C flng gid'ng nhfl cac nfldc cdng nghiep mdi d Chau A, Xingapd da t r i i qua giai ddan cdng nghiep boa va dang tflng bflde hien dai hoa dat nfldc. Trong q u i trinh p h i t trien, [r]
Trang 1KINH NGHIEM CUA XINGAPO TRONG PHAT TRIEN NGUON NHAN LUC
TRAN KHANH*
Cflng gid'ng nhfl cac nfldc cdng
nghiep mdi d Chau A, Xingapd da
t r i i qua giai ddan cdng nghiep boa va
dang tflng bflde hien dai hoa dat nfldc
Trong q u i trinh p h i t trien, Xingapo da
giii quyet kha td't van de viec lam va
chuyen dich cd cau lad ddng dan cfl thee
hfldng tich cflc va dang cd nhflng nd lflc
ldn trdng viec tad ra mgt ngudn nhan liic
cd ky nang tinh xld de thich nghi vdi mdi
trfldng canh tranh cad mang tfnh tdan
clu Vay Xingapd giii quyet van de cdng
viec ra sae? Nhflng chinh sIch, bien phap
gi de p h i t trien va thfch nghi ngudn nhan
lflc vdi yeu cau cfla q u i trinh p h i t trien se
la chfl de chinh cua bai viet nay
Trfldc khi dfldc trad t r i dgc lap (nam
1959), Xingapd la mdt dd thi thfldng diem
h i i cing Heat ddng budn b i n chuyen
khau va t i i xuat khau mau dich la nguon
sd'ng chfnh cfla dan cfl ndi day Sd' dan cfl
hdat ddng trdng linh vflc ndng nghiep chi
chiem kheing 7% Trdng khi dd cd 20%) lflc
Ifldng lad ddng cua did lam viec treng cic
cd sd qud'c phdng cua ngfldi Anh Nhflng
nam dau, sau khi dfldc trad t r i ddc lap,
hdat ddng budn ban chuyen khau cfla
Xingapd hi dinh tre Hang Idat xf nghiep
che bien nguyen lieu thd danh che xuat khau p h i i ddng cfla Nam 1960, nan that nghiep tai Xingapd da len tdi 13,5% Ti le sinh de cae (2,4%) Ngudn vd'n tfch luy Qud'c gia hi tham hut tdi -2.4% Mat dd dan cfl d khu vflc trung tam day dac Trdng khding 4km^ cfla khu vflc trung tam lflc dd tap trung tdi 70% tdng sd' dan cfl c l nfldc (mat dd tren 50.000 ngfldi/km^) Sd' ngfldi cd nha d lflc dd chi chiem 1/3 td'ng sd' hg cfla did Dflng trfldc nhflng thich thflc sd'ng cdn, chfnh phu Xingapd khdng cdn Cdn dfldng nad khac la tie'n hanh ngay cdng nghiep h e i , chuyen nen kinh te chuyen b i n budn b i n chuyen khau sang
s i n xuat hang h o i cdng nghiep, p h i t trien dich vu du lich va tai chinh qud'c te'^^ Muc tieu hang dau trdng nhflng nam
60 la tad dfl cdng an viec lam Chfnh phu nhan thflc sau sac rang, cdng an viec lam khdng nhflng la tien de giii quyet dfldc nhu cau vat chat tdi thieu chd dan chflng,
ma cdn tad da chd p h i t trien kinh te, on dinh chfnh tri - xa hgi Van de dat ra ddi vdi Xingapd lflc dd la lam each nad de cd ngUdn vd'n tad dflng xi nghiep; cdng nghiep h d i thee hfldng nao, p h i t trien nhflng nganh nghe gi de thu hut dUdc
* PGS.TSKH Tran Khanh, Vien Nghien cUu Dong Nam A
Trang 2nhieu lao ddng ft cd ky n a n g t i n h xao ma
lai tao r a dUdc s a n p h a m t i e u t h u dUdc
De g i i i quyet v a n de nay, chinh phfl
Xingapd ngay tfl k h i mdi thflc h i e n cdng
nghiep h o i , da chfl trfldng t h u hflt vd'n
d i u tfl trflc tiep cfla ngoai qud'c vao
