma cac ngudi coi giii lai mang nop de theo ta, thi kho ma tra lai"
Le Van Thinh tra Idi: "Da't thi co chu Cac vien coi giii mang nop va trdn di, thi da't ay thanh vat an trom cua chu Su chu giao cho
ma tu y lay trom da khong tha thd dudc,
ma trom cua hay tang trii thi phap luat ciing khong cho phep Huo'ng chi nay chiing lai dem da't la'y trom dang, de lam nhd ban
so saeh nha vua" (13)
TrUdc lap luan s i c ben cua Le Van Thinh to ro sU viing tin vao le phai cua dan toe minh, Thanh Trac da tau gian ve trieu rang Le Van Thinh khong ddi da't Vat Ac,
Trang 5Kinh nghiem dira doi thoai van hoa
Vat Duong niia, va xin vua To'ng giang
chieu theo Idi Thanh Trac de nghi (14) De
ho trd cho cuoc dam phan tren ban hoi
nghi, Le Van Thinh da gui mot bdc thu cho
vien kinh lUdc Que Chau liic do la Hung
Ban Thu viet: "Thanh Trac da noi se vach
dai gidi d phia nam mUdi tam xd sau nay:
ThUdng Dien, Ha Loi, On Nhuan, Anh,
Dao, Vat DUdng, Vat Ac, Ke Thanh, Cdng,
Luc, Tan, Nham, Dong, Canh, Tu, Ky, Ky,
Huyen va noi nhiing xU a'y deu thuoc
Trung Quo'c
Ke boi than tieu tii nay chi biet dung
menh thi nghe chU khong dam tranh cha'p
(15) Nhung nhiing da't a'y, ma ho Nung da
nop, deu thuoc Quang Nguyen
Nay, may gap thanh trieu ban bo' hang
van chinh lenh khoan hong Sao lai chuong
mieng da't day da soi, lam chudng nay, ma
khong tra lai nude toi, de giup ke ngoai
than" (16)
Ro rang, trong thu gUi Hung Ban, Le
Van Thinh da diing Idi le mem mong,
nhUng van giii viing lap trUdng doi nha
To'ng tra da't Vat Ac, Vat Dudng cho ta
Tuy nhien, do thu di td lai giiia Vinh
Binh (Quang Tay) va Bien Kinh thdi a'y
khong de dang va thong suo't, nen cuo'i
ciing vua To'ng da quyet dinh theo Idi xin td
dau cua Thanh Trac, ma khong cha'p nhan
Idi de nghi ciia Le Van Thinh trong thU gUi
cho Hung Ban Nha To'ng tra lai cho nha
Ly 6 huyen la Bao Lac, Luyen, Mieu, Dinh,
Phong, Can va 2 dong Tuc, Tang NhUng
hai dong Vat Ac, Vat Dudng van bi nha
Tdng giii lai (17)
Nhu vay, nhiJng ly le ma Le Van Thinh
dUa ra trong cuoc tranh bien trUc tie'p tren
ban hoi nghi Vinh Binh thi do'i phUdng
khong the bac bo dUdc Sifc manh ciia
nhiing ly le a'y bat nguon tif y thUc bao ve
sU toan ven lanh tho quo'c gia Dai Viet Bi duo'i ly, nhung do long tham banh trUdng lanh tho chi pho'i, nen vien quan cam dau phai bo nha To'ng da gid thu doan ta'u trinh xuyen tac ve de nghi ciia Le Van Thinh vdi vua To'ng de vua To'ng co "can cd" khong trao tra het nhiing da't ma ke gian da la'y trom cua nha Ly trao cho nha To'ng
Ket qud Id, viec doi dat cua phdi bo nhd
Ly thong qua cuoc ddm phdn ngoai giao, trong do bao hdm cd do'i thoai vd ddu tranh vdn hoa, dd gidnh diiOc thdng lgi nhiing chiia trgn ven
Danh gia ve t h i n g Idi tren, sii gia Phan Huy Chu cho ring: "Viec bien gidi ci ddi Ly dUdc nha To'ng tra lai da't ra't nhieu Bdi vi trudc do thi c6 oai t h i n g tran, ngUdi trung chau hoang sd, du lam cho nha To'ng phai phuc, sau thi sii t h i n ban bac, Idi le thung dung, cang them kheo leo , lam cho Idi tranh bien cua Trung Quo'c phai khuat, ma the'lUc cua Nam giao dUdc manh" (18)
III DUA NOI DUNG DOI THOAI VAN HOA VAO CAC HOAT DONG NGOAI GIAO, NHA TRAN TRANH THIJ KEO DAI THOI KY HOA HOAN V6l NHA NGUYEN, CHUAN BI TOT HON CHO VIEC D A N H THANG DAO QUAN XAM L U O C HUNG HAN NHAT
THOI TRUNG DAI Sau nha Ly, nha Tran phai lan lUdt dUdng dau vdi ba trieu dai d Trung Quo'c: Nam To'ng, Nguyen va dau Minh Trong ba trieu dai a'y, nha Nguyen la do'i thii ghe gdm hdn ca Day la thdi ky dan toe ta trai qua nhiing thii thach Idn lao, dong thcfi ciing gianh dUdc ciing chie'n cong oanh liet, nhiing t h i n g Idi ngoai giao quan trong, trong do co sU gop phan khong nhd cua ca da'u tranh va do'i thoai van hoa
Luc ba'y gid, sau gan nda the ky dem quan di chinh phuc nhieu nUdc, cac chua
Trang 6Rghien ciiru Lich 5i3r, so 11.2009
Mong Co (19) da thanh lap dUdc mgt de
quo'c rgng menh mong td bd Thai Binh
Dudng de'n bd bien H l c Hai
Nam 1252, chua mdi ciia Mong Co la
Mong Kha sai em la Ho't Ta't Liet va tUdng
Nggt LUdng Hdp Thai danh chiem nude Dai
Ly (Van Nam, Trung Quo'c) Nam 1257,
Mong Co md eugc tien cong td nhieu phia
n h i m tieu diet trieu Nam To'ng Dao quan
cua Nggt LUdng Hdp Thai d Van Nam dUdc
lenh danh chiem Dai Viet, roi tif dd md mgt
miii vu hdi danh vao sUdn phia Nam cua
Nam To'ng de pho'i hdp vdi cac dao quan td
phia Bac danh xuo'ng
TrUdc khi tien quan vao Dai Viet, Nggt
Ludng Hdp Thai da nhieu lan sai sU sang
du vua Tran Thai Tong dau hang Khong
he run sd, vua Tran da ra lenh to'ng giam
ta't ca cac ten sU giae Chd mai khong tha'y
sd trd ve, dau nam 1258, Hdp Thai cho
quan theo luu vifc song Hong tien xuo'ng
xam lUdc nUdc ta Sau tran ehan danh dich
d Binh Le Nguyen (Vinh Phiic), de bao toan
lUc lUdng trieu dinh quyet dinh rut khoi
Thang Long NhUng chi hdn 10 ngay sau,
quan ta da md eugc tien cong manh liet vao
Dong Bg Dau (phia tren cau Long Bien
ngay nay) Quan dich thua to phai thao
chay ve Van Nam (20)
Mac du viia bi tha't bai trong eugc xam
lUdc thu nha't vao dau nam 1258, vai thang
sau Nggt LUdng Hdp Thai lai sai hai sd de'n
du Tran Thai Tong sang chau chua Mong
Co Vdi khi the cua ngifdi chien thing, vua
Tran sai troi hai sU Mong Co, duoi ve Sau
dd, mgt phan de tranh sU Mong Co sang
saeh nhieu, mgt phan suy xet ky thifc lUc
cua Mong Co va cua Nam To'ng, Tran Thanh
Tong (21) da quyet dinh dat quan he bang
giao vdi Mong Co Le Tan - vi tUdng tai gidi,
diing cam d Binh Le Nguyen - dUdc cd d i n
dau sd bg de'n Thiem Tay gap chua Mong