nhflng n g a n h cdng n g h i e p che bien sfl
dung nhieu lao ddng Tfl s a u 1965 trd di,
chien Ifldc k h u y e n khich d a u t u ngoai
qud'c vao vao c i c n g a n h cdng nghiep s i n
xuat h a n g xua't k h a u dUdc trien k h a i
m a n h me Cac n g a n h sfl d u n g nhieu lae
ddng, n h a n h t a o r a s i n p h a m , nhflng ddi
hdi ky t h u a t vfla p h i i , vd'n d i u tfl lai
khdng nhieu l i m n h u n g a n h det vai, m a y
mac x u a t k h a u , lap r a p do dien d a n d u n g
va dien tfl, sfla chfla va lap r a p c i c thiet
hi giao thdng v a n t i i , s a n x u a t do gd gia
dinh, s i n x u a t v a t lieu xay dflng ddn g i i n
dfldc k h u y e n k h i c h r d n g k h a p t r d n g
nhflng n a m 60, d i u nhflng n a m 70 T h e m
vao dd, chinh phfl da sfl d u n g c i c k h o a n
vay va tien vien trd cfla ngdai qud'c, p h i t
trien h a n g leaf cac cd sd h a t i n g ky t h u a t
Chinh vi vay, n g a n h xay dflng cd b a n tfl
nhflng n a m 60 da tao r a h a n g v a n cdng
an viec lam mdi cho d a n chflng^^\
Sfl gia t a n g n h a n h vd'n d a u tfl trflc tiep
cua nfldc ngoai vao cac n g a n h cdng nghiep
che bien sfl dung nhieu lao ddng va viec
md rdng xay dflng cd sd h a t a n g ky t h u a t
la n h a n td' chinh tad dfl cdng an viec lam
che dan chflng Xingapd Ket qua t r e n da
lam g i i m n h a n h n a n t h a t nghiep Tinh
den n a m 1973 con s d ' t h a t nghiep cfla nfldc
nay chi cdn 4,5%) Lflc Ifldng lad ddng trdng
nganh cdng nghiep che bien t a n g n h a n h
Neu nhfl n a m 1960, lflc Ifldng lad ddng lam
cdng an Ifldng trdng n g a n h nay chi chiem
cd 14% tdng sd'lao ddng lam cdng an Ifldng
ca nfldc, thi cdn sd' dd de'n n a m 1970 da
t a n g tdi 22% Do cd dfl cdng an viec lam, ne'u nhflng n h u cau cd b i n cua ngfldi dan Xingapd den d i u nhflng n a m 1960 la 430
dd la My, thi den n a m 1973 con sd' nay da
t a n g len tdi 1300 dd la My(3)
De dap flng yeu cau cfla qua t r i n h cdng nghiep hoa va tflng bflde dfla d a t nude cua
m i n h boa n h a p vao he thd'ng toan cau, Chinh phfl Xingapo ngay sau khi gianh dfldc ddc lap da coi trgng p h a t trien ngudn
n h a n liic Chinh phfl n h a n thflc sau sac
r a n g ngoai tiem n a n g con ngUdi va vi trf dia ly t u nhien trdi chd, Xingapd khdng cd mdt ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien nao
k h l c De cd t h e tiep tuc ton tai, khdng cd con dudng nad khac la d i u tU chd gild due, dad tad, p h a t trien ky n a n g cfla con ngfldi M a t k h a c giad due va dad tad cflng
la ddng lflc chfl ye'u ma thdng q u a dd mdi
ca n h a n cd cd hdi p h a t trien n g a n g n h a u , tao ra sfl p h a t t r i e n cdng bang Khdng
p h i i ngau nhien ma t r e n g nhflng n a m
60-70, Xingapd cd mflc dau tfl chd giad due vad ldai cad n h a t d c h a u A Binh q u a n
h a n g n a m trdng thdi gian dd chi phi chd gild due chiem k h e a n g 20% td'ng n g a n sach qud'c gia*'*^
De thflc hien nhflng muc tieu t r e n , tfl dau nhflng n a m 60 chfnh phfl tien h a n h sat n h a p c i c trfldng cua tflng nhdm cdng ddng d a n tdc lai vdi n h a u va thflc hien thd'ng n h a t chfldng t r i n h giang day trdng
c l nfldc Tfl n a m 1966, chfnh phfl qui dinh
t a t ca hgc sinh d cap tieu hgc bugc p h i i hgc Sdng ngfl (Tieng Anh va tie'ng me de)
Dd la bflde ngoat q u a n trgng khdng nhflng
t a o dflng b i n sac d a n tdc qud'c gia Xingapo, m a cdn tao r a sfl binh dang, cd hdi tim kiem cdng a n viec lam Vi trfldc dd nhflng hgc sinh td't nghiep trfldng Anh
Trang 334 Nghien cdu Dong Nam A 8/2009
ngfl de kiem cdng a n viec l a m hdn va cd
mflc Ifldng cad hdn sd vdi cac hgc sinh td't
nghiep trfldng Hda h a y trfldng M a l a i hdac
trfldng T a m i n Tfl n a m 1968 trd di, t a t ca
hgc sinh n a m va mdt nfla hgc sinh nfl d
cap t r u n g hgc ldp dfldi b a t budc hgc t h e m
cac mdn k h e a hgc va ky t h u a t t h u d n g
thflc T a t c l cac hgc sinh d cap t r u n g hgc
ldp t r e n b a t d a u dfldc dad tad h u d n g
nghiep Trong g i i o due va dao tao, chi'nh
phfl r a t coi t r g n g giao due p h i p luat, chfl
trgng de'n cac mdn k h e a hgc tfl nhien,
khda hgc flng dung, khoa hgc q u i n ly k i n h
te va nghiep vu k i n h doanh Chfnh phfl
ludn ludn ddng vien nhflng ngfldi lad ddng
hgc t a p ngfldi N h a t , vfldn len t h a n h ngfldi
lad ddng kieu m a u Ngeai viec giae due
kien thflc khoa hgc, ky t h u a t va p h a p l u a t ,
Chfnh phfl ludn chfl trfldng gild due v a n
hda t r u y e n thd'ng va t i n h t h a n ddan k e t
d i n tdc qud'c gia Day la mdt trdng nhflng
m a t xi'ch cd b i n cua chien Ifldc p h a t t r i e n
ngudn n h a n lUc m a chi'nh c h i n h phfl
Xingapd da va d a n g theo dud'i^'^'
Tfl cudi nhflng n a m 70, d a u nhflng
n a m 80, Xingapd bflde s a n g giai ddan c i i
td cd cau nen k i n h te t h e e hfldng h i e n dai
hda cdng nghe va sfl d u n g n h i e u c h a t
x l m , m a ngUdi t a t h u d n g ggi la: "Cudc
c i c h m a n g cdng nghiep l i n thfl h a i tai
Xingapo" Mdt trdng nhflng bien p h i p de
thflc hien chfldng t r i n h c i i td' la t a n g
cfldng p h a t t r i e n nhflng n g u e n n a n g lflc
chfl dad trdng nfldc, trdng dd viec n a n g cae
ky n a n g t i n h x l d va t h e lflc chd ngfldi lad
ddng la hfldng dfldc flu tien Yeu cau thfch
nghi n g u e n n h a n life vdi giai ddan p h i t
trien mdi nay b a t n g u d n tfl nhflng n g u y e n
n h a n cd b a n s a u day:
Thd nhdt, dd chinh sach flu tien tao viec
l a m d giai ddan d a u cdng nghiep hfldng
x u a t k h a u b a n g kich thich d a u tfl vae nhflng n g a n h cdng nghiep sfl d u n g nhieu lae ddng n e n viec d a u tfl dd'i mdi cdng nghe
va n a n g cao t a y n g h e cho cdng n h a n dien
r a c h a m chap Dieu n a y d a n den n a n g s u a t lao ddng t h a p va b a n che k h i n a n g tao r a nhflng s i n p h a m cd gia tri cao Trong khi