Co Sd bg ta da thoa thuSn dUdc vdi phia Mong Co la ba nam trieu co'ng mgt lan Thdi gian nay, sau khi Mong Kha chet (1259), giiia hai anh em Hot Ta't Liet va Aric Buke no ra ngi chien de tranh ngoi han Vi the Mong Co' phai tam ngiing eugc tie'n cong Nam To'ng va to ve xoa diu Dai Viet Nam 1260, Ho't Ta't Liet len lam vua Nam sau (1261), vdi nien hieu Trung Thong thd hai, y da sai sd mang chieu thu sang trieu Tran du r i n g : "Quan lieu sT thd
An Nam, pham mii, ao, le nhae, phong tuc deu can cd theo le cii ciia nUdc minh, khong phai thay doi Ngoai ra da ran bao bien tudng d Van Nam khong dUde tU tien dem quan lan cUdp ndi cUdng gidi, qua'y nhieu dan chung Quan lieu s! thd nUde ngUdi hay yen on lam an nhU cii" (22) Cung nam, vua Mong Co phong vua T r i n lam An Nam quo'c vUdng
NhUng chi it nam sau, khi tinh hinh ngi
bg Mong Co da on dinh: Aric Buke dau hang Ho't Ta't Liet (1264) va Hdt Ta't Liet rdi do ve Yen Kinh (sau doi la Dai Do va doi quo'c hieu la Nguyen), thi y lien bgc 16
ro am mUu thon tinh Dai Viet Thang
10-1267, Hdt Ta't Liet da gUi chieu thU ddi trieu Tran phai thUc hien 6 dieu: "Quan trudng de'n chau, con em sang lam con tin,
ke bien dan so', xua't quan dich, nap phu thue, dat dat 16 hoa xi'ch (darugatri) de thd'ng tri" (23)
Td do, Dai Viet bude vao mgt thdi ky quan he ngoai giao ra't khd khan, phUc tap vdi nha Nguyen (24) Cac thu tif qua lai giiia hai ben trong thdi ky nay deu tap trung ban cai gilng co ve ngi dung cua hai
td chieu ndi tren
Ho't Ta't Liet co' Id nhiing Idi hda ton trgng phong tuc tap quan va cUdng gidi Dai Viet da ghi trong td chieu nam 1261, trong
Trang 7Kinh nghiem dira ddi thoai van hda
khi y luon n h i c di n h i c lai 6 dieu quy dinh
cua "tien de", traeh vua An Nam khong
that long quy phu va thue bach vua Tran
phai dich than sang chau Cd lan, phia
Nguyen con traeh cd vua Tran nhan chie'u
ma khong lay va tie'p sd kh6ng theo le
vUdng nhan
Trai lai, cac vua Tran thi het sdc de cao
td chie'u nam 1261, dung ngay Idi hda cua
Ho't Tat Liet de dat y vao the khong d i "ndi
Idi roi lai nu6't Idi" Ching han, trong thU
gdi vua Nguyen vao nam 1272, vua T r i n
viet: "Nude tdi thd phung thien trieu da
dUdc phong tudc vUdng, ha khdng phai la
vUdng nhan hay sao? Sd thien trieu de'n lai
xUng la vUdng nhan, neu dai ngang le thi
sd nhuc trieu dinh Huong chi nUdc toi
trudc dd nhan dUdc chieu [chieu nam 1261]
bao cd theo tuc cii Pham nhan chie'u cU de
yen ndi chinh dien cdn minh thi lai lui
tranh d nha rieng, dd la dien le cii cua nUdc
toi " (25)
Nam 1279, nha Nguyen diet nha Nam
To'ng, chiem toan bg lanh tho Trung Qu6'c
Td da'y, Dai Viet, Champa (con ggi la
Chiem Thanh) trd thanh muc tieu xam
lUdc trUc tie'p cua nha Nguyen
Cudi nam 1282, Ho't Ta't Liet sai Toa D6
dem mgt dao quan vUdt bien danh Chiem
Thanh de roi td dd se danh tho'c len phia
nam Dai Viet, pho'i hdp vdi dai quan tU
phia bic tran xuo'ng Ho't Tat Liet cdn
nham hiem ddi vua Tran phai giiip binh
lUdng cho viec danh Chiem Thanh cua
chung
Vua Tran da cd ngUdi sang Nguyen dUa