dd mflc Ifldng cfla cdng n h a n Xingapd lai cad hdn n h i e u nudc trdng k h u vflc, ke c l nhflng nudc vfla mdi cdng nghiep h e i nhfl
N a m Trieu Tien, Dai L e a n va Hdng Kdng
Rd r a n g c a n p h a i dieu c h i n h chfnh sach,
t r e n g dd c a n p h i i thi'ch nghi ngudn n h a n lflc M a t k h a c sfl bflng nd' cua n g a n h xay dflng cd b a n t r d n g nhflng n a m 60 - 70 da lam chd Xingapd tfl mgt nfldc du thfla lad ddng den t h i e u lao ddng t r a m trgng Dd mflc sd'ng dfldc c i i t h i e n n h a n h chdng va
do ngUdi d a n Xingapd thfch h d a t ddng thUdng m a i hdn la l a m nhflng cdng viec
n a n g nhgc va ddc h a i nhfl xay dflng, hda chat n e n viec t h i e u ceng n h a n lai trd nen
t r i m trgng hdn T h e e sd' lieu thd'ng ke, trdng nhflng n a m 80, so' lad ddng ngfldi nfldc ngdai chiem k h e a n g 12 - 15% td'ng sd' lad ddng ciia Xingapd^^^ T r d n g dieu kien nhfl vay n e u Xingape k h d n g cai tien ceng nghe, khdng n a n g cae t a y n g h e cho cdng
n h a n thi khd cd t h e t a o r a nhflng san
p h a m t i n h xao cd gia t r i cad de c a n h t r a n h vdi h a n g hoa ciia nfldc ngeai
Thd hai, n e n k i n h te c u a X i n g a p e p h u
thudc s a u sac vad nfldc ngdai t r e n n h i e u phfldng dien nhfl n g u e n vd'n, cdng nghe,
c h u y e n gia, cdng n h a n l a n h nghe, thi trfldng tieu t h u s i n p h a m va cung cap
n g u y e n lieu Tfl b a n nUdc ngeai kiem s d i t
k h d i n g 75% cac n g a n h cdng n g h i e p che bien t a e va c u n g cap k h d i n g 60% viec lam chd lUc lUdng lad ddng cfla n g a n h nay
Trang 4Mac dau cd n h i e u nd lflc treng viec tiep
thu cdng nghe mdi, dae tao cac n h a cdng
nghe gidi va lflc Ifldng cdng n h a n l a n h
nghe, nhflng t r i n h dd cdng nghe, hgc van
cua liic lUdng lao ddng Xingapo cdn t h a p
so vdi cac nude NICs khac d c h a u A va
phan ldn ddi ngu ky sU, cdng n h a n l a n h
nghe cua nUdc nay lai t a p t r u n g d t h a n h
phan kinh te n h a nUdc va lam viee t r e n g
linh viic qud'c phdng'^^ De n a n g cae k h a
nang canh t r a n h , dac biet n a n g cao k h i
nang canh t r a n h cfla t h a n h p h i n k i n h te
tfl n h a n ngfldi dia phUdng, can p h i i cd
nhflng chinh sach thich hdp thdi trdng
viec p h a t trien n g u e n n h a n lUc
Thd ba, dd chi'nh sach kiem che t a n g
dan sd' treng nhflng n a m 60 - 70 va tac
ddng cfla ldl sd'ng cdng nghiep, nen ty le
sinh de cfla Xingape r a t t h a p ( k h d i n g
1,1%) Them vao dd mflc sd'ng d a n chflng
dfldc c i i thien n h a n h nen tudi thg t a n g
cao Vi vay, dan sd' Xingapo d a n g hi lad
hda n h a n h Tinh h i n h nay tao r a sflc ep
thie'u liic lUdng lad ddng bd' sung
Thd tu, Xingapd de'n dau nhflng n a m
80 da trd t h a n h mdt nudc cdng nghiep
mdi Mflc sd'ng d a n chflng da dudi kip
nhieu nfldc tfl b a n p h a t t r i e n , s e n g
Xingapd cung gid'ng nhfl c i c nfldc k h l c
treng k h u vflc dang p h i i dfldng dau vdi
nhflng thach thflc trfldc sfl t h a y dd'i n h a n h
chdng cua mdi t r u d n g k i n h ddanh qud'c te
treng nhflng t h a p ky gan day Nfldc My la
ban h a n g sd' mdt tieu t h u s i n p h a m cdng
nghiep cfla Xingapo da r u t bd che do flu
dai mau dich cho nudc nay Vad t h i n g
5-1995, Td' chflc p h a t trien va hdp tac kinh
te (OECD) da liet ke Xingapo vao h a n g
ngfl cic nudc cdng nghiep p h a t trien Dieu
nay cd the lam cho Xingapo khdng dUdc
h u d n g c i c k h d i n Uu tien k h l c d a n h che nhflng nfldc cd qui che la nhflng nfldc
d a n g p h a t trien Mac d a u mflc t h u n h a p binh q u a n t h e e d i u ngudi tUdng dUdng vdi cac nudc n h u Anh, P h i p , Dflc, n h u n g Xingapd van cdn t h u a kem cac nUde eac nudc da p h a t t r i e n ve t r i n h dd giad due, ky
t h u a t va hgc van Hien nay, g i n met nfla lflc Ifldng lao ddng Xingapd chua dat t r i n h
dd t r u n g hgc*^' M a t khac, t h a p ky gan day, cae nudc lang gieng cua Xingape cflng dang nd'i len n h u la nhflng n h a xuat
k h a u mdi d k h u vflc Ddng N a m A, dang rao riet canh t r a n h de tim kiem ldi n h u a n Dieu nay re r a n g tad r a nhflng t h a c h thflc mdi ddi vdi sfl p h a t t r i e n cfla Xingapd
De k h a c phuc nhflng ye'u diem cua
m i n h va dap lai nhflng t h i c h thflc tren, ngay tfl d i u nhflng n a m 80 Xingape da trien k h a i "Cfldng linh h a n h ddng den
n a m 1999" Muc tieu cua cfldng linh nay
la bien Xingape den cudi the ky XX trd
t h a n h met nude cd nen v a n minh dien toan, mdt xa hdi cd dd chin ve van hea, mdt t h a n h phd' hoan hao, mdt xa hdi Uu viet Met p h i n trong cUdng linh nay n h a n
m a n h den viec c i n thiet dau tU p h a t trien
va thich nghi ngudn n h a n luc, n h a m ddi phd vdi nhflng t h a c h thflc ve canh t r a n h cfla nhflng nfldc da p h i t trien De lam dfldc viec nay, chinh phfl Xingape da ap
d u n g nhflng bien p h a p sau day:
- Tie'n h a n h c i i each giao due d cap phd' thdng, nhfl t a n g cfldng g i l n g day Anh ngfl
va Hda ngfl, k h u y e n khich va p h i t ddng phong trao hgc t h e m ngdai ngfl thfl 3 (nhfl tieng N h a t , Dflc, heac Phap)
- T a n g cfldng gid day c i c mdn khda hgc
ky t h u a t va tin hgc trd t h a n h mdn hgc b i t huge ngay tfl cap phd' thdng
Trang 536 Nghien cdu Dong Nam A 8/2009
- Tang cfldng giang day khda hgc flng
dung , khda hgc q u i n ly, nghiep vu kinh
deanh va cdmputer h d i d cap dai hgc
- Tang cfldng gild due Khd'ng gild va
van hdi Phfldng Ddng trdng cic trfldng
trung hgc va dai hgc, nham tad chd ldp tre
cd tinh thich nghi cao trong mdt xa hdi
cdng nghiep day sdi ddng, nham ban che
chu nghia ca nhan ich ky, nang cae tinh
tap the va ky luat
- Md rdng he thd'ng cac trfldng day
nghe, cic trung tam dao tao nang lflc
chuyen mdn va cac trung tam nghien cflu
flng dung, tfl cap nha nfldc de'n cic nganh
va cdng ty, trong dd chfl trgng md rdng he