thu td cho'i Bdc thU cd doan viet: "Ve viec
them quan thi Chiem Thanh thd phu nUdc
toi da lau, cha toi chi la'y ddc de che chd,
den tdi cung no'i chi cha t6i Td khi cha toi
quy thuge thien trieu de'n nay, quan linh
cho ve lam dan dinh, mgt long co'ng hien thien trieu, khdng cd mUu dd gi khac " (26)
Ching nhiing kien quyet cU tuyet viec giup quan cho nha Nguyen danh Chiem Thanh, ma trUde dd Tran Nhan Tong cdn gui quan va chie'n thuyen giup Chiem Thanh cho'ng lai ke thu chung
Viec Ho't Ta't Liet giii chie'u thu sang ta
va cac vua T r i n gdi thu bieu tra Idi, ve hinh thiic dd la sU trao doi nhiing cdng diep ngoai giao giiia Nguyen va Dai Viet NhUng
ve ngi dung thi nhiing chie'u thu va thU bieu a'y the hien ro ca tinh cha't da'u tranh
va do'i thoai giiia nhiing gia tri van hda khac nhau
TU cho liic dau td ve tdn trgng ao mu, le nhae, phong tuc cua Dai Viet, den cac chie'u thu ve sau, cang ngay Hot Ta't Liet cang bgc 16 thai do h6'ng hach cua ke dang th6'ng tri ca mgt de che phong kien hung manh
Phia Dgi Viet, trong moi thii bieu giii di, Idi le luon to ra nhun nhiidng, mem mong, nhiing lap luan thi chat che vd khon kheo vien cd de kien quyet tii cho'i: Quan triidng khong than vdo chdu, khong giii con tin, khong ki bien ddn sd, khong cung cdp quan linh de nhd Nguyen di danh cdc niidc khdc, khong nop phu thue', khong lay chieu sdc Ddy chinh Id sii the hien rdt dgc ddo vd thdnh cong cua viec diia ddi thoai vdn hoa vdo hoat dgng ngoai giao nhdm bdo ve dgc lap, chu quyen quoc gia vd danh dii ddn toe
- nhiing gid tri vdn hoa tinh than thieng lieng cua Dgi Viet
Cdn viec co'ng sinh phUdng vat thi cac vua Tran giii dung le 3 nam thUc hien mgt lan Viec H6't Ta't Liet ddi dat chUc dat 16 hoa xich, trieu Tran ciing nhUdng bg cha'p nhan, nhUng tim each v6 hieu hda, khdng
Trang 810 Rghien ciiii Lich 5i3r 5611.2009
cho chung hanh dgng nhU nhiing ten quan
"toan quyen"
Bang each dng xU linh hoat cd cUdng cd
nhu nhu vay, nha Tran van giii dUde quan
he ngoai giao vdi nha Nguyen, keo dai thdi
ky hda hoan dUdc tren 25 nam (1258-1284)
de xay dUng da't nUdc, cung cd' quo'c phdng,
san sang danh bai dao quan xam lUdc hiing
manh va hung han nhat tren the gidi thdi
trung dai
Vi the, de'n khi nha Nguyen lien tie'p
phat dgng hai cuoc chien tranh quy md Idn
vao cac nam 1285 va 1287-1288 hdng thon
tinh Dai Viet, thi chung da nhan dUde
nhiing bai hge cay d i n g tai Ham Td,
Chudng Dudng, Tay Ke't, Bach Ding
r v DIJNG SlfC MANH CUA NGON TlT
THUC HIEN KE SACH "TAM CONG",
CHAM D t / T CHIEN TRANH B A N G
G I A I P H A P H O A BINH, LAP LAI
QUAN HE BANG GIAO LAU D A I V 6 I
TRUNG QUOC D U 6 I T H O I LE
Sau ba lan chien thang quan Nguyen,
va tiep dd vdi chinh saeh do'i ngoai viia
mem deo vda kien quyet, nha T r i n da giii
dUdc quan he bang giao binh thudng vdi
phUdng Bic hdn 100 nam
De'n cudi the ky XIV - d i u the ky XV,