thd'ng cic trfldng day nghe cdng nghiep va
cic trfldng dai hgc cdng nghe
- De tae them nguen vd'n chd p h i t trien
va thi'ch nghi ngudn nhan lflc, chfnh phfl
Xingapd vad nhflng nam 1980 da thanh
lap Quy phat trien ky nang Nguen vd'n
ciia quy nay la dd cic dng chii xi nghiep,
cdng ty ddng gdp vdi mflc 2% tien thu nhap
hang thing cfla minh Sd'tien nay danh de
tai trd chd nhflng cdng nhan trdng xi
nghiep cd mflc Ifldng thap, chd hg hgc
them, hoac cho dao tao lai Mat khlc,
chinh phfl keu ggi cic cdng ty, td chflc qud'c
te va cic chfnh phfl tren the gidi giflp dd
Xingapd ve nguen vd'n, thiet hi ky thuat,
gilng vien va chfldng trinh gilng day de
thanh lap cic trung tam dao tao va nghien
cflu tai nfldc nay Cich lam nay khdng
nhflng tao them nguon vd'n chd phat trien
nguon nhan lflc, ma cdn la mdt trdng
nhflng cich thflc td't nhat chd lflc Ifldng lad
ddng tiep can va linh hdi mdt cich nhanh
chdng nhflng kie'n thflc va cdng nghe tien
tien nhat cua the gidi Tfl nhflng nam 80
cd nhieu trung tam nghien cflu va dao tao
dd ngfldi nfldc ngdai giflp dd dfldc xay dflng
d nfldc nay, nhfl Hgc vien Nhat-Xingape, Hgc vien Phlp-Xingape, Hgc vien Dflc-Xingape, Trfldng My-Xingapd v.v Ngdai ra, chfnh phfl cdn khuyen khich cic td' chflc cdng ddng quyen gdp tien cfla xay trfldng hgc chd cdn em minh*^'
Bflde sang dau the ky XXI, Xingapd lai dfla ra cfldng linh xay dflng "Vfldn trfldng tdan cau" va "Ke beach nhan lflc the ky XXI", trong dd nhan manh de'n muc tieu bien Xingape trd thanh trung tam "chat xlm" dflng dau the gidi ve ca dae tad ngudn nhan lflc, thu hut nhan tai va phat minh cdng nghe mdi Nhflng tai nang tren the gidi, nhat la cic giae sfl, tie'n sy, cic nha q u i n ly gidi, hgc sinh, sinh vien td't nghiep loai flu tfl dfldc chfnh phfl nfldc nay mdi chad, trdng dd cd c l viec trae quyen cdng dan Xingapd
Cflng vdi tang cfldng dau tfl, dd'i mdi nghien cflu va dae tad nguon nhan lflc, Xingapd cdng chfl trgng den xay dflng cic
cd sd phuc vu chd nhu cau hdi nghi va trien lam qud'c te Muc tieu ciia chinh phii
la nhanh chdng bien Xingapo thanh trung
t i m ngeai giad, nghe thuat, giai trf va khea hgc ciia the gidi Vdi chinh sich tren, thflc te Xingape da trd thanh mdt trdng nhflng ndi thu hflt chat xlm, trung tam tfl van va dad tad, trung tam ngdai giad va
du lich vad bac nhat Ddng Nam A'^'^^
Ndi tdm Igi, chien Ifldc phat trien va
thich nghi nguon nhan lflc Xingape trdng may chuc nam qua la nham:
1 Sii dung de'n mflc tdi da nguen nhan liic khan hiem cua minh
2 Phat trien nhflng ky nang d i p flng dfldc nhu cau p h i t trien cfla cic nganh cdng nghiep che bien - che tae va dich vu
Trang 63 Tao cho ngudi Xingapd cd the di den
bat cfl ndi nad t r e n the gidi de tim kiem
viec lam
4 Treng qua t r i n h p h a t trien n g u e n
n h a n lflc Xingapd da dfla r a mdt sd'
chfldng trinh dad tao vdi sfl hdp tac cfla
cac cdng ty qud'c te n h a m sfl d u n g k h i