nhan sU thoai hda cua may trieu vua Tran
cuo'i Cling, Ho Quy Ly da d i n dan la'n at rdi
phe trua't nha Tran, lap ra nha Ho
(1400-1407)
Hd Quy Ly thi hanh nhiing cai each nhu
"han dien", "han no" , thu hdi mgt s6' Idn
rugng da't va ehuyen s6' no ty qua mdc quy
dinh cua quy tdc Tran vao tay Nha nude
Tuy cd mat tich cue nha't dinh, nhung
nhiing cai each cua nha Ho thien ve viec
dem lai Idi ich cho ddng hg minh hdn la Idi
ich qud'c gia Ca giai cap quy toe cii dudi
trieu Tran va dong dao dan chung deu bat binh va phan dng do'i vdi nhiing chinh saeh
dd
Ldi dung tinh hinh bat dn cua nha Ho, cuo'i nam 1406, Minh Thanh To da nhan danh "phu Tran, diet Hd" de phat binh xam lUdc nude ta Vi ma't long dan, cha con Ho Quy Ly chu ye'u dUa vao quan dgi va cac tuyen phdng thu c6' dinh de cho'ng giae, nen nhanh chong bi cac dao quan cua TrUdng Phu, Mgc Thanh danh bai
The la sau gan 5 the ky dgc lap, nUdc ta lai rdi vao ach dd hg cUc ky tan bao va tham dgc cua nha Minh trong vdng 20 nam (1407-1427) Nhung trong suo't thdi gian nay, cac eugc khdi nghia cua Tran Ngoi,
T r i n Quy Khoang, Pham Ngge, Le Nga, ciing nhu phong trao "ao dd" cua dong bao cac dan toe thieu so' mien mii lien tiep no
ra Chinh quyen d6 hg hau nhU kh6ng cd luc nao cd the ngdi yen
Trong boi canh dd, dau nam Mau Tuat (7-2-1418), sau mgt thdi gian ehuan bi lUc lUdng, Le Ldi ddng len pha't cd khdi nghia d
•vung rdng ndi Lam Sdn Trong so' nhiing anh hung hao kiet td bd'n phUdng trong nude sdm tim den Lam Sdn tu nghia, cd nha tri thdc Idn Nguyin Trai (27)
Nguyen Trai trao cho thii linh nghia
quan Lam Sdn ban Binh Ngo sdch, "hie'n
mUu chude Idn, khdng ndi de'n viec danh thanh ma lai kheo ndi de'n viec danh vao Idng ngUdi" (28), tdc la ke saeh "tam cong"
Le Ldi xem Binh Ngo sdch, khen la phai va
ludn giii Nguyen Trai d ben minh de ban muu tinh ke danh quan Minh Nguyin Trai dUde Le Ldi giao cho nhiem vu thay mat minh soan thao tat ca cac thu td giao thiep vdi quan Minh
Trai qua thdi ky dau (1418-1423) phai
VUdt qua mudn van khd khan gian kho "dn
Trang 9Kinh nghiem dira ddi thoai van hda 11
thudng ne'm mat, ngii thudng ndm gai"; roi
den thdi ky dinh chie'n (1423-1427) de "lo
ren chien cu", "quyen tien mo linh, giet voi
khao quan" (29), td cuo'i nam 1424 trd di,
nha't la trong cae nam 1425-1427 nghla
quan da ehuyen sang giai doan chu dgng
tie'n cdng, gianh dUdc nhiing t h i n g ldi ngay
cang to Idn
Day ciing chinh la giai doan, tren cd sd
cua thang ldi quan sU, ngdi but cua Nguyen
Trai da phat huy de'n mUc cao nhat tac
dung "tam cdng", gop phan ra't quan trgng
vao viec lam suy sup y chi xam lUdc cua ke
thu
Chi rieng trong hai nam 1426 va 1427,
nhan danh Le Ldi, Nguyen Trai da viet
tren 50 bdc thU gdi cho cac tUdng Minh
nhu PhUdng Chinh, Thai Phuc, Sdn Thg,
VUdng Thdng, B i n g sUc manh cua ngdn
tif the hien trong nhiing bUc thu chieu du
dich, Nguyen Trai da buge "mUdi mgt tren
mUdi ba thanh Idn cua giae phai cdi giap ra
hang" (30)
Trong Binh Ngo dgi cdo, Nguyen Trai
viet: "Ta miiu phgt tdm cong, khong chie'n
cung thdng"
Muu phat tam cdng, mgt mat, la neu cao
dai nghia cua eugc khang chie'n cho'ng
Minh de keu ggi nhiing ngUdi lam dUdng
lac Id'i theo giae trd ve vdi hang ngu nhan
dan Nhung mat trgng ye'u nha't cua mUu
phat tam cdng la giai thich cho quan va
quan Minh nhan ra tinh cha't phi nghia,
phi dao ly va sU that bai khdng tranh khdi
cua eugc xam lUdc Ve mat nay, trdng
nhiing bdc thu chu dgng gdi di hoae tra ldi
thu cua dd'i phUdng, ngdi but cua Nguyen
Trai to ra het sdc sac ben, ddng thdi ciing
ra't uyen ehuyen, da dang Ldi le cd cUdng
cd nhu, khi t h i t khi md, luc dga luc ran
nham thUc hien c6 hieu qua nhiing muc
dich khac nhau trong tifng thdi diem cu the cua eugc khang chie'n, cd chii y den ca tinh each, tam ly, tU tUdng cua mdi dd'i tUdng nhan thU
Dd'i vdi nhiing ten tUdng hieu chie'n, hung bao khdng du liem si de nghe le phai, Nguyin Trai kien quyet vach mat chi ten,
da kich' t h i n g tay Ching han, trong mgt bUc thu gdi PhUdng Chinh, Nguyin Trai viet: "Bao cho may ngUde tae PhUdng Chinh: Ke dao lam tUdng, la'y nhan nghia lam gd'e, tri diing lam cua Nay bon may chi chuong lUa dd'i, giet hai ke vd tdi, ham ngUdi vao chd chet ma khdng xdt thUdng Viec a'y trdi da't khdng dung, than ngUdi deu gian, cho nen lien nam chinh phat,
h i n g danh h i n g thua" (31) Ndi dung bdc thu hoan toan mang tinh da'u tranh khdng khoan nhUdng
Trong trUdng hdp dd'i vdi Vudng Thdng, thi "mUu phat tam cdng" cua Nguyen Trai lai dUdc van dung theo mdt each Ung xd khac
Vudng Thong la loai tUdng da dgc Thi,
Thii, thudng hay ndi tdi dao thanh hien Y
cd uy tin vdi trieu dinh nha Minh D i u thang 11-1426, vua Minh Tuyen Tong (nien hieu Tuyen DUc) cU y lam tdng binh thanh sdn h i u dem 5 van quan sang tie'p vien cho thanh Ddng Quan dang bi quan ta
uy hiep manh Vdi s6' quan tang vien dd, cgng vdi s6' quan da tap trung ve Dong Quan, ta't ca cd de'n tren 10 van ten (32), VUdng Thdng quyet dinh md eugc hanh quan Idn nham day lui quan ta ra khdi
•vning ngoai vi Dong Quan NhUng eugc hanh quan nay bi quan ta danh cho tan tac
d Tot Dgng, Chiic Dgng Thda t h i n g quan
ta tie'n de'n bao vay thanh Dong Quan VUdng Thdng phai cd sd gia mang thu sang xin giang hda vdi nghia quan
Trang 1012 Rghien cmi Lich sii", sd 11.2009
Td dd, Nguyen Trai thay mat Le Ldi lien
tie'p viet hang ma'y ehuc bdc thu trao di gdi
lai vdi VUdng Thdng, kien tri thuyet phuc y
cung cac tUdng dudi quyen rut het quan ve
nUdc de cha'm dUt chien tranh Ve phia
minh, Le Ldi dong y tie'n bieu ciu phong,
tim Tran Cao lap lam vua
Tuy nhien, do ban than vdn giao quyef
lai bi bgn PhUdng Chinh, Ma Ky xiic xiem,
nen Vudng Th6ng ngoai gia hda nghi, trong