nang chuyen men va hieu biet cfla hg ve
nhflng xu hfldng p h a t trien cfla ky t h u a t
5 Thflc hien bdi dfldng kien thflc mdi,
dae tad lai mdt each lien tuc Chfl trgng dad
tad cac nganh khda hgc ky t h u a t va nghiep
vu quan ly kinh ddanh, ngdai ngfl, ddng
thdi huy ddng nhieu nguen vd'n khac n h a u
de thflc hien cic chfldng trinh dan tad
6 Thflc hien muc tieu bien Xingape trd
thanh t r u n g t a m "chat x l m " dflng dau the
gidi ve c l dao tao nguon n h a n lflc, t h u h u t
nhan tai va p h i t m i n h cdng nghe mdi,
trung t a m ngeai giad va du lich vac bac
nhat Ddng N a m A./
C H U T H I C H
1 Xem: Challenge and Response: Thirty
years of the Economic Development Board
Xingapo: Times Academic Press, 1993,
Chapter 1: A history of Singapore (Edited
by Ernest C.T.Chew and Edwin Lee)
Singapore Oxford University Press, 1991,
Part IV and V; Augustine H H Tan and
Phang Sock Yong The Singapore
Experience in Public Housing Singapore:
Times Academic Press, 1991, Part 1
2 Xem Tran Khanh Thdnh cdng ciia
Singapore trong phdt trien kinh te Ha
Noi, NXB Chi'nh tri qudc gia, 1993, Phan
thfl 2; Tran Khanh Cgng hod Xingapo : 30
ndm xdy dUng vd phdt trien Ha Ngi, NXB
Khoa hgc xa hoi, 1995, phan 2 va 3
3 The Singapore Economy Reconsidered Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asia Studies, 1987, P 5; Management of Success: The Moulding of Modern Singapore Singapore ISEAS, 1989, PP, 19-35; Tran Khanh Thanh cong , Tr 27
4 Management of success , P 1049: Tdng
trUdng kinh ted chdu A gid mua Ha Noi,
NXB Khoa hgc xa hoi , 1990 (sach dich) Tap 2, tr 170
5 Xem: Government and politics of Xingapo
(Revised Edition) Singapore Oxford University Press, 1987, PP, 54 - 66; Trends
in Singapore Singapore University Press for ISEAS, 1975 PP 87 - 98; Trin Khanh
"Nhd nUdc vd sif hinh thdnh bdn sdc qud'c gia • ddn tgc Singapore" "Nghien cflu Dong
Nam A", so 3 - 1991, tr 24 - 30
6 Xem T r I n Khanh Thdnh cdng , tr 28,
73 -74
7 Xem: Management of Success, p, 259: The
Xingapo Economy Raconsidered, p, 32-34;
Tran Khanh: "Vi tri ciia Xingapo trong
hdp tdc kinh te qudc te' Dong Nam A tren
difdng phat trien Ha Ngi: NXB Khoa hgc
xa hgi, 1993, tr 162-164
8 Xem: Challenge and Response: Thirty
years of the Economic Development Board
Singapore: Times Academic Press, 1993,
Chapter 1: A history of Singapore (Edited
by Ernest C T Chew and Edwin Lee) Xingapo Oxford University Press, 1991, Part rV and V; Augustine H H Tan and Phang Sock Yong The Xingapo Experience in Public Housing Singapore: Times Academic Press, 1991, Part 1
9 Xem: Tran Khanh, Cgng hoa Xingapo : 30 nam xay diing va phat trien, tr 68 - 73;
"Nha nifdc va sii hinh thanh ", tr 28; Report of the Economic Committee: The Singapore Economy: New Directions Xingapo 1986
10 Xem them: T r I n Khanh Kinh nghiem phat trien sflc manh quo'c gia cua Xingapo//Nghien cflu Dong Nam A, so 10 (103), 2008, tr 18-28