van sai quan dap them thanh, dao them
hao, pha chudng Quy Dien de due sung
6'ng, lam binh khi, ddng thdi mat phai
ngUdi ve nUdc cau cdu vien binh
Nguyin Trai lien vie't thu chat va'n
Vudng Thdng: "TrUdc day, vang tie'p thu
cua ngai cung ldi sd gia deu ndi la "Chi
theo ldi Udc trUdc, kh5ng cd dieu gi khac";
lai ndi "sang ma tie'n bieu, td'i se rut quan"
Bdc thu mUc chUa khd, ldi ndi ben tai cdn
vang Nay sif da di rdi, ma ngUdi tiln sii
cCing da ve rdi, khdng ro ngai cd qua theo
ldi ndi trudc chang? hay lai cd dieu khac
chang? Co nhan cd cau: "Khii thiic khii
binh, tin bdt khd khd' (Ludng an va quan
cd the bd dudc, dieu tin khdng the bd dUdc)
(33), cho nen Van Cdng khdng tham ldi
danh nude Nguyen, Thudng Quan khdng bd
thudng ddi cay go Nay ngai la bUc tudng cd
dgc thi thu, lai khdng bang Van Cdng,
ThUdng Quan hay sao? dinh bo dieu tin
hay sao?" (34)
Trudc nhUng cau hdi dd va hang loat cau
hdi khac cua Nguyin Trai trong cac bdc
thu tie'p theo, Vudng Thdng khdng cd each
gi tra ldi cho xudi NhUng h I n v i n vien mgi
ed thoai thac viec riit quan, cd't keo dai thdi
gian de chd vien binh Trong khi dd, eugc
vay ham cua quan ta lam cho quan giae d
trong thanh Ddng Quan ngay cang khd'n
dd'n
Giiia nam 1427, Nguyin Trai viet thu cho Vudng Thdng, chi cho y tha'y rd nguy cd bai vong khdng tranh khdi cua quan Minh Nhung Vudng Thdng van ngdan cd' giii thanh de chd quan cdu vien
Mai de'n thang 10-1427, thi vua Minh Tuyen DUc mdi cd Lieu Thang dem 10 van quan td Quang Tay tie'n sang va Mgc Thanh dUa 5 van quan td Van Nam keo xud'ng NhUng chi trong gan mdt thang, canh quan cua Lieu Thang da bi quan ta tieu diet trong chie'n dich Chi Lang - Xudng
Giang "Lieu Thdng phcfi thay d ndi Md
Yen", "Liidng Minh trdn hdm phai bo minh", "Ly Khdnh ke ciing phdi that cS\
"Thoi Tu le gdi xin ddu hdn^', "Hodng Phuc troi minh ddnh chiu bdt" Nghe tin
eanh quan Lieu Thang bi tham bai, dao quan Mdc Thanh voi vang thao chay Le Ldi sai giai Hoang Phuc, Thdi Tu dem theo a'n tin, hd' phu cua Lieu Thang de'n dudi thanh Ddng Quan cho Vudng Thdng tan mat nhin tha'y
Biet ro ca hai dao quan cdu vien deu bi tieu diet hoae chay dai, VUdng Thong hoang mang de'n tot do Tuy vay, y vin chua dam nghe theo thu du hang cua Nguyen Trai, md eda thanh, cdi giap, rut quan ve Trung Quo'c Y sd r i n g ne'u bai binh khi trieu dinh nha Minh chUa ra lenh thi trieu dinh se tri tgi
Nam dUde tam trang dd eua VUdng Thdng, Nguyin Trai giai thich cho y bang mgt luan diem trong binh phap cua Tdn Td
ring: "Dgi tiidng d ben ngoai, menh link
ciia vua co the co viec khong tuan theo cung dugc" "Hud'ng chi viec binh khdng the cl
xa ma dc dac dUdc; viec, co viec hoan vi$c ca'p, cd the nha't nha't ddi menh lenh trieu dinh dUdc u?" (35) Nguyen Trai ciing giai thich cho VUdng Thdng rang rut quan khdi Giao Chi khdng phai la trao da't trieu dinh